English Vocabulary · Cross-exam Academic English Beta

TOEFL · TOEIC · IELTS · IGCSE Vocabulary

This 1,600-word beta set supports learners preparing for TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English. Official specimen papers supply the primary occurrence evidence, so words shared across several programmes rise toward the beginning of the list. Overlap with school-grade, SAT, and GRE vocabulary is intentional because the same academic English serves several learning pathways.

A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.

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Page 1: words 1–35

Vocabulary page 1
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1	language	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: language is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. язы́к 2. речь 3. язык	Migration can bring a new language into a region.
2	area	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: area is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пло́щадь 2. площадь	Multiply length by width to find a rectangle's area.
3	increase	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: increase is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. увели́чивать 2. увели́чить 3. нара́щивать	Adding compost can increase the garden's harvest.
4	product	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: product is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. произведе́ние 2. произведение	The product of six and seven is forty-two.
5	develop	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: develop is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. развива́ться 2. разви́ться	Tadpoles develop into frogs over several weeks.
6	community	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. соо́бщество 2. комму́на 3. комью́нити	The reef community includes coral, fish, and algae.
7	reduce	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reduce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. уменьша́ть 2. сни́зить 3. снижа́ть	Reusable bottles reduce the amount of plastic waste.
8	possible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. возмо́жный 2. вероя́тный 3. возможный	Rolling a six is possible with a standard number cube.
9	likely	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: likely is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вероя́тный 2. возмо́жный	Dark clouds make rain likely this afternoon.
10	point	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: point is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ме́сто 2. пункт 3. то́чка	Label the point where the two lines intersect.
11	require	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: require is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	нужда́ться	The recipe will require two cups of chopped apples.
12	similar	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: similar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	подо́бный	The similar rectangles have different sizes but equal angle measures.
13	describe	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: describe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. опи́сывать 2. описа́ть	The witness could describe the missing bicycle in detail.
14	modern	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: modern is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. совреме́нный 2. современный	The modern library includes a recording studio.
15	issue	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: issue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пробле́ма 2. вопро́с 3. пункт	The council discussed the issue of traffic near the school.
16	control	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: control is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. власть 2. контро́ль	The untreated plant served as the control.
17	interest	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: interest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. проце́нт 2. ставка	The loan's interest increases its total cost.
18	machine	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: machine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. маши́на 2. механи́зм 3. аппара́т	The simple machine lets one person lift the heavy crate.
19	power	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: power is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мо́щность 2. мощность	The motor's power tells how quickly it can perform work.
20	create	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: create is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	создать	The artists create a mural for the library wall.
21	event	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: event is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. собы́тие 2. событие	Drawing a red marble is the event we are studying.
22	available	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. действи́тельный 2. правомо́чный	A guide is available at the information desk.
23	role	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: role is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	роль	A person's social role can change between home, school, and work.
24	demonstrate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: demonstrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пока́зывать 2. показа́ть 3. демонстри́ровать	The coach will demonstrate the safest way to hold the paddle.
25	state	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: state is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. госуда́рство 2. держа́ва 3. на́ция	Heating can change water from a liquid state to a gas.
26	environment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. окружа́ющая среда́ 2. экосисте́ма	Plastic waste harms the ocean environment.
27	system	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: system is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. систе́ма 2. система	The digestive system breaks food into usable nutrients.
28	development	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. разви́тие 2. развитие	The council debated whether the development would damage the wetland.
29	recently	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. в после́днее вре́мя 2. неда́вно	We recently planted herbs beside the kitchen window.
30	compare	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compare is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сра́внивать 2. сравни́ть 3. сравнить	Readers compare the two accounts before deciding where they agree.
31	environmental	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: environmental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. относиться 2. относя́щийся к окружающая среда 3. окружа́ющей среде́	The review identifies environmental risks to the wetland.
32	difference	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. ра́зность 2. ра́зница	The difference between twenty and thirteen is seven.
33	culture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: culture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. культу́ра 2. культура	Music and food are important parts of a community's culture.
34	benefit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: benefit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бла́го 2. вы́года 3. льго́та	Daily exercise has the benefit of strengthening the heart.
35	variety	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: variety is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вид 2. разнови́дность	The market sells a variety of fresh vegetables.

Page 1 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 1.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Migration can bring a new _____ into a region.

Answer: language

2. Dark clouds make rain _____ this afternoon.

Answer: likely

3. The simple _____ lets one person lift the heavy crate.

Answer: machine

4. The digestive _____ breaks food into usable nutrients.

Answer: system

5. The market sells a _____ of fresh vegetables.

Answer: variety

Page 2: words 36–70

Vocabulary page 2
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
36	model	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: model is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. моде́ль 2. маке́т	The globe is a model of Earth, not an exact copy.
37	policy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: policy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. курс 2. ли́ния 3. поли́тика	The school adopted a policy for reducing food waste.
38	education	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. образова́ние 2. обуче́ние 3. воспита́ние	Public education expanded during the nineteenth century.
39	maintain	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: maintain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. подде́рживать 2. поддержа́ть	Workers maintain the trail by repairing damaged steps.
40	document	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: document is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. документи́ровать 2. документировать	Scientists document each bird sighting in a field journal.
41	focus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: focus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. концентра́ция 2. концентра́ция внимание 3. сосредото́чение	Protecting sea turtles was the focus of the report.
42	additional	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: additional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	дополни́тельный	The coach allowed additional time for water breaks.
43	improve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: improve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. улучша́ться 2. улу́чшиться 3. поправля́ться	Reading aloud can improve pronunciation.
44	prefer	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prefer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. предпочита́ть 2. предпоче́сть	I prefer the shaded trail on hot afternoons.
45	apply	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: apply is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. испо́льзовать 2. применя́ть 3. примени́ть	Students apply the formula to a new set of measurements.
46	structure	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: structure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. структу́ра 2. структура	The essay's compare-and-contrast structure makes the differences easy to follow.
47	propose	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: propose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. предлага́ть 2. предложи́ть	The students propose turning the vacant lot into a community garden.
48	usually	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	обы́чно	The bakery usually opens before sunrise.
49	entire	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: entire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. це́лый 2. весь 3. по́лный	The entire garden was covered with sparkling frost.
50	damage	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: damage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. поврежде́ние 2. уще́рб 3. вред	Salt water can damage an unprotected metal gate.
51	evidence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. доказа́тельство 2. свиде́тельство 3. ули́ка	The broken branch was evidence that a large animal had passed.
52	media	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: media is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ме́диа	Digital media can spread both verified reports and rumors rapidly.
53	technology	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. те́хника 2. технология	Solar technology converts sunlight into useful electricity.
54	involve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: involve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. каса́ться 2. косну́ться	Building the model will involve careful measuring.
55	achievement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. достижение 2. ачивка	Finishing her first long novel was a proud achievement for Lena.
56	quality	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. ка́чественный 2. высокока́чественный 3. доброка́чественный	The carpenter checked the quality of every wooden chair.
57	region	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: region is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. край 2. о́бласть	Heavy rainfall is common throughout the coastal region.
58	sound	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sound is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	звук	Sound travels faster through water than through air.
59	release	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: release is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	освобожде́ние	The rescue team will release the healed owl at sunset.
60	public	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: public is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. публи́чный 2. обще́ственный	The public library is supported by local taxes.
61	claim	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: claim is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. заявле́ние 2. объявле́ние 3. утвержде́ние	The writer supports each claim with facts from reliable sources.
62	advance	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: advance is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. продвиже́ние 2. продви́нуться 3. продвига́ться	The hikers advance carefully along the narrow ridge.
63	vast	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vast is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обши́рный 2. огро́мный	A vast grassland stretched beyond the river.
64	species	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: species is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	вид	The island supports a rare species of lizard.
65	summary	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: summary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. итог 2. краткий 3. кра́ткое изложе́ние	Her summary included the article's central point and key evidence.
66	impact	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: impact is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. возде́йствие 2. влия́ние	The new bus route had a positive impact on the neighborhood.
67	consumer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: consumer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. потреби́тель 2. потреби́тельница 3. потребитель	A rabbit is a consumer that feeds on plants.
68	century	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: century is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. столе́тие 2. век 3. столетие	The bridge has stood for more than a century.
69	scientific	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: scientific is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. нау́чный 2. научный	The students followed a scientific method during the experiment.
70	fascination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	обаяние	Leo's fascination with insects began when he found a chrysalis.

Page 2 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 2.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The globe is a _____ of Earth, not an exact copy.

Answer: model

2. I _____ the shaded trail on hot afternoons.

Answer: prefer

3. Solar _____ converts sunlight into useful electricity.

Answer: technology

4. The hikers _____ carefully along the narrow ridge.

Answer: advance

5. Leo's _____ with insects began when he found a chrysalis.

Answer: fascination

Page 3: words 71–105

Vocabulary page 3
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
71	cell	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cell is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. кле́тка 2. ячейка 3. клетка	A microscope can reveal the structure of a plant cell.
72	heading	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: heading is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. заголо́вок 2. загла́вие 3. ру́брика	The heading tells readers that the next section concerns migration.
73	insert	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: insert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вставля́ть 2. вста́вить 3. вкла́дывать	Insert the card into the slot with the arrow facing up.
74	energy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: energy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эне́ргия 2. энергия	Food provides energy for the body.
75	complex	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: complex is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сло́жный 2. тру́дный 3. составно́й	The complex machine uses dozens of gears to keep time.
76	affect	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: affect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	поража́ть	A long drought can affect the price of vegetables.
77	opportunity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. возмо́жность 2. шанс	The science fair gave us an opportunity to test our invention.
78	request	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: request is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. про́сьба 2. запро́с	The librarian approved our request for more study time.
79	recognize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. узнава́ть 2. опозна́ть 3. опознава́ть	I recognize the bird by its bright orange wings.
80	purpose	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: purpose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. цель 2. моти́в 3. причи́на	The article's purpose is to explain how vaccines train the immune system.
81	major	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: major is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	мажо́рный	Repairing the bridge was a major project for the town.
82	recent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: recent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	неда́вний	A recent snowfall covered the mountain peak.
83	effective	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. результати́вный 2. эффективный	The new filter is effective at removing lead.
84	ancestor	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ancestor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пре́док 2. предше́ственник	My ancestor kept a journal during her journey across the ocean.
85	requirement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. необходи́мость 2. нужда́ 3. потре́бность	A laboratory report is a graduation requirement.
86	paradox	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: paradox is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	парадокс	“Less is more” is a paradox about the power of simplicity.
87	movement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	движе́ние	The camera recorded the slow movement of the glacier.
88	range	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: range is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. о́бласть 2. мно́жество 3. ассортиме́нт	The range of four, seven, and twelve is eight.
89	factor	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: factor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. фактор 2. причи́на	Daily sunlight is an important factor in plant growth.
90	price	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: price is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. цена́ 2. сто́имость 3. цена	A shortage of oranges caused the price of juice to rise.
91	separate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: separate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	разделя́ться	A mesh screen can separate large stones from fine soil.
92	satisfaction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. удовлетворе́ние 2. удовлетворение	Completing the mural gave the artists great satisfaction.
93	adapt	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: adapt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. приспоса́бливаться 2. приспосо́биться 3. адапти́роваться	Desert plants adapt to dry conditions by storing water.
94	basic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: basic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. основно́й 2. элемента́рный	Clean water is a basic need for every community.
95	surface	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: surface is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	поверхность	A thin sheet of ice covered the pond's surface.
96	art	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: art is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. иску́сство 2. искусство	Public art can preserve community memory.
97	essential	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: essential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	необходи́мый	Sunlight is essential for most plants to grow.
98	strategy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: strategy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. страте́гия 2. стратегия	Checking headings first is a useful reading strategy.
99	contract	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: contract is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сжать 2. сжима́ть 3. сократи́ть	Metal may contract when its temperature drops.
100	organization	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. организа́ция 2. организация	Clear organization guides readers from the problem to the proposed solution.
101	inspire	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inspire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вдохновля́ть 2. вдохнови́ть 3. воодушеви́ть	The astronaut's visit may inspire students to study science.
102	enhance	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: enhance is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. улучша́ть 2. улу́чшить	A labeled map can enhance the report.
103	salary	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: salary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. за́работная пла́та 2. зарпла́та 3. жа́лование	The job offer includes an annual salary and health benefits.
104	rights	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rights is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	права	The law protects the rights of every voter.
105	necessary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: necessary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. необходи́мый 2. ну́жный 3. необходимый	A helmet is necessary for safe rock climbing.

Page 3 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 3.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A microscope can reveal the structure of a plant _____.

Answer: cell

2. I _____ the bird by its bright orange wings.

Answer: recognize

3. The _____ of four, seven, and twelve is eight.

Answer: range

4. Sunlight is _____ for most plants to grow.

Answer: essential

5. A helmet is _____ for safe rock climbing.

Answer: necessary

Page 4: words 106–140

Vocabulary page 4
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
106	access	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: access is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. получить доступ 2. доступ	A library card gives residents access to online books.
107	demand	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: demand is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. спрос 2. потре́бность	Demand for warm coats rises in winter.
108	network	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: network is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сеть	The school network links classroom computers to shared printers.
109	register	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: register is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. регистри́роваться 2. зарегистри́роваться	Eligible residents must register before they can vote.
110	concept	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: concept is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. конце́пция 2. поня́тие 3. представле́ние	The model helped us understand the concept of gravity.
111	purchase	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: purchase is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	покупать	The club will purchase new art supplies with the fundraiser money.
112	behavior	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: behavior is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	поведе́ние	The scientist recorded the penguin's feeding behavior.
113	weight	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: weight is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вес 2. тяжесть	An astronaut's weight changes with gravity, but her mass does not.
114	entrance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. вход 2. въезд 3. подъе́зд	A stone arch marks the entrance to the park.
115	crucial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: crucial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. реша́ющий 2. ключево́й	Clean water is crucial to every community's health.
116	current	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: current is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ток	The ocean current carried the floating leaf toward shore.
117	especially	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	осо́бенно	The garden smells sweet, especially after rain.
118	national	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: national is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. национа́льный 2. наро́дный 3. госуда́рственный	The national government manages relations with other countries.
119	force	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: force is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. си́ла 2. мощь 3. дурь	The force of the kick sent the ball across the field.
120	competition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. соревнова́ние 2. конкуре́нция 3. сопе́рничество	Our robotics team entered a regional competition.
121	condition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. состоя́ние 2. положе́ние	The old bicycle was still in good condition.
122	population	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. населе́ние 2. население	The island's seabird population increased after nesting areas were protected.
123	operation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. опера́ция 2. де́йствие	Choose the correct operation before solving the problem.
124	supply	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: supply is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. снабжа́ть 2. снабди́ть 3. поставля́ть	Heavy rain increased the city's water supply.
125	authority	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. власть 2. авторитет	The city council has authority over local zoning.
126	reaction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. реа́кция 2. реакция	Maya's surprised reaction showed that she had not expected the gift.
127	mode	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mode is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	мо́да	The mode of two, three, three, and five is three.
128	determine	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: determine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. определи́ть 2. определя́ть	The test will determine whether the water is safe to drink.
129	chemical	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: chemical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. химика́т 2. хими́ческое соедине́ние	The label identifies each chemical in the cleaning solution.
130	contribute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: contribute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. де́лать пожертвование 2. де́лать взнос 3. вноси́ть вклад	Each family will contribute one dish to the community meal.
131	conduct	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conduct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. поведе́ние 2. вести 3. руководи́ть	Researchers will conduct a survey about recycling habits.
132	distinct	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: distinct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. осо́бый 2. осо́бенный	The twins have distinct voices.
133	weather	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: weather is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пого́да 2. погода 3. нена́стье	Today's weather includes strong wind and scattered rain.
134	procedure	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: procedure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. процеду́ра 2. проце́сс	Follow the safety procedure before starting the experiment.
135	communicate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: communicate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. передава́ть 2. переда́ть	Whales communicate with sounds that travel through water.
136	urban	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: urban is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. городско́й 2. городской	Urban planners proposed more parks near apartment buildings.
137	selection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. вы́бор 2. отбо́р 3. селе́кция	Natural selection favors traits that improve survival and reproduction.
138	decade	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: decade is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. десятиле́тие 2. десятиле́тка 3. десятилетие	The city's population doubled within one decade.
139	dynamic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dynamic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. изме́нчивый 2. динамичный	The selfish prince is a dynamic character who learns generosity.
140	retire	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: retire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. выходи́ть на пе́нсию 2. выходи́ть в отста́вку	The librarian plans to retire after forty years of service.

Page 4 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 4.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A library card gives residents _____ to online books.

Answer: access

2. A stone arch marks the _____ to the park.

Answer: entrance

3. Choose the correct _____ before solving the problem.

Answer: operation

4. The twins have _____ voices.

Answer: distinct

5. The librarian plans to _____ after forty years of service.

Answer: retire

Page 5: words 141–175

Vocabulary page 5
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
141	construct	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: construct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. составля́ть 2. соста́вить 3. стро́ить	The engineers will construct a footbridge across the creek.
142	promotion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. повыше́ние 2. продвиже́ние	The campaign focuses on the promotion of bicycle safety.
143	organize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. организо́вывать 2. организова́ть	Color-coded folders organize the records by month.
144	revise	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: revise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. повтори́ть 2. повторя́ть	Writers revise the introduction after receiving feedback.
145	contradict	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: contradict is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. перечить 2. противоре́чить	The new fossil may contradict the earlier timeline.
146	industry	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: industry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. промы́шленность 2. инду́стрия 3. индустри́я	Fishing is an important industry in the coastal region.
147	application	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. заявле́ние 2. хода́тайство 3. про́сьба	Mia submitted an application to join the summer science camp.
148	act	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: act is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. акт 2. де́йствие	The conflict becomes unavoidable at the end of the second act.
149	permanent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: permanent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. долговре́менный 2. пермане́нтный	The artist used permanent ink on the sign.
150	assume	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assume is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. предполага́ть 2. предположи́ть 3. допуска́ть	Do not assume the path is safe before checking the map.
151	survive	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: survive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. выжива́ть 2. вы́жить 3. пережива́ть	Cactus plants survive long periods without rain.
152	percent	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: percent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. проце́нт 2. процент	Twenty-five percent is equivalent to one fourth.
153	reveal	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reveal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. выявля́ть 2. пока́зывать 3. раскрыва́ть	The final clue will reveal the treasure's location.
154	pressure	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pressure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. давле́ние 2. нажи́м 3. давление	Air pressure decreases as elevation increases.
155	credit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: credit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. креди́т 2. срок	Responsible use of credit requires a plan for repayment.
156	external	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: external is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вне́шний 2. нару́жный	The turtle's external shell protects its body.
157	alternative	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: alternative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. альтернати́ва 2. альтернатива	Taking the train is a practical alternative to driving.
158	efficient	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: efficient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эффекти́вный 2. эффективный	The efficient oven uses less electricity while cooking food evenly.
159	visible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: visible is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ви́димый 2. видимый	The lighthouse became visible when the fog lifted.
160	intense	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: intense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. си́льный 2. интенси́вный	The intense heat forced the runners to shorten their practice.
161	vital	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vital is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. жи́зненно ва́жный 2. насу́щный 3. жи́зненно необходи́мый	Oxygen is vital for human survival.
162	representative	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: representative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. представи́тель 2. представи́тельница 3. делега́т	Our representative presented the neighborhood's concerns at the meeting.
163	concentrate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: concentrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. концентри́роваться 2. сконцентри́роваться 3. сосредото́чиваться	I can concentrate better in a quiet room.
164	encounter	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: encounter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. встре́тить 2. столкну́ться 3. встре́титься	Hikers may encounter deer near the meadow at dawn.
165	preserve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: preserve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. защища́ть 2. защити́ть 3. оберега́ть	The archive works to preserve letters from the town's founders.
166	error	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: error is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. оши́бка 2. ошибка	Reading the scale from an angle can introduce error.
167	practical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: practical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. практи́ческий 2. практический	The committee chose a practical repair it could afford.
168	belief	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: belief is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ве́ра 2. дове́рие 3. убежде́ние	Freedom of conscience protects each person's belief.
169	relieve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: relieve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. облегча́ться 2. облегчи́ться 3. отпра́вить есте́ственные на́добности	A clear sign can relieve a traveler's confusion.
170	laboratory	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: laboratory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. лаборато́рия 2. лаборатория	The samples remained sealed until they reached the laboratory.
171	distract	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: distract is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отвлека́ть 2. отвле́чь	Loud music can distract me while I read.
172	assess	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assess is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. определи́ть 2. определя́ть 3. оце́нивать	Engineers assess the bridge before recommending repairs.
173	generate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: generate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	генери́ровать	The rooftop panels generate electricity on sunny days.
174	reasoning	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reasoning is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рассужде́ние 2. аргумента́ция	The answer is correct, but its reasoning needs clearer steps.
175	phenomenon	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: phenomenon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. необыкновенный 2. фено́мен 3. феноме́н	Bioluminescence is a natural phenomenon in which organisms produce light.

Page 5 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 5.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The engineers will _____ a footbridge across the creek.

Answer: construct

2. The artist used _____ ink on the sign.

Answer: permanent

3. The _____ oven uses less electricity while cooking food evenly.

Answer: efficient

4. The committee chose a _____ repair it could afford.

Answer: practical

5. Bioluminescence is a natural _____ in which organisms produce light.

Answer: phenomenon

Page 6: words 176–210

Vocabulary page 6
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
176	outline	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: outline is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обрисо́вывать 2. обрисова́ть 3. опи́сывать	Before drafting, Mina will outline the reasons for protecting the marsh.
177	distribute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: distribute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. распределя́ть 2. распредели́ть	Volunteers distribute clean water after the storm.
178	innovative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	инновацио́нный	The innovative roof collects rainwater and cools the building.
179	administer	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: administer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. управля́ть 2. руководи́ть 3. администри́ровать	Trained nurses administer the vaccine.
180	ecological	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ecological is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. экологи́ческий 2. экологический	The oil spill caused serious ecological damage along the coast.
181	maintenance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. обслу́живание 2. ремо́нт 3. подде́ржка	Routine maintenance prevented the machine from overheating.
182	bacteria	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bacteria is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	бактерии	Helpful bacteria live in healthy soil.
183	galaxy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: galaxy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гала́ктика 2. галактика	Our solar system lies within the Milky Way galaxy.
184	multiple	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: multiple is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. кра́тное 2. кра́тное число́	Thirty is a multiple of both five and six.
185	astronaut	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: astronaut is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. космона́вт 2. космона́втка 3. астрона́вт	The astronaut repaired equipment outside the spacecraft.
186	cloning	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cloning is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	клони́рование	Researchers use cloning to create many copies of a useful gene.
187	element	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: element is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. элеме́нт 2. элемент	Oxygen is an element found in air and water.
188	municipal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: municipal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. городско́й 2. муниципа́льный	The municipal library is funded by the city.
189	integration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. интегра́ция 2. интеграция	School integration faced organized resistance.
190	charter	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: charter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гра́мота 2. ха́ртия	The royal charter authorized the colony's government.
191	organism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. органи́зм 2. организм	Every organism in the pond depends on water.
192	knowledge	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: knowledge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. зна́ние 2. осведомлённость 3. знание	Reading the guide increased our knowledge of local birds.
193	function	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. фу́нкция 2. функция	The roots' main function is to absorb water and anchor the plant.
194	graphic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: graphic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рису́нок 2. чертёж 3. карти́нка	The graphic novel combines dialogue with illustrated panels.
195	workshop	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: workshop is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. цех 2. ателье́ 3. мастерска́я	During the writing workshop, students shared their revised leads.
196	highlight	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: highlight is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. све́тлый уча́сток 2. подчёркивать 3. вы́двинуть на пе́рвый план	The conclusion should highlight the strongest evidence.
197	evolve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: evolve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. развива́ться 2. разви́ться	Languages evolve as speakers create and borrow expressions.
198	endanger	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: endanger is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. подверга́ть опасность 2. подве́ргнуть опасность 3. опа́сности	Plastic rings can endanger animals in the ocean.
199	antibiotic	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Prefix focus: anti- means against or opposed to.	1. антибио́тик 2. антибиотик	A doctor may prescribe an antibiotic for a confirmed bacterial infection.
200	period	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: period is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. цикл 2. пери́од	The chicks remained warm during the cold period.
201	significant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: significant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	значи́тельный	The discovery was significant because it changed what scientists understood.
202	budget	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: budget is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бюдже́т 2. бюджет	The club created a budget before ordering supplies.
203	unit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: unit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. едини́ца 2. единица	The meter is a unit used to measure length.
204	assist	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assist is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. помога́ть 2. помо́чь 3. соде́йствовать	Two volunteers assist visitors at the museum entrance.
205	virus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: virus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ви́рус 2. вирус	A virus can spread through cough droplets.
206	engineering	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: engineering is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. те́хника 2. инжене́рия 3. разрабо́тка	Bridge engineering balances strength, cost, and safety.
207	resource	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resource is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. запа́с 2. изобрета́тельность 3. нахо́дчивость	The encyclopedia is a valuable resource for the research project.
208	density	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. пло́тность 2. густота́ 3. плотность	Oil floats because its density is lower than water's.
209	sustainable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. жизнеспособный 2. усто́йчивый	The farm uses sustainable methods to protect the soil.
210	respond	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: respond is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отве́тить 2. отвеча́ть	The essay must respond directly to the prompt's central question.

