English Vocabulary · Cross-exam Academic English Beta

TOEFL · TOEIC · IELTS · IGCSE Vocabulary

This 1,600-word beta set supports learners preparing for TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English. Official specimen papers supply the primary occurrence evidence, so words shared across several programmes rise toward the beginning of the list. Overlap with school-grade, SAT, and GRE vocabulary is intentional because the same academic English serves several learning pathways.

A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.

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Page 1: words 1–35

Vocabulary page 1
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1	language	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: language is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 언어 2. 말	Migration can bring a new language into a region.
2	area	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: area is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	면적	Multiply length by width to find a rectangle's area.
3	increase	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: increase is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 증가시키다 2. 늘어나다 3. 늘리다	Adding compost can increase the garden's harvest.
4	product	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: product is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 적(積) 2. 곱 3. 소산	The product of six and seven is forty-two.
5	develop	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: develop is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	발전하다	Tadpoles develop into frogs over several weeks.
6	community	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 커뮤니티 2. 공동체 3. 군락	The reef community includes coral, fish, and algae.
7	reduce	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reduce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 줄이다 2. 깎다 3. 깍다	Reusable bottles reduce the amount of plastic waste.
8	possible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	가능하다	Rolling a six is possible with a standard number cube.
9	likely	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: likely is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	~할 것 같은	Dark clouds make rain likely this afternoon.
10	point	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: point is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	점	Label the point where the two lines intersect.
11	require	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: require is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	요구하다	The recipe will require two cups of chopped apples.
12	similar	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: similar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	닮은	The similar rectangles have different sizes but equal angle measures.
13	describe	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: describe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 서술하다 2. 묘사하다	The witness could describe the missing bicycle in detail.
14	modern	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: modern is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	현대의	The modern library includes a recording studio.
15	issue	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: issue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 논점 2. 이슈	The council discussed the issue of traffic near the school.
16	control	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: control is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 대조군 2. 대조 조건	The untreated plant served as the control.
17	interest	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: interest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	이자	The loan's interest increases its total cost.
18	machine	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: machine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 기계(機械) 2. 기계(器械) 3. 머신	The simple machine lets one person lift the heavy crate.
19	power	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: power is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	일률	The motor's power tells how quickly it can perform work.
20	create	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: create is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	만들다	The artists create a mural for the library wall.
21	event	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: event is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	사건	Drawing a red marble is the event we are studying.
22	available	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. 이용 가능한 2. 구할 수 있는	A guide is available at the information desk.
23	role	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: role is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 역(役) 2. 직무(職務) 3. 노릇	A person's social role can change between home, school, and work.
24	demonstrate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: demonstrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 시범을 보이다 2. 설명해 보여주다	The coach will demonstrate the safest way to hold the paddle.
25	state	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: state is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 상태 2. 물질의 상태	Heating can change water from a liquid state to a gas.
26	environment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 환경(環境) 2. 환경 3. 자연환경	Plastic waste harms the ocean environment.
27	system	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: system is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 체계(體系) 2. 제도(制度) 3. 계통(系統)	The digestive system breaks food into usable nutrients.
28	development	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 개발 2. 개발 사업	The council debated whether the development would damage the wetland.
29	recently	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. 근래 2. 요즘 3. 요새	We recently planted herbs beside the kitchen window.
30	compare	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compare is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 비교하다 2. 비유하다 3. 견주다	Readers compare the two accounts before deciding where they agree.
31	environmental	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: environmental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 환경의 2. 환경과 관련된	The review identifies environmental risks to the wetland.
32	difference	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 차(差) 2. 차이(差異) 3. 다름	The difference between twenty and thirteen is seven.
33	culture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: culture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 문화 2. 풍토	Music and food are important parts of a community's culture.
34	benefit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: benefit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 혜택 2. 유익 3. 편익	Daily exercise has the benefit of strengthening the heart.
35	variety	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: variety is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 다양한 종류 2. 여러 가지	The market sells a variety of fresh vegetables.

Page 1 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 1.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Migration can bring a new _____ into a region.

Answer: language

2. Dark clouds make rain _____ this afternoon.

Answer: likely

3. The simple _____ lets one person lift the heavy crate.

Answer: machine

4. The digestive _____ breaks food into usable nutrients.

Answer: system

5. The market sells a _____ of fresh vegetables.

Answer: variety

Page 2: words 36–70

Vocabulary page 2
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
36	model	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: model is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 모형 2. 모델	The globe is a model of Earth, not an exact copy.
37	policy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: policy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 방침 2. 시책	The school adopted a policy for reducing food waste.
38	education	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	교육	Public education expanded during the nineteenth century.
39	maintain	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: maintain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	유지-하다	Workers maintain the trail by repairing damaged steps.
40	document	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: document is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 기록하다 2. 문서화하다	Scientists document each bird sighting in a field journal.
41	focus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: focus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 집중 2. 주목 3. 포커스	Protecting sea turtles was the focus of the report.
42	additional	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: additional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	추가의	The coach allowed additional time for water breaks.
43	improve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: improve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 향상시키다 2. 개선하다	Reading aloud can improve pronunciation.
44	prefer	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prefer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. -더 좋아하다 2. 선호(選好)하다	I prefer the shaded trail on hot afternoons.
45	apply	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: apply is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 쓰다 2. 써먹다 3. 대다	Students apply the formula to a new set of measurements.
46	structure	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: structure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 구조(構造) 2. 구성(構成) 3. 체계	The essay's compare-and-contrast structure makes the differences easy to follow.
47	propose	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: propose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	제안(提案)-하다	The students propose turning the vacant lot into a community garden.
48	usually	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	대개	The bakery usually opens before sunrise.
49	entire	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: entire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	전부-의	The entire garden was covered with sparkling frost.
50	damage	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: damage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 손상시키다 2. 해치다	Salt water can damage an unprotected metal gate.
51	evidence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 증거(證據) 2. 증거 3. 증거물	The broken branch was evidence that a large animal had passed.
52	media	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: media is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 언론(言論) 2. 미디어 3. 매체(媒體)	Digital media can spread both verified reports and rumors rapidly.
53	technology	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. 기술 2. 테크 3. 테크놀로지	Solar technology converts sunlight into useful electricity.
54	involve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: involve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 포함하다 2. 수반하다	Building the model will involve careful measuring.
55	achievement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 달성 2. 업적 3. 성취	Finishing her first long novel was a proud achievement for Lena.
56	quality	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 양질 2. 질 3. 품질	The carpenter checked the quality of every wooden chair.
57	region	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: region is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 리전 2. 지역 3. 지대	Heavy rainfall is common throughout the coastal region.
58	sound	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sound is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 사운드 2. 음향 3. 소리	Sound travels faster through water than through air.
59	release	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: release is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 석방(釋放) 2. 놓다 3. 풀다	The rescue team will release the healed owl at sunset.
60	public	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: public is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 대중(大衆) 2. 공공(公共) 3. 공설	The public library is supported by local taxes.
61	claim	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: claim is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 주장(主張) 2. 클레임 3. 주장	The writer supports each claim with facts from reliable sources.
62	advance	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: advance is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 나아가다 2. 전진하다	The hikers advance carefully along the narrow ridge.
63	vast	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vast is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 광대하다 2. 거대하다 3. 광막하다	A vast grassland stretched beyond the river.
64	species	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: species is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	종	The island supports a rare species of lizard.
65	summary	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: summary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 요약 2. 약식 3. 초록	Her summary included the article's central point and key evidence.
66	impact	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: impact is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 영향 2. 효과	The new bus route had a positive impact on the neighborhood.
67	consumer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: consumer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	소비자	A rabbit is a consumer that feeds on plants.
68	century	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: century is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	세기	The bridge has stood for more than a century.
69	scientific	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: scientific is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	과학적(科學的)	The students followed a scientific method during the experiment.
70	fascination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 강한 흥미 2. 매료됨	Leo's fascination with insects began when he found a chrysalis.

Page 2 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 2.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The globe is a _____ of Earth, not an exact copy.

Answer: model

2. I _____ the shaded trail on hot afternoons.

Answer: prefer

3. Solar _____ converts sunlight into useful electricity.

Answer: technology

4. The hikers _____ carefully along the narrow ridge.

Answer: advance

5. Leo's _____ with insects began when he found a chrysalis.

Answer: fascination

Page 3: words 71–105

Vocabulary page 3
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
71	cell	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cell is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 세포(細胞) 2. 셀 3. 세포	A microscope can reveal the structure of a plant cell.
72	heading	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: heading is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 표제(標題) 2. 제목(題目) 3. 제목	The heading tells readers that the next section concerns migration.
73	insert	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: insert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 삽입하다 2. 넣다 3. 끼우다	Insert the card into the slot with the arrow facing up.
74	energy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: energy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 에너지 2. 기운 3. 기	Food provides energy for the body.
75	complex	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: complex is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	복잡하다	The complex machine uses dozens of gears to keep time.
76	affect	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: affect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 영향을 미치다 2. 변화를 주다	A long drought can affect the price of vegetables.
77	opportunity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 기회(機會) 2. 찬스 3. 기회	The science fair gave us an opportunity to test our invention.
78	request	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: request is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 요청 2. 부탁	The librarian approved our request for more study time.
79	recognize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. 알아보다 2. 알아주다	I recognize the bird by its bright orange wings.
80	purpose	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: purpose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 목적 2. 의도	The article's purpose is to explain how vaccines train the immune system.
81	major	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: major is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 주요한 2. 중대한	Repairing the bridge was a major project for the town.
82	recent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: recent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	최근	A recent snowfall covered the mountain peak.
83	effective	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	효과적인	The new filter is effective at removing lead.
84	ancestor	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ancestor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 조상 2. 선조 3. 시조	My ancestor kept a journal during her journey across the ocean.
85	requirement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 요건 2. 요구사항 3. 소요	A laboratory report is a graduation requirement.
86	paradox	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: paradox is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 모순(矛盾) 2. 자가당착(自家撞着) 3. 역설	“Less is more” is a paradox about the power of simplicity.
87	movement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 이동 2. 움직임	The camera recorded the slow movement of the glacier.
88	range	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: range is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 레인지 2. 폭 3. 범위	The range of four, seven, and twelve is eight.
89	factor	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: factor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 요인 2. 팩터 3. 요소	Daily sunlight is an important factor in plant growth.
90	price	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: price is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 값 2. 가격(價格) 3. 가격	A shortage of oranges caused the price of juice to rise.
91	separate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: separate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 분리하다 2. 나누다	A mesh screen can separate large stones from fine soil.
92	satisfaction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 만족 2. 충족 3. 만족감	Completing the mural gave the artists great satisfaction.
93	adapt	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: adapt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	익숙해지다	Desert plants adapt to dry conditions by storing water.
94	basic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: basic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	기초의	Clean water is a basic need for every community.
95	surface	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: surface is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 표면 2. 수면	A thin sheet of ice covered the pond's surface.
96	art	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: art is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 예술 2. 미술	Public art can preserve community memory.
97	essential	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: essential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	필수적인	Sunlight is essential for most plants to grow.
98	strategy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: strategy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 전략 2. 작전 3. 전술	Checking headings first is a useful reading strategy.
99	contract	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: contract is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 수축하다 2. 오그라들다	Metal may contract when its temperature drops.
100	organization	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. 구성 2. 체계적 배열	Clear organization guides readers from the problem to the proposed solution.
101	inspire	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inspire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	불어넣다	The astronaut's visit may inspire students to study science.
102	enhance	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: enhance is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	향상시키다	A labeled map can enhance the report.
103	salary	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: salary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 급료(給料) 2. 봉급(俸給) 3. 임금(賃金)	The job offer includes an annual salary and health benefits.
104	rights	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rights is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 권리 2. 권익 3. 인권	The law protects the rights of every voter.
105	necessary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: necessary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	필요하다	A helmet is necessary for safe rock climbing.

Page 3 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 3.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A microscope can reveal the structure of a plant _____.

Answer: cell

2. I _____ the bird by its bright orange wings.

Answer: recognize

3. The _____ of four, seven, and twelve is eight.

Answer: range

4. Sunlight is _____ for most plants to grow.

Answer: essential

5. A helmet is _____ for safe rock climbing.

Answer: necessary

Page 4: words 106–140

Vocabulary page 4
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
106	access	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: access is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 액세스 2. 접근 3. 접속	A library card gives residents access to online books.
107	demand	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: demand is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 수요(需要) 2. 수요 3. 요구	Demand for warm coats rises in winter.
108	network	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: network is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 네트워크 2. 망(網) 3. 전산망	The school network links classroom computers to shared printers.
109	register	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: register is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	등록하다	Eligible residents must register before they can vote.
110	concept	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: concept is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 개념 2. 관념	The model helped us understand the concept of gravity.
111	purchase	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: purchase is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 매수하다 2. 사들이다	The club will purchase new art supplies with the fundraiser money.
112	behavior	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: behavior is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 행위(行爲) 2. 행동(行動) 3. 거동(擧動)	The scientist recorded the penguin's feeding behavior.
113	weight	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: weight is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 중량(重量) 2. 무게 3. 체중(體重)	An astronaut's weight changes with gravity, but her mass does not.
114	entrance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 입구(入口) 2. 현관 3. 출입문	A stone arch marks the entrance to the park.
115	crucial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: crucial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	중대한	Clean water is crucial to every community's health.
116	current	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: current is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 조류 2. 물살 3. 기류	The ocean current carried the floating leaf toward shore.
117	especially	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. 특히 2. 특별히 3. 각별히	The garden smells sweet, especially after rain.
118	national	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: national is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 국가의 2. 국민의 3. 국립	The national government manages relations with other countries.
119	force	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: force is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	힘	The force of the kick sent the ball across the field.
120	competition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 경쟁 2. 경주 3. 경연	Our robotics team entered a regional competition.
121	condition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 상태(狀態) 2. 컨디션 3. 상태	The old bicycle was still in good condition.
122	population	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 인구(人口) 2. 인구수 3. 인구	The island's seabird population increased after nesting areas were protected.
123	operation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	연산	Choose the correct operation before solving the problem.
124	supply	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: supply is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 공급량 2. 비축량	Heavy rain increased the city's water supply.
125	authority	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 권력(權力) 2. 권능(權能) 3. 권한	The city council has authority over local zoning.
126	reaction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 반응(反應) 2. 반동(反動) 3. 리액션	Maya's surprised reaction showed that she had not expected the gift.
127	mode	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mode is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	최빈값	The mode of two, three, three, and five is three.
128	determine	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: determine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 알아내다 2. 판별하다	The test will determine whether the water is safe to drink.
129	chemical	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: chemical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	화학 물질	The label identifies each chemical in the cleaning solution.
130	contribute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: contribute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	기여하다	Each family will contribute one dish to the community meal.
131	conduct	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conduct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 실시하다 2. 수행하다	Researchers will conduct a survey about recycling habits.
132	distinct	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: distinct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 뚜렷한 2. 분명히 다른	The twins have distinct voices.
133	weather	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: weather is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 날씨 2. 일기(日氣) 3. 일기	Today's weather includes strong wind and scattered rain.
134	procedure	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: procedure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	절차	Follow the safety procedure before starting the experiment.
135	communicate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: communicate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	의사소통하다	Whales communicate with sounds that travel through water.
136	urban	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: urban is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	도시의	Urban planners proposed more parks near apartment buildings.
137	selection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 선택 2. 선정 3. 채택	Natural selection favors traits that improve survival and reproduction.
138	decade	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: decade is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	연대	The city's population doubled within one decade.
139	dynamic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dynamic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 변화하는 2. 발전하는	The selfish prince is a dynamic character who learns generosity.
140	retire	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: retire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	퇴직-하다	The librarian plans to retire after forty years of service.

