English Vocabulary · Cross-exam Academic English Beta
TOEFL · TOEIC · IELTS · IGCSE Vocabulary
This 1,600-word beta set supports learners preparing for TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English. Official specimen papers supply the primary occurrence evidence, so words shared across several programmes rise toward the beginning of the list. Overlap with school-grade, SAT, and GRE vocabulary is intentional because the same academic English serves several learning pathways.
A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.
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| # | Word | Details | Meaning | Sample sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 946 | reduction | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. 還原 2. 還原作用 | During reduction, copper ions gain electrons and become copper atoms. |
| 947 | mortgage | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mortgage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 抵押 2. 抵押貸款 3. 按揭 | The family compared interest rates before choosing a mortgage. |
| 948 | census | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: census is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 人口普查 2. 人口調查 3. 戶口檢查 | The census records population changes every ten years. |
| 949 | negotiate | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: negotiate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 談判 2. 協商 3. 交涉 | The two groups will negotiate how to share the meeting space. |
| 950 | clause | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: clause is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 從句 2. 小句 3. 短句 | The sentence begins with a dependent clause. |
| 951 | surroundings | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: surroundings is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 环境 | The owl's brown feathers blend with its woodland surroundings. |
| 952 | hygiene | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hygiene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 衛生 2. 卫生 | Good hand hygiene helps prevent infection. |
| 953 | cautious | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by. | 1. 謹慎 2. 慎重 | The cautious climber tested each handhold. |
| 954 | sloppy | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sloppy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 吊兒郎當 | Sloppy measurements can ruin a science experiment. |
| 955 | recovery | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: recovery is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 復原 2. 復甦 3. 回復 | Wetland recovery began after grazing ended. |
| 956 | verse | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: verse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 詩句 2. 韻文 | The ballad tells the sailor's story in verse. |
| 957 | referendum | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: referendum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 公民投票 2. 公投 | The tax plan will be decided by referendum. |
| 958 | archive | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: archive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 文件 | The digital archive contains scanned newspapers from the last century. |
| 959 | compensate | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compensate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 弥补 | The store will compensate customers for the damaged goods. |
| 960 | programming | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: programming is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 編程序 2. 編程 3. 程序設計 | Programming the robot required a loop that repeated the movement. |
| 961 | substitute | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: substitute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 變為 | Substitute six for x before simplifying the expression. |
| 962 | propaganda | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: propaganda is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 政治宣传 | The poster used propaganda to portray every critic as an enemy. |
| 963 | genre | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: genre is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 風格 | Readers recognize the detective genre by its clues and investigation. |
| 964 | fairness | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state. | 公正 | The referee's fairness earned respect from both teams. |
| 965 | embarrassment | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result. | 羞恥 | He laughed at his embarrassment after realizing his shirt was backward. |
| 966 | orchard | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: orchard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 果園 2. 果树 | We picked ripe peaches in the orchard. |
| 967 | exclusive | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency. | 1. 獨一 2. 獨一無二 | The interview contains exclusive information not reported elsewhere. |
| 968 | heritage | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: heritage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 遺產 2. 继承 | The festival celebrates the region's musical heritage. |
| 969 | explicit | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: explicit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 清楚 | The recipe gives explicit instructions for handling the hot pan. |
| 970 | volcano | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: volcano is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 火山 | The volcano released steam from its summit. |
| 971 | hardship | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hardship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 困難 | The long drought created hardship for local farmers. |
| 972 | removal | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: removal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 葬礼 | The removal of Indigenous nations caused widespread suffering and death. |
| 973 | banking | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: banking is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 銀行業 | Online banking allows customers to transfer funds without visiting a branch. |
| 974 | vertical | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vertical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 竖直 | Vertical angles always have equal measures. |
| 975 | vivid | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vivid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 生動 2. 鮮烈 3. 鮮明 | The author used vivid details to describe the storm. |
| 976 | safeguard | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: safeguard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 保障 | Strong passwords safeguard private information. |
| 977 | crater | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: crater is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 火山口 2. 噴火口 3. 環形山 | Steam rose from the volcano's crater. |
| 978 | commonwealth | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: commonwealth is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 聯邦 | The constitution described the state as a commonwealth. |
| 979 | tragedy | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tragedy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 悲劇 | The tragedy shows how the ruler's pride harms the entire city. |
| 980 | migration | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. 徙動 2. 遷移 | Seasonal jobs encouraged migration toward the coast. |
Vocabulary reading and practice
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English reading
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Vocabulary quiz
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Vocabulary chart page
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About this cross-exam English set
TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English use different formats, but all require learners to understand precise vocabulary in context. TOEFL and IELTS emphasize academic reading and communication; TOEIC emphasizes workplace and everyday communication; IGCSE English asks students to interpret, analyze, and communicate through school-level texts and tasks. This combined set concentrates on useful language that can transfer across those pathways.
The ordering is evidence-led rather than alphabetical. Words found in official public specimen materials—especially words occurring across more than one programme—receive the strongest ranking. Because a limited specimen corpus cannot provide 1,600 distinct reliable teaching headwords, the remainder is transparently bridged from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 vocabulary using general English frequency and a fixed part-of-speech balance. This is an independent study resource, not an official product of any testing organization.
A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.
Sources and curriculum references
These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.
- ETS: TOEFL iBT Full-Length Practice Test 1
- ETS: TOEFL iBT Full-Length Practice Test 2
- ETS: TOEIC Listening and Reading Sample Test
- IELTS: Academic Reading Sample Tasks 2023
- Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500/01 2027 Specimen Paper
- Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500/01 2027 Specimen Insert
- Cambridge IGCSE English as a Second Language 0510/01 2019 Specimen Paper
- WikDict downloadable bilingual dictionaries
- Kaikki.org / Wiktextract machine-readable Wiktionary data
- Language-Learning-decks public flashcard datasets
- SBBIC English-to-Khmer Dictionary
- English–Khmer Dictionary Dataset (machine-generated Khmer fallback; human review required)
- PanLex meanings snapshot (direct CC0 gap candidates; human review required)
- Cambridge bilingual dictionaries (individual editorial sense checks)
- Collins English–Hindi Dictionary (individual editorial checks)
- Hindwi and Rekhta dictionaries (individual Hindi/Urdu checks)
- National Institute of Korean Language: Basic Korean Dictionary
- JMdict/EDRDG Japanese dictionary project
- CC-CEDICT Chinese dictionary project
- VDict Vietnamese Dictionary (individual editorial check)
- Google Translate (machine-assisted lesson-reading draft; fluent review required)
- Kuperman et al.: Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words