Page 6 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 6.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Before drafting, Mina will _____ the reasons for protecting the marsh.

Answer: outline

2. Thirty is a _____ of both five and six.

Answer: multiple

3. The roots' main _____ is to absorb water and anchor the plant.

Answer: function

4. The club created a _____ before ordering supplies.

Answer: budget

5. The essay must _____ directly to the prompt's central question.

Answer: respond

Page 7: words 211–245

Vocabulary page 7
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
211	mood	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mood is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	атмосфе́ра	Rain and empty streets establish a lonely mood.
212	efficiency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: efficiency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эффекти́вность 2. эффективность	Lubrication increased the motor's efficiency.
213	inventory	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inventory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. инвента́рь 2. запа́сы 3. запас	The manager counted the inventory before ordering more paper.
214	immunity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. иммуните́т 2. иммунитет	Vaccination can help the body develop immunity.
215	radiation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. излуче́ние 2. излучение	Solar radiation can travel through empty space.
216	molecule	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: molecule is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. моле́кула 2. молекула	A water molecule contains hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
217	infer	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: infer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. заключи́ть 2. сде́лать заключе́ние 3. сде́лать вы́вод	From the wet paw prints, we infer that the dog entered through the kitchen.
218	government	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. прави́тельство 2. правительство	The local government maintains roads and parks.
219	charge	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: charge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. цена́ 2. пла́та 3. та́кса	There is no charge for borrowing books from the library.
220	opinion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: opinion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. взгляд 2. мне́ние 3. воззре́ние	In my opinion, the second ending is more exciting.
221	war	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: war is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. война́ 2. война	The war displaced millions of civilians.
222	review	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: review is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обозре́ние 2. обзо́р 3. реце́нзия	Niko will review his notes before writing the summary.
223	civil	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: civil is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гражда́нский 2. шта́тский 3. циви́льный	The civil rights movement used courts, boycotts, and marches.
224	equation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. уравне́ние 2. уравнение	The equation eight plus four equals twelve is true.
225	recommend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: recommend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рекомендова́ть 2. порекомендова́ть 3. сове́товать	The committee will recommend the safest location for the crossing.
226	institute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: institute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	инициировать	The school will institute a recycling policy next term.
227	transportation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. перево́зка 2. перепра́вка 3. транспортиро́вка	Reliable transportation connects workers with jobs.
228	initiative	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: initiative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. инициати́ва 2. почи́н 3. инициатива	The garden initiative turned an empty lot into a source of food.
229	retain	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: retain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. храни́ть 2. сохраня́ть 3. сохрани́ть	Dark soil can retain water longer than sand.
230	charity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. благотвори́тельное о́бщество 2. благотвори́тельная организа́ция 3. богаде́льня	The charity supplies meals during emergencies.
231	mineral	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mineral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	минера́л	Quartz is a common mineral in Earth's crust.
232	participate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: participate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. уча́ствовать 2. принима́ть уча́стие 3. приня́ть уча́стие	Every student may participate in the discussion by speaking or writing.
233	gene	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ген	A gene may influence the color of a flower.
234	renewable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	возобновля́емый	Sunlight is a renewable source of energy.
235	beneficial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: beneficial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. благотво́рный 2. поле́зный	Regular sleep is beneficial to memory and concentration.
236	skeleton	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: skeleton is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. скеле́т 2. о́стов 3. карка́с	A whale's skeleton contains bones shaped like those in other mammals.
237	radical	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: radical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. радика́льный 2. коренной 3. радика́л	The radical argued that reform was insufficient and demanded a new system.
238	illustrate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: illustrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. иллюстри́ровать 2. поясня́ть 3. приводи́ть приме́ры	The diagram will illustrate how water moves through the cycle.
239	assign	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assign is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. назна́чить 2. назнача́ть	The director will assign each actor a role in the play.
240	transform	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: transform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. преобража́ть 2. преобрази́ть 3. трансформи́ровать	New lighting can transform the unused warehouse into a theater.
241	exploit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exploit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эксплуати́ровать 2. пользоваться	Dishonest employers may exploit workers who lack legal protection.
242	theoretical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: theoretical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. академи́чный 2. теорети́ческий 3. теоретический	The theoretical probability of rolling a six is one sixth.
243	productivity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. производи́тельность 2. производительность	New equipment increased the factory's productivity without extending work hours.
244	pasture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pasture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. па́стбище 2. вы́пас 3. вы́гон	The horses grazed peacefully in the pasture.
245	reservation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	резерва́ция	Federal policy forced many Native communities onto a reservation.

Page 7 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 7.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Rain and empty streets establish a lonely _____.

Answer: mood

2. There is no _____ for borrowing books from the library.

Answer: charge

3. The garden _____ turned an empty lot into a source of food.

Answer: initiative

4. The _____ argued that reform was insufficient and demanded a new system.

Answer: radical

5. Federal policy forced many Native communities onto a _____.

Answer: reservation

Page 8: words 246–280

Vocabulary page 8
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
246	amend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: amend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. улучша́ть 2. соверше́нствовать 3. исправля́ть	Lawmakers voted to amend the bill before the final vote.
247	digestion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. пищеваре́ние 2. переварива́ние 3. пищеварение	Digestion begins when food is chewed.
248	infrared	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: infrared is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. инфракра́сное излуче́ние 2. инфракра́сный 3. инфракрасный	A thermal camera detects infrared radiation from warm objects.
249	cohesion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	сраста́ние	Pronouns and transitions give the paragraph cohesion.
250	restriction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ограниче́ние	A seasonal restriction protects nesting birds from disturbance.
251	court	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: court is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	суд	The court listened to witnesses before reaching a decision.
252	data	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: data is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. да́нные 2. информа́ция 3. данные	We recorded the rainfall data in a table.
253	annual	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: annual is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ежего́дный 2. годи́чный 3. годово́й	Our town holds an annual lantern festival each spring.
254	party	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: party is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	гру́ппа	The new party focused its campaign on housing reform.
255	attempt	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: attempt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. попы́тка 2. о́пыт 3. про́ба	Her second attempt at the puzzle was successful.
256	treatment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. лече́ние 2. терапи́я	Rest was part of the recommended treatment.
257	term	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: term is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. срок 2. срок полномочие 3. полномо́чий	The expression has three terms, and each term is separated by a plus sign.
258	negative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. отрица́тельный 2. негати́вный 3. негативный	The critic gave a negative review of the confusing performance.
259	responsibility	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. отве́тственность 2. обя́занность	Feeding the class fish is Hana's responsibility this week.
260	tradition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. тради́ция 2. преда́ние 3. традиция	Baking moon-shaped cakes is a family tradition.
261	appeal	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: appeal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	привлека́тельность	The mystery's unexpected ending added to its appeal.
262	secure	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: secure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	надёжный	Use strong rope to secure the canoe to the dock.
263	debate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: debate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	диску́ссия	The class held a debate about protecting the empty lot.
264	conflict	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conflict is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. конфли́кт 2. столкнове́ние 3. конфликт	The characters resolve their conflict by speaking honestly.
265	peace	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: peace is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мир 2. покой	The treaty created a fragile peace.
266	positive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. положи́тельный 2. позитивный	A positive number appears to the right of zero on a number line.
267	occasionally	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. вре́мя от вре́мени 2. и́зредка 3. иногда́	Deer occasionally visit the meadow at dawn.
268	technical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: technical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. техни́ческий 2. технический	The manual gives a technical explanation of the engine.
269	apparent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: apparent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. очеви́дный 2. я́вный	It became apparent that the missing key was still in the lock.
270	establish	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: establish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. установить 2. показать 3. продемонстрировать	Residents hope to establish a weekly farmers' market.
271	investment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. инвести́ция 2. вклад 3. вложе́ние	The railway was a major public investment.
272	liquid	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: liquid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. жи́дкость 2. жидкость	A liquid takes the shape of its container.
273	nuclear	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: nuclear is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	я́дерный	A nuclear reaction changes an atom's nucleus.
274	aggressive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. агресси́вный 2. вои́нственный 3. агрессивный	The aggressive goose hissed and charged toward the fence.
275	exact	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exact is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	то́чный	The exact meaning of the term depends on its scientific context.
276	transition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	перехо́д	The transition “in contrast” signals that the next idea will differ.
277	distribution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	распростране́ние	The distribution has two clusters and one distant outlier.
278	diverse	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: diverse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. разнообра́зный 2. ра́зный	A diverse forest contains plants of many sizes and species.
279	modest	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: modest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	скро́мный	The scientist gave a modest reply when praised for her discovery.
280	theme	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: theme is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. те́ма 2. моти́в	The theme of responsibility develops through each character's choices.

Page 8 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 8.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Lawmakers voted to _____ the bill before the final vote.

Answer: amend

2. The new _____ focused its campaign on housing reform.

Answer: party

3. The class held a _____ about protecting the empty lot.

Answer: debate

4. A _____ takes the shape of its container.

Answer: liquid

5. The _____ of responsibility develops through each character's choices.

Answer: theme

Page 9: words 281–315

Vocabulary page 9
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
281	subsequent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: subsequent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. после́дующий 2. сле́дующий 3. дальне́йший	Subsequent experiments confirmed the first result.
282	regulation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. уста́в 2. пра́вило 3. регла́мент	The safety regulation requires workers to wear helmets.
283	devoted	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: devoted is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	посвящённый	The devoted nurse checked on every patient.
284	reflection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	отраже́ние	The mirror formed an image through reflection.
285	demanding	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: demanding is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. тре́бующий уси́лий 2. напряжённый	Training for the long race was demanding.
286	temporary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: temporary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вре́менный 2. временный	A temporary bridge will carry pedestrians during repairs.
287	diameter	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: diameter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. диа́метр 2. попере́чник 3. диаметр	The plate's diameter is twice its radius.
288	adjust	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: adjust is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. настра́ивать 2. настро́ить 3. отрегули́ровать	Please adjust the microscope until the image is clear.
289	calculate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: calculate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вычисля́ть 2. подсчита́ть 3. вы́числить	We calculate the total cost by adding the three prices.
290	evolution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. эволю́ция 2. разви́тие 3. эволюция	Fossils provide evidence of evolution over long periods.
291	bond	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bond is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	связь	The city issued a bond to finance a new water system.
292	habitat	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: habitat is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	среда́ обита́ния	The marsh provides a habitat for frogs and herons.
293	monitor	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: monitor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отсле́живать 2. отследи́ть 3. следи́ть	Sensors monitor the bridge for unusual movement.
294	frustration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. разочарова́ние 2. неудовлетворённость 3. расстро́йство	Repeated computer errors caused understandable frustration.
295	experimental	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: experimental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. о́пытный 2. эксперимента́льный	Our experimental probability changed as we repeated the toss.
296	assumption	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Успение Богородицы	The experiment tested our assumption that all seeds need direct sunlight.
297	confuse	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: confuse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сме́шивать	Similar street names can confuse visitors.
298	publication	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. обнаро́дование 2. опубликова́ние 3. публика́ция	The scientific publication requires every study to describe its methods.
299	vary	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	варьировать	Daily temperatures vary more in the desert than near the ocean.
300	verdict	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: verdict is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пригово́р 2. реше́ние 3. верди́кт	After considering the evidence, the jury announced its verdict.
301	humidity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	вла́жность	High humidity made the warm day feel uncomfortable.
302	tension	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tension is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	натяже́ние	The locked door increases the tension as footsteps approach.
303	precision	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. то́чность 2. точность	Building the model requires precision because each piece must fit.
304	competitive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	конкурентоспосо́бный	The company submitted a competitive bid for the project.
305	workforce	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: workforce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рабо́чая си́ла 2. трудовы́е ресу́рсы 3. штат	The factory expanded its workforce when orders increased.
306	foster	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: foster is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	поощря́ть	The exchange program aims to foster respect between the two communities.
307	mandatory	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mandatory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	обяза́тельный	Safety goggles are mandatory in the laboratory.
308	resemble	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resemble is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. походи́ть 2. напомина́ть 3. быть похожий	The cloud seemed to resemble a sailing ship.
309	hypothesis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hypothesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гипо́теза 2. предположе́ние	Our hypothesis predicts that warmer water will dissolve sugar faster.
310	mathematical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mathematical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. математи́ческий 2. математический	The puzzle requires mathematical reasoning rather than guessing.
311	prototype	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prototype is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. моде́ль 2. проо́браз 3. прототи́п	The engineers tested a cardboard prototype before using metal.
312	distinctive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. осо́бенный 2. осо́бый 3. типи́чный	The bird's distinctive call begins with three short notes.
313	sustainability	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	усто́йчивость	The farm improved sustainability by rebuilding the soil.
314	lunar	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lunar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. лу́нный 2. лунный	A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon.
315	simulation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. симуля́ция 2. притво́рство	The computer simulation predicts how traffic may flow.

Page 9 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 9.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. _____ experiments confirmed the first result.

Answer: subsequent

2. We _____ the total cost by adding the three prices.

Answer: calculate

3. The scientific _____ requires every study to describe its methods.

Answer: publication

4. Safety goggles are _____ in the laboratory.

Answer: mandatory

5. The computer _____ predicts how traffic may flow.

Answer: simulation

Page 10: words 316–350

Vocabulary page 10
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
316	participation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. уча́стие 2. участие	Online access increased participation in the public hearing.
317	sensor	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sensor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. се́нсор 2. датчик	A light sensor turns the lamp on at dusk.
318	abolish	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: abolish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отменя́ть 2. отмени́ть 3. упраздня́ть	The town voted to abolish the outdated parking rule.
319	compose	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. собира́ться 2. собра́ться	Jada will compose a short melody for the school play.
320	genetics	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: genetics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гене́тика 2. генетика	Genetics can help explain why related plants share certain features.
321	significance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. значе́ние 2. смысл	The essay explains the significance of the broken watch in the final scene.
322	wellness	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	здравствование	Regular movement and sufficient sleep support overall wellness.
323	recycle	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: recycle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рециркули́ровать 2. перераба́тывать 3. перерабо́тать	The factory can recycle old glass into new bottles.
324	inspection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	инспе́кция	A bridge inspection found corrosion beneath the road surface.
325	ethnicity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. этнический 2. этни́ческая принадле́жность 3. наро́дность	The census asks about ethnicity separately from citizenship.
326	gravitational	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gravitational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гравитацио́нный 2. гравитационный	The moon's gravitational pull contributes to ocean tides.
327	turbine	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: turbine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. турби́на 2. турбина	Steam spins the turbine inside the power plant.
328	align	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: align is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. выра́внивать 2. вы́ровнять 3. выстра́ивать в ли́нию	The revised budget must align with the council's stated priorities.
329	courteous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. любе́зный 2. ве́жливый 3. обходи́тельный	The courteous visitor waited until the speaker finished.
330	proximity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. бли́зость 2. сосе́дство	The garden's proximity to the river makes flooding possible.
331	digestive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	пищевари́тельный	The digestive system begins processing food in the mouth.
332	pivotal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pivotal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. основной 2. центральный	The witness's photograph played a pivotal role in the investigation.
333	neutron	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: neutron is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. нейтро́н 2. нейтрон	A neutron adds mass to an atom without adding electric charge.
334	propel	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: propel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дви́гать 2. продвига́ть	Expelled air can propel the balloon across the room.
335	interrogate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: interrogate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. допра́шивать 2. допроси́ть 3. спра́шивать	Critical readers interrogate the article's assumptions and missing evidence.
336	excavate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: excavate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	копать	Archaeologists excavate the site with small tools and brushes.
337	property	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: property is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. иму́щество 2. со́бственность 3. добро	The bicycle is my property, so I keep it locked.
338	trade	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trade is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обме́н 2. комме́рция 3. торго́вля	River routes allowed trade between distant communities.
339	lack	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lack is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отсу́тствие 2. нехва́тка 3. недоста́ток	A lack of rain caused the pond to shrink.
340	agreement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. согла́сие 2. догово́р 3. договорённость	The neighbors reached an agreement to share the garden.
341	record	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: record is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	за́пись	The ship's log provides a record of the entire voyage.
342	basis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: basis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. основа́ние 2. фунда́мент	Fairness was the basis of the new playground rule.
343	society	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: society is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. о́бщество 2. со́циум 3. общество	Trade shaped the society that developed around the harbor.
344	independent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: independent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. незави́симый 2. самостоя́тельный 3. свобо́дный	The independent researcher planned and completed her own investigation.
345	style	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: style is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. стиль 2. мане́ра	The author's style combines short dialogue with vivid description.
346	trial	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. испыта́ние 2. неприя́тность 3. суд	Surviving three nights in the storm was a severe trial.
347	appropriate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: appropriate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. уме́стный 2. подходя́щий	Warm boots are appropriate for a snowy hike.
348	concern	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: concern is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	конце́рн	Water safety is a serious concern during the storm.
349	numerous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. многочи́сленный 2. многочисленный	Numerous footprints crossed the muddy bank.
350	campaign	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: campaign is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. кампа́ния 2. похо́д 3. кампания	The recycling campaign reduced waste at the stadium.

Page 10 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 10.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Online access increased _____ in the public hearing.

Answer: participation

2. A bridge _____ found corrosion beneath the road surface.

Answer: inspection

3. A _____ adds mass to an atom without adding electric charge.

Answer: neutron

4. Fairness was the _____ of the new playground rule.

Answer: basis

5. The recycling _____ reduced waste at the stadium.

Answer: campaign

Page 11: words 351–385

Vocabulary page 11
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
351	creative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	творческий	The creative engineer built a lamp from reused materials.
352	private	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: private is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ча́стный 2. прива́тный 3. ли́чный	The farm is private property, although a public path crosses it.
353	influence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. влия́ние 2. влия́тельность 3. возде́йствие	The coach's encouragement had a positive influence on the team.
354	impossible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. несбыточный 2. недостижи́мый 3. невозможный	It is impossible to roll a seven on a standard six-sided number cube.
355	afford	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: afford is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. быть в состоя́нии 2. позволить 3. позволять	We can afford the tickets after saving for two months.
356	volume	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: volume is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	объём	We found the box's volume by multiplying its length, width, and height.
357	severe	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: severe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. суро́вый 2. тяжёлый	A severe thunderstorm closed the hiking trail.
358	ordered	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ordered is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	упорядоченный	An ordered pair lists the horizontal coordinate first.
359	solid	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: solid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	твёрдое те́ло	Ice is the solid form of water.
360	attractive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. привлека́тельный 2. симпати́чный 3. привлекательный	Bright tiles make the old fountain more attractive.
361	outstanding	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: outstanding is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. выдаю́щийся 2. знамени́тый 3. невы́полненный	Mira received an award for her outstanding research project.
362	code	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: code is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	код	The code tells the sensor when to activate the alarm.
363	stable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. стаби́льный 2. стабильный	The ladder felt stable on the level ground.
364	internal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: internal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	вну́тренний	The mechanic inspected the engine's internal parts.
365	district	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: district is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. райо́н 2. уча́сток 3. о́бласть	Each district elects one council member.
366	determined	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: determined is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	реши́тельный	The determined runner continued through the heavy rain.
367	minor	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: minor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. второстепе́нный 2. незначи́тельный	A minor scratch did not affect how the machine worked.
368	potential	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: potential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. потенциа́л 2. зада́тки	The raised book has gravitational potential because it can fall.
369	goods	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: goods is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. това́р 2. проду́кт 3. добро́	The train carried goods from inland factories to the port.
370	motion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: motion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	предложе́ние	The camera recorded the cart's motion down the ramp.
371	category	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: category is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. катего́рия 2. категория	Place each rock in a category based on how it formed.
372	routine	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: routine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. распоря́док 2. повседне́вная рути́на	Packing my bag at night is part of my morning routine.
373	revolution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. револю́ция 2. революция	The revolution ended the monarch's rule.
374	extraordinary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: extraordinary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. экстраордина́рный 2. чрезвычайный 3. необы́чный	The telescope revealed an extraordinary view of Saturn.
375	relief	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: relief is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	облегче́ние	We felt relief when the lost hikers returned safely.
376	expression	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. выраже́ние 2. выражение	The expression six plus four has a value of ten.
377	reference	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. ссы́лка 2. отсы́лка 3. исто́чник	The atlas is a useful reference when studying regional geography.
378	instant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: instant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мгнове́ние 2. моме́нт	For an instant, lightning brightened the whole field.
379	ease	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ease is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. успока́ивать 2. облегча́ть	A cool cloth can ease the sting of a minor burn.
380	analysis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: analysis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ана́лиз 2. разложе́ние 3. анализ	Her analysis explains how the poem's repeated image develops its theme.
381	capacity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	производи́тельность	The theater has a seating capacity of eight hundred.
382	praise	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: praise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. хвали́ть 2. восхваля́ть 3. похвали́ть	Teachers praise effort as well as success.
383	visual	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: visual is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. зри́тельный 2. визуа́льный	A visual chart made the instructions easier to follow.
384	settlement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. населённый пункт 2. селение	The settlement grew beside a reliable water source.
385	percentage	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: percentage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. процентный 2. проце́нтное отноше́ние 3. проце́нт	The percentage of blue marbles is sixty because sixty out of every hundred are blue.

Page 11 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 11.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The _____ engineer built a lamp from reused materials.

Answer: creative

2. Ice is the _____ form of water.

Answer: solid

3. The raised book has gravitational _____ because it can fall.

Answer: potential

4. The atlas is a useful _____ when studying regional geography.

Answer: reference

5. The _____ of blue marbles is sixty because sixty out of every hundred are blue.

Answer: percentage

Page 12: words 386–420

Vocabulary page 12
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
386	status	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: status is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. положе́ние 2. состоя́ние 3. ста́тус	The tracking page shows the delivery status of each package.
387	contrast	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: contrast is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. противопоста́вить 2. противопоставля́ть	The essay will contrast life in a village with life in a large city.
388	atmosphere	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: atmosphere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. атмосфе́ра 2. атмосфера	Earth's atmosphere contains the oxygen people breathe.
389	square	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: square is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	прямоуго́льный	The square has both rectangle and rhombus properties.
390	muscle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: muscle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мы́шца 2. му́скул 3. мышца	The heart is a powerful muscle.
391	confident	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: confident is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	уве́ренный	After rehearsing, Amir felt confident about giving his speech.
392	gradually	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. постепе́нно 2. постепенно	The sky gradually brightened before sunrise.
393	bitter	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bitter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. го́рький 2. злой 3. озло́бленный	The raw cocoa tasted bitter without sugar.
394	decline	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: decline is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ослабевать	The frog population may decline if the pond dries up.
395	generous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. ще́дрый 2. щедрый	A generous neighbor donated books to the new library.
396	bronze	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bronze is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бро́нзовый 2. бро́нза 3. бронза	The museum displayed a small statue made of bronze.
397	resolution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ана́лиз	In the resolution, the neighbors rebuild the damaged garden together.
398	citizen	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: citizen is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. граждани́н 2. гражда́нка 3. по́дданный	Every citizen may contact elected representatives.
399	proceed	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: proceed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. изойти́ 2. исходи́ть 3. произойти́	When the light turns green, cyclists may proceed across the bridge.
400	setting	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: setting is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обстано́вка 2. настройка 3. контекст	The isolated lighthouse provides a tense setting for the mystery.
401	housing	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: housing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	жильё	Rising rents created a shortage of affordable housing.
402	agriculture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: agriculture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. се́льское хозя́йство 2. земле́делие 3. агрокульту́ра	Agriculture provides food and materials for communities.
403	expand	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: expand is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. растя́гивать 2. расширя́ть 3. растя́гиваться	The writer will expand the final paragraph with another example.
404	degree	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: degree is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	градус	The polynomial 2x⁴ – x has degree four.
405	stock	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stock is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. а́кция 2. це́нная бума́га 3. фо́нды	Buying one stock gives an investor a small ownership stake in the company.
406	flexible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. ги́бкий 2. гибкий	The flexible branch bent beneath the snow.
407	transfer	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: transfer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. переноси́ть 2. перенести́	The cable can transfer the photographs to a computer.
408	recover	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: recover is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. выздора́вливать 2. вы́здороветь 3. поправля́ться	The injured bird may recover after several weeks of care.
409	invisible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. неви́димый 2. незри́мый 3. невидимый	Air is invisible, but we can feel it moving.
410	agency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: agency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. аге́нтство 2. о́рган	The environmental agency monitors air pollution.
411	overcome	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: overcome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. преодоле́ть 2. преодолева́ть	With practice, Jayla began to overcome her fear of speaking.
412	subway	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: subway is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. метро́ 2. метрополите́н 3. подзе́мка	We took the subway beneath the crowded streets.
413	shallow	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: shallow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ме́лкий 2. неглубо́кий 3. пове́рхностный	Tiny fish gathered in the shallow water near the shore.
414	obvious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	очеви́дный	The missing wheel was the most obvious problem.
415	expense	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: expense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	расхо́д	Rent was the family's largest monthly expense.
416	eager	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: eager is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. стра́стно/си́льно жела́ющий 2. жа́ждущий 3. нетерпели́вый	The eager campers unpacked their tents quickly.
417	identical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: identical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	тожде́ственный	The two keys looked identical, but only one opened the door.
418	random	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: random is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. неуме́стный 2. пе́рвый попа́вшийся 3. произво́льный	A random sample reduces the influence of personal choice.
419	plot	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: plot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сюже́т 2. фа́була	The plot changes direction when the missing map is discovered.
420	pace	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pace is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. задава́ть темп 2. шаг	Short sentences quicken the pace of the chase scene.