Page 4 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 4.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A library card gives residents _____ to online books.

Answer: access

2. A stone arch marks the _____ to the park.

Answer: entrance

3. Choose the correct _____ before solving the problem.

Answer: operation

4. The twins have _____ voices.

Answer: distinct

5. The librarian plans to _____ after forty years of service.

Answer: retire

Page 5: words 141–175

Vocabulary page 5
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
141	construct	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: construct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	건설하다	The engineers will construct a footbridge across the creek.
142	promotion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 홍보 2. 촉진	The campaign focuses on the promotion of bicycle safety.
143	organize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	조직하다	Color-coded folders organize the records by month.
144	revise	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: revise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 수정하다 2. 고쳐 쓰다	Writers revise the introduction after receiving feedback.
145	contradict	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: contradict is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	모순되다	The new fossil may contradict the earlier timeline.
146	industry	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: industry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 산업 2. 어업	Fishing is an important industry in the coastal region.
147	application	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 신청(申請) 2. 신청 3. 지원	Mia submitted an application to join the summer science camp.
148	act	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: act is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 막 2. 액트 3. 짓거리	The conflict becomes unavoidable at the end of the second act.
149	permanent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: permanent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	영구적-이다	The artist used permanent ink on the sign.
150	assume	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assume is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	가정하다	Do not assume the path is safe before checking the map.
151	survive	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: survive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 생존하다 2. 살아남다	Cactus plants survive long periods without rain.
152	percent	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: percent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 퍼센트 2. 프로	Twenty-five percent is equivalent to one fourth.
153	reveal	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reveal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 밝히다 2. 드러내다 3. 밝혀내다	The final clue will reveal the treasure's location.
154	pressure	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pressure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 압력(壓力) 2. 압력 3. 압박	Air pressure decreases as elevation increases.
155	credit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: credit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 신용 2. 외상 거래	Responsible use of credit requires a plan for repayment.
156	external	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: external is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	외부-의	The turtle's external shell protects its body.
157	alternative	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: alternative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 대안 2. 대용	Taking the train is a practical alternative to driving.
158	efficient	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: efficient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	효율적-이다	The efficient oven uses less electricity while cooking food evenly.
159	visible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: visible is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	보이는	The lighthouse became visible when the fog lifted.
160	intense	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: intense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 강렬한 2. 극심한	The intense heat forced the runners to shorten their practice.
161	vital	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vital is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	중요하다	Oxygen is vital for human survival.
162	representative	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: representative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 대표(代表) 2. 총대 3. 대표	Our representative presented the neighborhood's concerns at the meeting.
163	concentrate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: concentrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	집중하다	I can concentrate better in a quiet room.
164	encounter	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: encounter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 만나다 2. 부닥치다 3. 맞닥뜨리다	Hikers may encounter deer near the meadow at dawn.
165	preserve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: preserve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 보존하다 2. 보호하다	The archive works to preserve letters from the town's founders.
166	error	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: error is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 실수(失手) 2. 에러 3. 오류(誤謬)	Reading the scale from an angle can introduce error.
167	practical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: practical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	현실적인	The committee chose a practical repair it could afford.
168	belief	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: belief is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 믿음 2. 신념	Freedom of conscience protects each person's belief.
169	relieve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: relieve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 완화하다 2. 덜어주다	A clear sign can relieve a traveler's confusion.
170	laboratory	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: laboratory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 실험실(實驗室) 2. 랩 3. 실험실	The samples remained sealed until they reached the laboratory.
171	distract	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: distract is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 주의를 산만하게 하다 2. 집중을 방해하다	Loud music can distract me while I read.
172	assess	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assess is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	평가하다	Engineers assess the bridge before recommending repairs.
173	generate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: generate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	생성하다	The rooftop panels generate electricity on sunny days.
174	reasoning	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reasoning is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 추리 2. 추론	The answer is correct, but its reasoning needs clearer steps.
175	phenomenon	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: phenomenon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	현상	Bioluminescence is a natural phenomenon in which organisms produce light.

Page 5 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 5.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The engineers will _____ a footbridge across the creek.

Answer: construct

2. The artist used _____ ink on the sign.

Answer: permanent

3. The _____ oven uses less electricity while cooking food evenly.

Answer: efficient

4. The committee chose a _____ repair it could afford.

Answer: practical

5. Bioluminescence is a natural _____ in which organisms produce light.

Answer: phenomenon

Page 6: words 176–210

Vocabulary page 6
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
176	outline	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: outline is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 개요를 작성하다 2. 윤곽을 잡다	Before drafting, Mina will outline the reasons for protecting the marsh.
177	distribute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: distribute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	분배하다	Volunteers distribute clean water after the storm.
178	innovative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	혁신적인	The innovative roof collects rainwater and cools the building.
179	administer	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: administer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	관리하다	Trained nurses administer the vaccine.
180	ecological	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ecological is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	생태학적	The oil spill caused serious ecological damage along the coast.
181	maintenance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 보존(保存) 2. 유지(維持) 3. 유지	Routine maintenance prevented the machine from overheating.
182	bacteria	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bacteria is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 세균 2. 박테리아	Helpful bacteria live in healthy soil.
183	galaxy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: galaxy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 은하 2. 은하계	Our solar system lies within the Milky Way galaxy.
184	multiple	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: multiple is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	배수	Thirty is a multiple of both five and six.
185	astronaut	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: astronaut is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 우주비행사(宇宙飛行士) 2. 우주비행사 3. 우주인	The astronaut repaired equipment outside the spacecraft.
186	cloning	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cloning is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	복제	Researchers use cloning to create many copies of a useful gene.
187	element	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: element is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	원소	Oxygen is an element found in air and water.
188	municipal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: municipal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 시립의 2. 도시의	The municipal library is funded by the city.
189	integration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	통합	School integration faced organized resistance.
190	charter	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: charter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 헌장(憲章) 2. 헌장	The royal charter authorized the colony's government.
191	organism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 생물(生物) 2. 유기체(有機體) 3. 생물체(生物體)	Every organism in the pond depends on water.
192	knowledge	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: knowledge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 지식 2. 앎 3. 학식	Reading the guide increased our knowledge of local birds.
193	function	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 기능 2. 역할	The roots' main function is to absorb water and anchor the plant.
194	graphic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: graphic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 그림으로 된 2. 시각적인	The graphic novel combines dialogue with illustrated panels.
195	workshop	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: workshop is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 워크숍 2. 실습 모임	During the writing workshop, students shared their revised leads.
196	highlight	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: highlight is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 강조하다 2. 두드러지게 하다	The conclusion should highlight the strongest evidence.
197	evolve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: evolve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	진화하다	Languages evolve as speakers create and borrow expressions.
198	endanger	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: endanger is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	위험에 빠뜨리다	Plastic rings can endanger animals in the ocean.
199	antibiotic	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Prefix focus: anti- means against or opposed to.	1. 항생물질 2. 항생제	A doctor may prescribe an antibiotic for a confirmed bacterial infection.
200	period	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: period is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 주기(週期) 2. 시절 3. 시기	The chicks remained warm during the cold period.
201	significant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: significant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 뜻깊다 2. 유의미	The discovery was significant because it changed what scientists understood.
202	budget	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: budget is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 예산(豫算) 2. 예산 3. 책정	The club created a budget before ordering supplies.
203	unit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: unit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	단위	The meter is a unit used to measure length.
204	assist	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assist is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 돕다 2. 거들다	Two volunteers assist visitors at the museum entrance.
205	virus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: virus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 바이러스 2. 병독(病毒) 3. 비루스	A virus can spread through cough droplets.
206	engineering	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: engineering is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 공학(工學) 2. 엔지니어링 3. 이공	Bridge engineering balances strength, cost, and safety.
207	resource	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resource is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	리소스	The encyclopedia is a valuable resource for the research project.
208	density	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	밀도	Oil floats because its density is lower than water's.
209	sustainable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	지속 가능한	The farm uses sustainable methods to protect the soil.
210	respond	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: respond is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	응하다	The essay must respond directly to the prompt's central question.

Page 6 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 6.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Before drafting, Mina will _____ the reasons for protecting the marsh.

Answer: outline

2. Thirty is a _____ of both five and six.

Answer: multiple

3. The roots' main _____ is to absorb water and anchor the plant.

Answer: function

4. The club created a _____ before ordering supplies.

Answer: budget

5. The essay must _____ directly to the prompt's central question.

Answer: respond

Page 7: words 211–245

Vocabulary page 7
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
211	mood	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mood is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 분위기 2. 기분 3. 무드	Rain and empty streets establish a lonely mood.
212	efficiency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: efficiency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 효율 2. 능률	Lubrication increased the motor's efficiency.
213	inventory	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inventory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 재고(在庫) 2. 재고	The manager counted the inventory before ordering more paper.
214	immunity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	면역	Vaccination can help the body develop immunity.
215	radiation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 방사(放射) 2. 방사선 3. 방사	Solar radiation can travel through empty space.
216	molecule	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: molecule is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 분자(分子) 2. 분자	A water molecule contains hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
217	infer	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: infer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	미루다	From the wet paw prints, we infer that the dog entered through the kitchen.
218	government	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 정부 2. 통치 체제	The local government maintains roads and parks.
219	charge	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: charge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	요금	There is no charge for borrowing books from the library.
220	opinion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: opinion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 의견 2. 견해 3. 소견	In my opinion, the second ending is more exciting.
221	war	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: war is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 전쟁(戰爭) 2. 전쟁 3. 난리	The war displaced millions of civilians.
222	review	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: review is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 복습하다 2. 검토하다	Niko will review his notes before writing the summary.
223	civil	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: civil is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 시민의 2. 시민 사회의	The civil rights movement used courts, boycotts, and marches.
224	equation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	방정식	The equation eight plus four equals twelve is true.
225	recommend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: recommend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	권하다	The committee will recommend the safest location for the crossing.
226	institute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: institute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 도입하다 2. 제정하다	The school will institute a recycling policy next term.
227	transportation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 교통 2. 운송 3. 수송	Reliable transportation connects workers with jobs.
228	initiative	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: initiative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 진취력(進取力) 2. 진취성(進取性) 3. 이니셔티브	The garden initiative turned an empty lot into a source of food.
229	retain	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: retain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	유지하다	Dark soil can retain water longer than sand.
230	charity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 자선 2. 자선 단체	The charity supplies meals during emergencies.
231	mineral	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mineral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 광물 2. 미네랄	Quartz is a common mineral in Earth's crust.
232	participate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: participate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	참가하다	Every student may participate in the discussion by speaking or writing.
233	gene	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	유전자	A gene may influence the color of a flower.
234	renewable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	재생 가능	Sunlight is a renewable source of energy.
235	beneficial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: beneficial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 유익하다 2. 이롭다	Regular sleep is beneficial to memory and concentration.
236	skeleton	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: skeleton is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 골격 2. 뼈대	A whale's skeleton contains bones shaped like those in other mammals.
237	radical	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: radical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	급진파	The radical argued that reform was insufficient and demanded a new system.
238	illustrate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: illustrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	설명하다	The diagram will illustrate how water moves through the cycle.
239	assign	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assign is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 맡기다 2. 배정하다	The director will assign each actor a role in the play.
240	transform	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: transform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 변형시키다 2. 변형하다 3. 변해서	New lighting can transform the unused warehouse into a theater.
241	exploit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exploit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	뜯어먹다	Dishonest employers may exploit workers who lack legal protection.
242	theoretical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: theoretical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	이론적	The theoretical probability of rolling a six is one sixth.
243	productivity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	생산성	New equipment increased the factory's productivity without extending work hours.
244	pasture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pasture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 목장(牧場) 2. 목초지(牧草地) 3. 목장	The horses grazed peacefully in the pasture.
245	reservation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 원주민 보호구역 2. 보호구역	Federal policy forced many Native communities onto a reservation.

Page 7 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 7.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Rain and empty streets establish a lonely _____.

Answer: mood

2. There is no _____ for borrowing books from the library.

Answer: charge

3. The garden _____ turned an empty lot into a source of food.

Answer: initiative

4. The _____ argued that reform was insufficient and demanded a new system.

Answer: radical

5. Federal policy forced many Native communities onto a _____.

Answer: reservation

Page 8: words 246–280

Vocabulary page 8
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
246	amend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: amend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	개정하다	Lawmakers voted to amend the bill before the final vote.
247	digestion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 소화(消化) 2. 소화	Digestion begins when food is chewed.
248	infrared	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: infrared is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	적외선	A thermal camera detects infrared radiation from warm objects.
249	cohesion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 응집력 2. 응집	Pronouns and transitions give the paragraph cohesion.
250	restriction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 제한 2. 한정 3. 규제	A seasonal restriction protects nesting birds from disturbance.
251	court	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: court is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 법원(法院) 2. 재판소(裁判所) 3. 법정(法廷)	The court listened to witnesses before reaching a decision.
252	data	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: data is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 데이터 2. 자료	We recorded the rainfall data in a table.
253	annual	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: annual is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	매년의	Our town holds an annual lantern festival each spring.
254	party	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: party is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 정당 2. 당	The new party focused its campaign on housing reform.
255	attempt	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: attempt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	시도	Her second attempt at the puzzle was successful.
256	treatment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 치료(治療) 2. 주치 3. 치료	Rest was part of the recommended treatment.
257	term	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: term is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	항	The expression has three terms, and each term is separated by a plus sign.
258	negative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 부정적인 2. 좋지 않은	The critic gave a negative review of the confusing performance.
259	responsibility	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. 책임 2. 담당	Feeding the class fish is Hana's responsibility this week.
260	tradition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 전통(傳統) 2. 풍습 3. 전래	Baking moon-shaped cakes is a family tradition.
261	appeal	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: appeal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 매력 2. 흥미	The mystery's unexpected ending added to its appeal.
262	secure	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: secure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 단단히 묶다 2. 고정하다	Use strong rope to secure the canoe to the dock.
263	debate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: debate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 의논(議論) 2. 토론(討論) 3. 논의	The class held a debate about protecting the empty lot.
264	conflict	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conflict is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 분쟁(紛爭) 2. 충돌(衝突) 3. 갈등(葛藤)	The characters resolve their conflict by speaking honestly.
265	peace	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: peace is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 평화(平和) 2. 평화 3. 피스	The treaty created a fragile peace.
266	positive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 양의 2. 0보다 큰	A positive number appears to the right of zero on a number line.
267	occasionally	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. 가끔 2. 때로 3. 더러	Deer occasionally visit the meadow at dawn.
268	technical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: technical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 기술적인 2. 전문적인	The manual gives a technical explanation of the engine.
269	apparent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: apparent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	명백한	It became apparent that the missing key was still in the lock.
270	establish	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: establish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	세우다	Residents hope to establish a weekly farmers' market.
271	investment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 투자 2. 출자	The railway was a major public investment.
272	liquid	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: liquid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	액체	A liquid takes the shape of its container.
273	nuclear	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: nuclear is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	핵(核)	A nuclear reaction changes an atom's nucleus.
274	aggressive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 공격적-이다 2. 침략적-이다	The aggressive goose hissed and charged toward the fence.
275	exact	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exact is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	정확-한	The exact meaning of the term depends on its scientific context.
276	transition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 전환어 2. 연결 표현	The transition “in contrast” signals that the next idea will differ.
277	distribution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	분포	The distribution has two clusters and one distant outlier.
278	diverse	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: diverse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 다양한 2. 여러 종류의	A diverse forest contains plants of many sizes and species.
279	modest	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: modest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 겸손한 2. 겸손하다	The scientist gave a modest reply when praised for her discovery.
280	theme	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: theme is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 테마 2. 주제 3. 테마파크	The theme of responsibility develops through each character's choices.

