English Vocabulary · Cross-exam Academic English Beta
TOEFL · TOEIC · IELTS · IGCSE Vocabulary
This 1,600-word beta set supports learners preparing for TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English. Official specimen papers supply the primary occurrence evidence, so words shared across several programmes rise toward the beginning of the list. Overlap with school-grade, SAT, and GRE vocabulary is intentional because the same academic English serves several learning pathways.
A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.
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| # | Word | Details | Meaning | Sample sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 946 | reduction | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. уменьше́ние 2. сниже́ние 3. сведе́ние | During reduction, copper ions gain electrons and become copper atoms. |
| 947 | mortgage | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mortgage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. ипоте́ка 2. ипотека | The family compared interest rates before choosing a mortgage. |
| 948 | census | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: census is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. пе́репись населе́ния 2. пе́репись | The census records population changes every ten years. |
| 949 | negotiate | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: negotiate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. вести́ перегово́ры 2. провести́ перегово́ры | The two groups will negotiate how to share the meeting space. |
| 950 | clause | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: clause is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | предложе́ние | The sentence begins with a dependent clause. |
| 951 | surroundings | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: surroundings is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. око́лица 2. окре́стности 3. окру́га | The owl's brown feathers blend with its woodland surroundings. |
| 952 | hygiene | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hygiene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. гигие́на 2. гигиена | Good hand hygiene helps prevent infection. |
| 953 | cautious | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by. | 1. осторо́жный 2. внима́тельный 3. осмотри́тельный | The cautious climber tested each handhold. |
| 954 | sloppy | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sloppy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. неря́шливый 2. небре́жный 3. неаккура́тный | Sloppy measurements can ruin a science experiment. |
| 955 | recovery | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: recovery is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. выздоровле́ние 2. попра́вка 3. возвра́т | Wetland recovery began after grazing ended. |
| 956 | verse | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: verse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. купле́т 2. строфа́ | The ballad tells the sailor's story in verse. |
| 957 | referendum | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: referendum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. рефере́ндум 2. референдум | The tax plan will be decided by referendum. |
| 958 | archive | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: archive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. архи́в 2. архив | The digital archive contains scanned newspapers from the last century. |
| 959 | compensate | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compensate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. компенси́ровать 2. возмеща́ть 3. возмести́ть | The store will compensate customers for the damaged goods. |
| 960 | programming | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: programming is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. программи́рование 2. программирование | Programming the robot required a loop that repeated the movement. |
| 961 | substitute | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: substitute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. заме́на 2. замени́ть 3. заменя́ть | Substitute six for x before simplifying the expression. |
| 962 | propaganda | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: propaganda is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. пропага́нда 2. агита́ция 3. пропаганда | The poster used propaganda to portray every critic as an enemy. |
| 963 | genre | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: genre is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | жанр | Readers recognize the detective genre by its clues and investigation. |
| 964 | fairness | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state. | 1. беспристра́стие 2. справедли́вость | The referee's fairness earned respect from both teams. |
| 965 | embarrassment | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result. | 1. стыд 2. смуще́ние 3. стесне́ние | He laughed at his embarrassment after realizing his shirt was backward. |
| 966 | orchard | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: orchard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. сад 2. фрукто́вый сад | We picked ripe peaches in the orchard. |
| 967 | exclusive | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency. | 1. исключи́тельный 2. эксклюзи́вный | The interview contains exclusive information not reported elsewhere. |
| 968 | heritage | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: heritage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. насле́дие 2. наследие | The festival celebrates the region's musical heritage. |
| 969 | explicit | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: explicit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. чёткий 2. я́вный 3. я́сный | The recipe gives explicit instructions for handling the hot pan. |
| 970 | volcano | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: volcano is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. вулкан 2. вулка́н | The volcano released steam from its summit. |
| 971 | hardship | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hardship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. невзго́ды 2. суро́вость 3. тя́готы | The long drought created hardship for local farmers. |
| 972 | removal | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: removal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | удаление | The removal of Indigenous nations caused widespread suffering and death. |
| 973 | banking | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: banking is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. банковский 2. ба́нкинг 3. ба́нковское де́ло | Online banking allows customers to transfer funds without visiting a branch. |
| 974 | vertical | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vertical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. вертика́льный 2. отве́сный | Vertical angles always have equal measures. |
| 975 | vivid | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vivid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. живо́й 2. я́сный | The author used vivid details to describe the storm. |
| 976 | safeguard | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: safeguard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | гара́нтия | Strong passwords safeguard private information. |
| 977 | crater | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: crater is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. кра́тер 2. жерло́ 3. кратер | Steam rose from the volcano's crater. |
| 978 | commonwealth | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: commonwealth is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. содру́жество 2. сою́з | The constitution described the state as a commonwealth. |
| 979 | tragedy | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tragedy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. траге́дия 2. трагедия | The tragedy shows how the ruler's pride harms the entire city. |
| 980 | migration | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | мигра́ция | Seasonal jobs encouraged migration toward the coast. |
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About this cross-exam English set
TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English use different formats, but all require learners to understand precise vocabulary in context. TOEFL and IELTS emphasize academic reading and communication; TOEIC emphasizes workplace and everyday communication; IGCSE English asks students to interpret, analyze, and communicate through school-level texts and tasks. This combined set concentrates on useful language that can transfer across those pathways.
The ordering is evidence-led rather than alphabetical. Words found in official public specimen materials—especially words occurring across more than one programme—receive the strongest ranking. Because a limited specimen corpus cannot provide 1,600 distinct reliable teaching headwords, the remainder is transparently bridged from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 vocabulary using general English frequency and a fixed part-of-speech balance. This is an independent study resource, not an official product of any testing organization.
A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.
Sources and curriculum references
These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.
- ETS: TOEFL iBT Full-Length Practice Test 1
- ETS: TOEFL iBT Full-Length Practice Test 2
- ETS: TOEIC Listening and Reading Sample Test
- IELTS: Academic Reading Sample Tasks 2023
- Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500/01 2027 Specimen Paper
- Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500/01 2027 Specimen Insert
- Cambridge IGCSE English as a Second Language 0510/01 2019 Specimen Paper
- WikDict downloadable bilingual dictionaries
- Kaikki.org / Wiktextract machine-readable Wiktionary data
- Language-Learning-decks public flashcard datasets
- SBBIC English-to-Khmer Dictionary
- English–Khmer Dictionary Dataset (machine-generated Khmer fallback; human review required)
- PanLex meanings snapshot (direct CC0 gap candidates; human review required)
- Cambridge bilingual dictionaries (individual editorial sense checks)
- Collins English–Hindi Dictionary (individual editorial checks)
- Hindwi and Rekhta dictionaries (individual Hindi/Urdu checks)
- National Institute of Korean Language: Basic Korean Dictionary
- JMdict/EDRDG Japanese dictionary project
- CC-CEDICT Chinese dictionary project
- VDict Vietnamese Dictionary (individual editorial check)
- Google Translate (machine-assisted lesson-reading draft; fluent review required)
- Kuperman et al.: Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words