Page 12 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 12.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The tracking page shows the delivery _____ of each package.

Answer: status

2. The frog population may _____ if the pond dries up.

Answer: decline

3. The writer will _____ the final paragraph with another example.

Answer: expand

4. We took the _____ beneath the crowded streets.

Answer: subway

5. Short sentences quicken the _____ of the chase scene.

Answer: pace

Page 13: words 421–455

Vocabulary page 13
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
421	memorable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. па́мятный 2. запомина́ющийся	Our visit to the volcano was a memorable experience.
422	constant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: constant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. постоя́нный 2. конста́нта 3. постоя́нная	Water volume was a constant in every trial.
423	organ	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: organ is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. о́рган 2. учрежде́ние 3. орган	The heart is an organ that pumps blood.
424	encouraging	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: encouraging is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обнадёживающий 2. ободри́тельный 3. ободря́ющий	The coach's encouraging words helped the team recover.
425	audience	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. пу́блика 2. зри́тели 3. аудито́рия	The writer defines technical terms because the audience includes beginners.
426	solar	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: solar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. со́лнечный 2. солнечный	A solar cooker concentrates sunlight to heat food.
427	composition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. составле́ние 2. соедине́ние	The photograph's composition draws attention to the child in the doorway.
428	combine	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: combine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. комбини́ровать 2. скомбини́ровать 3. объединя́ть	We combine flour and water to make the dough.
429	innovation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. нововведе́ние 2. иннова́ция 3. но́вшество	The lightweight battery was an important innovation.
430	database	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: database is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ба́за да́нных 2. база данных	The library database lets readers find books by subject.
431	proportion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. пропо́рция 2. пропорция	We used a proportion to find the missing map distance.
432	alternate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: alternate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	чередоваться	We alternate between reading silently and discussing the chapter.
433	conclude	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conclude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. заключа́ть 2. заключи́ть	From the muddy tracks, we conclude that a deer crossed the path.
434	approve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: approve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. утвержда́ть 2. утверди́ть 3. одобря́ть	The committee must approve the plan before construction begins.
435	immense	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: immense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. огро́мный 2. гига́нтский 3. непоме́рный	An immense iceberg floated beyond the ship.
436	platform	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: platform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	платфо́рма	The candidate's platform includes proposals on housing and transportation.
437	mechanism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. механи́зм 2. механизм	A spring mechanism closes the door automatically.
438	earnings	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: earnings is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. за́работок 2. дохо́д 3. при́быль	She saved part of her weekly earnings for a new laptop.
439	concentration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. концентра́ция 2. концентрация	Evaporation increased the salt concentration in the remaining water.
440	consequence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. ито́г 2. последствие	One consequence of the drought was a smaller wheat harvest.
441	adventure	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: adventure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. приключе́ние 2. авантю́ра 3. похожде́ние	The adventure follows two friends across an unmapped island.
442	mutual	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mutual is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	взаи́мный	The teams treated one another with mutual respect.
443	elaborate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: elaborate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. доскона́льный 2. тща́тельно сде́ланный 3. скрупулёзный	The parade featured an elaborate float covered with paper flowers.
444	mystery	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mystery is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	мисте́рия	The mystery provides enough clues for careful readers to identify the thief.
445	supportive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. благоприя́тный 2. благоскло́нный 3. забо́тливый	Her supportive teammates cheered after every attempt.
446	median	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: median is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. медиа́нный 2. медиа́на	The median of three, five, and nine is five.
447	embarrassed	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: embarrassed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. стыдли́вый 2. смущённый 3. расте́рянный	Kai felt embarrassed after calling the teacher by the wrong name.
448	detect	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: detect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обнару́живать 2. обнару́жить 3. выявля́ть	The alarm can detect smoke before flames appear.
449	fiction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fiction is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. фи́кция 2. вы́думка 3. вы́мысел	The fiction blends an invented family with an accurately researched setting.
450	tasty	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tasty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	изя́щный	Fresh herbs made the soup tasty.
451	disclose	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: disclose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. раскрыва́ть 2. раскры́ть	The label must disclose every ingredient in the snack.
452	analyze	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: analyze is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. анализи́ровать 2. проанализи́ровать	Scientists analyze the water to learn whether it is clean.
453	unity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: unity is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. еди́нство 2. едине́ние 3. сплочённость	Repeated images of water give the poem unity.
454	metallic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metallic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. металли́ческий 2. металлический	The beetle's wings had a metallic green shine.
455	institution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. учрежде́ние 2. заведе́ние 3. организа́ция	A court is an institution that applies and interprets law.

Page 13 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 13.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Our visit to the volcano was a _____ experience.

Answer: memorable

2. The lightweight battery was an important _____.

Answer: innovation

3. She saved part of her weekly _____ for a new laptop.

Answer: earnings

4. Kai felt _____ after calling the teacher by the wrong name.

Answer: embarrassed

5. A court is an _____ that applies and interprets law.

Answer: institution

Page 14: words 456–490

Vocabulary page 14
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
456	continuous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	непреры́вный	The machine produced a continuous hum all night.
457	advancement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. прогре́сс 2. продвиже́ние	The new vaccine was an important medical advancement.
458	crystal	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: crystal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. криста́лл 2. кристалл	Each salt crystal has a regular cubic shape.
459	vacant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vacant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. свобо́дный 2. вака́нтный 3. неза́нятый	The vacant nest remained in the tree after the birds left.
460	fossil	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fossil is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ископа́емое 2. окамене́лость 3. фосси́лия	The rock contained a fossil of a small shell.
461	acknowledge	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: acknowledge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. признава́ть 2. призна́ть 3. подтверди́ть	The report should acknowledge evidence that challenges its conclusion.
462	portable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	портативный	We used a portable stove to cook at the campsite.
463	input	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: input is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вводи́ть 2. ввести́ 3. вклад	The microphone converts sound input into an electrical signal.
464	principle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: principle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. при́нцип 2. принцип	Fairness is the principle behind giving each speaker equal time.
465	translate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: translate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. переводи́ть 2. перевести́ 3. переводить	Students will translate the short message from French into English.
466	diversity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. разнообра́зие 2. разнообразие	Linguistic diversity reflects the region's migration history.
467	harmony	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: harmony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гармо́ния 2. созву́чие	The choir added harmony beneath the main melody.
468	emerge	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: emerge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. всплыва́ть 2. всплыть	A butterfly will emerge from the chrysalis.
469	rotation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	враще́ние	Earth's rotation causes day and night.
470	obligation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. долг 2. обя́занность	Owning a pet creates an obligation to provide food and care.
471	depart	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: depart is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отправля́ться 2. отпра́виться	The ferry will depart at nine o'clock.
472	static	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: static is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	стати́чный	The stubborn mayor is a static character who ignores every warning.
473	favorable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	выгодный	Favorable winds carried the sailboat toward the harbor.
474	toxic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: toxic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. токси́чный 2. ядови́тый	The label warns that the liquid is toxic if swallowed.
475	accuracy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: accuracy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. то́чность 2. точность	Calibration improved the thermometer's accuracy.
476	estimated	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: estimated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	оценённый	The estimated repair cost may change after workers open the wall.
477	interpretation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. интерпрета́ция 2. перево́д 3. толкова́ние	Her interpretation of the ending depends on the final image of the open gate.
478	dimension	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. измере́ние 2. измерение	Measure each dimension of the box before designing its cover.
479	coordinate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: coordinate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. координа́та 2. координата	The first coordinate tells how far to move horizontally.
480	combination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. комбина́ция 2. сочета́ние	Choosing three committee members from ten is a combination.
481	magnitude	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: magnitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. величина́ 2. разме́р	The magnitude of the earthquake was recorded by several stations.
482	civic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: civic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	гражда́нский	Voting is one form of civic participation.
483	decisive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	решающий	The decisive captain changed course before the storm arrived.
484	reproduction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. размноже́ние 2. размножение	Flowering plants use seeds for reproduction.
485	admiration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. восто́рг 2. восхище́ние	We watched the skilled musician with admiration.
486	ecosystem	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ecosystem is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. экосисте́ма 2. экосистема	Removing one species can affect the entire ecosystem.
487	resolve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resolve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. реша́ть 2. реши́ть	A neutral mediator helped the neighbors resolve the boundary dispute.
488	expansion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. расшире́ние 2. экспа́нсия	Railway expansion connected inland farms with coastal ports.
489	precise	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: precise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. то́чный 2. точный	A precise description allowed the technician to locate the fault quickly.
490	thrive	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thrive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. процветать 2. благоденствовать 3. преуспевать	Tomato plants thrive in warm sunlight.

Page 14 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 14.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The machine produced a _____ hum all night.

Answer: continuous

2. Fairness is the _____ behind giving each speaker equal time.

Answer: principle

3. _____ winds carried the sailboat toward the harbor.

Answer: favorable

4. Voting is one form of _____ participation.

Answer: civic

5. Tomato plants _____ in warm sunlight.

Answer: thrive

Page 15: words 491–525

Vocabulary page 15
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
491	tidy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tidy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. аккура́тный 2. опря́тный 3. чи́стый	Kai kept his tools tidy on the workbench.
492	component	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: component is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. компоне́нт 2. составна́я часть	The battery is a crucial component of the emergency radio.
493	empathy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: empathy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сочу́вствие 2. сопережива́ние 3. эмпа́тия	Reading the refugee's diary helped students develop empathy.
494	descend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: descend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. спуска́ться 2. спусти́ться 3. сходи́ть	Dark clouds descend over the valley before the rain.
495	auditorium	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: auditorium is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. аудито́рия 2. зал	Families filled the auditorium for the school concert.
496	confidential	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: confidential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. довери́тельный 2. конфиденциа́льный 3. та́йный	Medical records contain confidential information.
497	irrigation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. иррига́ция 2. ороше́ние	Drip irrigation carries water directly to plant roots.
498	variation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	вариа́ция	Color variation helps some beetles blend into different backgrounds.
499	merchant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: merchant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. торго́вец 2. купе́ц	The merchant carried spices between coastal ports.
500	administrative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. администрати́вный 2. административный	The principal assigned the scheduling issue to administrative staff.
501	measurement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. измере́ние 2. обме́р	Record each measurement to the nearest millimeter.
502	alter	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: alter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. изменя́ть 2. измени́ть 3. меня́ть	The director will alter the ending to fit the shorter performance.
503	criticize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. критикова́ть 2. раскритикова́ть	A helpful reviewer can criticize the argument without insulting the writer.
504	methodology	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. методоло́гия 2. мето́дика	The report explains its methodology so other researchers can repeat the work.
505	motivate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: motivate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	мотиви́ровать	A clear goal can motivate a team to keep practicing.
506	cylinder	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cylinder is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. цили́ндр 2. цилиндр	The can is approximately a cylinder.
507	courageous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. отва́жный 2. сме́лый 3. хра́брый	The courageous witness told the truth despite feeling afraid.
508	classification	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. классифика́ция 2. классифици́рование	The classification of rocks depends on how they formed.
509	geography	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: geography is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. геогра́фия 2. география	Geography explains how rivers shaped the settlement pattern.
510	dictate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dictate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	диктова́ть	The reporter will dictate notes to an assistant by phone.
511	attribute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: attribute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. относи́ть 2. припи́сывать	Researchers attribute the decline in fish to warmer water.
512	infinite	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: infinite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бесконе́чный 2. безграни́чный 3. бескра́йний	A mathematical line extends an infinite distance in both directions.
513	reconstruction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. возрожде́ние 2. воссозда́ние 3. восстановле́ние	Postwar reconstruction restored roads and created new institutions.
514	ion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ио́н 2. ион	A sodium atom becomes a positive ion after losing an electron.
515	compensation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. возмеще́ние 2. компенса́ция	Residents received compensation for property damaged by the construction.
516	stability	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. стаби́льность 2. усто́йчивость	A wide base improves the tower's stability.
517	sphere	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sphere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. шар 2. сфе́ра 3. сфера	A basketball approximates a sphere.
518	emission	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. излуче́ние 2. выброс	The factory installed filters to reduce each harmful emission.
519	emphasize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. подчёркивать 2. подчеркну́ть	Bold type can emphasize the report's main finding.
520	cite	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	цитировать	Writers cite the article after using its data.
521	extinct	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: extinct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	вы́мерший	The dodo has been extinct for centuries.
522	terminate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: terminate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. прекраща́ть 2. прекратить 3. расторгать	The agreement allows either side to terminate the contract.
523	persuade	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: persuade is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. убеди́ть 2. убежда́ть 3. угова́ривать	Strong evidence may persuade the board to restore the bus route.
524	informative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	информати́вный	The museum guide was concise and informative.
525	probable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. вероя́тный 2. правдоподо́бный	Heavy clouds make rain probable this afternoon.

Page 15 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 15.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Kai kept his tools _____ on the workbench.

Answer: tidy

2. The _____ carried spices between coastal ports.

Answer: merchant

3. The _____ of rocks depends on how they formed.

Answer: classification

4. A basketball approximates a _____.

Answer: sphere

5. Heavy clouds make rain _____ this afternoon.

Answer: probable

Page 16: words 526–560

Vocabulary page 16
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
526	modify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: modify is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. изменя́ть 2. модифици́ровать	Engineers will modify the design so the ramp is less steep.
527	perception	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. восприя́тие 2. реце́пция	Lighting can change the perception of a room's size.
528	accessible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. досту́пный 2. поня́тный	The museum provides an accessible entrance and captions for its videos.
529	specify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	определять	The directions specify which measurements belong in the final table.
530	exert	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	использовать	Climbers must exert extra force on the steep slope.
531	ecology	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ecology is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эколо́гия 2. экология	Ecology examines how water quality affects an entire food web.
532	excerpt	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: excerpt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отры́вок 2. вы́держка	We read an excerpt from the explorer's journal.
533	derive	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: derive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. произойти́ 2. происходи́ть	Many English words derive from Latin and Greek roots.
534	burrow	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: burrow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	нора́	The rabbit disappeared into its burrow beneath the hedge.
535	reinforce	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reinforce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. подкрепля́ть 2. подкрепи́ть 3. укрепля́ть	Steel beams reinforce the old building during earthquakes.
536	accumulate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: accumulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. копи́ться 2. нака́пливаться 3. накопи́ться	Dust can accumulate on a shelf that is rarely cleaned.
537	interactive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	интеракти́вный	The interactive map displays new information when a region is selected.
538	effectiveness	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	1. эффекти́вность 2. результати́вность	The trial measures the effectiveness of the new filtration method.
539	simulate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: simulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	симули́ровать	The computer model can simulate the movement of a hurricane.
540	isolation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. изоля́ция 2. обособле́ние 3. затво́рничество	Geographic isolation allowed the island species to develop independently.
541	minimize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. минимизи́ровать 2. своди́ть к ми́нимуму	Protective covers minimize damage from dust and sunlight.
542	exaggerate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exaggerate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. преувели́чивать 2. преувели́чить 3. утри́ровать	Do not exaggerate the size of the fish you caught.
543	compile	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. собирать 2. компили́ровать 3. откомпили́ровать	Students compile their field notes into a shared report.
544	adversity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. беда́ 2. бедствие 3. неприятность	The neighbors supported one another through adversity.
545	characteristic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: characteristic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. характе́рный 2. отличи́тельный 3. типи́чный	Dark volcanic soil is characteristic of the island.
546	complementary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: complementary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	дополняющий	Angles of thirty and sixty degrees are complementary.
547	ingenious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. хитроу́мный 2. оригина́льный	Her ingenious trap caught rainwater without harming wildlife.
548	analytical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: analytical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	аналитический	An analytical reader compares the author's claim with the supporting data.
549	thematic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thematic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	темати́ческий	The novel's thematic focus on belonging connects its different episodes.
550	optimize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	оптимизи́ровать	The team will optimize the blade angle to capture more wind.
551	condensation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. конденса́ция 2. конденсация	Condensation formed droplets on the cold glass.
552	saturated	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: saturated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	насы́щенный	No more sugar dissolved once the solution became saturated.
553	imaginative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. вообража́емый 2. мни́мый 3. нереа́льный	The imaginative solution reused rainwater to cool the roof.
554	conscientious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. добросо́вестный 2. созна́тельный 3. че́стный	The conscientious volunteer checked every name on the list.
555	formulate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: formulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. формули́ровать 2. сформули́ровать	The council will formulate a plan after reviewing the evidence.
556	photosynthesis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: photosynthesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. фотоси́нтез 2. фотосинтез	During photosynthesis, leaves release oxygen.
557	exclude	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exclude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. исключа́ть 2. исключи́ть	A study should not exclude relevant evidence merely because it challenges the hypothesis.
558	collaborative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	совме́стный	The collaborative project combines local knowledge with satellite data.
559	embryo	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: embryo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эмбрио́н 2. заро́дыш	The plant embryo is protected inside the seed.
560	tribune	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tribune is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	трибу́н	The tribune could veto certain actions that threatened plebeians.

Page 16 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 16.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Engineers will _____ the design so the ramp is less steep.

Answer: modify

2. The rabbit disappeared into its _____ beneath the hedge.

Answer: burrow

3. Students _____ their field notes into a shared report.

Answer: compile

4. No more sugar dissolved once the solution became _____.

Answer: saturated

5. The _____ could veto certain actions that threatened plebeians.

Answer: tribune

Page 17: words 561–595

Vocabulary page 17
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
561	complication	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	осложне́ние	A sudden flood creates a complication in the travelers' plan.
562	cordial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cordial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. серде́чный 2. душе́вный	Despite their disagreement, the candidates remained cordial.
563	artisan	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: artisan is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. реме́сленник 2. реме́сленница 3. ма́стер	The artisan shaped clay into durable storage jars.
564	terminating	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: terminating is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	прекращение	One eighth has the terminating decimal 0.125.
565	embark	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: embark is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сади́ться на кора́бль 2. сесть на кора́бль	The researchers embark on a five-year study of coastal erosion.
566	glossary	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: glossary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. глосса́рий 2. слова́рь	The glossary defines unfamiliar words used in the ecology chapter.
567	fascinate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fascinate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. очаро́вывать 2. очарова́ть 3. завора́живать	Deep-sea creatures fascinate scientists and students alike.
568	correspond	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: correspond is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. перепи́сываться 2. корреспонди́ровать	Each colored line should correspond to one category in the key.
569	cartography	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	1. картогра́фия 2. картография	Modern cartography uses satellite images to show changing coastlines.
570	relational	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: relational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ро́дственный	The database uses relational links between customers and orders.
571	microorganism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. микрооргани́зм 2. микроорганизм	Some kinds of microorganism help produce yogurt.
572	saturate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: saturate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. насыща́ть 2. насы́тить	Continued rain will saturate the soil.
573	annotate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: annotate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	аннотировать	Readers annotate the article by marking claims and unfamiliar terms.
574	synchronize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	синхронизирова́ть	The technicians synchronize the clocks before collecting measurements.
575	election	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. вы́боры 2. выборы	The student council election will take place on Friday.
576	western	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: western is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	за́падный	Dark clouds gathered over the western hills.
577	certainly	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. коне́чно 2. несомне́нно 3. непреме́нно	The fresh tracks certainly belong to a large animal.
578	tax	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tax is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. нало́г 2. сбор 3. по́шлина	The sales tax helps fund local services.
579	federal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: federal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. федера́льный 2. федеральный	Federal law applies throughout the country.
580	economic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: economic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. экономи́ческий 2. хозя́йственный 3. экономический	The new harbor created economic opportunities.
581	channel	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: channel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. прото́к 2. проли́в	The storm cut a new channel through the sand.
582	firm	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: firm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	твёрдый	Press the seed into the firm soil.
583	eastern	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: eastern is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	восто́чный	Morning sunlight warmed the eastern side of the house.
584	justice	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: justice is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. справедли́вость 2. справедливость	The court seeks justice by examining evidence carefully.
585	income	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: income is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дохо́д 2. прихо́д 3. при́быль	Part of her summer income went into savings.
586	majority	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. большинство́ 2. большинство	A majority of the class voted for the outdoor activity.
587	quarter	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: quarter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. че́тверть 2. (одна) четвёртый 3. (одна) четвёртая (часть)	Nina ate one quarter of the orange.
588	initial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: initial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. исхо́дный 2. нача́льный 3. оригина́льный	Our initial plan changed after we saw the weather forecast.
589	congress	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: congress is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. конгре́сс 2. съе́зд	Congress considered a bill about national parks.
590	mass	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mass is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ма́сса 2. масса	The balance measures the rock's mass in grams.
591	executive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. исполнительный 2. исполни́тельная власть	The executive branch enforces federal laws.
592	economy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: economy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эконо́мия 2. экономика	Tourism supports the island's economy.
593	prime	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prime is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	просто́й	Seven is a prime number because only one and seven divide it evenly.
594	capable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: capable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	спосо́бный	Nora is capable of repairing the bicycle herself.
595	threat	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: threat is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. исто́чник опасность 2. зло 3. угро́за	Polluted water is a threat to the frogs in the marsh.

Page 17 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 17.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A sudden flood creates a _____ in the travelers' plan.

Answer: complication

2. Modern _____ uses satellite images to show changing coastlines.

Answer: cartography

3. The sales _____ helps fund local services.

Answer: tax

4. Nina ate one _____ of the orange.

Answer: quarter

5. Polluted water is a _____ to the frogs in the marsh.

Answer: threat

Page 18: words 596–630

Vocabulary page 18
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
596	extreme	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: extreme is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. чрезме́рный 2. экстрема́льный	Extreme heat can make outdoor exercise unsafe.
597	typical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: typical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. типи́чный 2. типичный	Four equal sides are typical of a square.
598	represent	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: represent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	представля́ть	On the map, blue lines represent rivers.
599	labor	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: labor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	труд	Building the stone wall required many hours of labor.
600	accurate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: accurate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. то́чный 2. пра́вильный 3. аккура́тный	The accurate map showed every turn on the trail.
601	manner	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: manner is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. спо́соб 2. ме́тод 3. мане́ра	Tariq spoke in a calm manner during the debate.
602	absolute	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: absolute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. абсолю́тный 2. соверше́нный	The referee asked for absolute silence before the final shot.
603	portion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: portion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	до́ля	Only a small portion of the moon was visible.
604	regional	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: regional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	региона́льный	The regional train connects several nearby cities.
605	character	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: character is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. персона́ж 2. геро́й 3. герои́ня	The youngest character notices the clue that every adult missed.
606	duty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: duty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. долг 2. обя́занность	Serving on a jury can be a citizen's duty.
607	profit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: profit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вы́года 2. дохо́д 3. нажи́ва	The bakery used its profit to buy a larger oven.
608	route	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: route is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. путь 2. курс 3. доро́га	The map shows the safest route across the mountains.
609	healthcare	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: healthcare is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	здравоохранение	The clinic provides healthcare to families in remote villages.
610	innocent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: innocent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. невино́вный 2. невинова́тый	The video proved that the accused driver was innocent.
611	fault	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fault is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вина́ 2. вина	Pressure built along the fault before the earthquake.
612	context	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: context is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. конте́кст 2. контекст	The context shows that “bank” refers to the side of a river.
613	solo	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: solo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	со́ло	Mina practiced her violin solo for the concert.
614	guilty	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: guilty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вино́вный 2. винова́тый	The guilty child admitted breaking the vase.
615	familiar	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: familiar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	знако́мый	The familiar song reminded him of summer camp.
616	territory	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: territory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	террито́рия	The map shows the territory governed by the northern kingdom.
617	republic	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: republic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. республика 2. респу́блика	The constitution established the nation as a republic.
618	disaster	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: disaster is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бе́дствие 2. катастро́фа	Emergency teams brought food after the flood disaster.
619	compete	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compete is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. конкури́ровать 2. сопе́рничать 3. соревнова́ться	Six teams compete in the solar-car challenge.
620	independence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. незави́симость 2. самостоя́тельность 3. независимость	The nation declared independence after years of conflict.
621	rapid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rapid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бы́стрый 2. ско́рый	Rapid snowmelt raised the river level.
622	scene	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: scene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сце́на	The courtroom scene brings the two opposing witnesses together.
623	software	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: software is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. програ́ммное обеспече́ние 2. софтве́р 3. со́фтвер	The designer updated the software to fix a security problem.
624	merely	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. то́лько 2. про́сто 3. лишь	The shadow was merely a branch moving in the wind.
625	perspective	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: perspective is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. перспекти́ва 2. вид 3. обзо́р	The diary presents the voyage from a young sailor's perspective.
626	constitution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. конститу́ция 2. основно́й зако́н 3. конституция	The constitution describes the powers of each branch.
627	precious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. дорого́й 2. драгоце́нный 3. це́нный	The old photograph is precious to our family.
628	commit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: commit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. соверша́ть 2. соверши́ть	Our team will commit time each week to cleaning the beach.
629	column	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: column is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. столбе́ц 2. графа́ 3. коло́нка	Write each answer in the correct column of the chart.
630	alert	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: alert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бди́тельный 2. внима́тельный 3. насторо́женный	The alert lifeguard noticed the struggling swimmer at once.