Page 8 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 8.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Lawmakers voted to _____ the bill before the final vote.

Answer: amend

2. The new _____ focused its campaign on housing reform.

Answer: party

3. The class held a _____ about protecting the empty lot.

Answer: debate

4. A _____ takes the shape of its container.

Answer: liquid

5. The _____ of responsibility develops through each character's choices.

Answer: theme

Page 9: words 281–315

Vocabulary page 9
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
281	subsequent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: subsequent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 이후의 2. 뒤이은	Subsequent experiments confirmed the first result.
282	regulation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 규칙 2. 규정 3. 통제	The safety regulation requires workers to wear helmets.
283	devoted	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: devoted is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 헌신적인 2. 정성을 다하는	The devoted nurse checked on every patient.
284	reflection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	반사	The mirror formed an image through reflection.
285	demanding	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: demanding is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 힘든 2. 많은 노력이 필요한	Training for the long race was demanding.
286	temporary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: temporary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	일시적-이다	A temporary bridge will carry pedestrians during repairs.
287	diameter	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: diameter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 지름 2. 직경	The plate's diameter is twice its radius.
288	adjust	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: adjust is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	맞추다	Please adjust the microscope until the image is clear.
289	calculate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: calculate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	따지다	We calculate the total cost by adding the three prices.
290	evolution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 진화(進化) 2. 변천사 3. 진화	Fossils provide evidence of evolution over long periods.
291	bond	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bond is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	채권	The city issued a bond to finance a new water system.
292	habitat	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: habitat is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 서식지(棲息地) 2. 서식지 3. 서식	The marsh provides a habitat for frogs and herons.
293	monitor	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: monitor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 관찰하다 2. 지속적으로 점검하다	Sensors monitor the bridge for unusual movement.
294	frustration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 좌절 2. 좌절감	Repeated computer errors caused understandable frustration.
295	experimental	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: experimental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	실험적(實驗的)	Our experimental probability changed as we repeated the toss.
296	assumption	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 가설 2. 상정 3. 가정	The experiment tested our assumption that all seeds need direct sunlight.
297	confuse	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: confuse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	혼란시키다	Similar street names can confuse visitors.
298	publication	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 간행물 2. 출판물	The scientific publication requires every study to describe its methods.
299	vary	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	변하다	Daily temperatures vary more in the desert than near the ocean.
300	verdict	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: verdict is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 평결(評決) 2. 평결 3. 판결	After considering the evidence, the jury announced its verdict.
301	humidity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 습도(濕度) 2. 습도 3. 습기	High humidity made the warm day feel uncomfortable.
302	tension	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tension is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 긴장감 2. 긴장 3. 긴박	The locked door increases the tension as footsteps approach.
303	precision	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 정교 2. 정밀 3. 엄밀	Building the model requires precision because each piece must fit.
304	competitive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	경쟁력 있는	The company submitted a competitive bid for the project.
305	workforce	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: workforce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 노동력(勞動力) 2. 로동력(勞動力) 3. 노동력	The factory expanded its workforce when orders increased.
306	foster	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: foster is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	기르다	The exchange program aims to foster respect between the two communities.
307	mandatory	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mandatory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	의무적인	Safety goggles are mandatory in the laboratory.
308	resemble	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resemble is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 비슷하다 2. 닮다 3. 같다	The cloud seemed to resemble a sailing ship.
309	hypothesis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hypothesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	가설	Our hypothesis predicts that warmer water will dissolve sugar faster.
310	mathematical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mathematical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 수학적인 2. 수학의	The puzzle requires mathematical reasoning rather than guessing.
311	prototype	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prototype is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 프로토타입 2. 시제품 3. 원형	The engineers tested a cardboard prototype before using metal.
312	distinctive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	독특하다	The bird's distinctive call begins with three short notes.
313	sustainability	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	지속 가능성	The farm improved sustainability by rebuilding the soil.
314	lunar	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lunar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	달의	A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon.
315	simulation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 시뮬레이션 2. 모의	The computer simulation predicts how traffic may flow.

Page 9 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 9.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. _____ experiments confirmed the first result.

Answer: subsequent

2. We _____ the total cost by adding the three prices.

Answer: calculate

3. The scientific _____ requires every study to describe its methods.

Answer: publication

4. Safety goggles are _____ in the laboratory.

Answer: mandatory

5. The computer _____ predicts how traffic may flow.

Answer: simulation

Page 10: words 316–350

Vocabulary page 10
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
316	participation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 참가(參加) 2. 참여 3. 참가	Online access increased participation in the public hearing.
317	sensor	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sensor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 센서 2. 감지기	A light sensor turns the lamp on at dusk.
318	abolish	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: abolish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	없애다	The town voted to abolish the outdated parking rule.
319	compose	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 작곡하다 2. 짓다	Jada will compose a short melody for the school play.
320	genetics	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: genetics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	유전학	Genetics can help explain why related plants share certain features.
321	significance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 의미(意味) 2. 의미 3. 의의	The essay explains the significance of the broken watch in the final scene.
322	wellness	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	1. 웰니스 2. 건강한 상태	Regular movement and sufficient sleep support overall wellness.
323	recycle	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: recycle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	재활용하다	The factory can recycle old glass into new bottles.
324	inspection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 검사 2. 검정 3. 점검	A bridge inspection found corrosion beneath the road surface.
325	ethnicity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 민족성 2. 민족적 배경	The census asks about ethnicity separately from citizenship.
326	gravitational	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gravitational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	중력의	The moon's gravitational pull contributes to ocean tides.
327	turbine	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: turbine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	터빈	Steam spins the turbine inside the power plant.
328	align	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: align is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	맞추다	The revised budget must align with the council's stated priorities.
329	courteous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	예의 바른	The courteous visitor waited until the speaker finished.
330	proximity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 근접 2. 인접 3. 니어	The garden's proximity to the river makes flooding possible.
331	digestive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 소화의 2. 소화와 관련된	The digestive system begins processing food in the mouth.
332	pivotal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pivotal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 중추적인 2. 결정적인	The witness's photograph played a pivotal role in the investigation.
333	neutron	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: neutron is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 중성자(中性子) 2. 중성자	A neutron adds mass to an atom without adding electric charge.
334	propel	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: propel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	추진하다	Expelled air can propel the balloon across the room.
335	interrogate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: interrogate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 비판적으로 검토하다 2. 면밀히 따져 보다	Critical readers interrogate the article's assumptions and missing evidence.
336	excavate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: excavate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	파다	Archaeologists excavate the site with small tools and brushes.
337	property	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: property is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 재산(財産) 2. 자산(資産) 3. 소유물(所有物)	The bicycle is my property, so I keep it locked.
338	trade	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trade is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 교환(交換) 2. 트레이드 3. 무역	River routes allowed trade between distant communities.
339	lack	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lack is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 부족 2. 결핍 3. 결여	A lack of rain caused the pond to shrink.
340	agreement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 약정 2. 계약 3. 동의	The neighbors reached an agreement to share the garden.
341	record	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: record is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 기록 2. 기록 자료	The ship's log provides a record of the entire voyage.
342	basis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: basis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 기초 2. 바탕 3. 근거	Fairness was the basis of the new playground rule.
343	society	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: society is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	사회	Trade shaped the society that developed around the harbor.
344	independent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: independent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 독립적인 2. 자립적인	The independent researcher planned and completed her own investigation.
345	style	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: style is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 문체 2. 스타일	The author's style combines short dialogue with vivid description.
346	trial	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	시련	Surviving three nights in the storm was a severe trial.
347	appropriate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: appropriate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 적절하다 2. 적당하다 3. 알맞다	Warm boots are appropriate for a snowy hike.
348	concern	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: concern is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 걱정 2. 염려 3. 우려	Water safety is a serious concern during the storm.
349	numerous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. 많다 2. 수두룩하다 3. 숱하다	Numerous footprints crossed the muddy bank.
350	campaign	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: campaign is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 캠페인 2. 운동	The recycling campaign reduced waste at the stadium.

Page 10 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 10.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Online access increased _____ in the public hearing.

Answer: participation

2. A bridge _____ found corrosion beneath the road surface.

Answer: inspection

3. A _____ adds mass to an atom without adding electric charge.

Answer: neutron

4. Fairness was the _____ of the new playground rule.

Answer: basis

5. The recycling _____ reduced waste at the stadium.

Answer: campaign

Page 11: words 351–385

Vocabulary page 11
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
351	creative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	창조적인	The creative engineer built a lamp from reused materials.
352	private	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: private is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 사적(私的) 2. 사유(私有) 3. 개인 소유	The farm is private property, although a public path crosses it.
353	influence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 영향력 2. 영향	The coach's encouragement had a positive influence on the team.
354	impossible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	불가능하다	It is impossible to roll a seven on a standard six-sided number cube.
355	afford	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: afford is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	여유-가 있다	We can afford the tickets after saving for two months.
356	volume	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: volume is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 부피 2. 체적	We found the box's volume by multiplying its length, width, and height.
357	severe	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: severe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 심하다 2. 모질다 3. 혹독	A severe thunderstorm closed the hiking trail.
358	ordered	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ordered is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 순서가 정해진 2. 정렬된	An ordered pair lists the horizontal coordinate first.
359	solid	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: solid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 고체(固體) 2. 솔리드 3. 고체	Ice is the solid form of water.
360	attractive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 매력적인 2. 보기 좋은	Bright tiles make the old fountain more attractive.
361	outstanding	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: outstanding is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 빼어나다 2. 뛰어나다 3. 잘나다	Mira received an award for her outstanding research project.
362	code	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: code is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 코드 2. 프로그램 코드	The code tells the sensor when to activate the alarm.
363	stable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 안정적인 2. 튼튼한	The ladder felt stable on the level ground.
364	internal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: internal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	내부	The mechanic inspected the engine's internal parts.
365	district	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: district is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 구역 2. 선거구	Each district elects one council member.
366	determined	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: determined is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	단호한	The determined runner continued through the heavy rain.
367	minor	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: minor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 경미 2. 사소하다	A minor scratch did not affect how the machine worked.
368	potential	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: potential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 가능성(可能性) 2. 잠재력(潛在力) 3. 잠재	The raised book has gravitational potential because it can fall.
369	goods	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: goods is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 상품(商品) 2. 물품(物品) 3. 물건(物件)	The train carried goods from inland factories to the port.
370	motion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: motion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 모션 2. 움직임	The camera recorded the cart's motion down the ramp.
371	category	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: category is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 부문(部門) 2. 분류(分類) 3. 종별(種別)	Place each rock in a category based on how it formed.
372	routine	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: routine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 일과 2. 일상적인 절차	Packing my bag at night is part of my morning routine.
373	revolution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 혁명(革命) 2. 혁명 3. 레볼루션	The revolution ended the monarch's rule.
374	extraordinary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: extraordinary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 남다르다 2. 비범	The telescope revealed an extraordinary view of Saturn.
375	relief	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: relief is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 안도 2. 안도감 3. 다행	We felt relief when the lost hikers returned safely.
376	expression	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 수식 2. 식	The expression six plus four has a value of ten.
377	reference	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 레퍼런스 2. 참고 3. 언급	The atlas is a useful reference when studying regional geography.
378	instant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: instant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 순간 2. 찰 3. 찰나	For an instant, lightning brightened the whole field.
379	ease	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ease is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 완화하다 2. 덜어주다	A cool cloth can ease the sting of a minor burn.
380	analysis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: analysis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 분석 2. 해석 3. 분해	Her analysis explains how the poem's repeated image develops its theme.
381	capacity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 생산력(生産力) 2. 용량 3. 용적	The theater has a seating capacity of eight hundred.
382	praise	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: praise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	칭찬하다	Teachers praise effort as well as success.
383	visual	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: visual is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	시각적	A visual chart made the instructions easier to follow.
384	settlement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 정착지 2. 취락	The settlement grew beside a reliable water source.
385	percentage	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: percentage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 퍼센트 2. 백분율	The percentage of blue marbles is sixty because sixty out of every hundred are blue.

Page 11 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 11.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The _____ engineer built a lamp from reused materials.

Answer: creative

2. Ice is the _____ form of water.

Answer: solid

3. The raised book has gravitational _____ because it can fall.

Answer: potential

4. The atlas is a useful _____ when studying regional geography.

Answer: reference

5. The _____ of blue marbles is sixty because sixty out of every hundred are blue.

Answer: percentage

Page 12: words 386–420

Vocabulary page 12
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
386	status	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: status is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 상태 2. 현황	The tracking page shows the delivery status of each package.
387	contrast	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: contrast is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 대조하다 2. 차이점을 비교하다	The essay will contrast life in a village with life in a large city.
388	atmosphere	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: atmosphere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 대기 2. 대기권	Earth's atmosphere contains the oxygen people breathe.
389	square	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: square is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	정사각형	The square has both rectangle and rhombus properties.
390	muscle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: muscle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	근육	The heart is a powerful muscle.
391	confident	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: confident is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	확신하다	After rehearsing, Amir felt confident about giving his speech.
392	gradually	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. 서서히 2. 슬슬 3. 점점	The sky gradually brightened before sunrise.
393	bitter	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bitter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 쓰다 2. 씁쓸	The raw cocoa tasted bitter without sugar.
394	decline	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: decline is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 기울다 2. 꺾이다	The frog population may decline if the pond dries up.
395	generous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. 관대한 2. 후한	A generous neighbor donated books to the new library.
396	bronze	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bronze is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	청동	The museum displayed a small statue made of bronze.
397	resolution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 해결 2. 결말	In the resolution, the neighbors rebuild the damaged garden together.
398	citizen	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: citizen is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 국민(國民) 2. 국인 3. 시민	Every citizen may contact elected representatives.
399	proceed	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: proceed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 계속 나아가다 2. 진행하다	When the light turns green, cyclists may proceed across the bridge.
400	setting	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: setting is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 배경(背景) 2. 설정(設定) 3. 세팅	The isolated lighthouse provides a tense setting for the mystery.
401	housing	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: housing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 주택 2. 주거	Rising rents created a shortage of affordable housing.
402	agriculture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: agriculture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 농업(農業) 2. 농사(農事) 3. 농업	Agriculture provides food and materials for communities.
403	expand	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: expand is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 확장하다 2. 늘리다	The writer will expand the final paragraph with another example.
404	degree	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: degree is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 차 2. 차수 3. 정도	The polynomial 2x⁴ – x has degree four.
405	stock	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stock is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 주식(株式) 2. 스톡 3. 주식	Buying one stock gives an investor a small ownership stake in the company.
406	flexible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	유연한	The flexible branch bent beneath the snow.
407	transfer	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: transfer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 옮기다 2. 전송하다	The cable can transfer the photographs to a computer.
408	recover	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: recover is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 회복하다 2. 나아지다	The injured bird may recover after several weeks of care.
409	invisible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. 보이지 않는 2. 볼 수 없는	Air is invisible, but we can feel it moving.
410	agency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: agency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 정부 기관 2. 기관	The environmental agency monitors air pollution.
411	overcome	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: overcome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 이겨내다 2. 이기다 3. 뛰어넘다	With practice, Jayla began to overcome her fear of speaking.
412	subway	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: subway is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 지하철(地下鐵) 2. 전철(電鐵) 3. 도시철도(都市鐵道)	We took the subway beneath the crowded streets.
413	shallow	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: shallow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 얕은 2. 얕다	Tiny fish gathered in the shallow water near the shore.
414	obvious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. 뻔하다 2. 빤하다 3. 명확하다	The missing wheel was the most obvious problem.
415	expense	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: expense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 비용 2. 소요 3. 사비	Rent was the family's largest monthly expense.
416	eager	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: eager is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	열렬한	The eager campers unpacked their tents quickly.
417	identical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: identical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 동일한 2. 똑같은	The two keys looked identical, but only one opened the door.
418	random	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: random is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 무작위의 2. 임의의	A random sample reduces the influence of personal choice.
419	plot	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: plot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 플롯 2. 구성(構成) 3. 스토리	The plot changes direction when the missing map is discovered.
420	pace	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pace is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 페이스 2. 진도 3. 발걸음	Short sentences quicken the pace of the chase scene.

