English Vocabulary · Cross-exam Academic English Beta
TOEFL · TOEIC · IELTS · IGCSE Vocabulary
This 1,600-word beta set supports learners preparing for TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English. Official specimen papers supply the primary occurrence evidence, so words shared across several programmes rise toward the beginning of the list. Overlap with school-grade, SAT, and GRE vocabulary is intentional because the same academic English serves several learning pathways.
A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.
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| # | Word | Details | Meaning | Sample sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 491 | tidy | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tidy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. аккура́тный 2. опря́тный 3. чи́стый | Kai kept his tools tidy on the workbench. |
| 492 | component | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: component is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. компоне́нт 2. составна́я часть | The battery is a crucial component of the emergency radio. |
| 493 | empathy | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: empathy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. сочу́вствие 2. сопережива́ние 3. эмпа́тия | Reading the refugee's diary helped students develop empathy. |
| 494 | descend | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: descend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. спуска́ться 2. спусти́ться 3. сходи́ть | Dark clouds descend over the valley before the rain. |
| 495 | auditorium | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: auditorium is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. аудито́рия 2. зал | Families filled the auditorium for the school concert. |
| 496 | confidential | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: confidential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. довери́тельный 2. конфиденциа́льный 3. та́йный | Medical records contain confidential information. |
| 497 | irrigation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. иррига́ция 2. ороше́ние | Drip irrigation carries water directly to plant roots. |
| 498 | variation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | вариа́ция | Color variation helps some beetles blend into different backgrounds. |
| 499 | merchant | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: merchant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. торго́вец 2. купе́ц | The merchant carried spices between coastal ports. |
| 500 | administrative | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency. | 1. администрати́вный 2. административный | The principal assigned the scheduling issue to administrative staff. |
| 501 | measurement | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result. | 1. измере́ние 2. обме́р | Record each measurement to the nearest millimeter. |
| 502 | alter | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: alter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. изменя́ть 2. измени́ть 3. меня́ть | The director will alter the ending to fit the shorter performance. |
| 503 | criticize | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply. | 1. критикова́ть 2. раскритикова́ть | A helpful reviewer can criticize the argument without insulting the writer. |
| 504 | methodology | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject. | 1. методоло́гия 2. мето́дика | The report explains its methodology so other researchers can repeat the work. |
| 505 | motivate | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: motivate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | мотиви́ровать | A clear goal can motivate a team to keep practicing. |
| 506 | cylinder | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cylinder is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. цили́ндр 2. цилиндр | The can is approximately a cylinder. |
| 507 | courageous | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by. | 1. отва́жный 2. сме́лый 3. хра́брый | The courageous witness told the truth despite feeling afraid. |
| 508 | classification | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. классифика́ция 2. классифици́рование | The classification of rocks depends on how they formed. |
| 509 | geography | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: geography is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. геогра́фия 2. география | Geography explains how rivers shaped the settlement pattern. |
| 510 | dictate | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dictate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | диктова́ть | The reporter will dictate notes to an assistant by phone. |
| 511 | attribute | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: attribute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. относи́ть 2. припи́сывать | Researchers attribute the decline in fish to warmer water. |
| 512 | infinite | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: infinite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. бесконе́чный 2. безграни́чный 3. бескра́йний | A mathematical line extends an infinite distance in both directions. |
| 513 | reconstruction | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. возрожде́ние 2. воссозда́ние 3. восстановле́ние | Postwar reconstruction restored roads and created new institutions. |
| 514 | ion | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. ио́н 2. ион | A sodium atom becomes a positive ion after losing an electron. |
| 515 | compensation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. возмеще́ние 2. компенса́ция | Residents received compensation for property damaged by the construction. |
| 516 | stability | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition. | 1. стаби́льность 2. усто́йчивость | A wide base improves the tower's stability. |
| 517 | sphere | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sphere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. шар 2. сфе́ра 3. сфера | A basketball approximates a sphere. |
| 518 | emission | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. излуче́ние 2. выброс | The factory installed filters to reduce each harmful emission. |
| 519 | emphasize | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply. | 1. подчёркивать 2. подчеркну́ть | Bold type can emphasize the report's main finding. |
| 520 | cite | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | цитировать | Writers cite the article after using its data. |
| 521 | extinct | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: extinct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | вы́мерший | The dodo has been extinct for centuries. |
| 522 | terminate | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: terminate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. прекраща́ть 2. прекратить 3. расторгать | The agreement allows either side to terminate the contract. |
| 523 | persuade | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: persuade is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. убеди́ть 2. убежда́ть 3. угова́ривать | Strong evidence may persuade the board to restore the bus route. |
| 524 | informative | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency. | информати́вный | The museum guide was concise and informative. |
| 525 | probable | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action. | 1. вероя́тный 2. правдоподо́бный | Heavy clouds make rain probable this afternoon. |
Vocabulary reading and practice
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Vocabulary chart page
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About this cross-exam English set
TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English use different formats, but all require learners to understand precise vocabulary in context. TOEFL and IELTS emphasize academic reading and communication; TOEIC emphasizes workplace and everyday communication; IGCSE English asks students to interpret, analyze, and communicate through school-level texts and tasks. This combined set concentrates on useful language that can transfer across those pathways.
The ordering is evidence-led rather than alphabetical. Words found in official public specimen materials—especially words occurring across more than one programme—receive the strongest ranking. Because a limited specimen corpus cannot provide 1,600 distinct reliable teaching headwords, the remainder is transparently bridged from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 vocabulary using general English frequency and a fixed part-of-speech balance. This is an independent study resource, not an official product of any testing organization.
A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.
Sources and curriculum references
These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.
- ETS: TOEFL iBT Full-Length Practice Test 1
- ETS: TOEFL iBT Full-Length Practice Test 2
- ETS: TOEIC Listening and Reading Sample Test
- IELTS: Academic Reading Sample Tasks 2023
- Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500/01 2027 Specimen Paper
- Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500/01 2027 Specimen Insert
- Cambridge IGCSE English as a Second Language 0510/01 2019 Specimen Paper
- WikDict downloadable bilingual dictionaries
- Kaikki.org / Wiktextract machine-readable Wiktionary data
- Language-Learning-decks public flashcard datasets
- SBBIC English-to-Khmer Dictionary
- English–Khmer Dictionary Dataset (machine-generated Khmer fallback; human review required)
- PanLex meanings snapshot (direct CC0 gap candidates; human review required)
- Cambridge bilingual dictionaries (individual editorial sense checks)
- Collins English–Hindi Dictionary (individual editorial checks)
- Hindwi and Rekhta dictionaries (individual Hindi/Urdu checks)
- National Institute of Korean Language: Basic Korean Dictionary
- JMdict/EDRDG Japanese dictionary project
- CC-CEDICT Chinese dictionary project
- VDict Vietnamese Dictionary (individual editorial check)
- Google Translate (machine-assisted lesson-reading draft; fluent review required)
- Kuperman et al.: Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words