Page 18 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 18.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. _____ heat can make outdoor exercise unsafe.

Answer: extreme

2. The _____ train connects several nearby cities.

Answer: regional

3. Mina practiced her violin _____ for the concert.

Answer: solo

4. The courtroom _____ brings the two opposing witnesses together.

Answer: scene

5. The _____ lifeguard noticed the struggling swimmer at once.

Answer: alert

Page 19: words 631–665

Vocabulary page 19
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
631	underground	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: underground is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. под земля 2. подзе́мный	The mole dug an underground tunnel.
632	democracy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -cracy relates to rule or a system of government.	1. демокра́тия 2. народовла́стие 3. демократия	In a democracy, citizens vote in elections.
633	relation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. отноше́ние 2. зави́симость 3. связь	The graph shows the relation between rainfall and plant growth.
634	equivalent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: equivalent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. равноце́нный 2. эквивале́нтный	Two quarters are equivalent to one half.
635	involvement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. прича́стность 2. уча́стие 3. заме́шанность	Parent involvement helped the community garden succeed.
636	succeed	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: succeed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. преуспе́ть 2. достига́ть це́ли 3. дости́чь це́ли	With patience and practice, the team can succeed.
637	awkward	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: awkward is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. нело́вкий 2. неуклю́жий	The long package was awkward to carry through the doorway.
638	union	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: union is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сою́з 2. соедине́ние 3. объедине́ние	Leaders debated how to preserve the union.
639	mature	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mature is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. зре́лый 2. взро́слый 3. развито́й	Green tomatoes mature more quickly in warm sunlight.
640	loss	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loss is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. поте́ря 2. убы́ток 3. потеря	The shop reported a loss after repairs cost more than monthly sales.
641	circuit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: circuit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	цепь	The bulb lights when the circuit is closed.
642	frequent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: frequent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ча́сто посеща́ть 2. захаживать 3. части́ть	Frequent rain keeps the forest floor damp.
643	moral	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: moral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мора́льный 2. нравоучи́тельный 3. назида́тельный	The fable's moral warns readers not to be greedy.
644	venture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: venture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рискова́ть 2. рискованный 3. риско́ванное начина́ние	Opening a weekend craft stall was a new venture for Maya.
645	considerable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	значи́тельный	Repairing the roof required considerable time and effort.
646	wage	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: wage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. за́работная пла́та 2. зарпла́та 3. за́работок	The farm pays each worker an hourly wage.
647	producer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: producer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. продю́сер 2. производитель	Grass is a producer that uses sunlight to make food.
648	noble	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: noble is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. благоро́дный 2. дворянский	Returning the lost wallet was a noble act.
649	electricity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. электри́чество 2. электричество	The wind turbine generates electricity.
650	permit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: permit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. позволя́ть 2. позво́лить 3. разреша́ть	Park rules permit bicycles only on marked paths.
651	amateur	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: amateur is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. люби́тель 2. люби́тельница 3. дилета́нт	The amateur photographer captured a remarkable rainbow.
652	accidentally	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. ненаме́ренно 2. случа́йно	I accidentally spilled water on the drawing.
653	association	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. объедине́ние 2. соедине́ние	The scatter plot suggests a positive association between temperature and ice-cream sales.
654	relevant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: relevant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. соотве́тствующий 2. уме́стный 3. релева́нтный	Include only relevant details in the summary.
655	medium	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: medium is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	среда́	Clay was the sculptor's chosen medium.
656	draft	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: draft is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	чернови́к	Her first draft contains strong ideas but needs clearer organization.
657	alliance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. сою́з 2. алья́нс	The two nations formed an alliance for mutual defense.
658	resist	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resist is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ока́зывать сопротивле́ние 2. оказа́ть сопротивле́ние	The strong roof can resist heavy wind.
659	aside	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: aside is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. в сто́рону 2. в стороне́ 3. поо́даль	In an aside, the actor revealed the villain's secret plan.
660	proud	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: proud is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. го́рдый 2. гордый	The volunteers felt proud of the garden they had restored.
661	occasion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. возмо́жность 2. собы́тие 3. по́вод	The family saved the decorated dishes for a special occasion.
662	angle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: angle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. у́гол 2. угол	A right angle measures ninety degrees.
663	amendment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. попра́вка 2. измене́ние	The amendment added a new protection to the constitution.
664	physician	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: physician is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. врач 2. врачи́ха 3. до́ктор	The physician listened carefully to the patient's heartbeat.
665	patient	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: patient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. терпели́вый 2. терпеливый	A patient instructor explained the process again.

Page 19 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 19.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The mole dug an _____ tunnel.

Answer: underground

2. Green tomatoes _____ more quickly in warm sunlight.

Answer: mature

3. Returning the lost wallet was a _____ act.

Answer: noble

4. The two nations formed an _____ for mutual defense.

Answer: alliance

5. A _____ instructor explained the process again.

Answer: patient

Page 20: words 666–700

Vocabulary page 20
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
666	index	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: index is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. указа́тель 2. и́ндекс	Use the index to locate every page that discusses volcanoes.
667	regret	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: regret is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сожале́ть 2. жале́ть	I regret leaving the seedlings outside during the frost.
668	ratio	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ratio is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	коэффицие́нт	The ratio of red beads to blue beads is two to three.
669	currency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: currency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. валю́та 2. валюта	Travelers exchanged their currency before the trip.
670	commerce	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: commerce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. торго́вля 2. комме́рция	The port became a center of international commerce.
671	partial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: partial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. части́чный 2. частичный	A partial eclipse covered only part of the sun.
672	frequency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: frequency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. частота́ 2. частота	A higher sound frequency produces a higher pitch.
673	resistance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. сопротивле́ние 2. сопротивление	Local resistance delayed the invading army.
674	legislation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	зако́н	The new legislation requires safer drinking water.
675	sequence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. после́довательность 2. ряд 3. очерёдность	Put the pictures in sequence from seed to flowering plant.
676	insurance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. страхова́ние 2. страхование	Home insurance helped pay for repairs after the storm.
677	religion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: religion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рели́гия 2. ве́ра 3. вероиспове́дание	The constitution protects a person's right to practice a religion.
678	empire	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: empire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	импе́рия	Roads helped the empire move soldiers and messages quickly.
679	peer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: peer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рове́сник 2. рове́сница 3. све́рстник	Ask a peer to check your work before you submit it.
680	defense	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: defense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. оборо́на 2. защи́та	The defense questioned whether the witness could see clearly.
681	administration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. администра́ция 2. управле́ние	The administration proposed a revised national budget.
682	reform	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рефо́рма 2. преобразова́ние 3. реформа	The education reform provided books to rural schools.
683	infection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. инфе́кция 2. зара́за 3. инфекция	The doctor treated the cut to prevent infection.
684	conservation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. сохране́ние 2. охра́на 3. защи́та	Water conservation becomes especially important during drought.
685	retreat	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: retreat is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отступле́ние 2. вы́вод 3. отступа́ть	The hikers retreat when lightning strikes nearby.
686	plane	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: plane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пло́скость 2. плоскость	Three noncollinear points determine a plane.
687	tissue	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tissue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ткань	Muscle tissue contracts to move the body.
688	sufficient	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sufficient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. достаточно 2. доста́точный 3. достаточный	One flashlight provided sufficient light for the small tent.
689	variable	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: variable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. неизве́стная 2. переме́нная	In the equation, the variable x stands for an unknown number.
690	comparison	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: comparison is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сравне́ние 2. сравнение	The essay makes a comparison between two creation myths.
691	treaty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: treaty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. догово́р 2. до́говор 3. соглаше́ние	The treaty established a peaceful border.
692	investigate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: investigate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рассле́довать 2. изуча́ть 3. изучи́ть	Detectives investigate the footprints beside the broken window.
693	humble	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: humble is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. скро́мный 2. кро́ткий 3. поко́рный	Although she won the prize, Lina remained humble.
694	summit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: summit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пик 2. верши́на 3. верху́шка	The climbers reached the summit before noon.
695	cooperation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. сотру́дничество 2. коопера́ция	The heavy table was moved safely through cooperation.
696	ray	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ray is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. луч 2. полупряма́я	Each side of an angle is a ray extending from the vertex.
697	debt	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: debt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. долг 2. задо́лженность	The city repaid its construction debt over twenty years.
698	tone	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. интона́ция 2. тон	The letter's respectful tone made the criticism easier to accept.
699	cabinet	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cabinet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	кабине́т	The president met with the cabinet to discuss the emergency.
700	reliable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	надёжный	We used a reliable weather source before planning the trip.

Page 20 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 20.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Use the _____ to locate every page that discusses volcanoes.

Answer: index

2. The new _____ requires safer drinking water.

Answer: legislation

3. The doctor treated the cut to prevent _____.

Answer: infection

4. Detectives _____ the footprints beside the broken window.

Answer: investigate

5. We used a _____ weather source before planning the trip.

Answer: reliable

Page 21: words 701–735

Vocabulary page 21
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
701	estimate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: estimate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	оце́нка	Our estimate placed the crowd at about five hundred people.
702	suspicious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. подозри́тельный 2. сомни́тельный	A suspicious noise came from the locked room.
703	consistent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: consistent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. после́довательный 2. совмести́мый	Her measurements were consistent across all three trials.
704	tragic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tragic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. траги́ческий 2. траги́чный	The museum tells the tragic story of the lost expedition.
705	era	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: era is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. э́ра 2. эпо́ха 3. эра	The invention marked the beginning of a new era in communication.
706	drama	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: drama is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дра́ма 2. пье́са 3. драма	The drama reveals its conflict through dialogue and stage directions.
707	parallel	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: parallel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	паралле́льный	Opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel.
708	strike	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: strike is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. забасто́вка 2. ста́чка 3. забастовка	The strike ended after employers agreed to negotiate.
709	spectrum	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: spectrum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	спектр	A prism separates white light into a spectrum.
710	guardian	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: guardian is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. опеку́н 2. кура́тор 3. попечи́тель	Her guardian signed the permission form for the trip.
711	subscription	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. абонеме́нт 2. подпи́ска 3. подписка	Our library has a subscription to a science magazine.
712	shout	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: shout is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. крича́ть 2. кри́кнуть 3. закрича́ть	Do not shout near animals that frighten easily.
713	ballot	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ballot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бюллете́нь 2. избира́тельный бюллете́нь	Each voter marked one choice on the ballot.
714	identity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. тожде́ственность 2. иденти́чность	Language became an important part of the community's identity.
715	revenue	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: revenue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дохо́д 2. поступле́ние 3. вы́ручка	Ticket revenue pays for museum conservation.
716	mixed	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mixed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сме́шанный	The mixed number two and one third equals seven thirds.
717	jealous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. ревни́вый 2. ревну́ющий 3. ревнивый	Nia felt jealous when her friend won the solo.
718	export	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: export is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. экспорти́ровать 2. вывози́ть 3. вы́везти	Local farms export coffee to markets overseas.
719	integrity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	це́лостность	Returning the extra change showed Carlos's integrity.
720	abandon	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: abandon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. оставля́ть 2. оста́вить 3. покида́ть	The crew had to abandon the damaged boat.
721	root	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: root is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ко́рень 2. ко́рни 3. коре́нья	The root “spect” relates to looking or seeing.
722	statistics	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: statistics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. стати́стика 2. статистика	Statistics can reveal patterns that individual values do not show.
723	pollution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. загрязне́ние 2. загрязнение	Air pollution can make breathing difficult.
724	patience	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. терпе́ние 2. терпели́вость 3. терпение	Growing a garden requires patience because seeds develop slowly.
725	rural	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rural is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. се́льский 2. дереве́нский	The rural clinic serves farms spread across a large county.
726	gender	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gender is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. род 2. гендер	Ideas about gender roles vary across societies and time.
727	insult	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: insult is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. оскорбле́ние 2. оби́да	Calling someone's careful work useless is an insult.
728	valid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: valid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. действи́тельный 2. корректный 3. правильный	The experiment needs a control group to produce a valid comparison.
729	tropical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tropical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. тропи́ческий 2. тропический	Colorful parrots live in the tropical forest.
730	mixture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mixture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	смесь	Trail mix is a mixture whose ingredients remain separate.
731	compound	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compound is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. соедине́ние 2. соединение	Water is a compound made from hydrogen and oxygen.
732	prey	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prey is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. добы́ча 2. еда́ 3. пожи́ва	The mouse hid from the owl that hunted it as prey.
733	manufacture	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: manufacture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. произво́дство 2. изготовле́ние 3. изгота́вливать	The factory will manufacture bicycles from recycled metal.
734	furious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. разъярённый 2. бе́шеный 3. взбе́шенный	Furious waves struck the rocks during the storm.
735	legacy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: legacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	насле́дство	The scientist's legacy includes both discoveries and trained students.

Page 21 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 21.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Our _____ placed the crowd at about five hundred people.

Answer: estimate

2. A prism separates white light into a _____.

Answer: spectrum

3. Local farms _____ coffee to markets overseas.

Answer: export

4. Calling someone's careful work useless is an _____.

Answer: insult

5. The scientist's _____ includes both discoveries and trained students.

Answer: legacy

Page 22: words 736–770

Vocabulary page 22
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
736	loyalty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loyalty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ве́рность 2. лоя́льность	The guide praised the dog's loyalty to its owner.
737	frontier	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: frontier is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. кордо́н 2. межа́ 3. рубе́ж	The novel follows a family traveling across the western frontier.
738	manufacturing	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: manufacturing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. произво́дство 2. изготовле́ние	Automobile manufacturing supports many related industries.
739	privacy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: privacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пра́йвеси 2. прива́тность	Check the privacy settings before sharing a photograph.
740	objective	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. объекти́вный 2. объективный	An objective review discusses both the strengths and weaknesses of the book.
741	logic	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: logic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ло́гика 2. логика	The detective used logic to eliminate impossible explanations.
742	realistic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: realistic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	реалисти́чный	The artist painted a realistic portrait of the old fisherman.
743	legislature	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: legislature is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. законода́тельная власть 2. законода́тельный о́рган 3. заксобра́ние	The state legislature debated the education bill.
744	exhibit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exhibit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. экспози́ция 2. вы́ставка	The museum will exhibit tools from the early settlement.
745	determination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	реше́ние	Her determination helped her finish the steep climb.
746	maritime	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: maritime is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. морско́й 2. примо́рский	The coastal museum displays maritime tools and maps.
747	countless	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: countless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бессчётный 2. бесчи́сленный 3. неисчисли́мый	Countless stars filled the dark desert sky.
748	circular	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: circular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	кругово́й	We followed a circular path around the pond.
749	earthquake	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: earthquake is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. землетрясе́ние 2. землетрясение	The earthquake damaged buildings near the fault.
750	judicial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: judicial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	суде́бный	The judicial branch decides how laws apply to cases.
751	transmission	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. коро́бка переда́ч 2. коро́бка переключе́ния переда́ч 3. трансми́ссия	Clean water systems reduce the transmission of several diseases.
752	prominent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prominent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ви́дный 2. выдаю́щийся	A prominent ridge rises above the valley.
753	companion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: companion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. това́рищ 2. компаньо́н 3. компаньо́нка	The guide's faithful dog was his companion on every hike.
754	impress	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: impress is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. впечатлять 2. произвести́ впечатле́ние 3. производи́ть впечатле́ние	The dancer's balance will impress the judges.
755	principal	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: principal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дире́ктор 2. директри́са 3. ре́ктор	The principal character must decide whether to reveal the secret.
756	fantasy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fantasy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. фанта́зия 2. воображе́ние 3. вы́мысел	The fantasy imagines a library whose books can speak.
757	delta	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: delta is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. де́льта 2. дельта	The river formed a fertile delta beside the sea.
758	colony	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: colony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. коло́ния 2. колония	The distant colony sent raw materials to the ruling nation.
759	runway	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: runway is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. взлётно-поса́дочная полоса́ 2. ВПП 3. взлётная полоса́	The airplane waited at the end of the runway.
760	wealth	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: wealth is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бога́тство 2. благосостоя́ние 3. богатство	Trade created wealth for the port but did not benefit every resident equally.
761	trend	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. тенде́нция 2. тренд 3. направле́ние	The graph shows an upward trend in average temperature.
762	comedy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: comedy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. коме́дия 2. комедия	The comedy turns a series of mistaken identities into a joyful reunion.
763	selfish	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: selfish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	эгоисти́чный	The selfish character kept all the food for himself.
764	convert	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: convert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обраща́ть 2. обрати́ть 3. преобразо́вывать	Solar panels convert sunlight into electrical energy.
765	convention	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. конве́нция 2. догово́р 3. соглаше́ние	A hidden clue is a common convention of mystery stories.
766	petition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. пети́ция 2. хода́тайство 3. проше́ние	The petition asked the town to preserve the old theater.
767	edit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: edit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. изменя́ть 2. редакти́ровать 3. пра́вить	Partners edit each other's explanations for clarity.
768	import	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: import is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. импорти́ровать 2. ввози́ть 3. ввезти́	The country must import fruit during the cold season.
769	citizenship	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: citizenship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гражда́нство 2. по́дданство 3. гражданство	Responsible citizenship includes learning about public issues.
770	spotlight	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: spotlight is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. проже́ктор 2. прожектор	The spotlight followed the dancer across the stage.

Page 22 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 22.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The guide praised the dog's _____ to its owner.

Answer: loyalty

2. The museum will _____ tools from the early settlement.

Answer: exhibit

3. The guide's faithful dog was his _____ on every hike.

Answer: companion

4. The _____ turns a series of mistaken identities into a joyful reunion.

Answer: comedy

5. The _____ followed the dancer across the stage.

Answer: spotlight

Page 23: words 771–805

Vocabulary page 23
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
771	rough	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rough is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гру́бый 2. жёсткий 3. шерохова́тый	The rough stone can scratch polished wood.
772	contemporary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: contemporary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. совреме́нный 2. современный	Contemporary accounts describe how residents experienced the flood.
773	framework	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: framework is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. инфраструкту́ра 2. систе́ма взгля́дов 3. то́чка отсчёта	The outline provides a framework for the research paper.
774	eligible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. го́дный 2. приго́дный 3. жела́тельный	Students who complete the course are eligible for the certificate.
775	anxious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. озабо́ченный 2. беспоко́ящийся 3. встрево́женный	Dev felt anxious while waiting for news about the missing dog.
776	destructive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. разруши́тельный 2. разрушительный	The destructive storm tore branches from several trees.
777	collaboration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. сотру́дничество 2. коопера́ция 3. совме́стная рабо́та	The mural required collaboration among artists, students, and residents.
778	myth	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: myth is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	миф	The ancient myth tells how the stars reached the sky.
779	basin	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: basin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бассе́йн 2. резервуа́р	Rain from the entire basin flows toward the main river.
780	pointless	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pointless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бессмы́сленный 2. бесцельный	Arguing about a finished game would be pointless.
781	adjustment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. приспоса́бливание 2. регулиро́вка 3. настро́йка	One adjustment made the telescope image clearer.
782	immigration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. иммигра́ция 2. переселе́ние 3. иммиграция	Immigration changed the city's languages, foods, and industries.
783	margin	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: margin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. край 2. кро́мка	The team won by a margin of three points.
784	dispute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dispute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. спор 2. ди́спут 3. поле́мика	Several historians dispute the traditional account of the voyage.
785	reign	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reign is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. правле́ние 2. ца́рствование	The palace was expanded during the queen's reign.
786	miserable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. бе́дный 2. несча́стный	The soaked hikers felt miserable in the cold wind.
787	poverty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: poverty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. недоста́ток 2. нехва́тка 3. ску́дность	The relief program seeks to reduce childhood poverty.
788	offensive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. оскорби́тельный 2. оби́дный	The editor removed an offensive stereotype from the advertisement.
789	gear	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gear is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	снаряже́ние	The smaller gear turns faster than the larger gear.
790	controversy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: controversy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. спор 2. диску́ссия 3. разногла́сия	The proposal created controversy among residents.
791	tolerance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	терпе́ние	A respectful community practices tolerance toward different traditions.
792	assure	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обнадёживать 2. обнадёжить	The coach tried to assure the team that their preparation was strong.
793	prompt	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prompt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. задание 2. письменная подсказка	Read the writing prompt before planning your response.
794	fragile	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fragile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. хру́пкий 2. ло́мкий 3. хрупкий	The fragile shell cracked when it fell.
795	antique	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: antique is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	антиквариа́т	The antique clock still chimed every hour.
796	protest	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: protest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. проте́ст 2. протест	The peaceful protest called for safer working conditions.
797	formula	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: formula is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. фо́рмула 2. формула	The formula gives the area of a triangle.
798	acid	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: acid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. кислота́ 2. кисля́тина 3. кислота	Lemon juice contains an acid called citric acid.
799	inquiry	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inquiry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дозна́ние 2. запро́с 3. рассле́дование	The class began an inquiry into the river's changing water level.
800	withdraw	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: withdraw is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. брать наза́д 2. забира́ть 3. забра́ть	The injured runner had to withdraw from the race.
801	ignorant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ignorant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. тёмный 2. неве́жественный 3. негра́мотный	We were ignorant of the trail closure until we saw the sign.
802	graph	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: graph is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	граф	The graph shows how temperature changed during the day.
803	adequate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: adequate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. адеква́тный 2. доста́точный 3. подходя́щий	The hikers carried an adequate supply of water for the afternoon.
804	accomplish	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: accomplish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. заверша́ть 2. заверши́ть 3. довести́ до конец	Careful planning helped the volunteers accomplish their goal before sunset.
805	legend	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: legend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. леге́нда 2. пове́рье 3. сказа́ние	According to the local legend, a hidden bell rings before a storm.

Page 23 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 23.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The _____ stone can scratch polished wood.