Page 12 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 12.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The tracking page shows the delivery _____ of each package.

Answer: status

2. The frog population may _____ if the pond dries up.

Answer: decline

3. The writer will _____ the final paragraph with another example.

Answer: expand

4. We took the _____ beneath the crowded streets.

Answer: subway

5. Short sentences quicken the _____ of the chase scene.

Answer: pace

Page 13: words 421–455

Vocabulary page 13
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
421	memorable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	기억에 남는	Our visit to the volcano was a memorable experience.
422	constant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: constant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 통제 변인 2. 일정하게 유지하는 요인	Water volume was a constant in every trial.
423	organ	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: organ is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	기관	The heart is an organ that pumps blood.
424	encouraging	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: encouraging is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	격려하는	The coach's encouraging words helped the team recover.
425	audience	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 대상 독자 2. 청중	The writer defines technical terms because the audience includes beginners.
426	solar	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: solar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 태양-의 2. 해-의	A solar cooker concentrates sunlight to heat food.
427	composition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 구도 2. 글쓰기 3. 작문	The photograph's composition draws attention to the child in the doorway.
428	combine	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: combine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 조합하다 2. 결합하다 3. 합치다	We combine flour and water to make the dough.
429	innovation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 이노베이션 2. 혁신	The lightweight battery was an important innovation.
430	database	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: database is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 데이터베이스 2. 자료 저장소	The library database lets readers find books by subject.
431	proportion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 비율 2. 비례 3. 률	We used a proportion to find the missing map distance.
432	alternate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: alternate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 번갈아 하다 2. 교대로 하다	We alternate between reading silently and discussing the chapter.
433	conclude	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conclude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	결론을 내리다	From the muddy tracks, we conclude that a deer crossed the path.
434	approve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: approve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 승인하다 2. 찬성하다	The committee must approve the plan before construction begins.
435	immense	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: immense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 거대한 2. 어마어마한	An immense iceberg floated beyond the ship.
436	platform	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: platform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 정강 2. 정책 강령	The candidate's platform includes proposals on housing and transportation.
437	mechanism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 메커니즘 2. 기전 3. 기제	A spring mechanism closes the door automatically.
438	earnings	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: earnings is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 수익 2. 벌이	She saved part of her weekly earnings for a new laptop.
439	concentration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	농도	Evaporation increased the salt concentration in the remaining water.
440	consequence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 결과 2. 소치	One consequence of the drought was a smaller wheat harvest.
441	adventure	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: adventure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 모험 2. 어드벤처	The adventure follows two friends across an unmapped island.
442	mutual	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mutual is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	서로의	The teams treated one another with mutual respect.
443	elaborate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: elaborate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	정교한	The parade featured an elaborate float covered with paper flowers.
444	mystery	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mystery is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 미스터리 2. 미스테리 3. 신비	The mystery provides enough clues for careful readers to identify the thief.
445	supportive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	지지하는	Her supportive teammates cheered after every attempt.
446	median	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: median is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	중앙값	The median of three, five, and nine is five.
447	embarrassed	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: embarrassed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	부끄럽다	Kai felt embarrassed after calling the teacher by the wrong name.
448	detect	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: detect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 탐지하다 2. 발견하다	The alarm can detect smoke before flames appear.
449	fiction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fiction is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 픽션 2. 소설 3. 허구	The fiction blends an invented family with an accurately researched setting.
450	tasty	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tasty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 맛있다 2. 맛나다	Fresh herbs made the soup tasty.
451	disclose	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: disclose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 밝히다 2. 폭로하다	The label must disclose every ingredient in the snack.
452	analyze	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: analyze is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	분석하다	Scientists analyze the water to learn whether it is clean.
453	unity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: unity is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 통일 2. 단결 3. 단합	Repeated images of water give the poem unity.
454	metallic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metallic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	금속성	The beetle's wings had a metallic green shine.
455	institution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 기관 2. 제도	A court is an institution that applies and interprets law.

Page 13 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 13.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Our visit to the volcano was a _____ experience.

Answer: memorable

2. The lightweight battery was an important _____.

Answer: innovation

3. She saved part of her weekly _____ for a new laptop.

Answer: earnings

4. Kai felt _____ after calling the teacher by the wrong name.

Answer: embarrassed

5. A court is an _____ that applies and interprets law.

Answer: institution

Page 14: words 456–490

Vocabulary page 14
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
456	continuous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	마디 없는	The machine produced a continuous hum all night.
457	advancement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 진보 2. 진행 3. 향상	The new vaccine was an important medical advancement.
458	crystal	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: crystal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 액정 2. 크리스탈 3. 크리스털	Each salt crystal has a regular cubic shape.
459	vacant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vacant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 빈 2. 비어 있는	The vacant nest remained in the tree after the birds left.
460	fossil	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fossil is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 화석(化石) 2. 화석	The rock contained a fossil of a small shell.
461	acknowledge	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: acknowledge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 승인하다 2. 인정하다	The report should acknowledge evidence that challenges its conclusion.
462	portable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	가지고 다닐 수 있는	We used a portable stove to cook at the campsite.
463	input	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: input is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 입력 2. 입력값	The microphone converts sound input into an electrical signal.
464	principle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: principle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 원리(原理) 2. 원칙 3. 원리	Fairness is the principle behind giving each speaker equal time.
465	translate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: translate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 번역하다 2. 옮기다	Students will translate the short message from French into English.
466	diversity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	다양성	Linguistic diversity reflects the region's migration history.
467	harmony	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: harmony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 조화(調和) 2. 하모니 3. 조화	The choir added harmony beneath the main melody.
468	emerge	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: emerge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 나오다 2. 떠오르다 3. 나타나다	A butterfly will emerge from the chrysalis.
469	rotation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 회전 2. 자전	Earth's rotation causes day and night.
470	obligation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 의무 2. 책무 3. 도리	Owning a pet creates an obligation to provide food and care.
471	depart	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: depart is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 출발하다 2. 떠나다	The ferry will depart at nine o'clock.
472	static	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: static is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 변화하지 않는 2. 정적인	The stubborn mayor is a static character who ignores every warning.
473	favorable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	유리한	Favorable winds carried the sailboat toward the harbor.
474	toxic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: toxic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 유독한 2. 독성의	The label warns that the liquid is toxic if swallowed.
475	accuracy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: accuracy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	정확도	Calibration improved the thermometer's accuracy.
476	estimated	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: estimated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	추정된	The estimated repair cost may change after workers open the wall.
477	interpretation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 해설 2. 풀이 3. 통역	Her interpretation of the ending depends on the final image of the open gate.
478	dimension	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 치수 2. 크기	Measure each dimension of the box before designing its cover.
479	coordinate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: coordinate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	좌표(座標)	The first coordinate tells how far to move horizontally.
480	combination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 조합 2. 결합 3. 콤비	Choosing three committee members from ten is a combination.
481	magnitude	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: magnitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	크기	The magnitude of the earthquake was recorded by several stations.
482	civic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: civic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 시민의 2. 시민 생활과 관련된	Voting is one form of civic participation.
483	decisive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 결단력 있는 2. 단호한	The decisive captain changed course before the storm arrived.
484	reproduction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 번식 2. 생식	Flowering plants use seeds for reproduction.
485	admiration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 감탄 2. 선망 3. 흠모	We watched the skilled musician with admiration.
486	ecosystem	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ecosystem is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 생태계(生態系) 2. 생태계 3. 생태	Removing one species can affect the entire ecosystem.
487	resolve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resolve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	해결하다	A neutral mediator helped the neighbors resolve the boundary dispute.
488	expansion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 증설 2. 증대 3. 늘어남	Railway expansion connected inland farms with coastal ports.
489	precise	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: precise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	정확-한	A precise description allowed the technician to locate the fault quickly.
490	thrive	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thrive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	번창하다	Tomato plants thrive in warm sunlight.

Page 14 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 14.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The machine produced a _____ hum all night.

Answer: continuous

2. Fairness is the _____ behind giving each speaker equal time.

Answer: principle

3. _____ winds carried the sailboat toward the harbor.

Answer: favorable

4. Voting is one form of _____ participation.

Answer: civic

5. Tomato plants _____ in warm sunlight.

Answer: thrive

Page 15: words 491–525

Vocabulary page 15
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
491	tidy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tidy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	깔끔하다	Kai kept his tools tidy on the workbench.
492	component	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: component is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 부분(部分) 2. 부품 3. 컴포넌트	The battery is a crucial component of the emergency radio.
493	empathy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: empathy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 공감능력 2. 공감 3. 감응	Reading the refugee's diary helped students develop empathy.
494	descend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: descend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 내리다 2. 내려오다 3. 내려가다	Dark clouds descend over the valley before the rain.
495	auditorium	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: auditorium is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 강당 2. 객석	Families filled the auditorium for the school concert.
496	confidential	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: confidential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 기밀의 2. 비밀로 취급되는	Medical records contain confidential information.
497	irrigation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 관개 2. 관개 시설	Drip irrigation carries water directly to plant roots.
498	variation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 변이 2. 차이	Color variation helps some beetles blend into different backgrounds.
499	merchant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: merchant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	상인	The merchant carried spices between coastal ports.
500	administrative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	행정	The principal assigned the scheduling issue to administrative staff.
501	measurement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 측정값 2. 측정	Record each measurement to the nearest millimeter.
502	alter	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: alter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 변경하다 2. 바꾸다 3. 개조하다	The director will alter the ending to fit the shorter performance.
503	criticize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. 꼬집다 2. 까	A helpful reviewer can criticize the argument without insulting the writer.
504	methodology	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. 방법론(方法論) 2. 방법론	The report explains its methodology so other researchers can repeat the work.
505	motivate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: motivate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	…에 동기를 주다	A clear goal can motivate a team to keep practicing.
506	cylinder	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cylinder is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 원기둥 2. 실린더 3. 원통(圓筒)(圓筩)	The can is approximately a cylinder.
507	courageous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	용기 있는	The courageous witness told the truth despite feeling afraid.
508	classification	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 분류(分類) 2. 구분 3. 분류	The classification of rocks depends on how they formed.
509	geography	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: geography is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 지리학(地理學) 2. 지리 3. 지리학	Geography explains how rivers shaped the settlement pattern.
510	dictate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dictate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 받아쓰게 불러주다 2. 구술하다	The reporter will dictate notes to an assistant by phone.
511	attribute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: attribute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ~의 원인으로 돌리다 2. ~의 탓으로 보다	Researchers attribute the decline in fish to warmer water.
512	infinite	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: infinite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	무한	A mathematical line extends an infinite distance in both directions.
513	reconstruction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 재건 2. 복구	Postwar reconstruction restored roads and created new institutions.
514	ion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	이온	A sodium atom becomes a positive ion after losing an electron.
515	compensation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 보상 2. 배상금 3. 배상	Residents received compensation for property damaged by the construction.
516	stability	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 안정 2. 안정감	A wide base improves the tower's stability.
517	sphere	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sphere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 구 2. 구체	A basketball approximates a sphere.
518	emission	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 배기 2. 방사 3. 배출	The factory installed filters to reduce each harmful emission.
519	emphasize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	강조(强調)하다	Bold type can emphasize the report's main finding.
520	cite	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	따오다	Writers cite the article after using its data.
521	extinct	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: extinct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 멸종된 2. 멸종한	The dodo has been extinct for centuries.
522	terminate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: terminate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	끝내다	The agreement allows either side to terminate the contract.
523	persuade	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: persuade is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	설득하다	Strong evidence may persuade the board to restore the bus route.
524	informative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	유익한	The museum guide was concise and informative.
525	probable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. 가능성이 높은 2. 개연성 있는	Heavy clouds make rain probable this afternoon.

Page 15 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 15.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Kai kept his tools _____ on the workbench.

Answer: tidy

2. The _____ carried spices between coastal ports.

Answer: merchant

3. The _____ of rocks depends on how they formed.

Answer: classification

4. A basketball approximates a _____.

Answer: sphere

5. Heavy clouds make rain _____ this afternoon.

Answer: probable

Page 16: words 526–560

Vocabulary page 16
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
526	modify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: modify is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	수정하다	Engineers will modify the design so the ramp is less steep.
527	perception	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 인식 2. 색감	Lighting can change the perception of a room's size.
528	accessible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. 접근 가능한 2. 이용하기 쉬운	The museum provides an accessible entrance and captions for its videos.
529	specify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	지정하다	The directions specify which measurements belong in the final table.
530	exert	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 끼치다 2. 힘쓰다	Climbers must exert extra force on the steep slope.
531	ecology	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ecology is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	생태학	Ecology examines how water quality affects an entire food web.
532	excerpt	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: excerpt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 발췌 2. 초록	We read an excerpt from the explorer's journal.
533	derive	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: derive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	파생하다	Many English words derive from Latin and Greek roots.
534	burrow	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: burrow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 굴 2. 소굴 3. 땅굴	The rabbit disappeared into its burrow beneath the hedge.
535	reinforce	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reinforce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	보강-하다	Steel beams reinforce the old building during earthquakes.
536	accumulate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: accumulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 쌓이다 2. 쌓다	Dust can accumulate on a shelf that is rarely cleaned.
537	interactive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	인터랙티브	The interactive map displays new information when a region is selected.
538	effectiveness	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	유효	The trial measures the effectiveness of the new filtration method.
539	simulate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: simulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 모의실험하다 2. 모사하다	The computer model can simulate the movement of a hurricane.
540	isolation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 격리(隔離) 2. 고립(孤立) 3. 분리(分離)	Geographic isolation allowed the island species to develop independently.
541	minimize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	최소화(最小化)하다	Protective covers minimize damage from dust and sunlight.
542	exaggerate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exaggerate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 과대시-하다 2. 과장-하다	Do not exaggerate the size of the fish you caught.
543	compile	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	엮다	Students compile their field notes into a shared report.
544	adversity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	역경	The neighbors supported one another through adversity.
545	characteristic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: characteristic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ~의 특징인 2. 특유의	Dark volcanic soil is characteristic of the island.
546	complementary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: complementary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 서로 여각을 이루는 2. 여각의	Angles of thirty and sixty degrees are complementary.
547	ingenious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	기발	Her ingenious trap caught rainwater without harming wildlife.
548	analytical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: analytical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	분석적	An analytical reader compares the author's claim with the supporting data.
549	thematic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thematic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 주제와 관련된 2. 주제적인	The novel's thematic focus on belonging connects its different episodes.
550	optimize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	최적화하다	The team will optimize the blade angle to capture more wind.
551	condensation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 응결 2. 응축	Condensation formed droplets on the cold glass.
552	saturated	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: saturated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 포화된 2. 포화 상태의	No more sugar dissolved once the solution became saturated.
553	imaginative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	상상력이 풍부한	The imaginative solution reused rainwater to cool the roof.
554	conscientious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	성실한	The conscientious volunteer checked every name on the list.
555	formulate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: formulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 수립하다 2. 체계적으로 만들다	The council will formulate a plan after reviewing the evidence.
556	photosynthesis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: photosynthesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 광합성(光合成) 2. 광합성	During photosynthesis, leaves release oxygen.
557	exclude	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exclude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	들어오지 못하게 하다	A study should not exclude relevant evidence merely because it challenges the hypothesis.
558	collaborative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	협력적인	The collaborative project combines local knowledge with satellite data.
559	embryo	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: embryo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	배아	The plant embryo is protected inside the seed.
560	tribune	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tribune is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 호민관(護民官) 2. 트리부누스 3. 트리뷴	The tribune could veto certain actions that threatened plebeians.

