English Vocabulary · Cross-exam Academic English Beta
TOEFL · TOEIC · IELTS · IGCSE Vocabulary
This 1,600-word beta set supports learners preparing for TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English. Official specimen papers supply the primary occurrence evidence, so words shared across several programmes rise toward the beginning of the list. Overlap with school-grade, SAT, and GRE vocabulary is intentional because the same academic English serves several learning pathways.
A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.
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| # | Word | Details | Meaning | Sample sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 211 | mood | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mood is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | атмосфе́ра | Rain and empty streets establish a lonely mood. |
| 212 | efficiency | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: efficiency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. эффекти́вность 2. эффективность | Lubrication increased the motor's efficiency. |
| 213 | inventory | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inventory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. инвента́рь 2. запа́сы 3. запас | The manager counted the inventory before ordering more paper. |
| 214 | immunity | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition. | 1. иммуните́т 2. иммунитет | Vaccination can help the body develop immunity. |
| 215 | radiation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. излуче́ние 2. излучение | Solar radiation can travel through empty space. |
| 216 | molecule | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: molecule is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. моле́кула 2. молекула | A water molecule contains hydrogen and oxygen atoms. |
| 217 | infer | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: infer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. заключи́ть 2. сде́лать заключе́ние 3. сде́лать вы́вод | From the wet paw prints, we infer that the dog entered through the kitchen. |
| 218 | government | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result. | 1. прави́тельство 2. правительство | The local government maintains roads and parks. |
| 219 | charge | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: charge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. цена́ 2. пла́та 3. та́кса | There is no charge for borrowing books from the library. |
| 220 | opinion | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: opinion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. взгляд 2. мне́ние 3. воззре́ние | In my opinion, the second ending is more exciting. |
| 221 | war | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: war is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. война́ 2. война | The war displaced millions of civilians. |
| 222 | review | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: review is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. обозре́ние 2. обзо́р 3. реце́нзия | Niko will review his notes before writing the summary. |
| 223 | civil | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: civil is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. гражда́нский 2. шта́тский 3. циви́льный | The civil rights movement used courts, boycotts, and marches. |
| 224 | equation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. уравне́ние 2. уравнение | The equation eight plus four equals twelve is true. |
| 225 | recommend | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: recommend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. рекомендова́ть 2. порекомендова́ть 3. сове́товать | The committee will recommend the safest location for the crossing. |
| 226 | institute | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: institute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | инициировать | The school will institute a recycling policy next term. |
| 227 | transportation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. перево́зка 2. перепра́вка 3. транспортиро́вка | Reliable transportation connects workers with jobs. |
| 228 | initiative | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: initiative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. инициати́ва 2. почи́н 3. инициатива | The garden initiative turned an empty lot into a source of food. |
| 229 | retain | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: retain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. храни́ть 2. сохраня́ть 3. сохрани́ть | Dark soil can retain water longer than sand. |
| 230 | charity | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition. | 1. благотвори́тельное о́бщество 2. благотвори́тельная организа́ция 3. богаде́льня | The charity supplies meals during emergencies. |
| 231 | mineral | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mineral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | минера́л | Quartz is a common mineral in Earth's crust. |
| 232 | participate | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: participate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. уча́ствовать 2. принима́ть уча́стие 3. приня́ть уча́стие | Every student may participate in the discussion by speaking or writing. |
| 233 | gene | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | ген | A gene may influence the color of a flower. |
| 234 | renewable | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action. | возобновля́емый | Sunlight is a renewable source of energy. |
| 235 | beneficial | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: beneficial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. благотво́рный 2. поле́зный | Regular sleep is beneficial to memory and concentration. |
| 236 | skeleton | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: skeleton is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. скеле́т 2. о́стов 3. карка́с | A whale's skeleton contains bones shaped like those in other mammals. |
| 237 | radical | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: radical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. радика́льный 2. коренной 3. радика́л | The radical argued that reform was insufficient and demanded a new system. |
| 238 | illustrate | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: illustrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. иллюстри́ровать 2. поясня́ть 3. приводи́ть приме́ры | The diagram will illustrate how water moves through the cycle. |
| 239 | assign | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assign is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. назна́чить 2. назнача́ть | The director will assign each actor a role in the play. |
| 240 | transform | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: transform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. преобража́ть 2. преобрази́ть 3. трансформи́ровать | New lighting can transform the unused warehouse into a theater. |
| 241 | exploit | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exploit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. эксплуати́ровать 2. пользоваться | Dishonest employers may exploit workers who lack legal protection. |
| 242 | theoretical | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: theoretical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. академи́чный 2. теорети́ческий 3. теоретический | The theoretical probability of rolling a six is one sixth. |
| 243 | productivity | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition. | 1. производи́тельность 2. производительность | New equipment increased the factory's productivity without extending work hours. |
| 244 | pasture | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pasture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. па́стбище 2. вы́пас 3. вы́гон | The horses grazed peacefully in the pasture. |
| 245 | reservation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | резерва́ция | Federal policy forced many Native communities onto a reservation. |
Vocabulary reading and practice
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Review five selected words from page 7.
English reading
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Vocabulary quiz
Choose the dictionary equivalent for each of 5 selected words.
Vocabulary chart page
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About this cross-exam English set
TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English use different formats, but all require learners to understand precise vocabulary in context. TOEFL and IELTS emphasize academic reading and communication; TOEIC emphasizes workplace and everyday communication; IGCSE English asks students to interpret, analyze, and communicate through school-level texts and tasks. This combined set concentrates on useful language that can transfer across those pathways.
The ordering is evidence-led rather than alphabetical. Words found in official public specimen materials—especially words occurring across more than one programme—receive the strongest ranking. Because a limited specimen corpus cannot provide 1,600 distinct reliable teaching headwords, the remainder is transparently bridged from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 vocabulary using general English frequency and a fixed part-of-speech balance. This is an independent study resource, not an official product of any testing organization.
A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.
Sources and curriculum references
These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.
- ETS: TOEFL iBT Full-Length Practice Test 1
- ETS: TOEFL iBT Full-Length Practice Test 2
- ETS: TOEIC Listening and Reading Sample Test
- IELTS: Academic Reading Sample Tasks 2023
- Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500/01 2027 Specimen Paper
- Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500/01 2027 Specimen Insert
- Cambridge IGCSE English as a Second Language 0510/01 2019 Specimen Paper
- WikDict downloadable bilingual dictionaries
- Kaikki.org / Wiktextract machine-readable Wiktionary data
- Language-Learning-decks public flashcard datasets
- SBBIC English-to-Khmer Dictionary
- English–Khmer Dictionary Dataset (machine-generated Khmer fallback; human review required)
- PanLex meanings snapshot (direct CC0 gap candidates; human review required)
- Cambridge bilingual dictionaries (individual editorial sense checks)
- Collins English–Hindi Dictionary (individual editorial checks)
- Hindwi and Rekhta dictionaries (individual Hindi/Urdu checks)
- National Institute of Korean Language: Basic Korean Dictionary
- JMdict/EDRDG Japanese dictionary project
- CC-CEDICT Chinese dictionary project
- VDict Vietnamese Dictionary (individual editorial check)
- Google Translate (machine-assisted lesson-reading draft; fluent review required)
- Kuperman et al.: Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words