Answer: rough

2. Rain from the entire _____ flows toward the main river.

Answer: basin

3. The editor removed an _____ stereotype from the advertisement.

Answer: offensive

4. The _____ gives the area of a triangle.

Answer: formula

5. According to the local _____, a hidden bell rings before a storm.

Answer: legend

Page 24: words 806–840

Vocabulary page 24
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
806	concrete	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: concrete is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. конкре́тный 2. определённый 3. конкретный	The proposal needs concrete steps, not general promises.
807	suspension	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. взвесь 2. суспе́нзия	Muddy water is a suspension because soil particles eventually sink.
808	comply	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: comply is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. подчиня́ться 2. соглаша́ться	Cyclists must comply with the trail's safety signs.
809	teammate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: teammate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	тиммейт	My teammate passed the ball before the defender arrived.
810	steadily	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	стабильно	Snow fell steadily throughout the afternoon.
811	marina	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: marina is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	прича́л	Fishing boats returned to the marina before the storm.
812	heroic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: heroic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	геро́йский	The firefighter made a heroic rescue from the burning house.
813	output	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: output is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. произво́дство 2. проду́кция 3. вы́работка	The screen displays the sensor's output as a graph.
814	coalition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. коали́ция 2. коалиция	Several parties formed a coalition to pass the reform.
815	remainder	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: remainder is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. оста́ток 2. остаток	Seventeen divided by five has a remainder of two.
816	insist	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: insist is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. наста́ивать 2. настоя́ть	The guide will insist that everyone wear a helmet.
817	entertain	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: entertain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. развлека́ть 2. развле́чь 3. забавля́ть	The storyteller used funny voices to entertain the children.
818	electrical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: electrical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	электрический	The electrical circuit opens when the switch is lifted.
819	probability	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	вероя́тность	The probability of rolling an even number is one half.
820	enthusiasm	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: enthusiasm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. энтузиа́зм 2. воодушевле́ние 3. запа́л	Her enthusiasm for astronomy inspired the whole club.
821	axis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: axis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ось	The horizontal axis shows time in minutes.
822	conservative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. консервати́вный 2. консервативный	Engineers used a conservative estimate for the bridge's safe load.
823	minority	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	несовершенноле́тие	The constitution protects minority rights against majority abuse.
824	vulnerable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. уязви́мый 2. рани́мый	Young turtles are vulnerable to predators on the beach.
825	transparent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: transparent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. прозра́чный 2. прозрачный	The transparent glass revealed the fish inside the tank.
826	sympathy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sympathy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сочу́вствие 2. сострада́ние	We expressed sympathy to the family after their loss.
827	evaluate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: evaluate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	вычислить	The judges evaluate each design for strength and originality.
828	disappointment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. разочарова́ние 2. неприя́тность 3. разочарование	The canceled trip brought disappointment to the campers.
829	adaptation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. адапта́ция 2. обрабо́тка 3. привыка́ние	A camel's ability to conserve water is an adaptation to desert life.
830	submarine	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: submarine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. подво́дная ло́дка 2. подло́дка 3. субмари́на	The research submarine photographed life on the ocean floor.
831	masterpiece	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: masterpiece is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	шеде́вр	Many visitors consider the painted ceiling a masterpiece.
832	exhaust	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exhaust is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. исче́рпать 2. исче́рпывать	Climbing the steep stairs will exhaust an unprepared runner.
833	senate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: senate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сена́т 2. сенат	The Roman senate advised officials and controlled important financial decisions.
834	diagnosis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: diagnosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. диа́гноз 2. диагно́стика	The doctor confirmed the diagnosis after reviewing the test results.
835	vaccine	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vaccine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вакци́на 2. приви́вка 3. вакцина	The vaccine reduced the spread of the illness.
836	seize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: seize is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. захва́тывать 2. захвати́ть 3. схва́тывать	The goalkeeper will seize the ball with both hands.
837	colorful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: colorful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. разноцве́тный 2. цвета́стый 3. я́ркий	A colorful kite rose above the beach.
838	translation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. перевод 2. перево́д	The translation moves the triangle four units to the right.
839	narrative	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: narrative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. изложе́ние факт 2. наррати́в 3. изложе́ние фактов	The oral history presents a personal narrative of migration.
840	expectation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ожида́ние	Our expectation of clear skies changed when thunder began.

Page 24 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 24.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The proposal needs _____ steps, not general promises.

Answer: concrete

2. Several parties formed a _____ to pass the reform.

Answer: coalition

3. The constitution protects _____ rights against majority abuse.

Answer: minority

4. Climbing the steep stairs will _____ an unprepared runner.

Answer: exhaust

5. Our _____ of clear skies changed when thunder began.

Answer: expectation

Page 25: words 841–875

Vocabulary page 25
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
841	entrepreneur	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: entrepreneur is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. предпринима́тель 2. предпринима́тельница 3. антрепренёр	The young entrepreneur opened a bicycle repair shop.
842	neglect	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: neglect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. забрасывать 2. запускать	Plants may wilt if gardeners neglect them.
843	hesitate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hesitate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. колеба́ться 2. ме́длить 3. сомнева́ться	I hesitate before stepping onto the slippery bridge.
844	metropolitan	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metropolitan is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. городско́й 2. метрополитенский 3. столи́чный	The metropolitan rail system connects downtown with nearby suburbs.
845	bias	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bias is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. предубежде́ние 2. предвзя́тость	A fair survey avoids bias by asking neutral questions.
846	colonial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: colonial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	колониа́льный	The museum restored a colonial house built by early settlers.
847	curiosity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. курьёз 2. дико́вина 3. ре́дкость	Curiosity led the children to examine the unusual shell.
848	literal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: literal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. то́чный 2. буква́льный 3. досло́вный	The literal meaning of freezing is becoming solid from cold.
849	preliminary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: preliminary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. предвари́тельный 2. подготови́тельный	Preliminary results suggest that the treatment may be effective.
850	indigenous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. коренно́й 2. абориге́нный 3. ме́стный	The exhibit honors indigenous knowledge of local plants.
851	tendency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tendency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. тенде́нция 2. скло́нность	The river has a tendency to rise after several days of rain.
852	fraction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. часть 2. части́ца 3. дробь	The shaded fraction of the circle is three fourths.
853	circulation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	кровообраще́ние	Exercise can increase blood circulation.
854	canyon	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: canyon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. каньо́н 2. каньон	The river flows along the bottom of the canyon.
855	stubborn	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stubborn is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. упо́рный 2. упря́мый 3. упёртый	The stubborn goat refused to leave the garden.
856	stellar	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stellar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. звёздный 2. звездообра́зный	The telescope captured a stellar explosion in a distant galaxy.
857	extinction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	вымира́ние	Habitat loss can push rare animals toward extinction.
858	protocol	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: protocol is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. протоко́л 2. протокол	The laboratory protocol requires goggles and closed shoes.
859	compromise	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compromise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. компроми́сс 2. компромисс	The final schedule was a compromise between the two proposals.
860	wilderness	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	1. дикий 2. нетронутый 3. целина́	The protected wilderness contains forests, rivers, and mountains.
861	compassion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. сострада́ние 2. сочу́вствие 3. сопережива́ние	Neighbors showed compassion by bringing meals to the injured family.
862	absurd	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: absurd is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. неле́пый 2. абсу́рдный 3. абсурдный	The absurd rumor claimed that the tiny pond contained a whale.
863	representation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	представитель	Residents demanded fair representation on the regional council.
864	liberty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: liberty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. свобо́да 2. свобода	The charter promises liberty of expression.
865	statistical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: statistical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. статисти́ческий 2. статистический	The survey revealed a statistical pattern in commuting times.
866	justify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. вы́ровнять 2. выра́внивать	The committee must justify its decision to close the trail.
867	inflation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. инфля́ция 2. инфляция	Inflation made the same basket of groceries more expensive.
868	abstract	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: abstract is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. абстра́ктный 2. отвлечённый 3. абстрактный	Justice is an abstract concept that societies define in different ways.
869	composite	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: composite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	составно́й	Twelve is a composite number with several factor pairs.
870	comfortably	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	уютно	Four people can sit comfortably on the wide bench.
871	uniform	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: uniform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. единообра́зный 2. форма	The machine applies a uniform layer of paint.
872	boundary	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: boundary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. грани́ца 2. межа́ 3. границы	Storms formed near the boundary between warm and cold air.
873	triangle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: triangle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. треуго́льник 2. треугольник	The triangle has one right angle.
874	metaphor	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metaphor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мета́фора 2. метафора	The sentence “The moon is a lantern” contains a metaphor.
875	lava	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lava is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ла́ва 2. лава	The lava cooled into dark rock.

Page 25 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 25.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The young _____ opened a bicycle repair shop.

Answer: entrepreneur

2. _____ results suggest that the treatment may be effective.

Answer: preliminary

3. The laboratory _____ requires goggles and closed shoes.

Answer: protocol

4. _____ made the same basket of groceries more expensive.

Answer: inflation

5. The _____ cooled into dark rock.

Answer: lava

Page 26: words 876–910

Vocabulary page 26
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
876	romance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: romance is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рома́нс 2. рома́нтика 3. романтический	The historical romance develops alongside the struggle to save the family farm.
877	interface	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: interface is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	интерфе́йс	The app's interface uses clear labels and large buttons.
878	polite	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: polite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ве́жливый 2. учти́вый	The polite guest thanked the host before leaving.
879	gratitude	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gratitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. благода́рность 2. призна́тельность	We wrote notes of gratitude to the volunteers.
880	debris	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: debris is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обло́мки 2. разва́лины 3. развалина	Workers cleared storm debris from the road.
881	altitude	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: altitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. высота́ 2. высота́ над уровень 3. альтиту́да	The air becomes thinner as altitude increases.
882	affection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. любо́вь 2. привя́занность 3. эмоция	The dog showed affection by resting its head on Mina's knee.
883	unlikely	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: unlikely is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	маловероя́тный	It is unlikely that the small pond caused the regional flood.
884	grave	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: grave is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. тяжёлый 2. серьёзный	The doctor warned that the infection posed a grave danger.
885	domain	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: domain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. о́бласть определение 2. определе́ния	Negative numbers are outside the domain when x represents elapsed time.
886	discrimination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. дискримина́ция 2. дискриминация	The law prohibits employment discrimination.
887	define	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: define is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. опи́сывать 2. описа́ть 3. определять	The opening paragraph should define the problem before proposing a solution.
888	inherited	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inherited is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	наследие	Eye color is an inherited trait.
889	jurisdiction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	юрисди́кция	The city court has jurisdiction over local traffic cases.
890	consensus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: consensus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. консе́нсус 2. согла́сие 3. единоду́шие	After a long discussion, the council reached a consensus.
891	fracture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fracture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. перело́м 2. перелом	The doctor found a small fracture in the injured wrist.
892	jury	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: jury is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. прися́жные 2. суд прися́жных 3. присяжный	The jury examined the evidence before reaching a verdict.
893	dialogue	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dialogue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. диало́г 2. разгово́р 3. бесе́да	The dialogue reveals that the sisters remember the event differently.
894	poetic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: poetic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. поэти́ческий 2. поэти́чный	The author used poetic language to describe the moon.
895	dependent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dependent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. иждиве́нец 2. иждиве́нка 3. подчинённый	Plant height is the dependent variable in the experiment.
896	inevitable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. неизбе́жный 2. немину́емый 3. неотврати́мый	Some erosion is inevitable when waves strike an unprotected shore.
897	momentum	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: momentum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. и́мпульс 2. коли́чество движе́ния 3. дви́жущая си́ла	The heavy cart had enough momentum to roll up the small hill.
898	ethical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ethical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	эти́ческий	Researchers must follow ethical rules when working with volunteers.
899	vague	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vague is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. нея́сный 2. нечёткий 3. неопределённый	The vague directions did not explain which road to take.
900	optimistic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: optimistic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. оптимисти́ческий 2. оптимисти́чный 3. оптимистический	The optimistic gardener believed the damaged plants would recover.
901	distinguish	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: distinguish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. различа́ть 2. различи́ть	The field guide helps readers distinguish hawks from falcons.
902	peculiar	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: peculiar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сво́йственный	A peculiar humming sound came from the empty shed.
903	segment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: segment is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отре́зок 2. сегме́нт	Measure the segment from A to B.
904	equality	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. ра́венство 2. равенство	The amendment advanced legal equality.
905	compact	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compact is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. компа́ктный 2. пло́тный	The compact toolkit fits beneath the bicycle seat.
906	radius	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: radius is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ра́диус 2. радиус	The compass was set to a radius of five centimeters.
907	instinct	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: instinct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. инсти́нкт 2. инстинкт	Migration is an instinct in many bird species.
908	cooperative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. гото́вый к сотрудничество 2. совме́стный 3. объединённый	The cooperative group divided the research tasks fairly.
909	thesis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. те́зис 2. положе́ние	The essay's thesis argues that the wetland should be protected.
910	utter	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: utter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. говори́ть 2. сказа́ть 3. поговори́ть	The startled child could barely utter a word.

Page 26 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 26.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The historical _____ develops alongside the struggle to save the family farm.

Answer: romance

2. The doctor warned that the infection posed a _____ danger.

Answer: grave

3. The _____ reveals that the sisters remember the event differently.

Answer: dialogue

4. A _____ humming sound came from the empty shed.

Answer: peculiar

5. The startled child could barely _____ a word.

Answer: utter

Page 27: words 911–945

Vocabulary page 27
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
911	discomfort	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: discomfort is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	дискомфо́рт	The new shoes caused discomfort during the long walk.
912	conversion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	превраще́ние	The conversion from meters to centimeters multiplies the value by one hundred.
913	authentic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: authentic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	достове́рный	The museum displayed an authentic letter signed by the explorer.
914	tolerate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tolerate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вы́терпеть 2. допуска́ть 3. допусти́ть	These plants can tolerate a few nights of cold weather.
915	sincere	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sincere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	и́скренний	Her sincere apology helped repair the friendship.
916	enthusiastic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: enthusiastic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. восто́рженный 2. по́лный энтузиа́зма 3. стра́стный	The enthusiastic volunteers arrived early with extra supplies.
917	pitch	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pitch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. тон 2. высота́ 3. дёготь	A faster vibration produces a higher pitch.
918	supplement	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: supplement is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	дополня́ть	The teacher will supplement the article with a short video.
919	orbit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: orbit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. орби́та 2. орбита	The satellite completes one orbit every ninety minutes.
920	thoughtful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thoughtful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	вду́мчивый	Her thoughtful question helped the speaker explain the issue.
921	plead	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: plead is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. выступа́ть с заявле́нием (в суде́) 2. представля́ть интере́сы 3. защища́ть	The lost hikers plead for help over the radio.
922	inspect	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inspect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. инспекти́ровать 2. проинспекти́ровать 3. осма́тривать	A mechanic will inspect the brakes before the trip.
923	unemployment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. безрабо́тица 2. неза́нятость 3. безработица	The factory closure caused unemployment to rise.
924	inclusion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	включе́ние	The ramp improved inclusion by making the stage accessible.
925	flexibility	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. ги́бкость 2. гибкость	Gentle stretching can improve flexibility.
926	algorithm	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: algorithm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. алгори́тм 2. алгоритм	The search engine uses an algorithm to rank results.
927	pardon	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pardon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ми́ловать 2. поми́ловать	The governor may pardon a prisoner after reviewing the case.
928	despair	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: despair is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отча́яние 2. безнадёжность 3. тлен	The stranded sailors felt despair when the radio stopped working.
929	deliberate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: deliberate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. наме́ренный 2. преднаме́ренный 3. умы́шленный	Her deliberate choice of strong evidence improved the argument.
930	generosity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	ще́дрость	The shelter thanked the town for its generosity.
931	blossom	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: blossom is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. цвето́к 2. расцвести́ 3. расцвета́ть	The apple trees blossom when warm weather returns.
932	assembly	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assembly is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сбо́рка 2. монта́ж	Final assembly of the bicycle occurs after the frame is painted.
933	civilization	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. цивилиза́ция 2. культу́ра	The river supported a civilization of farmers and traders.
934	reluctant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reluctant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. неохо́тный 2. нежела́ющий	The reluctant puppy stopped at the edge of the water.
935	narrator	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: narrator is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. расска́зчик 2. расска́зчица 3. повествова́тель	The narrator knows what every character is thinking.
936	interpret	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: interpret is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. объясня́ть 2. объясни́ть 3. толкова́ть	Students interpret the graph by comparing the heights of its bars.
937	glimpse	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: glimpse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	бе́глый взгляд	We caught a glimpse of the fox before it vanished.
938	weary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: weary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. уста́лый 2. утомлённый	The weary runners rested beneath a shady tree.
939	spectacle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: spectacle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. зре́лище 2. представле́ние 3. спекта́кль	The meteor shower was a brilliant spectacle.
940	elite	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: elite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	эли́та	Only the elite of the sport qualify for the final race.
941	acute	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: acute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. о́стрый 2. то́нкий	The village faced an acute shortage of medicine.
942	restrict	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: restrict is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ограни́чивать 2. ограни́чить	Park rules restrict campfires during dry weather.
943	conductor	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conductor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. проводни́к 2. проводник	Copper is a good conductor of electricity.
944	restless	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: restless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. беспоко́йный 2. неугомо́нный	The restless horse paced around the stable.
945	meadow	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: meadow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	лука́	Butterflies drifted across the sunny meadow.

Page 27 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 27.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The new shoes caused _____ during the long walk.

Answer: discomfort

2. The satellite completes one _____ every ninety minutes.

Answer: orbit

3. The stranded sailors felt _____ when the radio stopped working.

Answer: despair

4. We caught a _____ of the fox before it vanished.

Answer: glimpse

5. Butterflies drifted across the sunny _____.

Answer: meadow

Page 28: words 946–980

Vocabulary page 28
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
946	reduction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. уменьше́ние 2. сниже́ние 3. сведе́ние	During reduction, copper ions gain electrons and become copper atoms.
947	mortgage	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mortgage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ипоте́ка 2. ипотека	The family compared interest rates before choosing a mortgage.
948	census	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: census is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пе́репись населе́ния 2. пе́репись	The census records population changes every ten years.
949	negotiate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: negotiate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вести́ перегово́ры 2. провести́ перегово́ры	The two groups will negotiate how to share the meeting space.
950	clause	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: clause is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	предложе́ние	The sentence begins with a dependent clause.
951	surroundings	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: surroundings is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. око́лица 2. окре́стности 3. окру́га	The owl's brown feathers blend with its woodland surroundings.
952	hygiene	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hygiene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гигие́на 2. гигиена	Good hand hygiene helps prevent infection.
953	cautious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. осторо́жный 2. внима́тельный 3. осмотри́тельный	The cautious climber tested each handhold.
954	sloppy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sloppy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. неря́шливый 2. небре́жный 3. неаккура́тный	Sloppy measurements can ruin a science experiment.
955	recovery	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: recovery is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. выздоровле́ние 2. попра́вка 3. возвра́т	Wetland recovery began after grazing ended.
956	verse	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: verse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. купле́т 2. строфа́	The ballad tells the sailor's story in verse.
957	referendum	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: referendum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рефере́ндум 2. референдум	The tax plan will be decided by referendum.
958	archive	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: archive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. архи́в 2. архив	The digital archive contains scanned newspapers from the last century.
959	compensate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compensate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. компенси́ровать 2. возмеща́ть 3. возмести́ть	The store will compensate customers for the damaged goods.
960	programming	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: programming is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. программи́рование 2. программирование	Programming the robot required a loop that repeated the movement.
961	substitute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: substitute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. заме́на 2. замени́ть 3. заменя́ть	Substitute six for x before simplifying the expression.
962	propaganda	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: propaganda is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пропага́нда 2. агита́ция 3. пропаганда	The poster used propaganda to portray every critic as an enemy.
963	genre	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: genre is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	жанр	Readers recognize the detective genre by its clues and investigation.
964	fairness	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	1. беспристра́стие 2. справедли́вость	The referee's fairness earned respect from both teams.
965	embarrassment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. стыд 2. смуще́ние 3. стесне́ние	He laughed at his embarrassment after realizing his shirt was backward.
966	orchard	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: orchard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сад 2. фрукто́вый сад	We picked ripe peaches in the orchard.
967	exclusive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. исключи́тельный 2. эксклюзи́вный	The interview contains exclusive information not reported elsewhere.
968	heritage	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: heritage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. насле́дие 2. наследие	The festival celebrates the region's musical heritage.
969	explicit	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: explicit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. чёткий 2. я́вный 3. я́сный	The recipe gives explicit instructions for handling the hot pan.
970	volcano	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: volcano is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вулкан 2. вулка́н	The volcano released steam from its summit.
971	hardship	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hardship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. невзго́ды 2. суро́вость 3. тя́готы	The long drought created hardship for local farmers.
972	removal	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: removal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	удаление	The removal of Indigenous nations caused widespread suffering and death.
973	banking	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: banking is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. банковский 2. ба́нкинг 3. ба́нковское де́ло	Online banking allows customers to transfer funds without visiting a branch.
974	vertical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vertical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вертика́льный 2. отве́сный	Vertical angles always have equal measures.
975	vivid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vivid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. живо́й 2. я́сный	The author used vivid details to describe the storm.
976	safeguard	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: safeguard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	гара́нтия	Strong passwords safeguard private information.
977	crater	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: crater is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. кра́тер 2. жерло́ 3. кратер	Steam rose from the volcano's crater.
978	commonwealth	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: commonwealth is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. содру́жество 2. сою́з	The constitution described the state as a commonwealth.
979	tragedy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tragedy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. траге́дия 2. трагедия	The tragedy shows how the ruler's pride harms the entire city.
980	migration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	мигра́ция	Seasonal jobs encouraged migration toward the coast.

Page 28 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 28.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. During _____, copper ions gain electrons and become copper atoms.

Answer: reduction

2. _____ measurements can ruin a science experiment.

Answer: sloppy

3. Readers recognize the detective _____ by its clues and investigation.

Answer: genre

4. The _____ of Indigenous nations caused widespread suffering and death.

Answer: removal

5. Seasonal jobs encouraged _____ toward the coast.

Answer: migration

Page 29: words 981–1015

Vocabulary page 29
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
981	logical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: logical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. логи́ческий 2. логический	The final conclusion is logical because each step follows from evidence.
982	immune	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: immune is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	свободный	An immune response targets a harmful pathogen.
983	conviction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. убеждённость 2. убежде́ние	Her conviction that every child deserves books inspired the donation drive.
984	terrain	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: terrain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ме́стность 2. релье́ф	The rocky terrain slowed the rescue vehicles.
985	aggregate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: aggregate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. масса 2. совокупность	The website can aggregate rainfall records from many weather stations.
986	jealousy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: jealousy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. за́висть 2. ре́вность 3. ревность	Jealousy made the character ignore her friend's success.
987	arrogant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: arrogant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. высокоме́рный 2. гордели́вый 3. зано́счивый	The arrogant champion refused to congratulate the other team.
988	texture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: texture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. строе́ние 2. структу́ра 3. тексту́ра	Thick brushstrokes give the painting a rough texture.
989	sanctuary	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sanctuary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. убе́жище 2. прибе́жище 3. прию́т	The wetland is a sanctuary for migrating birds.
990	solitary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: solitary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отше́льник 2. затво́рник 3. одиночный	A solitary lighthouse stood on the rocky island.
991	anticipate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: anticipate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	предви́деть	Farmers anticipate frost when the temperature drops sharply.
992	linear	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: linear is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. лине́йный 2. линейный	A linear relationship adds the same amount at each step.
993	journalism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. журнали́стика 2. журналистика	Responsible journalism separates confirmed facts from speculation.
994	velocity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. ско́рость 2. быстрота́	The boat's velocity changed when it turned east.
995	inequality	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	нера́венство	The inequality x > 7 represents all numbers greater than seven.
996	miniature	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: miniature is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	миниатю́рный	The exhibit included a miniature model of the castle.
997	atom	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: atom is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. а́том 2. атом	An atom contains a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
998	eruption	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. взрыв 2. извержение	The eruption sent a cloud of ash into the sky.
999	throne	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: throne is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. трон 2. престо́л	The prince renounced the throne and left the kingdom.
1000	refuge	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: refuge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. убе́жище 2. укры́тие	The cave offered refuge from the sudden hailstorm.
1001	accountability	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	компетентность	Public reports create accountability for how the funds are spent.
1002	respectful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: respectful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. почти́тельный 2. уважи́тельный	A respectful listener does not interrupt.
1003	pedestrian	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pedestrian is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пешехо́д 2. пе́шая 3. пе́ший	The driver stopped to let a pedestrian cross the street.
1004	friction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. си́ла тре́ния 2. трение	Friction between the tires and road helps the bicycle stop.
1005	hardware	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hardware is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. аппарату́ра 2. хардве́р 3. аппара́тное обеспече́ние	The keyboard and monitor are computer hardware.
1006	nutrition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. пита́ние 2. питание	Balanced nutrition supplies energy and essential nutrients.
1007	hurricane	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hurricane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. урага́н 2. ураган	The hurricane strengthened before reaching the coast.
1008	discretion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	прозорли́вость	The guide used discretion and canceled the hike as clouds darkened.
1009	advocacy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: advocacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. защи́та 2. засту́пничество	Her advocacy helped the town build safer sidewalks.
1010	irregular	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: irregular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. непра́вильный 2. неправильный	The stone has an irregular shape with five uneven sides.
1011	comprehend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: comprehend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. понима́ть 2. постигать 3. осознать	The timeline helped us comprehend the order of historical events.
1012	meter	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: meter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. разме́р 2. ритм	The steady meter resembles the beat of marching feet.
1013	solidarity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. солида́рность 2. солидарность	The march expressed solidarity with families displaced by the flood.
1014	cellular	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cellular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. кле́точный 2. клеточный	The microscope revealed damage at the cellular level.
1015	trait	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trait is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. осо́бенность 2. прису́щее 3. черта́	Patience is a useful trait for a careful scientist.

Page 29 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 29.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The final conclusion is _____ because each step follows from evidence.