Page 16 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 16.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Engineers will _____ the design so the ramp is less steep.

Answer: modify

2. The rabbit disappeared into its _____ beneath the hedge.

Answer: burrow

3. Students _____ their field notes into a shared report.

Answer: compile

4. No more sugar dissolved once the solution became _____.

Answer: saturated

5. The _____ could veto certain actions that threatened plebeians.

Answer: tribune

Page 17: words 561–595

Vocabulary page 17
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
561	complication	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	합병증	A sudden flood creates a complication in the travelers' plan.
562	cordial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cordial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 다정한 2. 우호적인	Despite their disagreement, the candidates remained cordial.
563	artisan	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: artisan is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 장인 2. 수공예가	The artisan shaped clay into durable storage jars.
564	terminating	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: terminating is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 유한의 2. 끝나는	One eighth has the terminating decimal 0.125.
565	embark	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: embark is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 착수하다 2. 시작하다	The researchers embark on a five-year study of coastal erosion.
566	glossary	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: glossary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	용어집(用語集)	The glossary defines unfamiliar words used in the ecology chapter.
567	fascinate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fascinate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	호리다	Deep-sea creatures fascinate scientists and students alike.
568	correspond	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: correspond is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 일치하다 2. 부합하다	Each colored line should correspond to one category in the key.
569	cartography	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	지도학(地圖學)	Modern cartography uses satellite images to show changing coastlines.
570	relational	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: relational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	관계형	The database uses relational links between customers and orders.
571	microorganism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 미생물(微生物) 2. 미생물	Some kinds of microorganism help produce yogurt.
572	saturate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: saturate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 포화시키다 2. 흠뻑 적시다	Continued rain will saturate the soil.
573	annotate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: annotate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	주석을 달다	Readers annotate the article by marking claims and unfamiliar terms.
574	synchronize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	동기화	The technicians synchronize the clocks before collecting measurements.
575	election	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	선거	The student council election will take place on Friday.
576	western	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: western is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	서쪽의	Dark clouds gathered over the western hills.
577	certainly	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. 확실히 2. 꼭 3. 반드시	The fresh tracks certainly belong to a large animal.
578	tax	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tax is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 세금(稅金) 2. 세(稅) 3. 조세(租稅)	The sales tax helps fund local services.
579	federal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: federal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 연방의 2. 연방 정부의	Federal law applies throughout the country.
580	economic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: economic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	경제-의	The new harbor created economic opportunities.
581	channel	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: channel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 수로 2. 물길	The storm cut a new channel through the sand.
582	firm	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: firm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	단단한	Press the seed into the firm soil.
583	eastern	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: eastern is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	동(東)쪽-의	Morning sunlight warmed the eastern side of the house.
584	justice	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: justice is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 정의(正義) 2. 공정(公正) 3. 공평(公平)	The court seeks justice by examining evidence carefully.
585	income	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: income is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 소득 2. 수입	Part of her summer income went into savings.
586	majority	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 다수(多數) 2. 과반수(過半數) 3. 과반	A majority of the class voted for the outdoor activity.
587	quarter	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: quarter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 4분-의 1 2. 사분-의 일 3. 쿼터	Nina ate one quarter of the orange.
588	initial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: initial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 초기의 2. 처음의	Our initial plan changed after we saw the weather forecast.
589	congress	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: congress is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	의회(議會)	Congress considered a bill about national parks.
590	mass	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mass is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	질량	The balance measures the rock's mass in grams.
591	executive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 행정부의 2. 집행을 담당하는	The executive branch enforces federal laws.
592	economy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: economy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	경제	Tourism supports the island's economy.
593	prime	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prime is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 소수인 2. 소수(素數)에 해당하는	Seven is a prime number because only one and seven divide it evenly.
594	capable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: capable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	유능하다	Nora is capable of repairing the bicycle herself.
595	threat	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: threat is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 위협 2. 위험	Polluted water is a threat to the frogs in the marsh.

Page 17 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 17.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A sudden flood creates a _____ in the travelers' plan.

Answer: complication

2. Modern _____ uses satellite images to show changing coastlines.

Answer: cartography

3. The sales _____ helps fund local services.

Answer: tax

4. Nina ate one _____ of the orange.

Answer: quarter

5. Polluted water is a _____ to the frogs in the marsh.

Answer: threat

Page 18: words 596–630

Vocabulary page 18
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
596	extreme	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: extreme is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 극단적 2. 심하다 3. 지극	Extreme heat can make outdoor exercise unsafe.
597	typical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: typical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	전형적(典型的)	Four equal sides are typical of a square.
598	represent	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: represent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 대표하다 2. 나타내다	On the map, blue lines represent rivers.
599	labor	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: labor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 노동 2. 근로	Building the stone wall required many hours of labor.
600	accurate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: accurate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	정확-한	The accurate map showed every turn on the trail.
601	manner	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: manner is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 방식 2. 방법	Tariq spoke in a calm manner during the debate.
602	absolute	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: absolute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 절대적인 2. 완전한	The referee asked for absolute silence before the final shot.
603	portion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: portion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 몫 2. 일부 3. 일부분	Only a small portion of the moon was visible.
604	regional	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: regional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 지역의 2. 권역의	The regional train connects several nearby cities.
605	character	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: character is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 등장인물(登場人物) 2. 캐릭터 3. 인물	The youngest character notices the clue that every adult missed.
606	duty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: duty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 의무 2. 책무	Serving on a jury can be a citizen's duty.
607	profit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: profit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 이윤 2. 이익 3. 수익	The bakery used its profit to buy a larger oven.
608	route	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: route is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 경로 2. 진로 3. 활로	The map shows the safest route across the mountains.
609	healthcare	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: healthcare is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	의료	The clinic provides healthcare to families in remote villages.
610	innocent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: innocent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 무죄인 2. 결백한	The video proved that the accused driver was innocent.
611	fault	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fault is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	단층	Pressure built along the fault before the earthquake.
612	context	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: context is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 문맥 2. 맥락	The context shows that “bank” refers to the side of a river.
613	solo	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: solo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 솔로 2. 독주 3. 독창	Mina practiced her violin solo for the concert.
614	guilty	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: guilty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	유죄의	The guilty child admitted breaking the vase.
615	familiar	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: familiar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 낯익다 2. 익숙하다	The familiar song reminded him of summer camp.
616	territory	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: territory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 영토(領土) 2. 령토(領土) 3. 국토	The map shows the territory governed by the northern kingdom.
617	republic	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: republic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 리퍼블릭 2. 공화국 3. 공화	The constitution established the nation as a republic.
618	disaster	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: disaster is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 재난 2. 대참사	Emergency teams brought food after the flood disaster.
619	compete	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compete is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 겨루다 2. 다투다	Six teams compete in the solar-car challenge.
620	independence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	독립	The nation declared independence after years of conflict.
621	rapid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rapid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	빠르다	Rapid snowmelt raised the river level.
622	scene	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: scene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 씬 2. 감초 3. 장면	The courtroom scene brings the two opposing witnesses together.
623	software	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: software is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 소프트웨어 2. 무른모 3. 소프트	The designer updated the software to fix a security problem.
624	merely	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. 한낱 2. 그저 3. 단지	The shadow was merely a branch moving in the wind.
625	perspective	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: perspective is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 시점 2. 관점 3. 견해	The diary presents the voyage from a young sailor's perspective.
626	constitution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	헌법	The constitution describes the powers of each branch.
627	precious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. 값지다 2. 진귀 3. 소중하다	The old photograph is precious to our family.
628	commit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: commit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 전념하다 2. 약속하다	Our team will commit time each week to cleaning the beach.
629	column	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: column is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 열 2. 세로줄	Write each answer in the correct column of the chart.
630	alert	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: alert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 기민하다 2. 경계하다	The alert lifeguard noticed the struggling swimmer at once.

Page 18 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 18.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. _____ heat can make outdoor exercise unsafe.

Answer: extreme

2. The _____ train connects several nearby cities.

Answer: regional

3. Mina practiced her violin _____ for the concert.

Answer: solo

4. The courtroom _____ brings the two opposing witnesses together.

Answer: scene

5. The _____ lifeguard noticed the struggling swimmer at once.

Answer: alert

Page 19: words 631–665

Vocabulary page 19
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
631	underground	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: underground is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 지하의 2. 땅속의	The mole dug an underground tunnel.
632	democracy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -cracy relates to rule or a system of government.	1. 민주주의(民主主義) 2. 데모크라시 3. 민주(民主)	In a democracy, citizens vote in elections.
633	relation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 관계(關係) 2. 관련 3. 련관	The graph shows the relation between rainfall and plant growth.
634	equivalent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: equivalent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 동등하다 2. 대등	Two quarters are equivalent to one half.
635	involvement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 참여 2. 관여	Parent involvement helped the community garden succeed.
636	succeed	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: succeed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	성공하다	With patience and practice, the team can succeed.
637	awkward	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: awkward is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 서투르다 2. 어색하다 3. 어설프다	The long package was awkward to carry through the doorway.
638	union	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: union is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 연방 2. 미합중국	Leaders debated how to preserve the union.
639	mature	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mature is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	숙성되다	Green tomatoes mature more quickly in warm sunlight.
640	loss	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loss is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 손실 2. 적자 3. 손해	The shop reported a loss after repairs cost more than monthly sales.
641	circuit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: circuit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	회로	The bulb lights when the circuit is closed.
642	frequent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: frequent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 빈번한 2. 잦다	Frequent rain keeps the forest floor damp.
643	moral	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: moral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 교훈(敎訓) 2. 교훈 3. 훈계	The fable's moral warns readers not to be greedy.
644	venture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: venture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 벤처 2. 벤처 사업	Opening a weekend craft stall was a new venture for Maya.
645	considerable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	많은	Repairing the roof required considerable time and effort.
646	wage	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: wage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 임금(賃金) 2. 급료(給料) 3. 봉급(俸給)	The farm pays each worker an hourly wage.
647	producer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: producer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	생산자	Grass is a producer that uses sunlight to make food.
648	noble	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: noble is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 고귀한 2. 고결한	Returning the lost wallet was a noble act.
649	electricity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 전기 2. 전력	The wind turbine generates electricity.
650	permit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: permit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	허락하다	Park rules permit bicycles only on marked paths.
651	amateur	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: amateur is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 아마추어 2. 비직업 3. 하수	The amateur photographer captured a remarkable rainbow.
652	accidentally	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	실수로	I accidentally spilled water on the drawing.
653	association	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 연관성 2. 통계적 연관	The scatter plot suggests a positive association between temperature and ice-cream sales.
654	relevant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: relevant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	관련되다	Include only relevant details in the summary.
655	medium	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: medium is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 미디엄 2. 매체 3. 매개	Clay was the sculptor's chosen medium.
656	draft	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: draft is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 초고(草稿) 2. 초안 3. 원안	Her first draft contains strong ideas but needs clearer organization.
657	alliance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 얼라이언스 2. 제휴 3. 동맹	The two nations formed an alliance for mutual defense.
658	resist	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resist is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	버티다	The strong roof can resist heavy wind.
659	aside	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: aside is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	방백	In an aside, the actor revealed the villain's secret plan.
660	proud	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: proud is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	뿌듯	The volunteers felt proud of the garden they had restored.
661	occasion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 행사 2. 때	The family saved the decorated dishes for a special occasion.
662	angle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: angle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 각 2. 각도	A right angle measures ninety degrees.
663	amendment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 개정(改正) 2. 개정 3. 수정안	The amendment added a new protection to the constitution.
664	physician	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: physician is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 의사(醫師) 2. 의자(醫者) 3. 주치의	The physician listened carefully to the patient's heartbeat.
665	patient	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: patient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 참을성 있다 2. 인내심 있다 3. 끈기 있다	A patient instructor explained the process again.

Page 19 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 19.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The mole dug an _____ tunnel.

Answer: underground

2. Green tomatoes _____ more quickly in warm sunlight.

Answer: mature

3. Returning the lost wallet was a _____ act.

Answer: noble

4. The two nations formed an _____ for mutual defense.

Answer: alliance

5. A _____ instructor explained the process again.

Answer: patient

Page 20: words 666–700

Vocabulary page 20
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
666	index	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: index is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 색인(索引) 2. 목록 3. 인덱스	Use the index to locate every page that discusses volcanoes.
667	regret	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: regret is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	후회하다	I regret leaving the seedlings outside during the frost.
668	ratio	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ratio is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 비 2. 비율 3. 비례	The ratio of red beads to blue beads is two to three.
669	currency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: currency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 통화(通貨) 2. 화폐(貨幣) 3. 통화	Travelers exchanged their currency before the trip.
670	commerce	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: commerce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 무역(貿易) 2. 교역(交易) 3. 상업(商業)	The port became a center of international commerce.
671	partial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: partial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 부분적(部分的)인 2. 일부-의	A partial eclipse covered only part of the sun.
672	frequency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: frequency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 진동수 2. 횟수 3. 주파수	A higher sound frequency produces a higher pitch.
673	resistance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 저항력(抵抗力) 2. 저항 3. 반항	Local resistance delayed the invading army.
674	legislation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 법률(法律) 2. 입법 3. 법제	The new legislation requires safer drinking water.
675	sequence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 순서 2. 순차 3. 시퀀스	Put the pictures in sequence from seed to flowering plant.
676	insurance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	보험	Home insurance helped pay for repairs after the storm.
677	religion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: religion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	종교	The constitution protects a person's right to practice a religion.
678	empire	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: empire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	제국	Roads helped the empire move soldiers and messages quickly.
679	peer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: peer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 또래 2. 동갑(同甲) 3. 동년배(同年輩)	Ask a peer to check your work before you submit it.
680	defense	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: defense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 피고 측 2. 변호인 측	The defense questioned whether the witness could see clearly.
681	administration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 행정부 2. 정권	The administration proposed a revised national budget.
682	reform	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 개혁 2. 혁신 3. 변혁	The education reform provided books to rural schools.
683	infection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	감염	The doctor treated the cut to prevent infection.
684	conservation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 보존 2. 보전	Water conservation becomes especially important during drought.
685	retreat	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: retreat is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 후퇴(後退) 2. 퇴각(退却) 3. 철수(撤收)	The hikers retreat when lightning strikes nearby.
686	plane	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: plane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	평면	Three noncollinear points determine a plane.
687	tissue	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tissue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	조직	Muscle tissue contracts to move the body.
688	sufficient	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sufficient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	충분하다	One flashlight provided sufficient light for the small tent.
689	variable	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: variable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 변수 2. 미지수 3. 변인	In the equation, the variable x stands for an unknown number.
690	comparison	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: comparison is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 비교 2. 대조 3. 비해	The essay makes a comparison between two creation myths.
691	treaty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: treaty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 조약(條約) 2. 협정(協定) 3. 협약(協約)	The treaty established a peaceful border.
692	investigate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: investigate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	조사하다	Detectives investigate the footprints beside the broken window.
693	humble	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: humble is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 겸손한 2. 겸허한	Although she won the prize, Lina remained humble.
694	summit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: summit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 정상(頂上) 2. 꼭대기 3. 산정(山頂)	The climbers reached the summit before noon.
695	cooperation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 협력(協力) 2. 협조(協助) 3. 합작(合作)	The heavy table was moved safely through cooperation.
696	ray	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ray is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	반직선	Each side of an angle is a ray extending from the vertex.
697	debt	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: debt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 빚 2. 부채(負債) 3. 차금(借金)	The city repaid its construction debt over twenty years.
698	tone	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 어조 2. 말투	The letter's respectful tone made the criticism easier to accept.
699	cabinet	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cabinet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	내각	The president met with the cabinet to discuss the emergency.
700	reliable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	믿음직스럽다	We used a reliable weather source before planning the trip.

