English Vocabulary · Cross-exam Academic English Beta
TOEFL · TOEIC · IELTS · IGCSE Vocabulary
This 1,600-word beta set supports learners preparing for TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English. Official specimen papers supply the primary occurrence evidence, so words shared across several programmes rise toward the beginning of the list. Overlap with school-grade, SAT, and GRE vocabulary is intentional because the same academic English serves several learning pathways.
A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.
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| # | Word | Details | Meaning | Sample sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 841 | entrepreneur | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: entrepreneur is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. предпринима́тель 2. предпринима́тельница 3. антрепренёр | The young entrepreneur opened a bicycle repair shop. |
| 842 | neglect | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: neglect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. забрасывать 2. запускать | Plants may wilt if gardeners neglect them. |
| 843 | hesitate | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hesitate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. колеба́ться 2. ме́длить 3. сомнева́ться | I hesitate before stepping onto the slippery bridge. |
| 844 | metropolitan | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metropolitan is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. городско́й 2. метрополитенский 3. столи́чный | The metropolitan rail system connects downtown with nearby suburbs. |
| 845 | bias | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bias is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. предубежде́ние 2. предвзя́тость | A fair survey avoids bias by asking neutral questions. |
| 846 | colonial | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: colonial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | колониа́льный | The museum restored a colonial house built by early settlers. |
| 847 | curiosity | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition. | 1. курьёз 2. дико́вина 3. ре́дкость | Curiosity led the children to examine the unusual shell. |
| 848 | literal | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: literal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. то́чный 2. буква́льный 3. досло́вный | The literal meaning of freezing is becoming solid from cold. |
| 849 | preliminary | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: preliminary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. предвари́тельный 2. подготови́тельный | Preliminary results suggest that the treatment may be effective. |
| 850 | indigenous | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by. | 1. коренно́й 2. абориге́нный 3. ме́стный | The exhibit honors indigenous knowledge of local plants. |
| 851 | tendency | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tendency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. тенде́нция 2. скло́нность | The river has a tendency to rise after several days of rain. |
| 852 | fraction | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. часть 2. части́ца 3. дробь | The shaded fraction of the circle is three fourths. |
| 853 | circulation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | кровообраще́ние | Exercise can increase blood circulation. |
| 854 | canyon | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: canyon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. каньо́н 2. каньон | The river flows along the bottom of the canyon. |
| 855 | stubborn | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stubborn is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. упо́рный 2. упря́мый 3. упёртый | The stubborn goat refused to leave the garden. |
| 856 | stellar | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stellar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. звёздный 2. звездообра́зный | The telescope captured a stellar explosion in a distant galaxy. |
| 857 | extinction | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | вымира́ние | Habitat loss can push rare animals toward extinction. |
| 858 | protocol | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: protocol is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. протоко́л 2. протокол | The laboratory protocol requires goggles and closed shoes. |
| 859 | compromise | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compromise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. компроми́сс 2. компромисс | The final schedule was a compromise between the two proposals. |
| 860 | wilderness | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state. | 1. дикий 2. нетронутый 3. целина́ | The protected wilderness contains forests, rivers, and mountains. |
| 861 | compassion | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. сострада́ние 2. сочу́вствие 3. сопережива́ние | Neighbors showed compassion by bringing meals to the injured family. |
| 862 | absurd | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: absurd is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. неле́пый 2. абсу́рдный 3. абсурдный | The absurd rumor claimed that the tiny pond contained a whale. |
| 863 | representation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | представитель | Residents demanded fair representation on the regional council. |
| 864 | liberty | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: liberty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. свобо́да 2. свобода | The charter promises liberty of expression. |
| 865 | statistical | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: statistical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. статисти́ческий 2. статистический | The survey revealed a statistical pattern in commuting times. |
| 866 | justify | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become. | 1. вы́ровнять 2. выра́внивать | The committee must justify its decision to close the trail. |
| 867 | inflation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. инфля́ция 2. инфляция | Inflation made the same basket of groceries more expensive. |
| 868 | abstract | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: abstract is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. абстра́ктный 2. отвлечённый 3. абстрактный | Justice is an abstract concept that societies define in different ways. |
| 869 | composite | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: composite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | составно́й | Twelve is a composite number with several factor pairs. |
| 870 | comfortably | adverb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs. | уютно | Four people can sit comfortably on the wide bench. |
| 871 | uniform | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: uniform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. единообра́зный 2. форма | The machine applies a uniform layer of paint. |
| 872 | boundary | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: boundary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. грани́ца 2. межа́ 3. границы | Storms formed near the boundary between warm and cold air. |
| 873 | triangle | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: triangle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. треуго́льник 2. треугольник | The triangle has one right angle. |
| 874 | metaphor | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metaphor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. мета́фора 2. метафора | The sentence “The moon is a lantern” contains a metaphor. |
| 875 | lava | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lava is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. ла́ва 2. лава | The lava cooled into dark rock. |
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About this cross-exam English set
TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English use different formats, but all require learners to understand precise vocabulary in context. TOEFL and IELTS emphasize academic reading and communication; TOEIC emphasizes workplace and everyday communication; IGCSE English asks students to interpret, analyze, and communicate through school-level texts and tasks. This combined set concentrates on useful language that can transfer across those pathways.
The ordering is evidence-led rather than alphabetical. Words found in official public specimen materials—especially words occurring across more than one programme—receive the strongest ranking. Because a limited specimen corpus cannot provide 1,600 distinct reliable teaching headwords, the remainder is transparently bridged from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 vocabulary using general English frequency and a fixed part-of-speech balance. This is an independent study resource, not an official product of any testing organization.
A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.
Sources and curriculum references
These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.
- ETS: TOEFL iBT Full-Length Practice Test 1
- ETS: TOEFL iBT Full-Length Practice Test 2
- ETS: TOEIC Listening and Reading Sample Test
- IELTS: Academic Reading Sample Tasks 2023
- Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500/01 2027 Specimen Paper
- Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500/01 2027 Specimen Insert
- Cambridge IGCSE English as a Second Language 0510/01 2019 Specimen Paper
- WikDict downloadable bilingual dictionaries
- Kaikki.org / Wiktextract machine-readable Wiktionary data
- Language-Learning-decks public flashcard datasets
- SBBIC English-to-Khmer Dictionary
- English–Khmer Dictionary Dataset (machine-generated Khmer fallback; human review required)
- PanLex meanings snapshot (direct CC0 gap candidates; human review required)
- Cambridge bilingual dictionaries (individual editorial sense checks)
- Collins English–Hindi Dictionary (individual editorial checks)
- Hindwi and Rekhta dictionaries (individual Hindi/Urdu checks)
- National Institute of Korean Language: Basic Korean Dictionary
- JMdict/EDRDG Japanese dictionary project
- CC-CEDICT Chinese dictionary project
- VDict Vietnamese Dictionary (individual editorial check)
- Google Translate (machine-assisted lesson-reading draft; fluent review required)
- Kuperman et al.: Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words