Answer: logical

2. The wetland is a _____ for migrating birds.

Answer: sanctuary

3. The _____ sent a cloud of ash into the sky.

Answer: eruption

4. The _____ strengthened before reaching the coast.

Answer: hurricane

5. Patience is a useful _____ for a careful scientist.

Answer: trait

Page 30: words 1016–1050

Vocabulary page 30
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1016	monarch	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: monarch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мона́рх 2. монарх	The monarch addressed the nation from the palace.
1017	grim	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: grim is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	мра́чный	The rescue team faced grim conditions in the flooded valley.
1018	beverage	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: beverage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. напи́ток 2. питьё 3. по́йло	Tea was the warm beverage served after the winter walk.
1019	folklore	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: folklore is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. фолькло́р 2. фольклор	The tale of the mountain spirit belongs to local folklore.
1020	astronomical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: astronomical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. астрономи́ческий 2. астрономический	The observatory stores astronomical data about distant stars.
1021	subtle	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: subtle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. неуловимый 2. то́нкий	A subtle shift in tone makes the apology sound insincere.
1022	verify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: verify is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. заве́рить 2. заверя́ть 3. подтверди́ть	We verify the quotation by finding it in the original speech.
1023	suspend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: suspend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. подве́шивать 2. подве́сить 3. ве́шать	Workers suspend the bridge deck from thick steel cables.
1024	perimeter	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: perimeter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пери́метр 2. периметр	Add all four side lengths to find the garden's perimeter.
1025	navigate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: navigate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	вести	Sailors use charts and stars to navigate across the ocean.
1026	crossroads	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: crossroads is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. перекрёсток 2. перепу́тье 3. распу́тье	A wooden sign stood at the crossroads.
1027	moderate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: moderate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. зауря́дный 2. посре́дственный 3. сре́дний	The moderate sought a compromise acceptable to both sides.
1028	editing	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: editing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	редакти́рование	Careful editing removed three sentence fragments from the report.
1029	hostile	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hostile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вражде́бный 2. вра́жеский 3. неприя́тельский	Few plants can survive the crater's hostile conditions.
1030	dynasty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dynasty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дина́стия 2. династия	The dynasty governed the kingdom for nearly two centuries.
1031	dominate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dominate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. госпо́дствовать 2. преоблада́ть 3. домини́ровать	A tall mountain will dominate the western skyline.
1032	protagonist	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ist often names a person associated with a field, belief, or practice.	1. гла́вный геро́й 2. главный 3. протагони́ст	The protagonist must choose between safety and helping a friend.
1033	federation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. федера́ция 2. федерация	The provinces joined a federation while retaining local legislatures.
1034	rational	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рациона́льный 2. рациональный	The decimal 0.75 is rational because it equals three fourths.
1035	ashamed	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ashamed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. присты́женный 2. сты́дно 3. со́вестно	He felt ashamed after admitting that he had lied.
1036	sovereignty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sovereignty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. суверените́т 2. суверенитет	The treaty recognized the island nation's sovereignty.
1037	irony	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: irony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. иро́ния 2. ирония	There is irony in a fire station winning a prize for its flooded garden.
1038	commodity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. това́р 2. бла́го 3. добро́	Coffee is an important commodity in global trade.
1039	autonomy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: autonomy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. самостоя́тельность 2. автономия	The project gave students autonomy to choose their research question.
1040	simplify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. упроща́ть 2. упрости́ть	A labeled diagram can simplify the instructions.
1041	onward	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: onward is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	вперёд	After a short rest, the explorers traveled onward.
1042	flashlight	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: flashlight is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. фона́рик 2. фона́рь 3. карма́нный фона́рь	Keep a flashlight beside the emergency supplies.
1043	annoy	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: annoy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. беспоко́ить 2. докуча́ть 3. досажда́ть	A dripping tap can annoy anyone trying to sleep.
1044	enforcement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	принужде́ние	Weak enforcement allowed factories to ignore the pollution limit.
1045	tide	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tide is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. прили́в 2. отли́в	The falling tide exposed pools among the rocks.
1046	rhythm	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rhythm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ритм 2. такт	Short repeated phrases give the speech a memorable rhythm.
1047	medieval	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: medieval is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. средневеко́вый 2. средневековый	The medieval manuscript was copied by hand.
1048	niche	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: niche is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ни́ша 2. ниша	A bee's niche includes pollinating flowers while gathering nectar.
1049	clarify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. проясня́ть 2. проясни́ть	A labeled diagram can clarify how the machine works.
1050	obsolete	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: obsolete is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. устаре́вший 2. устаревший	The old machine became obsolete after digital equipment arrived.

Page 30 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 30.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The _____ addressed the nation from the palace.

Answer: monarch

2. Add all four side lengths to find the garden's _____.

Answer: perimeter

3. The provinces joined a _____ while retaining local legislatures.

Answer: federation

4. Keep a _____ beside the emergency supplies.

Answer: flashlight

5. The old machine became _____ after digital equipment arrived.

Answer: obsolete

Page 31: words 1051–1085

Vocabulary page 31
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1051	loneliness	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	1. одино́чество 2. одиночество	Joining the club helped ease his loneliness.
1052	kin	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: kin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ро́дичи 2. ро́дственники 3. соро́дичи	The young wolf remained close to its kin.
1053	caretaker	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: caretaker is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сиде́лка 2. ня́ня 3. ня́нька	The caretaker locked the park gates at sunset.
1054	warrant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: warrant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	гара́нтия	The writer's warrant connects lower emissions with improved public health.
1055	thermal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thermal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. теплово́й 2. терма́льный 3. терми́ческий	A thermal camera detects differences in surface temperature.
1056	resigned	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resigned is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	смири́вшийся	She sounded resigned after the final appeal was denied.
1057	symptom	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: symptom is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. симпто́м 2. при́знак 3. симптом	A high fever can be a symptom of infection.
1058	precipitation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. оса́дки 2. атмосферные осадки	The forecast predicts heavy precipitation overnight.
1059	erosion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: erosion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эро́зия 2. эрозия	Tree roots can slow erosion on a steep slope.
1060	dread	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dread is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. страх 2. боя́знь 3. опаса́ться	Some passengers dread flying during storms.
1061	approximate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: approximate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. приблизи́тельный 2. приме́рный 3. прибли́женный	The approximate distance to the lake is three kilometers.
1062	timetable	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: timetable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. расписа́ние 2. гра́фик	Check the train timetable before leaving home.
1063	sturdy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sturdy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дю́жий 2. здоро́вый 3. кре́пкий	The sturdy table supported the heavy aquarium.
1064	dusk	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dusk is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	су́мерки	Bats began to fly at dusk.
1065	clumsy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: clumsy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	неудо́бный	The clumsy puppy knocked over its water bowl.
1066	legendary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: legendary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. легенда́рный 2. легендарный	The goalkeeper's legendary save is still discussed decades later.
1067	dominant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dominant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. домини́рующий 2. преоблада́ющий	A dominant allele can mask the effect of a recessive allele.
1068	passive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. пасси́вный 2. безде́ятельный	A passive observer watches the problem without helping to solve it.
1069	imagery	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: imagery is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	воображение	The poem's imagery makes readers hear the rain on the roof.
1070	discourse	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: discourse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ди́скурс 2. диску́рс	The debate encouraged respectful discourse about public transportation.
1071	convey	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: convey is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. передава́ть 2. переда́ть 3. донести́	The photograph can convey the scale of the flood.
1072	seldom	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: seldom is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. и́зредка 2. ре́дко	Snow seldom falls in this warm coastal town.
1073	gigantic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gigantic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гига́нтский 2. грома́дный 3. огро́мный	A gigantic whale surfaced beside the research boat.
1074	edible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: edible is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. съедо́бный 2. го́дный в пи́щу	Only some of the berries in this forest are edible.
1075	migrate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: migrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мигри́ровать 2. соверша́ть перелёт	Many birds migrate south before winter.
1076	voltage	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: voltage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. напряже́ние 2. вольта́ж	Increasing the voltage made the bulb glow brighter.
1077	gauge	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gauge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	измеря́ть	The survey helps researchers gauge public support for the park.
1078	rainfall	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rainfall is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. коли́чество осадки 2. дождь 3. оса́дки	Annual rainfall is much lower in the desert.
1079	membrane	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: membrane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мембра́на 2. мембрана	The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell.
1080	enzyme	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: enzyme is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ферме́нт 2. энзи́м 3. энзим	A digestive enzyme helps break food into smaller molecules.
1081	dividend	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dividend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дели́мое 2. делимое	In 20 ÷ 4, twenty is the dividend.
1082	priority	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	приорите́т	Restoring clean water became the city's first priority.
1083	transformation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	преображе́ние	A rotation is a transformation that turns a figure around a fixed point.
1084	voluntary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: voluntary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. доброво́льный 2. добровольный	Participation in the anonymous survey is voluntary.
1085	respiratory	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: respiratory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дыха́тельный 2. респирато́рный	Smoke can irritate the respiratory system.

Page 31 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 31.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Joining the club helped ease his _____.

Answer: loneliness

2. Tree roots can slow _____ on a steep slope.

Answer: erosion

3. A _____ observer watches the problem without helping to solve it.

Answer: passive

4. The survey helps researchers _____ public support for the park.

Answer: gauge

5. Smoke can irritate the _____ system.

Answer: respiratory

Page 32: words 1086–1120

Vocabulary page 32
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1086	eclipse	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: eclipse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. затме́ние 2. затмение	During a solar eclipse, the moon passes between Earth and the sun.
1087	boycott	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: boycott is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бойкоти́ровать 2. бойкотировать	Residents may boycott the store until it changes its unfair policy.
1088	resentment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. негодова́ние 2. возмуще́ние	Unequal chores created resentment between the roommates.
1089	plateau	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: plateau is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. плато́ 2. плоского́рье 3. плато	The village sits on a plateau above the valley.
1090	overthrow	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: overthrow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. све́ргнуть 2. сверга́ть	The rebels hoped to overthrow the cruel ruler.
1091	dormant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dormant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. неакти́вный 2. спя́щий 3. усну́вший	The dormant volcano has not erupted for hundreds of years.
1092	awe	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: awe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. благогове́ние 2. тре́пет	The enormous glacier filled the visitors with awe.
1093	isolate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: isolate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. изоли́ровать 2. обособля́ть 3. обосо́бить	Scientists isolate the sick plant to protect the healthy ones.
1094	distrust	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: distrust is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. недове́рие 2. сомне́ние	Broken promises created distrust between the two groups.
1095	childcare	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: childcare is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ухо́д за ребёнок 2. детьми́	The community center offers childcare during evening classes.
1096	speculation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. спекули́рование 2. спекуля́ция	The rumor remains speculation until a reliable witness confirms it.
1097	facilitate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: facilitate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. спосо́бствовать 2. поспосо́бствовать 3. помога́ть	Clear labels facilitate the safe use of laboratory equipment.
1098	prejudice	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prejudice is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. предубежде́ние 2. предрассу́док	Education can challenge prejudice by replacing rumors with understanding.
1099	vibration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	вибра́ция	The string's vibration produces a musical sound.
1100	duplicate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: duplicate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. де́лать дублика́т 2. де́лать ко́пию 3. размножа́ть	The printer can duplicate the photograph in seconds.
1101	banquet	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: banquet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. банке́т 2. пир 3. пи́ршество	The community held a banquet to honor the rescue workers.
1102	barefoot	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: barefoot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. босо́й 2. необу́тый 3. босоно́гий	We walked barefoot across the warm sand.
1103	sensible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. разу́мный 2. здравомы́слящий 3. рациона́льный	Bringing extra water was a sensible precaution.
1104	refugee	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: refugee is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бе́женец 2. бе́женка	The refugee applied for protection after crossing the border.
1105	hazard	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hazard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. шанс 2. слу́чай 3. опа́сность	Loose wires create an electrical hazard.
1106	metabolism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. метаболи́зм 2. обме́н веще́ств 3. метаболизм	Exercise causes the body's metabolism to use energy more quickly.
1107	cosmic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cosmic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. косми́ческий 2. космический	The detector measures cosmic radiation from space.
1108	glacier	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: glacier is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ледни́к 2. гле́тчер 3. ледник	The glacier carved a wide valley as it moved.
1109	contagious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	зара́зный	The contagious illness moved quickly through the crowded camp.
1110	downright	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: downright is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	попросту	Leaving food beside a wild bear would be downright dangerous.
1111	lens	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lens is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ли́нза 2. объекти́в 3. линза	The microscope's objective lens magnifies the specimen.
1112	lease	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lease is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. аре́нда 2. ли́зинг 3. сда́ча в аренда	The apartment lease lasts twelve months.
1113	capitalism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. капитали́зм 2. капитализм	In capitalism, businesses usually compete to sell goods and services.
1114	credible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	достоверный	The eyewitness gave a credible account supported by photographs.
1115	conquest	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conquest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. покоре́ние 2. преодоле́ние	The conquest changed the region's government and language.
1116	intercept	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: intercept is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. заде́рживать 2. задержа́ть 3. перехва́тывать	The defender managed to intercept the pass.
1117	loosen	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loosen is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ослабля́ть 2. осла́бить 3. освобождать	Turn the lid slowly to loosen it.
1118	discontent	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: discontent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	недовольство	Repeated delays caused discontent among the passengers.
1119	constellation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. созве́здие 2. созвездие	The constellation Orion is easy to spot on a clear winter night.
1120	preview	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: preview is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	предосмо́тр	The museum offered a preview of the new exhibit to local teachers.

Page 32 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 32.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. During a solar _____, the moon passes between Earth and the sun.

Answer: eclipse

2. Broken promises created _____ between the two groups.

Answer: distrust

3. Bringing extra water was a _____ precaution.

Answer: sensible

4. The apartment _____ lasts twelve months.

Answer: lease

5. The museum offered a _____ of the new exhibit to local teachers.

Answer: preview

Page 33: words 1121–1155

Vocabulary page 33
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1121	spatial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: spatial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	простра́нственный	A floor plan shows the spatial relationship among rooms.
1122	plentiful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: plentiful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. изоби́лующий 2. изоби́льный 3. оби́льный	Wild berries are plentiful in the valley during summer.
1123	documentation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. документа́ция 2. документация	The application requires documentation of the volunteer hours.
1124	specification	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	специфика́ция	The ramp must meet the safety specification for maximum slope.
1125	summon	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: summon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. звать 2. позва́ть 3. вызыва́ть	The captain will summon the crew when the ship is ready.
1126	luxurious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. роско́шный 2. роскошный	The hotel offered a luxurious room overlooking the harbor.
1127	impatient	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: impatient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	нетерпели́вый	The impatient customer kept checking the clock.
1128	hesitation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	нереши́тельность	After a moment of hesitation, Priya stepped onto the stage.
1129	compassionate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compassionate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сострада́ющий 2. сочу́вствующий	The compassionate doctor listened carefully to the frightened child.
1130	sober	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sober is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. тверёзый 2. терёзвый 3. тре́звый	The report offers a sober assessment of the recovery costs.
1131	oppose	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: oppose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	противопоставить	Several residents oppose the highway because it would divide the wetland.
1132	idol	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: idol is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. и́дол 2. куми́р	The novel questions whether a famous athlete should become an unquestioned idol.
1133	generator	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: generator is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. генера́тор 2. генератор	The bicycle generator powers the headlamp.
1134	endurance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. выно́сливость 2. сто́йкость	Swimming regularly improved her endurance.
1135	haven	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: haven is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. га́вань 2. порт	The sheltered bay became a haven for boats during the storm.
1136	norm	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: norm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	норма	Greeting visitors politely is a social norm in many communities.
1137	quantitative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. коли́чественный 2. количественный	The graph presents quantitative data from five years of rainfall.
1138	dilemma	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dilemma is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. диле́мма 2. дилемма	The character faces a dilemma when honesty may hurt her friend.
1139	acceleration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. ускоре́ние 2. ускорение	The bicycle's acceleration increased as the rider pedaled harder.
1140	fungus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fungus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гриб 2. грибо́к	The damp log was covered by a pale fungus.
1141	blizzard	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: blizzard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бура́н 2. пурга́ 3. вью́га	The blizzard buried the road beneath deep snow.
1142	frantic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: frantic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бе́шеный 2. вне себя́ 3. неи́стовый	The frantic search ended when we found the puppy asleep.
1143	legislative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. законода́тельный 2. законодательный	The bill entered the legislative process.
1144	pi	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pi is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	пи	Use pi to calculate the circumference from the diameter.
1145	competent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: competent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	компете́нтный	A competent editor checks facts as well as grammar.
1146	strive	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: strive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. стреми́ться 2. стара́ться 3. боро́ться	The athletes strive to improve their times each week.
1147	onset	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: onset is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ата́ка 2. на́тиск 3. наступле́ние	At the onset of winter, the lake begins to freeze.
1148	caption	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: caption is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. заста́вка 2. на́дпись	The caption identifies the people in the historical photograph.
1149	dishonest	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dishonest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. нече́стный 2. бесче́стный	The dishonest player secretly changed the score.
1150	implementation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. воплоще́ние в реа́льность 2. реализа́ция 3. осуществле́ние	Training began before implementation of the new safety policy.
1151	editorial	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: editorial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. передови́ца 2. редакцио́нная статья́ 3. передова́я	The newspaper's editorial argues for safer bicycle lanes.
1152	bankruptcy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bankruptcy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. банкро́тство 2. несостоя́тельность 3. банкротство	Bankruptcy allowed the company to reorganize what it owed.
1153	suburban	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: suburban is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. при́городный 2. за́городный	A new rail line connected the suburban community to downtown.
1154	optional	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: optional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. необяза́тельный 2. опциона́льный 3. факультати́вный	The extra research question is optional.
1155	genocide	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: genocide is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. геноци́д 2. геноцид	The museum documents the genocide through survivor testimony.

Page 33 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 33.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A floor plan shows the _____ relationship among rooms.

Answer: spatial

2. The _____ doctor listened carefully to the frightened child.

Answer: compassionate

3. The character faces a _____ when honesty may hurt her friend.

Answer: dilemma

4. At the _____ of winter, the lake begins to freeze.

Answer: onset

5. The museum documents the _____ through survivor testimony.

Answer: genocide

Page 34: words 1156–1190

Vocabulary page 34
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1156	exotic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exotic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. экзоти́ческий 2. экзоти́чный	The greenhouse protects exotic plants from the winter cold.
1157	hazardous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	опасный	Workers wear protective clothing around hazardous chemicals.
1158	diplomacy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: diplomacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. диплома́тия 2. дипломатия	Diplomacy prevented the border dispute from becoming a war.
1159	analogy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: analogy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. анало́гия 2. схо́дство 3. подо́бие	The teacher used an analogy between the heart and a pump.
1160	ample	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ample is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. оби́льный 2. доста́точный 3. обши́рный	The wide shelf provides ample space for the collection.
1161	trustworthy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trustworthy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. надёжный 2. благонадёжный 3. ве́рный	A trustworthy guide admits when a route is uncertain.
1162	symmetry	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: symmetry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. симме́трия 2. симметрия	The butterfly's wings show approximate symmetry.
1163	prohibit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prohibit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. запреща́ть 2. запрети́ть	The signs prohibit swimming near the waterfall.
1164	parasite	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: parasite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. парази́т 2. паразит	A tick is a parasite that feeds on an animal's blood.
1165	nutrient	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: nutrient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. питательный 2. пита́тельное вещество́	Iron is a nutrient that helps blood carry oxygen.
1166	dedicate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dedicate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. открыва́ть 2. откры́ть	The volunteers dedicate each Saturday to restoring the trail.
1167	quarrel	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: quarrel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ссо́ра 2. спор	The friends ended their quarrel by listening to each other.
1168	declaration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. заявле́ние 2. объявле́ние	The delegates issued a declaration explaining their decision to seek independence.
1169	slope	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: slope is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. укло́н 2. накло́н	The line's slope is two because y rises two units for every unit of x.
1170	persistent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: persistent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. насто́йчивый 2. постоя́нный	Her persistent questions uncovered the accounting error.
1171	elevation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	подъём	The mountain town has an elevation of two thousand meters.
1172	drought	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: drought is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. за́суха 2. засу́шливость 3. сушь	The drought lowered reservoirs and damaged crops.
1173	chorus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: chorus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	хор	The chorus comments on events that the main characters cannot see.
1174	verification	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. верифика́ция 2. прове́рка	Image verification showed that the photograph came from an older event.
1175	delegate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: delegate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. делега́т 2. делега́тка 3. представи́тель	Each school sent a delegate to the youth council.
1176	chronicle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: chronicle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ле́топись 2. хро́ника	The monk's chronicle describes several years of drought.
1177	bland	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bland is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. скучный 2. неинтере́сный 3. безвку́сный	The soup tasted bland until we added herbs.
1178	daycare	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: daycare is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	я́сли	My little cousin attends daycare near her mother's office.
1179	attentive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	внима́тельный	The attentive audience heard every detail of the speech.
1180	loop	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loop is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	цикл	The loop processes every item in the list.
1181	interaction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	обще́ние	The medication can cause a harmful interaction with grapefruit.
1182	heir	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: heir is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. насле́дник 2. насле́дница	The missing heir returns just before the estate is sold.
1183	biography	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: biography is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. биогра́фия 2. жизнеописа́ние 3. биография	The biography traces the scientist's work from childhood experiments to major discoveries.
1184	retrieve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: retrieve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. приноси́ть 2. принести́	The dog can retrieve the ball from the shallow pond.
1185	manipulate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: manipulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. манипули́ровать 2. возде́йствовать 3. влия́ть	The operator can manipulate the robotic arm with a joystick.
1186	invasive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	инвазивный	The invasive vine covered trees and blocked sunlight.
1187	hemisphere	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hemisphere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. полуша́рие 2. гемисфе́ра 3. полушарие	Australia lies mainly in the Southern Hemisphere.
1188	allegiance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. ве́рность 2. пре́данность	The knight promised allegiance to the new queen.
1189	mimic	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mimic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	имити́ровать	The parrot can mimic the sound of a ringing phone.
1190	forgiving	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: forgiving is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. проща́ющий 2. снисходи́тельный	Her forgiving response allowed the friends to begin again.

Page 34 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 34.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The greenhouse protects _____ plants from the winter cold.

Answer: exotic

2. A tick is a _____ that feeds on an animal's blood.

Answer: parasite

3. The _____ comments on events that the main characters cannot see.

Answer: chorus

4. The missing _____ returns just before the estate is sold.

Answer: heir

5. Her _____ response allowed the friends to begin again.

Answer: forgiving

Page 35: words 1191–1225

Vocabulary page 35
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1191	dissolve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dissolve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. растворя́ть 2. раствори́ть	Salt will dissolve more quickly in warm water.
1192	prevention	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	профила́ктика	Vaccination is an important form of disease prevention.
1193	socialism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. социали́зм 2. социализм	The party promoted democratic socialism through elections.
1194	metric	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metric is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	метри́ческий	The metric unit for liquid volume is the liter.
1195	geometry	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: geometry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. геоме́трия 2. геометрия	Geometry helps architects calculate angles and areas.
1196	credibility	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	достове́рность	Citations and transparent methods increase a report's credibility.
1197	unanimous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. единогла́сный 2. единоду́шный	The jury reached a unanimous decision.
1198	sensory	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sensory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	чувство	Sensory details describe the bread's warm scent and crisp crust.
1199	rigorous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. скрупулёзный 2. стро́гий 3. то́чный	The medicine passed a rigorous series of safety tests.
1200	avalanche	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: avalanche is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. лави́на 2. лавина	The avalanche blocked the road through the mountain pass.
1201	shabby	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: shabby is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ве́тхий 2. убо́гий 3. жа́лкий	Fresh paint improved the shabby wooden fence.
1202	unstable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	неусто́йчивый	The cracked slope became unstable after heavy rain.
1203	surplus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: surplus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	профици́т	A food surplus allowed some workers to specialize in other trades.
1204	renaissance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	возрожде́ние	The Harlem Renaissance transformed American literature, music, and art.
1205	consult	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: consult is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	консульти́роваться	The builders consult an engineer before altering the support beam.
1206	scope	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: scope is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. масшта́б 2. преде́л 3. разма́х	The paper narrows its scope to public transportation in three coastal cities.
1207	acquisition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	приобрете́ние	Regular conversation supports the acquisition of a new language.
1208	prosecution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	обвине́ние	The prosecution introduced evidence connecting the suspect to the theft.
1209	nonprofit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Prefix focus: non- means not or without.	некомме́рческая организа́ция	The nonprofit restored the historic theater.
1210	lethal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lethal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. смерте́льный 2. смертоно́сный 3. лета́льный	Even a small dose of the chemical can be lethal to fish.
1211	judiciary	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: judiciary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	суде́бная власть	An independent judiciary can limit abuses of power.
1212	hardy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hardy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. закалённый 2. выно́сливый 3. морозоусто́йчивый	The hardy shrub survives cold winds and poor soil.
1213	correlation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. корреля́ция 2. корреляция 3. взаимозависимость	A correlation does not by itself prove that one variable causes the other.
1214	tangible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	поня́тный	The repaired roof was tangible evidence of the volunteers' work.
1215	inventive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. изобрета́тельный 2. нахо́дчивый	The inventive student designed a rain catcher from bottles.
1216	orientation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. ориентиро́вка 2. ориенти́рование	A reflection reverses a polygon's orientation.
1217	exceptional	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exceptional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. исключи́тельный 2. исключительный	Her exceptional memory allowed her to recite the entire speech.
1218	recession	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. спад 2. реце́ссия	During the recession, many businesses reduced hiring.
1219	mock	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mock is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. имити́ровать 2. подража́ть	The bullies mock the new student's accent until a friend intervenes.
1220	censorship	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: censorship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. цензу́ра 2. цензура	Government censorship prevented the newspaper from reporting the protest.
1221	satire	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: satire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сати́ра 2. сатира	The play uses satire to expose the mayor's vanity.
1222	posture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: posture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. по́за 2. оса́нка	Good posture keeps the screen near eye level and the shoulders relaxed.
1223	wavelength	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: wavelength is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. длина́ волны́ 2. волна́ 3. длина волны	Red light has a longer wavelength than violet light.
1224	thunderstorm	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thunderstorm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гроза́ 2. бу́ря 3. гроза	The thunderstorm moved east before midnight.
1225	echo	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: echo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. э́хо 2. отголо́сок 3. о́тзвук	The shout returned as an echo from the canyon wall.