Page 20 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 20.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Use the _____ to locate every page that discusses volcanoes.

Answer: index

2. The new _____ requires safer drinking water.

Answer: legislation

3. The doctor treated the cut to prevent _____.

Answer: infection

4. Detectives _____ the footprints beside the broken window.

Answer: investigate

5. We used a _____ weather source before planning the trip.

Answer: reliable

Page 21: words 701–735

Vocabulary page 21
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
701	estimate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: estimate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 추정치 2. 어림값	Our estimate placed the crowd at about five hundred people.
702	suspicious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	의심스러운	A suspicious noise came from the locked room.
703	consistent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: consistent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	일관된	Her measurements were consistent across all three trials.
704	tragic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tragic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 비극적인 2. 슬픈	The museum tells the tragic story of the lost expedition.
705	era	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: era is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 시대(時代) 2. 기원(紀元) 3. 시대	The invention marked the beginning of a new era in communication.
706	drama	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: drama is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 미드 2. 극 3. 희곡	The drama reveals its conflict through dialogue and stage directions.
707	parallel	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: parallel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	평행-의	Opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel.
708	strike	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: strike is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 파업(罷業) 2. 스트라이크 3. 파업	The strike ended after employers agreed to negotiate.
709	spectrum	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: spectrum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 분광(分光) 2. 스펙트럼	A prism separates white light into a spectrum.
710	guardian	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: guardian is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 보호자(保護者) 2. 가디언 3. 수호자	Her guardian signed the permission form for the trip.
711	subscription	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 구독 2. 가입 3. 청약	Our library has a subscription to a science magazine.
712	shout	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: shout is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 외치다 2. 소리치다 3. 지르다	Do not shout near animals that frighten easily.
713	ballot	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ballot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 투표용지(投票用紙) 2. 투표지(投票紙) 3. 투표	Each voter marked one choice on the ballot.
714	identity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 정체성 2. 아이덴티티	Language became an important part of the community's identity.
715	revenue	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: revenue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 수입(收入) 2. 수익(收益) 3. 매출	Ticket revenue pays for museum conservation.
716	mixed	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mixed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	대분수의	The mixed number two and one third equals seven thirds.
717	jealous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	부럽다	Nia felt jealous when her friend won the solo.
718	export	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: export is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 수출(輸出)하다 2. 내보내다	Local farms export coffee to markets overseas.
719	integrity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 지조 2. 절개 3. 청렴	Returning the extra change showed Carlos's integrity.
720	abandon	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: abandon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 방치(放置)하다 2. 기치(棄置)하다 3. 버리다	The crew had to abandon the damaged boat.
721	root	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: root is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 뿌리 2. 견 3. 근본	The root “spect” relates to looking or seeing.
722	statistics	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: statistics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 통계학 2. 통계	Statistics can reveal patterns that individual values do not show.
723	pollution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 오염(汚染) 2. 오염 3. 공해	Air pollution can make breathing difficult.
724	patience	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 인내심 2. 참을성 3. 인내	Growing a garden requires patience because seeds develop slowly.
725	rural	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rural is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 시골의 2. 마을의	The rural clinic serves farms spread across a large county.
726	gender	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gender is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 젠더 2. 성별 3. 성	Ideas about gender roles vary across societies and time.
727	insult	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: insult is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 모욕(侮辱) 2. 욕설 3. 욕	Calling someone's careful work useless is an insult.
728	valid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: valid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 유효하다 2. 유효(有效)	The experiment needs a control group to produce a valid comparison.
729	tropical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tropical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	열대의	Colorful parrots live in the tropical forest.
730	mixture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mixture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 혼합 2. 믹스 3. 혼합물	Trail mix is a mixture whose ingredients remain separate.
731	compound	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compound is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	화합물	Water is a compound made from hydrogen and oxygen.
732	prey	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prey is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 먹이 2. 포획물(捕獲物) 3. 수렵물(狩獵物)	The mouse hid from the owl that hunted it as prey.
733	manufacture	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: manufacture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 제조하다 2. 생산하다 3. 만들다	The factory will manufacture bicycles from recycled metal.
734	furious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	맹렬한	Furious waves struck the rocks during the storm.
735	legacy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: legacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 레거시 2. 유업 3. 유증	The scientist's legacy includes both discoveries and trained students.

Page 21 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 21.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Our _____ placed the crowd at about five hundred people.

Answer: estimate

2. A prism separates white light into a _____.

Answer: spectrum

3. Local farms _____ coffee to markets overseas.

Answer: export

4. Calling someone's careful work useless is an _____.

Answer: insult

5. The scientist's _____ includes both discoveries and trained students.

Answer: legacy

Page 22: words 736–770

Vocabulary page 22
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
736	loyalty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loyalty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 충성(忠誠) 2. 충성 3. 충성심	The guide praised the dog's loyalty to its owner.
737	frontier	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: frontier is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 프론티어 2. 변방	The novel follows a family traveling across the western frontier.
738	manufacturing	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: manufacturing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 제작 2. 제조 3. 제조업	Automobile manufacturing supports many related industries.
739	privacy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: privacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 프라이버시 2. 사생활	Check the privacy settings before sharing a photograph.
740	objective	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	사실에 근거한	An objective review discusses both the strengths and weaknesses of the book.
741	logic	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: logic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 이치 2. 논리 3. 로직	The detective used logic to eliminate impossible explanations.
742	realistic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: realistic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	현실적	The artist painted a realistic portrait of the old fisherman.
743	legislature	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: legislature is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 입법부(立法府) 2. 립법부(立法府)	The state legislature debated the education bill.
744	exhibit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exhibit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 보여주다 2. 보이다 3. 나타내다	The museum will exhibit tools from the early settlement.
745	determination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 결정 2. 결심 3. 결의	Her determination helped her finish the steep climb.
746	maritime	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: maritime is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	해상	The coastal museum displays maritime tools and maps.
747	countless	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: countless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	셀 수 없는	Countless stars filled the dark desert sky.
748	circular	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: circular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	동그랗다	We followed a circular path around the pond.
749	earthquake	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: earthquake is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 지진(地震) 2. 지진 3. 강진	The earthquake damaged buildings near the fault.
750	judicial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: judicial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	사법의	The judicial branch decides how laws apply to cases.
751	transmission	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 전염 2. 전송 3. 전파	Clean water systems reduce the transmission of several diseases.
752	prominent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prominent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	두드러지다	A prominent ridge rises above the valley.
753	companion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: companion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 동반자(同伴者) 2. 길벗 3. 길동무	The guide's faithful dog was his companion on every hike.
754	impress	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: impress is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 감명을 주다 2. 깊은 인상을 주다	The dancer's balance will impress the judges.
755	principal	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: principal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 주요 인물 2. 주역	The principal character must decide whether to reveal the secret.
756	fantasy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fantasy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 판타지 2. 환상 3. 망상	The fantasy imagines a library whose books can speak.
757	delta	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: delta is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 삼각주(三角洲) 2. 델타	The river formed a fertile delta beside the sea.
758	colony	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: colony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	식민지	The distant colony sent raw materials to the ruling nation.
759	runway	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: runway is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 활주로(滑走路) 2. 활주로	The airplane waited at the end of the runway.
760	wealth	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: wealth is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 부유(富裕) 2. 부(富) 3. 재산(財産)	Trade created wealth for the port but did not benefit every resident equally.
761	trend	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 경향(傾向) 2. 추세(趨勢) 3. 트렌드	The graph shows an upward trend in average temperature.
762	comedy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: comedy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 희극(喜劇) 2. 코미디 3. 코믹	The comedy turns a series of mistaken identities into a joyful reunion.
763	selfish	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: selfish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 이기적인 2. 자기중심적인	The selfish character kept all the food for himself.
764	convert	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: convert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	전환하다	Solar panels convert sunlight into electrical energy.
765	convention	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 관습(慣習) 2. 관례(慣例) 3. 관습	A hidden clue is a common convention of mystery stories.
766	petition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 청원(請願) 2. 청원서 3. 탄원서	The petition asked the town to preserve the old theater.
767	edit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: edit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	편집하다	Partners edit each other's explanations for clarity.
768	import	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: import is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 수입하다 2. 들여오다 3. 불러오다	The country must import fruit during the cold season.
769	citizenship	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: citizenship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 시민권(市民權) 2. 국적(國籍) 3. 공민권(公民權)	Responsible citizenship includes learning about public issues.
770	spotlight	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: spotlight is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 스포트라이트 2. 집중 조명	The spotlight followed the dancer across the stage.

Page 22 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 22.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The guide praised the dog's _____ to its owner.

Answer: loyalty

2. The museum will _____ tools from the early settlement.

Answer: exhibit

3. The guide's faithful dog was his _____ on every hike.

Answer: companion

4. The _____ turns a series of mistaken identities into a joyful reunion.

Answer: comedy

5. The _____ followed the dancer across the stage.

Answer: spotlight

Page 23: words 771–805

Vocabulary page 23
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
771	rough	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rough is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 거칠다 2. 거친	The rough stone can scratch polished wood.
772	contemporary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: contemporary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 당대의 2. 동시대의	Contemporary accounts describe how residents experienced the flood.
773	framework	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: framework is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 골격 2. 뼈대 3. 틀거리	The outline provides a framework for the research paper.
774	eligible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. 적격(適格)-의 2. 적임(適任)-의	Students who complete the course are eligible for the certificate.
775	anxious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	불안해하는	Dev felt anxious while waiting for news about the missing dog.
776	destructive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	파괴적	The destructive storm tore branches from several trees.
777	collaboration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 콜라보레이션 2. 콜라보 3. 협업(協業)	The mural required collaboration among artists, students, and residents.
778	myth	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: myth is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 신화(神話) 2. 신화	The ancient myth tells how the stars reached the sky.
779	basin	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: basin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 유역 2. 집수역	Rain from the entire basin flows toward the main river.
780	pointless	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pointless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	무의미한	Arguing about a finished game would be pointless.
781	adjustment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 조정(調整) 2. 조절(調節) 3. 조정	One adjustment made the telescope image clearer.
782	immigration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 이민 2. 이주 유입	Immigration changed the city's languages, foods, and industries.
783	margin	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: margin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 격차 2. 차이	The team won by a margin of three points.
784	dispute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dispute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	따지다	Several historians dispute the traditional account of the voyage.
785	reign	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reign is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 치세(治世) 2. 통치기간(統治期間) 3. 재위(在位)	The palace was expanded during the queen's reign.
786	miserable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. 비참한 2. 몹시 괴로운	The soaked hikers felt miserable in the cold wind.
787	poverty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: poverty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 가난 2. 빈곤	The relief program seeks to reduce childhood poverty.
788	offensive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 모욕적인 2. 불쾌감을 주는	The editor removed an offensive stereotype from the advertisement.
789	gear	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gear is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 기어 2. 톱니바퀴	The smaller gear turns faster than the larger gear.
790	controversy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: controversy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 물의 2. 논란 3. 논쟁	The proposal created controversy among residents.
791	tolerance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 용인 2. 용납 3. 포용	A respectful community practices tolerance toward different traditions.
792	assure	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 확언하다 2. 안심시키다	The coach tried to assure the team that their preparation was strong.
793	prompt	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prompt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 글쓰기 주제 2. 작성 지시문	Read the writing prompt before planning your response.
794	fragile	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fragile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 깨지기 쉬운 2. 부서지기 쉬운	The fragile shell cracked when it fell.
795	antique	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: antique is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 골동품 2. 골동	The antique clock still chimed every hour.
796	protest	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: protest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 항의(抗議) 2. 항의 3. 항변	The peaceful protest called for safer working conditions.
797	formula	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: formula is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	공식	The formula gives the area of a triangle.
798	acid	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: acid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	산	Lemon juice contains an acid called citric acid.
799	inquiry	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inquiry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 탐구 2. 문의 3. 물음	The class began an inquiry into the river's changing water level.
800	withdraw	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: withdraw is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 취소하다 2. 제거하다 3. 물러가다	The injured runner had to withdraw from the race.
801	ignorant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ignorant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 무지하다 2. 무식하다 3. 무학하다	We were ignorant of the trail closure until we saw the sign.
802	graph	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: graph is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 그래프 2. 차트 3. 도표	The graph shows how temperature changed during the day.
803	adequate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: adequate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	충분한	The hikers carried an adequate supply of water for the afternoon.
804	accomplish	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: accomplish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 이루다 2. 해내다	Careful planning helped the volunteers accomplish their goal before sunset.
805	legend	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: legend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 전설(傳說) 2. 레전드 3. 신화	According to the local legend, a hidden bell rings before a storm.

Page 23 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 23.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The _____ stone can scratch polished wood.

Answer: rough

2. Rain from the entire _____ flows toward the main river.

Answer: basin

3. The editor removed an _____ stereotype from the advertisement.

Answer: offensive

4. The _____ gives the area of a triangle.

Answer: formula

5. According to the local _____, a hidden bell rings before a storm.

Answer: legend

Page 24: words 806–840

Vocabulary page 24
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
806	concrete	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: concrete is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 구체적인 2. 명확한	The proposal needs concrete steps, not general promises.
807	suspension	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	현탁액	Muddy water is a suspension because soil particles eventually sink.
808	comply	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: comply is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	응하다	Cyclists must comply with the trail's safety signs.
809	teammate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: teammate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	팀메이트	My teammate passed the ball before the defender arrived.
810	steadily	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	꾸준히	Snow fell steadily throughout the afternoon.
811	marina	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: marina is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	마리나	Fishing boats returned to the marina before the storm.
812	heroic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: heroic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 영웅적인 2. 용감한	The firefighter made a heroic rescue from the burning house.
813	output	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: output is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 출력 2. 산출 3. 송출	The screen displays the sensor's output as a graph.
814	coalition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 제휴(提携) 2. 연립(聯立) 3. 련립(聯立)	Several parties formed a coalition to pass the reform.
815	remainder	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: remainder is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 나머지 2. 잔여 3. 남음	Seventeen divided by five has a remainder of two.
816	insist	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: insist is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	주장-하다	The guide will insist that everyone wear a helmet.
817	entertain	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: entertain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	즐겁게 하다	The storyteller used funny voices to entertain the children.
818	electrical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: electrical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 전기의 2. 전기와 관련된	The electrical circuit opens when the switch is lifted.
819	probability	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. 확률(確率) 2. 가능성(可能性) 3. 개연성(蓋然性)	The probability of rolling an even number is one half.
820	enthusiasm	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: enthusiasm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 열광(熱狂) 2. 열정(熱情) 3. 열의(熱意)	Her enthusiasm for astronomy inspired the whole club.
821	axis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: axis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 축 2. 주축	The horizontal axis shows time in minutes.
822	conservative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	보수적(保守的)-인	Engineers used a conservative estimate for the bridge's safe load.
823	minority	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 소수자 2. 소수 3. 여소	The constitution protects minority rights against majority abuse.
824	vulnerable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. 취약한 2. 해를 입기 쉬운	Young turtles are vulnerable to predators on the beach.
825	transparent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: transparent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 투명한 2. 투명하다	The transparent glass revealed the fish inside the tank.
826	sympathy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sympathy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 공감 2. 동정 3. 조의	We expressed sympathy to the family after their loss.
827	evaluate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: evaluate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	평하다	The judges evaluate each design for strength and originality.
828	disappointment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 실망 2. 실망감	The canceled trip brought disappointment to the campers.
829	adaptation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 적응 2. 순응 3. 순화	A camel's ability to conserve water is an adaptation to desert life.
830	submarine	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: submarine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	잠수함	The research submarine photographed life on the ocean floor.
831	masterpiece	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: masterpiece is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 걸작(傑作) 2. 명작(名作) 3. 걸작	Many visitors consider the painted ceiling a masterpiece.
832	exhaust	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exhaust is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 기진맥진하게 하다 2. 몹시 지치게 하다	Climbing the steep stairs will exhaust an unprepared runner.
833	senate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: senate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 원로원 2. 상원	The Roman senate advised officials and controlled important financial decisions.
834	diagnosis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: diagnosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	진단	The doctor confirmed the diagnosis after reviewing the test results.
835	vaccine	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vaccine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 백신 2. 두묘(痘苗)	The vaccine reduced the spread of the illness.
836	seize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: seize is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 붙잡다 2. 붙들다	The goalkeeper will seize the ball with both hands.
837	colorful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: colorful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	알록달록	A colorful kite rose above the beach.
838	translation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	평행이동	The translation moves the triangle four units to the right.
839	narrative	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: narrative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 설화(說話) 2. 이야기 3. 서사	The oral history presents a personal narrative of migration.
840	expectation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 기대 2. 예상 3. 기대감	Our expectation of clear skies changed when thunder began.