Page 35 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 35.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Salt will _____ more quickly in warm water.

Answer: dissolve

2. The medicine passed a _____ series of safety tests.

Answer: rigorous

3. The _____ introduced evidence connecting the suspect to the theft.

Answer: prosecution

4. Her _____ memory allowed her to recite the entire speech.

Answer: exceptional

5. The shout returned as an _____ from the canyon wall.

Answer: echo

Page 36: words 1226–1260

Vocabulary page 36
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1226	repeating	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: repeating is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	период	One third has the repeating decimal 0.333.
1227	viewpoint	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: viewpoint is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ракурс	The novel shows the conflict from each sibling's viewpoint.
1228	plausible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. правдоподо́бный 2. вероя́тный 3. похо́жий на правда	The detective considered each plausible explanation for the missing key.
1229	ascend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ascend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. взбира́ться 2. всходи́ть 3. поднима́ться	The hikers ascend the hill before sunrise.
1230	regulatory	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: regulatory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	нормативный	The agency has regulatory authority over drinking-water quality.
1231	controversial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: controversial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дискуссио́нный 2. сомни́тельный 3. спо́рный	The controversial proposal would relocate several families.
1232	nationalism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. национали́зм 2. национализм	Nationalism helped unite the region but also heightened rivalries.
1233	critique	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: critique is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. критикова́ть 2. рецензи́ровать	Partners critique each proposal using the same three criteria.
1234	cone	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ко́нус 2. конус	The traffic cone has a circular base.
1235	stationary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stationary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	неподви́жный	The bicycle remained stationary while its wheel spun.
1236	refrain	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: refrain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. припе́в 2. рефре́н 3. припев	Everyone joined in when the refrain returned.
1237	drastic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: drastic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. интенсивный 2. реши́тельный 3. радикальный	The drought required drastic limits on water use.
1238	coherent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: coherent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. свя́зный 2. после́довательный	Transitions made the explanation coherent from beginning to end.
1239	budge	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: budge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дви́гать 2. стронуть 3. дви́гаться	The heavy cabinet would not budge across the floor.
1240	bizarre	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bizarre is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. неесте́ственный 2. ненорма́льный 3. причу́дливый	The bizarre sculpture combines a bicycle wheel with a glass umbrella.
1241	tornado	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tornado is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. смерч 2. торна́до	The tornado damaged a narrow path through the town.
1242	reckless	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reckless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. беспе́чный 2. легкомы́сленный 3. безотве́тственный	Reckless driving endangered everyone near the crossing.
1243	citation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. объявле́ние благодарность 2. благода́рности	Each borrowed statistic needs a citation.
1244	bibliography	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	1. библиогра́фия 2. библиография	The bibliography identifies every book, interview, and website in the project.
1245	mantle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mantle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ма́нтия	Slow movement in the mantle helps drive plate motion.
1246	empirical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: empirical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	эмпири́ческий	The team collected empirical data by measuring the plants each day.
1247	assert	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отста́ивать 2. отстоя́ть 3. утверди́ть	The author will assert that clean water is a basic human need.
1248	sediment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. отложе́ние 2. оса́док 3. отсто́й	The river left a layer of sediment along its banks.
1249	shatter	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: shatter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. разбива́ться 2. разби́ться 3. разби́ть	A hard fall can shatter a glass jar.
1250	nudge	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: nudge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	подталкивать	Mina used her elbow to nudge the door open.
1251	operational	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: operational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. де́йствующий 2. операти́вный	The repaired water pump is operational again.
1252	sympathetic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sympathetic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сочувствующий	The counselor was sympathetic but still explained the rule.
1253	solemn	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: solemn is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	серьёзный	The crowd remained solemn during the memorial ceremony.
1254	crafty	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: crafty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. кова́рный 2. хи́трый	The crafty fox hid its tracks near the stream.
1255	communism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. коммуни́зм 2. коммунизм	Different governments interpreted communism in sharply different ways.
1256	automation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. автоматиза́ция 2. автоматизация	Automation allows the greenhouse to adjust watering overnight.
1257	climax	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: climax is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. кульмина́ция 2. разга́р	The climax occurs when the climber must choose whether to turn back.
1258	peril	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: peril is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. опа́сность 2. риск 3. угро́за	The climbers faced peril when the ice began to crack.
1259	gorge	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gorge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. уще́лье 2. лощи́на 3. яр	The river flows through a rocky gorge.
1260	emphasis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: emphasis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. подчёркивание 2. ударе́ние 3. осо́бое внима́ние	The course places emphasis on evidence rather than memorized dates.

Page 36 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 36.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. One third has the _____ decimal 0.333.

Answer: repeating

2. The traffic _____ has a circular base.

Answer: cone

3. Each borrowed statistic needs a _____.

Answer: citation

4. The counselor was _____ but still explained the rule.

Answer: sympathetic

5. The course places _____ on evidence rather than memorized dates.

Answer: emphasis

Page 37: words 1261–1295

Vocabulary page 37
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1261	interference	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. интерфере́нция 2. интерференция	Interference creates alternating bright and dark bands on the screen.
1262	cluster	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cluster is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	кла́стер	A cluster near the upper right appears in the scatter plot.
1263	projection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	проекция	Every map projection distorts some combination of area, shape, or distance.
1264	exposition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. вы́ставка 2. экспози́ция	The exposition explains why the family moved to the island.
1265	conditional	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conditional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	усло́вный	The conditional sentence explains what will happen if the temperature falls.
1266	squared	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: squared is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. в кле́тку 2. в кле́точку	Five squared equals twenty-five.
1267	soar	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: soar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. взлета́ть 2. взлете́ть 3. взмыва́ть	The eagle began to soar above the canyon.
1268	gloomy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gloomy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мра́чный 2. угрю́мый 3. хму́рый	The gray sky gave the empty street a gloomy appearance.
1269	evade	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: evade is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. избега́ть 2. избежа́ть	The quick rabbit tried to evade the circling hawk.
1270	magma	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: magma is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ла́ва 2. ма́гма 3. магма	Pressure forced magma upward through a crack.
1271	carefree	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: carefree is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. беззабо́тный 2. беспе́чный 3. легкомы́сленный	The children enjoyed a carefree afternoon beside the lake.
1272	structural	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: structural is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. структу́рный 2. структурный	The earthquake caused structural damage to two columns.
1273	consecutive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. после́довательный 2. консекути́вный	The river exceeded flood level for three consecutive days.
1274	advisory	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: advisory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	совеща́тельный	The weather agency issued an advisory notice about dangerous heat.
1275	doctrine	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: doctrine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. доктри́на 2. ве́ра 3. доктрина	The movement's doctrine emphasized nonviolent resistance.
1276	defendant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: defendant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обвиня́емый 2. обвиня́емая 3. отве́тчик	The defendant entered a plea at the hearing.
1277	neglected	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: neglected is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. забро́шенный 2. беспризо́рный 3. запу́щенный	Volunteers repaired the neglected playground.
1278	apparatus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: apparatus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. аппара́т 2. аппарату́ра 3. обору́дование	The filtration apparatus includes a funnel, paper, and collection flask.
1279	reflective	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	отража́тельный	Her reflective journal considers what she learned from the failed trial.
1280	constituent	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: constituent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	избира́тель	Each constituent may write to the senator about the proposed law.
1281	hearty	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hearty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. оби́льный 2. сы́тный	The hikers ate a hearty stew after the long climb.
1282	underlying	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: underlying is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	фундаментальный	The physician treated the underlying infection rather than only the fever.
1283	compliance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. согла́сие 2. соотве́тствие	The audit confirmed compliance with workplace safety law.
1284	succession	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	последовательность	After the lava cools, ecological succession begins with lichens.
1285	memoir	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: memoir is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мемуа́ры 2. воспомина́ния 3. воспоминание	In her memoir, the pilot recalls learning to navigate by the stars.
1286	continuity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. непреры́вность 2. непрерывность	Shared symbols create continuity between the novel's three sections.
1287	algebra	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: algebra is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. алгебра 2. а́лгебра	Algebra can express the same pattern for any input.
1288	parameter	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: parameter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пара́метр 2. параметр	The program lets users change each parameter in the model.
1289	latitude	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: latitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. широта́ 2. широта	Places at high latitude often have cold winters.
1290	adhere	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: adhere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. прикле́иваться 2. прикле́иться 3. прилипа́ть	The label will adhere better to a clean surface.
1291	scarcity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. нехва́тка 2. ску́дость 3. недоста́ток	Water scarcity forced the town to limit outdoor use.
1292	opaque	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: opaque is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ма́товый 2. непрозра́чный	The opaque wall blocked all light from the next room.
1293	liability	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. обяза́тельство 2. долг 3. задо́лженность	The company accepted liability for the defective product.
1294	calculation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. вычисле́ние 2. исчисле́ние 3. расчёт	Check the calculation by estimating the result first.
1295	biased	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: biased is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отклонённый 2. предубеждённый 3. пристра́стный	A biased question can distort survey results.

Page 37 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 37.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. _____ creates alternating bright and dark bands on the screen.

Answer: interference

2. The quick rabbit tried to _____ the circling hawk.

Answer: evade

3. The filtration _____ includes a funnel, paper, and collection flask.

Answer: apparatus

4. _____ can express the same pattern for any input.

Answer: algebra

5. A _____ question can distort survey results.

Answer: biased

Page 38: words 1296–1330

Vocabulary page 38
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1296	encryption	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. шифро́вка 2. шифрова́ние	The messaging service uses encryption to protect private conversations.
1297	dissent	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dissent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. несогла́сие 2. инакомы́слие	The judge wrote a dissent explaining why she opposed the ruling.
1298	asteroid	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: asteroid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. астеро́ид 2. ма́лая плане́та 3. астероид	The probe photographed an asteroid between Mars and Jupiter.
1299	sparse	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sparse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ре́дкий	Only sparse grass grew on the dry hillside.
1300	mischief	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mischief is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. озорство́ 2. ша́лость 3. вред	The puppy's mischief left muddy paw prints across the floor.
1301	astronomer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: astronomer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. астроно́м 2. астроном	The astronomer observed a distant comet.
1302	binary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: binary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. двои́чный 2. бина́рный	Computers store many kinds of information in binary form using zeros and ones.
1303	rigid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rigid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. жёсткий 2. неги́бкий	A rigid frame keeps the telescope steady.
1304	pyramid	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pyramid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пирами́да 2. пирамида	The square pyramid has four triangular side faces.
1305	naive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: naive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. наи́вный 2. простоду́шный	It was naive to believe the advertisement without checking its claims.
1306	pun	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pun is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. каламбу́р 2. игра́ слов	The bakery sign's bread joke is a pun.
1307	cumulative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. кумуляти́вный 2. совоку́пный	The cumulative rainfall for the month reached twenty centimeters.
1308	senseless	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: senseless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	бессмы́сленный	Damaging the new playground would be a senseless act.
1309	revert	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: revert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	вернуться	Without maintenance, the garden may revert to an overgrown field.
1310	escalate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: escalate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обостря́ть 2. углубля́ть	A small disagreement can escalate when no one listens.
1311	provision	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. снабже́ние 2. провиа́нт	One provision of the contract requires monthly safety reports.
1312	vain	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. тщесла́вный 2. показно́й	The vain ruler ordered statues of himself in every square.
1313	potent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: potent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	могущественный	The concentrated cleaner is potent enough to damage paint.
1314	prosecute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prosecute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	пресле́довать	The state may prosecute anyone who deliberately poisons the river.
1315	descriptive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	описа́тельный	The descriptive paragraph helps readers imagine the crowded market.
1316	ridicule	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ridicule is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. высме́ивать 2. вы́смеять 3. насмеха́ться	No student should ridicule another person's accent.
1317	perseverance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. насто́йчивость 2. сто́йкость 3. упо́рство	Solving the complicated puzzle required perseverance.
1318	powerfully	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	мо́щно	The river flowed powerfully after the storm.
1319	elimination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	элиминация	Using elimination, Rae added the equations to remove y.
1320	watershed	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: watershed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. водоразде́л 2. водораздел	Pollution anywhere in the watershed can reach the reservoir.
1321	syntax	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: syntax is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. си́нтаксис 2. синтаксис	Changing the syntax can place more emphasis on the final idea.
1322	suspense	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: suspense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. напряже́ние 2. напряжённое ожида́ние 3. саспе́нс	The ticking clock creates suspense during the rescue scene.
1323	subset	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: subset is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	подмно́жество	The survey examined a subset of the town's households.
1324	hoax	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hoax is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ро́зыгрыш 2. трюк 3. мистифика́ция	The report of a sea monster proved to be a hoax.
1325	eerie	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: eerie is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. жу́ткий 2. пуга́ющий 3. злове́щий	An eerie howl echoed through the empty valley.
1326	blunder	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: blunder is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ляп 2. ля́псус 3. проко́л	Sending the letter without an address was a blunder.
1327	pursuit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pursuit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пресле́дование 2. пого́ня	Her pursuit of accuracy led her back to the original records.
1328	manuscript	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: manuscript is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ру́копись 2. манускри́пт	The author sent the completed manuscript to her editor.
1329	prose	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. про́за 2. проза	The author shifts from verse to prose when the formal ceremony ends.
1330	perceive	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: perceive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. воспринима́ть 2. восприня́ть	Bats perceive their surroundings through reflected sound.

Page 38 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 38.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The messaging service uses _____ to protect private conversations.

Answer: encryption

2. The square _____ has four triangular side faces.

Answer: pyramid

3. The concentrated cleaner is _____ enough to damage paint.

Answer: potent

4. The ticking clock creates _____ during the rescue scene.

Answer: suspense

5. Bats _____ their surroundings through reflected sound.

Answer: perceive

Page 39: words 1331–1365

Vocabulary page 39
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1331	integrate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: integrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	встро́ить	The presentation will integrate maps, quotations, and survey data.
1332	perish	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: perish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ги́бнуть 2. погиба́ть 3. поги́бнуть	Young seedlings may perish without water.
1333	cautiously	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. аккура́тно 2. осторо́жно	The fox stepped cautiously onto the frozen pond.
1334	antagonist	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ist often names a person associated with a field, belief, or practice.	антагонист	In the novel, the dishonest captain is the antagonist.
1335	pioneer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pioneer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. первопрохо́дец 2. первооткрыва́тель 3. пионе́р	The engineer became a pioneer in low-cost water purification.
1336	theorem	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: theorem is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. теоре́ма 2. теорема	The Pythagorean theorem relates the sides of a right triangle.
1337	induction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	инду́кция	Induction suggests the pattern, but a proof must confirm it.
1338	persistence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. насто́йчивость 2. упо́рство	Solving the complex proof required persistence.
1339	deposition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. отложе́ние 2. осажде́ние	River deposition formed a sandbar near the bend.
1340	allocate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: allocate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. выделя́ть 2. вы́делить 3. назнача́ть	The council will allocate part of the budget to playground repairs.
1341	caregiver	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: caregiver is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	опекун	The caregiver prepared lunch and medicine for the elderly patient.
1342	pentagon	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pentagon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пятиуго́льник 2. пятиугольник	The irregular pentagon still has exactly five sides.
1343	idle	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: idle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	лени́вый	The idle factory machinery gathered dust.
1344	contamination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	контамина́ция	Testing revealed bacterial contamination in the well.
1345	resilient	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resilient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ги́бкий 2. эласти́чный 3. упру́гий	The resilient community rebuilt homes after the storm.
1346	annex	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: annex is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. аннекси́ровать 2. присоединя́ть 3. присоедини́ть	The city voted to annex the land beside the highway.
1347	selfless	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: selfless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бескоры́стный 2. самоотве́рженный	The selfless volunteer gave her seat to the tired passenger.
1348	reassure	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reassure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. заве́рить 2. заверя́ть 3. уве́рить	The guide tried to reassure us that the trail was safe.
1349	illuminate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: illuminate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. освеща́ть 2. освети́ть 3. подсвети́ть	A lantern will illuminate the dark path.
1350	considerate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: considerate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	проду́манный	It was considerate of Mae to lower her voice near the sleeping baby.
1351	clasp	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: clasp is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	хвата́ть	The child will clasp the railing while climbing the steps.
1352	bewildered	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bewildered is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сбитый с толку	The bewildered traveler studied the unfamiliar train map.
1353	recommendation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. рекоменда́ция 2. рекомендация	The panel's recommendation is to repair rather than replace the bridge.
1354	governance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	управле́ние	Transparent governance includes public access to budgets and rules.
1355	realism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. реали́зм 2. реализм	The novel's realism appears in its detailed portrayal of factory work.
1356	tariff	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tariff is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. по́шлина 2. тари́ф	The tariff increased the price of imported steel.
1357	remorse	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: remorse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. угрызе́ния со́вести 2. раска́яние 3. сожале́ние	He felt remorse after admitting that he had damaged the sculpture.
1358	hue	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	отте́нок	The artist mixed blue and green to create a turquoise hue.
1359	choreography	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	1. хореогра́фия 2. хореография	The choreography placed the dancers in a widening circle.
1360	perpendicular	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: perpendicular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. перпендикуля́рный 2. перпендикулярный	The vertical post is perpendicular to the ground.
1361	skeptical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: skeptical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	скепти́ческий	The skeptical reviewer asked to see the original data.
1362	durable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: durable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. про́чный 2. надёжный 3. сто́йкий	The durable fabric survived years of outdoor use.
1363	chromosome	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: chromosome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. хромосо́ма 2. хромосома	Each chromosome contains many genes.
1364	quadrant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: quadrant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. квадра́нт 2. квадрант	The point is located in the first quadrant.
1365	decimal	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: decimal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	десяти́чный	The decimal 0.5 represents one half.

Page 39 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 39.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The presentation will _____ maps, quotations, and survey data.

Answer: integrate

2. River _____ formed a sandbar near the bend.

Answer: deposition

3. The guide tried to _____ us that the trail was safe.

Answer: reassure

4. He felt _____ after admitting that he had damaged the sculpture.

Answer: remorse

5. The _____ 0.5 represents one half.

Answer: decimal

Page 40: words 1366–1400

Vocabulary page 40
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1366	videotape	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: videotape is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	записывать на видео	We will videotape the experiment so we can review it later.
1367	capability	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	спосо́бность	The satellite has the capability to measure sea-surface temperature.
1368	rash	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rash is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. опроме́тчивый 2. поспе́шный	Crossing the flooded bridge would be a rash decision.
1369	muscular	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: muscular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мы́шечный 2. му́скульный 3. мышечный	The muscular system pulls on bones to create movement.
1370	monarchy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: monarchy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мона́рхия 2. монархия	The monarchy became largely ceremonial after constitutional reforms.
1371	enlightenment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. просвеще́ние 2. просветле́ние	Enlightenment thinkers debated the source of government authority.
1372	activism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. акти́вность 2. активи́зм	Youth activism helped expand access to public transportation.
1373	flashback	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: flashback is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. флэшбэ́к 2. ретроспекти́ва 3. обра́тный кадр	A flashback reveals how the two rivals first met.
1374	biodiversity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. биоразнообра́зие 2. биоразнообразие	The rainforest supports extraordinary biodiversity.
1375	restrain	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: restrain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сде́рживать 2. сдержа́ть 3. обу́здывать	A leash helps restrain a dog near a busy road.
1376	lifeguard	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lifeguard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. спаса́тель 2. спаса́тельница 3. спаси́тель	The lifeguard closed the beach when the waves became dangerous.
1377	hunch	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hunch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. иде́я 2. дога́дка	My hunch was correct: the cat had hidden under the porch.
1378	detection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. выявле́ние 2. обнаруже́ние	Early detection improves the chance of controlling the invasive insect.
1379	versatile	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: versatile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. многофункциона́льный 2. разносторо́нний	A versatile tool can cut wire, tighten screws, and open packages.
1380	trivial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trivial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. незначи́тельный 2. ме́лкий 3. ничто́жный	A spelling preference is trivial compared with a factual error.
1381	optimization	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	оптимиза́ция	Route optimization reduced both travel time and fuel use.
1382	absorption	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. вса́сывание 2. впи́тывание 3. поглоще́ние	Dark fabric has greater absorption of visible light than white fabric.
1383	symbolism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. симво́лика 2. символи́зм	The broken chain provides symbolism for freedom.
1384	criterion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: criterion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. крите́рий 2. мери́ло 3. критерий	Safety is the most important criterion in choosing a campsite.
1385	antibody	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: antibody is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. антите́ло 2. антитело	Each antibody can attach to a particular target on a pathogen.
1386	mistrust	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mistrust is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	недове́рие	Repeated false alarms made residents mistrust the warning bell.
1387	incompetent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: incompetent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	некомпете́нтный	An incompetent repair could make the electrical fault more dangerous.
1388	variance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. разногла́сие 2. противоре́чие	Low variance means the repeated measurements stayed close together.
1389	subordinate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: subordinate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	подчинённый	The subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
1390	qualitative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. ка́чественный 2. качественный	The interview provided qualitative information about residents' experiences.
1391	implicit	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: implicit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. прису́щий 2. сво́йственный	Her smile gave implicit approval even though she said nothing.
1392	sluggish	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sluggish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вялый 2. заторможенный 3. инертный	The lizard seemed sluggish in the cool morning air.
1393	pessimistic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pessimistic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	пессимисти́чный	The pessimistic sailor doubted that the wind would improve.
1394	dependable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	надёжный	The dependable bus arrives at the same time each morning.
1395	asterisk	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: asterisk is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. звёздочка 2. астери́ск	An asterisk beside the word directs readers to the note below.
1396	monopoly	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: monopoly is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. монопо́лия 2. монополия	Regulators investigated whether the merger would create a monopoly.
1397	mythology	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. мифоло́гия 2. мифология	The course compares sea deities in Greek and Polynesian mythology.
1398	mutation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. мута́ция 2. мутация	A mutation may be harmful, helpful, or have no visible effect.
1399	lever	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lever is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рыча́г 2. рычаг	The crowbar acts as a lever when lifting the lid.
1400	dictatorship	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dictatorship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. диктату́ра 2. диктатура	The dictatorship censored newspapers and arrested opponents.

Page 40 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 40.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. We will _____ the experiment so we can review it later.