Page 24 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 24.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The proposal needs _____ steps, not general promises.

Answer: concrete

2. Several parties formed a _____ to pass the reform.

Answer: coalition

3. The constitution protects _____ rights against majority abuse.

Answer: minority

4. Climbing the steep stairs will _____ an unprepared runner.

Answer: exhaust

5. Our _____ of clear skies changed when thunder began.

Answer: expectation

Page 25: words 841–875

Vocabulary page 25
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
841	entrepreneur	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: entrepreneur is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 기업가(企業家) 2. 기업인(企業人) 3. 사업가(事業家)	The young entrepreneur opened a bicycle repair shop.
842	neglect	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: neglect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 소홀히 하다 2. 돌보지 않다	Plants may wilt if gardeners neglect them.
843	hesitate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hesitate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 망설이다 2. 꺼리다	I hesitate before stepping onto the slippery bridge.
844	metropolitan	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metropolitan is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 대도시의 2. 수도권의	The metropolitan rail system connects downtown with nearby suburbs.
845	bias	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bias is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 편견(偏見) 2. 바이어스 3. 편견	A fair survey avoids bias by asking neutral questions.
846	colonial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: colonial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 식민지의 2. 식민 통치기의	The museum restored a colonial house built by early settlers.
847	curiosity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 호기심 2. 궁금증	Curiosity led the children to examine the unusual shell.
848	literal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: literal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 문자 그대로의 2. 글자 그대로의	The literal meaning of freezing is becoming solid from cold.
849	preliminary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: preliminary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	예비의	Preliminary results suggest that the treatment may be effective.
850	indigenous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. 토착의 2. 원주민의	The exhibit honors indigenous knowledge of local plants.
851	tendency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tendency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 경향 2. 추세 3. 성향	The river has a tendency to rise after several days of rain.
852	fraction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	분수	The shaded fraction of the circle is three fourths.
853	circulation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 순환 2. 혈액 순환	Exercise can increase blood circulation.
854	canyon	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: canyon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 협곡(峽谷) 2. 캐년 3. 협곡	The river flows along the bottom of the canyon.
855	stubborn	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stubborn is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 고집이 세다 2. 고지식하다	The stubborn goat refused to leave the garden.
856	stellar	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stellar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 별의 2. 항성의	The telescope captured a stellar explosion in a distant galaxy.
857	extinction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	멸종	Habitat loss can push rare animals toward extinction.
858	protocol	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: protocol is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 프로토콜 2. 의전 3. 조서	The laboratory protocol requires goggles and closed shoes.
859	compromise	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compromise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 타협(妥協) 2. 타협 3. 절충	The final schedule was a compromise between the two proposals.
860	wilderness	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	1. 야생 2. 광야 3. 황야	The protected wilderness contains forests, rivers, and mountains.
861	compassion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 동정(同情) 2. 자비 3. 연민	Neighbors showed compassion by bringing meals to the injured family.
862	absurd	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: absurd is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 어처구니없다 2. 기막히다 3. 어이없다	The absurd rumor claimed that the tiny pond contained a whale.
863	representation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 대표 2. 대의	Residents demanded fair representation on the regional council.
864	liberty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: liberty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	자유	The charter promises liberty of expression.
865	statistical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: statistical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	통계적	The survey revealed a statistical pattern in commuting times.
866	justify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. 정당화하다 2. 타당한 이유를 제시하다	The committee must justify its decision to close the trail.
867	inflation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 인플레이션 2. 인플레 3. 통화 팽창(通貨膨脹)	Inflation made the same basket of groceries more expensive.
868	abstract	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: abstract is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	추상적인	Justice is an abstract concept that societies define in different ways.
869	composite	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: composite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 합성수의 2. 합성수인	Twelve is a composite number with several factor pairs.
870	comfortably	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. 편히 2. 편안히	Four people can sit comfortably on the wide bench.
871	uniform	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: uniform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 일정(一定)하다 2. 균등하다	The machine applies a uniform layer of paint.
872	boundary	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: boundary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 지경 2. 경계선 3. 한계선	Storms formed near the boundary between warm and cold air.
873	triangle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: triangle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 삼각(三角) 2. 삼각형(三角形) 3. 세모	The triangle has one right angle.
874	metaphor	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metaphor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 은유 2. 비유	The sentence “The moon is a lantern” contains a metaphor.
875	lava	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lava is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 용암(熔岩) 2. 용암 3. 라바	The lava cooled into dark rock.

Page 25 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 25.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The young _____ opened a bicycle repair shop.

Answer: entrepreneur

2. _____ results suggest that the treatment may be effective.

Answer: preliminary

3. The laboratory _____ requires goggles and closed shoes.

Answer: protocol

4. _____ made the same basket of groceries more expensive.

Answer: inflation

5. The _____ cooled into dark rock.

Answer: lava

Page 26: words 876–910

Vocabulary page 26
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
876	romance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: romance is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 로맨스 2. 낭만 3. 로망	The historical romance develops alongside the struggle to save the family farm.
877	interface	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: interface is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 인터페이스 2. 사용자 인터페이스	The app's interface uses clear labels and large buttons.
878	polite	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: polite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 공손한 2. 예의 바른	The polite guest thanked the host before leaving.
879	gratitude	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gratitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 고마움 2. 감사	We wrote notes of gratitude to the volunteers.
880	debris	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: debris is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 잔해(殘骸) 2. 잔해	Workers cleared storm debris from the road.
881	altitude	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: altitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 해발(海拔) 2. 해발 3. 고도	The air becomes thinner as altitude increases.
882	affection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 정감 2. 애정 3. 연정	The dog showed affection by resting its head on Mina's knee.
883	unlikely	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: unlikely is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	~할 것 같지 않은	It is unlikely that the small pond caused the regional flood.
884	grave	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: grave is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 심각한 2. 중대한	The doctor warned that the infection posed a grave danger.
885	domain	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: domain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 정의역(定義域) 2. 도메인 3. 영역	Negative numbers are outside the domain when x represents elapsed time.
886	discrimination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	차별	The law prohibits employment discrimination.
887	define	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: define is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	정의하다	The opening paragraph should define the problem before proposing a solution.
888	inherited	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inherited is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	물려받은	Eye color is an inherited trait.
889	jurisdiction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 관할 2. 관할권 3. 사법 관할권	The city court has jurisdiction over local traffic cases.
890	consensus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: consensus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 합의(合意) 2. 합의 3. 공감대	After a long discussion, the council reached a consensus.
891	fracture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fracture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 골절(骨折) 2. 골절	The doctor found a small fracture in the injured wrist.
892	jury	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: jury is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	배심원단	The jury examined the evidence before reaching a verdict.
893	dialogue	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dialogue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 대화(對話) 2. 회화(會話) 3. 문답	The dialogue reveals that the sisters remember the event differently.
894	poetic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: poetic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	시적인	The author used poetic language to describe the moon.
895	dependent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dependent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	종속의	Plant height is the dependent variable in the experiment.
896	inevitable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	피할 수 없는	Some erosion is inevitable when waves strike an unprotected shore.
897	momentum	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: momentum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	운동량	The heavy cart had enough momentum to roll up the small hill.
898	ethical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ethical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 윤리적(倫理的) 2. 륜리적(倫理的)	Researchers must follow ethical rules when working with volunteers.
899	vague	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vague is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 모호한 2. 애매한	The vague directions did not explain which road to take.
900	optimistic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: optimistic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 낙천적인 2. 낙관적인	The optimistic gardener believed the damaged plants would recover.
901	distinguish	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: distinguish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	가리다	The field guide helps readers distinguish hawks from falcons.
902	peculiar	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: peculiar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 희한 2. 요상하다 3. 특이하다	A peculiar humming sound came from the empty shed.
903	segment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: segment is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 세그먼트 2. 구간 3. 마디	Measure the segment from A to B.
904	equality	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 평등 2. 동등	The amendment advanced legal equality.
905	compact	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compact is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	콤팩트	The compact toolkit fits beneath the bicycle seat.
906	radius	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: radius is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 반지름 2. 반경	The compass was set to a radius of five centimeters.
907	instinct	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: instinct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 본능 2. 본성	Migration is an instinct in many bird species.
908	cooperative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 협조적인 2. 협동하는	The cooperative group divided the research tasks fairly.
909	thesis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 논지 2. 중심 주장	The essay's thesis argues that the wetland should be protected.
910	utter	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: utter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 뱉다 2. 내뱉다	The startled child could barely utter a word.

Page 26 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 26.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The historical _____ develops alongside the struggle to save the family farm.

Answer: romance

2. The doctor warned that the infection posed a _____ danger.

Answer: grave

3. The _____ reveals that the sisters remember the event differently.

Answer: dialogue

4. A _____ humming sound came from the empty shed.

Answer: peculiar

5. The startled child could barely _____ a word.

Answer: utter

Page 27: words 911–945

Vocabulary page 27
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
911	discomfort	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: discomfort is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 불편 2. 불쾌 3. 불쾌감	The new shoes caused discomfort during the long walk.
912	conversion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 변환 2. 전환 3. 전향	The conversion from meters to centimeters multiplies the value by one hundred.
913	authentic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: authentic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 진정하다 2. 진짜의	The museum displayed an authentic letter signed by the explorer.
914	tolerate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tolerate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	참는다	These plants can tolerate a few nights of cold weather.
915	sincere	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sincere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	진솔하다	Her sincere apology helped repair the friendship.
916	enthusiastic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: enthusiastic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 열광적인 2. 열성의	The enthusiastic volunteers arrived early with extra supplies.
917	pitch	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pitch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 음높이 2. 피치	A faster vibration produces a higher pitch.
918	supplement	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: supplement is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	보태다	The teacher will supplement the article with a short video.
919	orbit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: orbit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 궤도(軌道) 2. 궤도	The satellite completes one orbit every ninety minutes.
920	thoughtful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thoughtful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 사려 깊은 2. 생각이 깊은	Her thoughtful question helped the speaker explain the issue.
921	plead	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: plead is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	간청하다	The lost hikers plead for help over the radio.
922	inspect	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inspect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	검사하다	A mechanic will inspect the brakes before the trip.
923	unemployment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 실업 2. 무직	The factory closure caused unemployment to rise.
924	inclusion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 포함 2. 망라 3. 포괄	The ramp improved inclusion by making the stage accessible.
925	flexibility	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	유연성	Gentle stretching can improve flexibility.
926	algorithm	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: algorithm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	알고리즘	The search engine uses an algorithm to rank results.
927	pardon	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pardon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 용서하다 2. 사면하다	The governor may pardon a prisoner after reviewing the case.
928	despair	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: despair is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 절망(絶望) 2. 절망 3. 낙담	The stranded sailors felt despair when the radio stopped working.
929	deliberate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: deliberate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	고의의	Her deliberate choice of strong evidence improved the argument.
930	generosity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 관대 2. 인심 3. 관용	The shelter thanked the town for its generosity.
931	blossom	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: blossom is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 피다 2. 피어나다	The apple trees blossom when warm weather returns.
932	assembly	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assembly is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 어셈블리 2. 조립 3. 집합	Final assembly of the bicycle occurs after the frame is painted.
933	civilization	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. 문명(文明) 2. 문물 3. 문명	The river supported a civilization of farmers and traders.
934	reluctant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reluctant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 꺼리는 2. 마지못한	The reluctant puppy stopped at the edge of the water.
935	narrator	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: narrator is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 이야기꾼 2. 내레이터	The narrator knows what every character is thinking.
936	interpret	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: interpret is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	해석-하다	Students interpret the graph by comparing the heights of its bars.
937	glimpse	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: glimpse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	일견	We caught a glimpse of the fox before it vanished.
938	weary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: weary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 지친 2. 고단한	The weary runners rested beneath a shady tree.
939	spectacle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: spectacle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 광경 2. 정경	The meteor shower was a brilliant spectacle.
940	elite	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: elite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 엘리트 2. 정예	Only the elite of the sport qualify for the final race.
941	acute	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: acute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 심각한 2. 극심한	The village faced an acute shortage of medicine.
942	restrict	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: restrict is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	제한하다	Park rules restrict campfires during dry weather.
943	conductor	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conductor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	도체	Copper is a good conductor of electricity.
944	restless	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: restless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 안절부절못하는 2. 가만있지 못하는	The restless horse paced around the stable.
945	meadow	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: meadow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 들 2. 초지(草地)	Butterflies drifted across the sunny meadow.

Page 27 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 27.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The new shoes caused _____ during the long walk.

Answer: discomfort

2. The satellite completes one _____ every ninety minutes.

Answer: orbit

3. The stranded sailors felt _____ when the radio stopped working.

Answer: despair

4. We caught a _____ of the fox before it vanished.

Answer: glimpse

5. Butterflies drifted across the sunny _____.

Answer: meadow

Page 28: words 946–980

Vocabulary page 28
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
946	reduction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	환원	During reduction, copper ions gain electrons and become copper atoms.
947	mortgage	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mortgage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 주택 담보 대출 2. 모기지 3. 모기지 론	The family compared interest rates before choosing a mortgage.
948	census	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: census is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 인구 조사 2. 인구주택총조사	The census records population changes every ten years.
949	negotiate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: negotiate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	교섭하다	The two groups will negotiate how to share the meeting space.
950	clause	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: clause is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	절	The sentence begins with a dependent clause.
951	surroundings	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: surroundings is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 주변 2. 환경 3. 주위	The owl's brown feathers blend with its woodland surroundings.
952	hygiene	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hygiene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 위생(衛生) 2. 위생	Good hand hygiene helps prevent infection.
953	cautious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. 조심스럽다 2. 신중하다 3. 신중	The cautious climber tested each handhold.
954	sloppy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sloppy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	허술	Sloppy measurements can ruin a science experiment.
955	recovery	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: recovery is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 회복 2. 복구 3. 복원	Wetland recovery began after grazing ended.
956	verse	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: verse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	성구	The ballad tells the sailor's story in verse.
957	referendum	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: referendum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	국민투표(國民投票)	The tax plan will be decided by referendum.
958	archive	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: archive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	아카이브	The digital archive contains scanned newspapers from the last century.
959	compensate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compensate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	보상하다	The store will compensate customers for the damaged goods.
960	programming	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: programming is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	프로그래밍	Programming the robot required a loop that repeated the movement.
961	substitute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: substitute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 대입하다 2. 치환하다	Substitute six for x before simplifying the expression.
962	propaganda	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: propaganda is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	선전	The poster used propaganda to portray every critic as an enemy.
963	genre	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: genre is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 장르 2. 갈래	Readers recognize the detective genre by its clues and investigation.
964	fairness	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	1. 형평 2. 공평 3. 공정	The referee's fairness earned respect from both teams.
965	embarrassment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 창피 2. 부끄러움 3. 무안	He laughed at his embarrassment after realizing his shirt was backward.
966	orchard	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: orchard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 과수원(果樹園) 2. 과수원	We picked ripe peaches in the orchard.
967	exclusive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	독점적인	The interview contains exclusive information not reported elsewhere.
968	heritage	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: heritage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 헤리티지 2. 유산 3. 문화유산	The festival celebrates the region's musical heritage.
969	explicit	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: explicit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 명시적인 2. 분명한	The recipe gives explicit instructions for handling the hot pan.
970	volcano	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: volcano is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 화산 2. 활화산	The volcano released steam from its summit.
971	hardship	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hardship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 어려움 2. 고난	The long drought created hardship for local farmers.
972	removal	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: removal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 강제 이주 2. 강제 퇴거	The removal of Indigenous nations caused widespread suffering and death.
973	banking	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: banking is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 뱅킹 2. 은행업무(銀行業務) 3. 금융	Online banking allows customers to transfer funds without visiting a branch.
974	vertical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vertical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	맞꼭지의	Vertical angles always have equal measures.
975	vivid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vivid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 생생한 2. 선명한	The author used vivid details to describe the storm.
976	safeguard	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: safeguard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 보호하다 2. 지키다	Strong passwords safeguard private information.
977	crater	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: crater is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 분화구(噴火口) 2. 화구(火口) 3. 크레이터	Steam rose from the volcano's crater.
978	commonwealth	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: commonwealth is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 연방(聯邦) 2. 련방(聯邦)	The constitution described the state as a commonwealth.
979	tragedy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tragedy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 비극(悲劇) 2. 참사 3. 비극	The tragedy shows how the ruler's pride harms the entire city.
980	migration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	이주	Seasonal jobs encouraged migration toward the coast.