Answer: videotape

2. The rainforest supports extraordinary _____.

Answer: biodiversity

3. The broken chain provides _____ for freedom.

Answer: symbolism

4. The lizard seemed _____ in the cool morning air.

Answer: sluggish

5. The _____ censored newspapers and arrested opponents.

Answer: dictatorship

Page 41: words 1401–1435

Vocabulary page 41
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1401	reflex	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reflex is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рефле́кс 2. рефлекс	Pulling a hand from a hot surface is a protective reflex.
1402	rectangle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rectangle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. прямоуго́льник 2. прямоугольник	The classroom floor forms a rectangle.
1403	navigation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. пла́вание 2. морепла́вание 3. судохо́дство	Improved navigation helped sailors cross open oceans.
1404	statute	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: statute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. уста́в 2. стату́т	The statute requires factories to report hazardous spills.
1405	periodic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: periodic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. периоди́ческий 2. периодический	A swinging pendulum has periodic motion.
1406	autobiography	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	1. автобиогра́фия 2. автобиография	The musician's autobiography describes both failures and successes.
1407	prefix	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prefix is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. приста́вка 2. пре́фикс 3. приставка	The prefix “un-” changes “certain” to “uncertain.”
1408	aroma	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: aroma is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. арома́т 2. благоуха́ние	The warm bread filled the kitchen with a sweet aroma.
1409	consultation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	консульта́ция	The council held a public consultation before changing the bus route.
1410	complexity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. сло́жность 2. сложность	The ecosystem's complexity makes a single-cause explanation unlikely.
1411	revision	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. пересмо́тр 2. повторе́ние 3. реви́зия	During revision, Lila moved her strongest evidence closer to the claim.
1412	hormone	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hormone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гормо́н 2. инкре́т 3. гормон	The hormone insulin helps regulate blood glucose.
1413	electron	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: electron is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. электро́н 2. электрон	An electron may move to a higher energy level after absorbing energy.
1414	decree	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: decree is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	постановле́ние	The royal decree opened the port to foreign merchants.
1415	wedge	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: wedge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	клин	The blade is a wedge that pushes material apart.
1416	presume	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: presume is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. предполага́ть 2. предположи́ть	We should not presume that the quietest participant has no ideas.
1417	differentiate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: differentiate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. различать 2. отличать	The key helps students differentiate harmless insects from harmful ones.
1418	envious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. зави́стливый 2. завистливый	Leo felt envious of his friend's new bicycle.
1419	accord	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: accord is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. согла́сие 2. гармо́ния 3. акко́рд	The two councils reached an accord after weeks of negotiation.
1420	persuasive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	убеди́тельный	The advertisement is persuasive because it combines evidence with emotional appeal.
1421	hesitant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hesitant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	неуверен	Mira was hesitant to cross the swaying bridge.
1422	artifact	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: artifact is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. артефа́кт 2. артефакт	The clay bowl is an artifact from the ancient settlement.
1423	vertex	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vertex is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. верши́на 2. верху́шка	The top vertex joins the triangle's two sloping sides.
1424	translucent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: translucent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. просве́чивающий 2. полупрозра́чный 3. прозра́чный	The translucent curtain softened the sunlight.
1425	ferocious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. свире́пый 2. жесто́кий	Ferocious winds tore branches from the trees.
1426	feeble	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: feeble is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сла́бый 2. хи́лый 3. не́мощный	A feeble beam of light shone through the dusty window.
1427	institutional	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: institutional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. институциона́льный 2. институциональный	Institutional rules can continue even after individual leaders change.
1428	disclosure	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: disclosure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. раскры́тие 2. разглаше́ние 3. разоблаче́ние	Financial disclosure reveals whether an official has related business interests.
1429	microwave	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: microwave is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. микроволна́ 2. микроволна	A microwave in radar can reflect from an approaching storm.
1430	segregation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. отделе́ние 2. разделе́ние 3. сегрега́ция	Students challenged school segregation in court.
1431	prosperous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. благополу́чный 2. преуспева́ющий 3. процвета́ющий	The prosperous port attracted merchants from distant regions.
1432	ordinance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. постановле́ние 2. ука́з 3. распоряже́ние	The city ordinance limits noise after midnight.
1433	cheerful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cheerful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	весёлый	His cheerful greeting eased everyone's nervousness.
1434	motif	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: motif is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	моти́в	The recurring moon is a motif that appears whenever the hero feels lonely.
1435	diffusion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. диффу́зия 2. диффузия	The scent spread through the room by diffusion.

Page 41 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 41.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Pulling a hand from a hot surface is a protective _____.

Answer: reflex

2. The council held a public _____ before changing the bus route.

Answer: consultation

3. Leo felt _____ of his friend's new bicycle.

Answer: envious

4. _____ rules can continue even after individual leaders change.

Answer: institutional

5. The scent spread through the room by _____.

Answer: diffusion

Page 42: words 1436–1470

Vocabulary page 42
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1436	chronological	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: chronological is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	хронологический	The biography presents the inventor's life in chronological order.
1437	barren	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: barren is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. беспло́дный 2. я́ловый	After years without rain, the field became barren.
1438	vector	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vector is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ве́ктор 2. вектор	Velocity is a vector because its direction matters.
1439	consistency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: consistency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. согласо́ванность 2. консисте́нтность	Reviewers checked the report for consistency between its tables and conclusions.
1440	patriotism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. патриоти́зм 2. патриотизм	Her patriotism included criticizing policies she believed were unjust.
1441	nucleus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: nucleus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ядро́ 2. ядро	The nucleus directs many activities of a eukaryotic cell.
1442	elastic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: elastic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эласти́чный 2. ги́бкий 3. эластичный	The elastic cord lengthened under the load.
1443	iteration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	итера́ция	Each iteration of the bridge held more weight.
1444	integer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: integer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. це́лое число́ 2. це́лое	Negative three is an integer.
1445	futile	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: futile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бесполе́зный 2. тще́тный 3. беспло́дный	Pushing the locked steel door was futile.
1446	coefficient	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: coefficient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. коэффицие́нт 2. фа́ктор	In 5x, the number 5 is the coefficient.
1447	unravel	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: unravel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. распу́тывать 2. распу́тать	The detective used the diary to unravel the mystery.
1448	deprive	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: deprive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. лиша́ть 2. лиши́ть 3. отнима́ть	Clouds can deprive young plants of necessary sunlight.
1449	tolerant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tolerant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. терпи́мый 2. толера́нтный	A tolerant community protects peaceful disagreement.
1450	improper	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: improper is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ло́жный 2. непра́вильный 3. оши́бочный	The improper fraction nine fourths is greater than one.
1451	fascism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. фашизм 2. фаши́зм	Fascism gained power by exploiting fear and political violence.
1452	rhetorical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rhetorical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ритори́ческий 2. риторический	The speaker used a rhetorical question to focus attention.
1453	imperialism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. империали́зм 2. империализм	Imperialism allowed powerful states to seize distant resources.
1454	impartial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: impartial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. беспристра́стный 2. непредвзя́тый 3. непредубеждённый	An impartial referee applies the same rules to both teams.
1455	circumference	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. окру́жность 2. пери́метр	We wrapped string around the lid to measure its circumference.
1456	inclusive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	инклюзивный	The inclusive survey provides several ways to respond.
1457	compatible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. совмести́мый 2. подходящий друг другу	The replacement part is compatible with the original machine.
1458	sanitation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. санитари́я 2. санитарный 3. санита́рная профила́ктика	Modern sanitation reduced diseases spread by contaminated water.
1459	entrepreneurship	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: entrepreneurship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	предпринима́тельство	Her entrepreneurship turned a repair idea into a small company.
1460	archaeology	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. археоло́гия 2. археология	Archaeology revealed workshops beneath the modern marketplace.
1461	arid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: arid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сухо́й 2. засу́шливый 3. безво́дный	Only drought-resistant shrubs survived in the arid valley.
1462	revelation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. открове́ние 2. откры́тие 3. раскры́тие	The diary's revelation changed how historians understood the expedition.
1463	enforce	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: enforce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	использовать	Inspectors enforce limits on unsafe emissions.
1464	coincidence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. совпаде́ние 2. совпадение	The two alarms sounding together may be a coincidence.
1465	foil	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: foil is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	фольга́	The cautious brother serves as a foil to the reckless hero.
1466	dispatch	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dispatch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. депеша 2. вы́слать 3. высыла́ть	The control center will dispatch a repair crew before dawn.
1467	rhyme	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rhyme is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ри́фма 2. рифма	The poet avoids perfect rhyme to create an uneasy effect.
1468	irrational	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: irrational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	иррациона́льный	It is irrational to reject the experiment before examining its results.
1469	understatement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	преуменьше́ние	Calling a hurricane “a little wind” is an understatement.
1470	purchaser	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: purchaser is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. покупа́тель 2. покупа́тельница	The purchaser checked the bicycle before completing the sale.

Page 42 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 42.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The biography presents the inventor's life in _____ order.

Answer: chronological

2. Negative three is an _____.

Answer: integer

3. _____ allowed powerful states to seize distant resources.

Answer: imperialism

4. The diary's _____ changed how historians understood the expedition.

Answer: revelation

5. The _____ checked the bicycle before completing the sale.

Answer: purchaser

Page 43: words 1471–1505

Vocabulary page 43
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1471	metadata	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metadata is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	метада́нные	A photograph's metadata may include its date and file size.
1472	attribution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	исток	The image requires attribution to its photographer.
1473	analogous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. аналоги́чный 2. подо́бный 3. схо́дный	The two plots are analogous because each follows a child searching for home.
1474	relevance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. актуа́льность 2. уме́стность 3. релева́нтность	The judge questioned the relevance of testimony about an unrelated event.
1475	cybersecurity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. кибербезопа́сность 2. кибербе́з	Strong passwords are one part of good cybersecurity.
1476	conspicuous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	очеви́дный	The bright orange tent was conspicuous against the snow.
1477	sever	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sever is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отреза́ть 2. отре́зать 3. разрыва́ть	The storm may sever weak branches from the tree.
1478	loudspeaker	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loudspeaker is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. громкоговори́тель 2. дина́мик 3. репроду́ктор	The announcement echoed through the loudspeaker.
1479	seismic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: seismic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сейсми́ческий	Seismic waves allow scientists to study Earth's interior.
1480	inscription	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	на́дпись	The weathered inscription names the bridge's original builder.
1481	inhibit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inhibit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. подавля́ть 2. подави́ть 3. сде́рживать	Cold temperatures can inhibit the growth of some bacteria.
1482	hazy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hazy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	волна	The distant hills looked hazy through the morning fog.
1483	covenant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: covenant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. заключа́ть соглаше́ние 2. догово́р	The communities signed a covenant promising to share water during droughts.
1484	sentimental	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sentimental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сентимента́льный	The worn toy has sentimental value because it belonged to her grandmother.
1485	robotics	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: robotics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	робототе́хника	Robotics combines programming, mechanics, and electronics.
1486	reformation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	рефо́рма	The Protestant Reformation divided western Christianity.
1487	customary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: customary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обы́чный 2. привы́чный	In the customary system, twelve inches equal one foot.
1488	characterization	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. характери́стика 2. характеризация	The author uses dialogue and actions for indirect characterization.
1489	tectonic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tectonic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. тектони́ческий 2. тектонический	Tectonic plates move only a few centimeters each year.
1490	synonym	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: synonym is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сино́ним 2. синоним	“Rapid” is a synonym for “quick.”
1491	denominator	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: denominator is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. знамена́тель 2. знаменатель	In three fifths, five is the denominator.
1492	plantation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. планта́ция 2. плантация	The plantation produced sugar for overseas markets.
1493	tsunami	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tsunami is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. цуна́ми 2. цунами	The offshore earthquake triggered a tsunami warning.
1494	truce	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: truce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	переми́рие	Both sides accepted a truce to evacuate the wounded.
1495	doubtful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: doubtful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сомни́тельный	It is doubtful that the damaged bridge can reopen today.
1496	treacherous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. ненадёжный 2. непро́чный	Black ice made the mountain road treacherous.
1497	approximation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	приближе́ние	Rounding 398 to 400 gives a useful approximation.
1498	murky	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: murky is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гря́зный 2. тёмный	The pond water became murky after the storm.
1499	quotation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. расце́нивание 2. расце́нка	The quotation supports the paragraph because it states the witness's observation.
1500	cyclone	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cyclone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. цикло́н 2. циклон	The satellite image shows the cyclone turning over warm water.
1501	appendix	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: appendix is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. приложе́ние 2. дополне́ние	The report's appendix contains the complete survey questions.
1502	abolition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. отме́на 2. отмена	The movement demanded the abolition of slavery.
1503	linger	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: linger is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	протя́гивать	The scent of smoke may linger after the fire is out.
1504	intimidate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: intimidate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. запу́гивать 2. запуга́ть 3. испуга́ть	The bully tried to intimidate witnesses into silence.
1505	dehydration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	дегидрата́ция	The runner stopped to prevent dehydration in the intense heat.

Page 43 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 43.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A photograph's _____ may include its date and file size.

Answer: metadata

2. _____ waves allow scientists to study Earth's interior.

Answer: seismic

3. The author uses dialogue and actions for indirect _____.

Answer: characterization

4. Rounding 398 to 400 gives a useful _____.

Answer: approximation

5. The runner stopped to prevent _____ in the intense heat.

Answer: dehydration

Page 44: words 1506–1540

Vocabulary page 44
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1506	transparency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: transparency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. прозра́чность 2. транспаре́нтность	Publishing meeting records increases government transparency.
1507	coordination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. согласова́ние 2. координа́ция	Emergency coordination prevented two rescue teams from searching the same area.
1508	accountable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	подотчётный	Elected officials are accountable to the public.
1509	millennium	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: millennium is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. тысячеле́тие 2. тысячелетие	The temple has stood for nearly a millennium.
1510	deploy	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: deploy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. разверну́ть 2. развёртывать 3. размести́ть	Firefighters deploy portable pumps along the flooded street.
1511	microscope	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Prefix focus: micro- means small.	1. микроско́п 2. микроскоп	The microscope revealed cell walls in the onion tissue.
1512	aspiration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. стремле́ние 2. наде́жда 3. амби́ция	Her aspiration is to design affordable medical equipment.
1513	flimsy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: flimsy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. хлипкий 2. хру́пкий	The flimsy box collapsed under the heavy books.
1514	radiant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: radiant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. светя́щийся 2. лучеза́рный 3. сия́ющий	The Sun provides radiant energy to Earth.
1515	ascertain	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ascertain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. удостоверя́ться 2. удостове́риться 3. убежда́ться	The inspector tested the alarm to ascertain whether it worked.
1516	emigrate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: emigrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эмигри́ровать 2. переселя́ться 3. пересели́ться	Her grandparents chose to emigrate during a time of war.
1517	leverage	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: leverage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. максима́льно испо́льзовать 2. применя́ть 3. улучша́ть	The town will leverage its rail connection to attract new businesses.
1518	resourceful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resourceful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. находчивый 2. изобретательный	The resourceful campers repaired the strap with cord and tape.
1519	pry	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. выве́дывать 2. подсма́тривать 3. следи́ть	We used a flat tool to pry the lid from the paint can.
1520	systematic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: systematic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. системати́ческий 2. системати́чный 3. систематический	The researchers conducted a systematic search of every archive.
1521	visualize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	воображать	Sensory details help readers visualize the crowded harbor.
1522	impulsive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	импульси́вный	His impulsive decision to jump from the boat created danger.
1523	dire	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дрянно́й 2. недоброка́чественный 3. нека́чественный	The clinic faced a dire shortage of clean water.
1524	despicable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. презре́нный 2. жа́лкий 3. никчёмный	Stealing emergency supplies was a despicable act.
1525	intervene	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: intervene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вмешиваться 2. вмешаться	A mediator may intervene before the disagreement becomes violent.
1526	audible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: audible is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. слы́шный 2. слы́шимый	The speaker's final words were barely audible.
1527	geologic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: geologic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	геологи́ческий	Fossils reveal changes across geologic time.
1528	commend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: commend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	хвалить	The principal will commend the students who organized the food drive.
1529	dub	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dub is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дать про́звище/кличка 2. окрести́ть 3. нарека́ть	Reporters dub the rescued owl “Lucky” after its recovery.
1530	intimidated	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: intimidated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	запуганный	The new speaker felt intimidated by the enormous audience.
1531	liberate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: liberate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. освобожда́ть 2. освободи́ть 3. вызволя́ть	The rescue team worked to liberate the animal from the net.
1532	smirk	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: smirk is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ухмыля́ться 2. ухмыльну́ться	The bully began to smirk after hiding the missing notebook.
1533	organizational	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: organizational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	организацио́нный	Clear organizational roles reduced duplicated work.
1534	differential	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: differential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	дифференциа́льный	A pressure differential moves air through the vent.
1535	diagnostic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: diagnostic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. диагности́ческий 2. диагностический	The mechanic ran a diagnostic test on the engine.
1536	summarize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. обобща́ть 2. обобщи́ть 3. подвести́ ито́г	At the end, summarize the article in two or three sentences.
1537	discern	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: discern is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. различа́ть 2. различи́ть 3. распозна́ть	Careful readers discern the difference between evidence and opinion.
1538	humane	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: humane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гуманита́рный 2. гума́нный 3. челове́ческий	The shelter follows humane practices when caring for injured wildlife.
1539	signify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. означа́ть 2. зна́чить	A flashing red light may signify that the battery is low.
1540	reciprocal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reciprocal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	обра́тный	The neighboring schools formed a reciprocal agreement to share equipment.

Page 44 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 44.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Publishing meeting records increases government _____.

Answer: transparency

2. The Sun provides _____ energy to Earth.

Answer: radiant

3. The clinic faced a _____ shortage of clean water.

Answer: dire

4. The bully began to _____ after hiding the missing notebook.

Answer: smirk

5. The neighboring schools formed a _____ agreement to share equipment.

Answer: reciprocal

Page 45: words 1541–1575

Vocabulary page 45
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1541	coarse	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: coarse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	кру́пный	The filter catches coarse sand before the water reaches the fine mesh.
1542	agile	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: agile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ги́бкий 2. ло́вкий 3. подви́жный	The agile goalkeeper changed direction in an instant.
1543	validate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: validate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. подтверди́ть пра́вильность 2. подтвержда́ть пра́вильность 3. провести́ валидация	A second trial can validate the surprising result.
1544	ominous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. злове́щий 2. зловещий	The sudden silence was an ominous sign of the approaching storm.
1545	correlate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: correlate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. коррели́ровать 2. соотнести́сь 3. соотноси́ться	The study may correlate regular exercise with improved sleep.
1546	terrify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. ужаса́ть 2. ужасну́ть	A sudden roar can terrify a young animal.
1547	coordinated	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: coordinated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	согласованный	A coordinated response delivered food and medicine to isolated towns.
1548	skeletal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: skeletal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	остовный	The skeletal system protects organs and provides support.
1549	confer	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: confer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обсужда́ть 2. обгова́ривать 3. вечева́ть	The judges confer privately before announcing the winner.
1550	developmental	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: developmental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	развивающий	The study examines developmental differences between early and late adolescence.
1551	constructive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	конструкти́вный	The reviewer offered constructive criticism with specific revision ideas.
1552	electromagnetic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: electromagnetic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. электромагни́тный 2. электромагнитный	Visible light is one type of electromagnetic radiation.
1553	clad	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: clad is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. оде́тый 2. покрытый 3. облицованный	Workers clad in reflective jackets directed traffic around the sinkhole.
1554	inquire	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inquire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. спра́шивать 2. справля́ться	Visitors can inquire about accessible tours at the front desk.
1555	abrupt	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: abrupt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бесцеремо́нный 2. ре́зкий	The road ends at an abrupt drop near the cliff.
1556	makeshift	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: makeshift is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вре́менная заме́на 2. вре́менное приспособле́ние 3. вре́менный	The hikers built a makeshift shelter from branches and a tarp.
1557	frigid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: frigid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. о́чень холо́дный 2. моро́зный	Frigid air froze the puddles overnight.
1558	bestow	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bestow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дари́ть 2. подари́ть 3. дарова́ть	The mayor will bestow a medal on the brave rescuer.
1559	comparative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. сравни́тельный 2. сравнительный	The comparative essay considers how both novels portray exile.
1560	gleam	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gleam is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. луч 2. (сла́бый) свет	Wet stones gleam in the morning sun.
1561	erupt	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: erupt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. изверга́ть 2. изверга́ться	A volcano may erupt after pressure builds below the surface.
1562	deceitful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: deceitful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	лжи́вый	The deceitful merchant hid the crack beneath a label.
1563	magnify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. увели́чивать 2. увели́чить	This lens can magnify the tiny print.
1564	supplementary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: supplementary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. доба́вочный 2. дополни́тельный	The adjacent angles on a straight line are supplementary.
1565	rebellious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. бунта́рский 2. бунту́ющий 3. мяте́жный	The rebellious artist rejected the academy's strict conventions.
1566	taunt	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: taunt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ко́лкость 2. насмеха́ться	It is unkind to taunt a player who misses a shot.
1567	coax	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: coax is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. угова́ривать 2. уговори́ть 3. увещева́ть	We used a treat to coax the frightened dog out from under the porch.
1568	deteriorate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: deteriorate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ухудша́ть 2. уху́дшить	Without repairs, the wooden steps will deteriorate.
1569	regal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: regal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	короле́вский	The actor's regal posture makes the queen immediately recognizable.
1570	lofty	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lofty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	высо́кий	The organization set a lofty goal of ending local homelessness.
1571	uncanny	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: uncanny is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. жу́ткий 2. сверхъесте́ственный	The twins had an uncanny ability to finish each other's sentences.
1572	mediate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mediate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	посредничать	A counselor agreed to mediate the dispute between the teams.
1573	inept	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inept is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. неспосо́бный 2. неуме́лый	The inept repair left the faucet leaking worse than before.
1574	disagreeable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	неприятный	A disagreeable smell drifted from the trash bin.
1575	resolute	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resolute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. непоколеби́мый 2. реши́тельный 3. твёрдый	The resolute climbers continued despite the cold wind.

Page 45 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 45.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The filter catches _____ sand before the water reaches the fine mesh.

Answer: coarse

2. The judges _____ privately before announcing the winner.

Answer: confer

3. The mayor will _____ a medal on the brave rescuer.

Answer: bestow

4. We used a treat to _____ the frightened dog out from under the porch.

Answer: coax

5. The _____ climbers continued despite the cold wind.

Answer: resolute

Page 46: words 1576–1600

Vocabulary page 46
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1576	valiant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: valiant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. до́блестный 2. отва́жный 3. сме́лый	The valiant rescue crew entered the flooded tunnel.
1577	prioritize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	приоритизи́ровать	Emergency crews prioritize people who need immediate medical help.
1578	loathe	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loathe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. выносить 2. любить 3. ненави́деть	I loathe wasting food that could have been shared.
1579	avid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: avid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. зая́длый 2. стра́стный	An avid birder can recognize many species by their calls.
1580	retaliate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: retaliate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мстить 2. отомсти́ть	The coach warned players not to retaliate after a rough tackle.
1581	confide	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: confide is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. доверя́ться 2. дове́риться	Mara chose to confide her worry to a close friend.
1582	commemorate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: commemorate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. чтить 2. почти́ть	The mural will commemorate the nurses who served during the epidemic.
1583	deter	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: deter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отгова́ривать 2. отговори́ть 3. разубеди́ть	Bright lighting can deter theft near the station.
1584	symmetrical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: symmetrical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	симметри́чный	The butterfly's wings form a nearly symmetrical pattern.
1585	refine	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: refine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	соверше́нствоваться	Repeated testing will refine the team’s model.
1586	distort	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: distort is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. изгиба́ть 2. изогну́ть 3. искажа́ть	A misleading scale can distort the differences shown on a graph.
1587	enduring	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: enduring is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	выносливый	The court decision had an enduring influence on civil rights.
1588	nonlinear	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Prefix focus: non- means not or without.	нелине́йный	The curved graph represents a nonlinear relationship.
1589	paraphrase	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: paraphrase is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. парафрази́ровать 2. переска́зывать 3. пересказа́ть	Students paraphrase the paragraph instead of copying it.
1590	regenerative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	регенеративный	Regenerative farming practices rebuild soil instead of exhausting it.
1591	thrifty	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thrifty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бережли́вый 2. хозя́йственный 3. эконо́мный	The thrifty cook turned leftover vegetables into soup.
1592	suffocate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: suffocate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. души́ть 2. задуши́ть 3. удуши́ть	Smoke can suffocate people inside a closed room.
1593	timid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: timid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. боязли́вый 2. засте́нчивый 3. несме́лый	The timid kitten hid behind the chair.
1594	auditory	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: auditory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	слухово́й	The auditory nerve carries signals from the inner ear.
1595	meager	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: meager is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бе́дный 2. ми́зерный 3. ску́дный	The meager harvest could not feed the entire village.
1596	clench	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: clench is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сжать 2. сжима́ть 3. сти́скивать	People sometimes clench their fists when they feel tense.
1597	biodegradable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	биоразлага́емый	Leaves are biodegradable and can become compost.
1598	apprehensive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. боязли́вый 2. встрево́женный 3. насторо́женный	Nora felt apprehensive before speaking to the large audience.
1599	queasy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: queasy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. оби́дчивый 2. чувстви́тельный	The rocking boat made me feel queasy.
1600	defiant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: defiant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. непоко́рный 2. неповину́ющийся 3. вызыва́ющий	The defiant witness refused to repeat the false statement.

Page 46 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 46.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The _____ rescue crew entered the flooded tunnel.

Answer: valiant

2. The mural will _____ the nurses who served during the epidemic.

Answer: commemorate

3. The curved graph represents a _____ relationship.

Answer: nonlinear

4. The _____ nerve carries signals from the inner ear.

Answer: auditory

5. The _____ witness refused to repeat the false statement.

Answer: defiant

About this cross-exam English set

TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English use different formats, but all require learners to understand precise vocabulary in context. TOEFL and IELTS emphasize academic reading and communication; TOEIC emphasizes workplace and everyday communication; IGCSE English asks students to interpret, analyze, and communicate through school-level texts and tasks. This combined set concentrates on useful language that can transfer across those pathways.

The ordering is evidence-led rather than alphabetical. Words found in official public specimen materials—especially words occurring across more than one programme—receive the strongest ranking. Because a limited specimen corpus cannot provide 1,600 distinct reliable teaching headwords, the remainder is transparently bridged from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 vocabulary using general English frequency and a fixed part-of-speech balance. This is an independent study resource, not an official product of any testing organization.

ETS TOEFL test overview

Sources and curriculum references

These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.