Page 28 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 28.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. During _____, copper ions gain electrons and become copper atoms.

Answer: reduction

2. _____ measurements can ruin a science experiment.

Answer: sloppy

3. Readers recognize the detective _____ by its clues and investigation.

Answer: genre

4. The _____ of Indigenous nations caused widespread suffering and death.

Answer: removal

5. Seasonal jobs encouraged _____ toward the coast.

Answer: migration

Page 29: words 981–1015

Vocabulary page 29
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
981	logical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: logical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	논리적	The final conclusion is logical because each step follows from evidence.
982	immune	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: immune is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 면역의 2. 면역 반응과 관련된	An immune response targets a harmful pathogen.
983	conviction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 신념 2. 소신 3. 확신	Her conviction that every child deserves books inspired the donation drive.
984	terrain	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: terrain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	지형	The rocky terrain slowed the rescue vehicles.
985	aggregate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: aggregate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 모으다 2. 합산하다	The website can aggregate rainfall records from many weather stations.
986	jealousy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: jealousy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 부러움 2. 샘 3. 질투	Jealousy made the character ignore her friend's success.
987	arrogant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: arrogant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 거만하다 2. 건방진 3. 건방지다	The arrogant champion refused to congratulate the other team.
988	texture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: texture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 질감 2. 감촉 3. 결	Thick brushstrokes give the painting a rough texture.
989	sanctuary	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sanctuary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 성소 2. 보호구역 3. 성역	The wetland is a sanctuary for migrating birds.
990	solitary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: solitary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 외딴 2. 홀로 있는	A solitary lighthouse stood on the rocky island.
991	anticipate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: anticipate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	예상하다	Farmers anticipate frost when the temperature drops sharply.
992	linear	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: linear is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 선형 2. 일차	A linear relationship adds the same amount at each step.
993	journalism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 저널리즘 2. 언론 활동	Responsible journalism separates confirmed facts from speculation.
994	velocity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 속도 2. 속력 3. 유속	The boat's velocity changed when it turned east.
995	inequality	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	부등식	The inequality x > 7 represents all numbers greater than seven.
996	miniature	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: miniature is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 미니어처 2. 미니아튀르	The exhibit included a miniature model of the castle.
997	atom	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: atom is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 원자(原子) 2. 아톰 3. 원자	An atom contains a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
998	eruption	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 분화 2. 분출	The eruption sent a cloud of ash into the sky.
999	throne	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: throne is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 왕위(王位) 2. 왕좌 3. 왕위	The prince renounced the throne and left the kingdom.
1000	refuge	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: refuge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 피난처(避難處) 2. 대피소(待避所) 3. 피신	The cave offered refuge from the sudden hailstorm.
1001	accountability	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	책임	Public reports create accountability for how the funds are spent.
1002	respectful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: respectful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	공손-한	A respectful listener does not interrupt.
1003	pedestrian	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pedestrian is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 보행자 2. 행인	The driver stopped to let a pedestrian cross the street.
1004	friction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	마찰	Friction between the tires and road helps the bicycle stop.
1005	hardware	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hardware is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 하드웨어 2. 굳은모	The keyboard and monitor are computer hardware.
1006	nutrition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 영양 2. 자양	Balanced nutrition supplies energy and essential nutrients.
1007	hurricane	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hurricane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	허리케인	The hurricane strengthened before reaching the coast.
1008	discretion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 재량 2. 말조심 3. 자의	The guide used discretion and canceled the hike as clouds darkened.
1009	advocacy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: advocacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 옹호 2. 변호 3. 주창	Her advocacy helped the town build safer sidewalks.
1010	irregular	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: irregular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	불규칙하다	The stone has an irregular shape with five uneven sides.
1011	comprehend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: comprehend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	이해하다	The timeline helped us comprehend the order of historical events.
1012	meter	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: meter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 미터 2. 게이지 3. 측정기	The steady meter resembles the beat of marching feet.
1013	solidarity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 연대(連帶) 2. 련대(連帶) 3. 단결	The march expressed solidarity with families displaced by the flood.
1014	cellular	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cellular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	세포-의	The microscope revealed damage at the cellular level.
1015	trait	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trait is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 형질 2. 특성	Patience is a useful trait for a careful scientist.

Page 29 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 29.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The final conclusion is _____ because each step follows from evidence.

Answer: logical

2. The wetland is a _____ for migrating birds.

Answer: sanctuary

3. The _____ sent a cloud of ash into the sky.

Answer: eruption

4. The _____ strengthened before reaching the coast.

Answer: hurricane

5. Patience is a useful _____ for a careful scientist.

Answer: trait

Page 30: words 1016–1050

Vocabulary page 30
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1016	monarch	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: monarch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 국왕 2. 제왕 3. 군주	The monarch addressed the nation from the palace.
1017	grim	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: grim is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	험악하다	The rescue team faced grim conditions in the flooded valley.
1018	beverage	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: beverage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 음료 2. 음료수	Tea was the warm beverage served after the winter walk.
1019	folklore	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: folklore is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 전설 2. 민속 3. 설화	The tale of the mountain spirit belongs to local folklore.
1020	astronomical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: astronomical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	천문학적(天文學的)	The observatory stores astronomical data about distant stars.
1021	subtle	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: subtle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 미묘 2. 미세 3. 묘하다	A subtle shift in tone makes the apology sound insincere.
1022	verify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: verify is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	확인하다	We verify the quotation by finding it in the original speech.
1023	suspend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: suspend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 매달다 2. 걸다	Workers suspend the bridge deck from thick steel cables.
1024	perimeter	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: perimeter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 둘레 2. 주위(周圍)	Add all four side lengths to find the garden's perimeter.
1025	navigate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: navigate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	항해하다	Sailors use charts and stars to navigate across the ocean.
1026	crossroads	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: crossroads is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 기로 2. 갈림길 3. 사거리	A wooden sign stood at the crossroads.
1027	moderate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: moderate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	중도	The moderate sought a compromise acceptable to both sides.
1028	editing	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: editing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 교정 2. 편집	Careful editing removed three sentence fragments from the report.
1029	hostile	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hostile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 적대적인 2. 위험한	Few plants can survive the crater's hostile conditions.
1030	dynasty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dynasty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 왕조(王朝) 2. 왕가(王家) 3. 황가(皇家)	The dynasty governed the kingdom for nearly two centuries.
1031	dominate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dominate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	지배(支配)하다	A tall mountain will dominate the western skyline.
1032	protagonist	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ist often names a person associated with a field, belief, or practice.	1. 주인공(主人公) 2. 주인공 3. 여주인공	The protagonist must choose between safety and helping a friend.
1033	federation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 연합 2. 연방 3. 연합회	The provinces joined a federation while retaining local legislatures.
1034	rational	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	유리수의	The decimal 0.75 is rational because it equals three fourths.
1035	ashamed	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ashamed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	민망하다	He felt ashamed after admitting that he had lied.
1036	sovereignty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sovereignty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 주권(主權) 2. 주권	The treaty recognized the island nation's sovereignty.
1037	irony	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: irony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 반어(反語) 2. 풍자(諷刺) 3. 아이러니	There is irony in a fire station winning a prize for its flooded garden.
1038	commodity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 상품(商品) 2. 물품(物品) 3. 물건(物件)	Coffee is an important commodity in global trade.
1039	autonomy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: autonomy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 자율(自律) 2. 자치 3. 자율	The project gave students autonomy to choose their research question.
1040	simplify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	단순화하다	A labeled diagram can simplify the instructions.
1041	onward	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: onward is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	앞-으로	After a short rest, the explorers traveled onward.
1042	flashlight	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: flashlight is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 손전등 2. 토치	Keep a flashlight beside the emergency supplies.
1043	annoy	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: annoy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	짜증나게 하다	A dripping tap can annoy anyone trying to sleep.
1044	enforcement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 법 집행 2. 집행	Weak enforcement allowed factories to ignore the pollution limit.
1045	tide	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tide is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 조수 2. 밀물과 썰물	The falling tide exposed pools among the rocks.
1046	rhythm	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rhythm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 리듬 2. 장단 3. 박자	Short repeated phrases give the speech a memorable rhythm.
1047	medieval	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: medieval is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	중세의	The medieval manuscript was copied by hand.
1048	niche	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: niche is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 생태적 지위 2. 생태적 틈새	A bee's niche includes pollinating flowers while gathering nectar.
1049	clarify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	밝히다	A labeled diagram can clarify how the machine works.
1050	obsolete	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: obsolete is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 구식의 2. 더 이상 쓰이지 않는	The old machine became obsolete after digital equipment arrived.

Page 30 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 30.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The _____ addressed the nation from the palace.

Answer: monarch

2. Add all four side lengths to find the garden's _____.

Answer: perimeter

3. The provinces joined a _____ while retaining local legislatures.

Answer: federation

4. Keep a _____ beside the emergency supplies.

Answer: flashlight

5. The old machine became _____ after digital equipment arrived.

Answer: obsolete

Page 31: words 1051–1085

Vocabulary page 31
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1051	loneliness	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	1. 허전 2. 외로움 3. 고독	Joining the club helped ease his loneliness.
1052	kin	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: kin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 혈육 2. 친척 3. 친족	The young wolf remained close to its kin.
1053	caretaker	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: caretaker is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 관리인 2. 관리사 3. 관리원	The caretaker locked the park gates at sunset.
1054	warrant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: warrant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 주장과 근거를 잇는 전제 2. 논거의 보증	The writer's warrant connects lower emissions with improved public health.
1055	thermal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thermal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	열의	A thermal camera detects differences in surface temperature.
1056	resigned	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resigned is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 체념한 2. 단념한	She sounded resigned after the final appeal was denied.
1057	symptom	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: symptom is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 증상(症狀) 2. 증후(症候) 3. 징후	A high fever can be a symptom of infection.
1058	precipitation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 강수(降水) 2. 강수량(降水量) 3. 강수	The forecast predicts heavy precipitation overnight.
1059	erosion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: erosion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	침식	Tree roots can slow erosion on a steep slope.
1060	dread	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dread is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 두려워하다 2. 몹시 걱정하다	Some passengers dread flying during storms.
1061	approximate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: approximate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	근사하다	The approximate distance to the lake is three kilometers.
1062	timetable	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: timetable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 시간표(時間表) 2. 일과표(日課表) 3. 일정(日程)	Check the train timetable before leaving home.
1063	sturdy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sturdy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 튼튼한 2. 견고한	The sturdy table supported the heavy aquarium.
1064	dusk	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dusk is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 땅거미 2. 조석 3. 녘	Bats began to fly at dusk.
1065	clumsy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: clumsy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 어설프다 2. 투박 3. 서투르다	The clumsy puppy knocked over its water bowl.
1066	legendary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: legendary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	전설적인	The goalkeeper's legendary save is still discussed decades later.
1067	dominant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dominant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	우성의	A dominant allele can mask the effect of a recessive allele.
1068	passive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 수동적인 2. 소극적인	A passive observer watches the problem without helping to solve it.
1069	imagery	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: imagery is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	심상	The poem's imagery makes readers hear the rain on the roof.
1070	discourse	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: discourse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 담론 2. 본론 3. 강론	The debate encouraged respectful discourse about public transportation.
1071	convey	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: convey is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	전하다	The photograph can convey the scale of the flood.
1072	seldom	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: seldom is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 좀체로…않게 2. 드물게	Snow seldom falls in this warm coastal town.
1073	gigantic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gigantic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	거대하다	A gigantic whale surfaced beside the research boat.
1074	edible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: edible is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	먹을 수 있는	Only some of the berries in this forest are edible.
1075	migrate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: migrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	이주하다	Many birds migrate south before winter.
1076	voltage	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: voltage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 전압(電壓) 2. 전압 3. 고압	Increasing the voltage made the bulb glow brighter.
1077	gauge	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gauge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 가늠하다 2. 측정하다	The survey helps researchers gauge public support for the park.
1078	rainfall	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rainfall is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 강수량 2. 강우 3. 강우량	Annual rainfall is much lower in the desert.
1079	membrane	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: membrane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 막 2. 세포막	The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell.
1080	enzyme	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: enzyme is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 효소(酵素) 2. 효소	A digestive enzyme helps break food into smaller molecules.
1081	dividend	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dividend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	피제수	In 20 ÷ 4, twenty is the dividend.
1082	priority	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 최우선 2. 우선시	Restoring clean water became the city's first priority.
1083	transformation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 기하 변환 2. 변환	A rotation is a transformation that turns a figure around a fixed point.
1084	voluntary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: voluntary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	자발적인	Participation in the anonymous survey is voluntary.
1085	respiratory	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: respiratory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	호흡기	Smoke can irritate the respiratory system.

Page 31 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 31.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Joining the club helped ease his _____.

Answer: loneliness

2. Tree roots can slow _____ on a steep slope.

Answer: erosion

3. A _____ observer watches the problem without helping to solve it.

Answer: passive

4. The survey helps researchers _____ public support for the park.

Answer: gauge

5. Smoke can irritate the _____ system.

Answer: respiratory

Page 32: words 1086–1120

Vocabulary page 32
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1086	eclipse	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: eclipse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 식 2. 식 현상	During a solar eclipse, the moon passes between Earth and the sun.
1087	boycott	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: boycott is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	보이콧하다	Residents may boycott the store until it changes its unfair policy.
1088	resentment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 원망 2. 울분 3. 원한	Unequal chores created resentment between the roommates.
1089	plateau	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: plateau is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 고원(高原) 2. 고원	The village sits on a plateau above the valley.
1090	overthrow	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: overthrow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 뒤엎다 2. 무너뜨리다 3. 쓰러뜨리다	The rebels hoped to overthrow the cruel ruler.
1091	dormant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dormant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	잠자는	The dormant volcano has not erupted for hundreds of years.
1092	awe	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: awe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	경외	The enormous glacier filled the visitors with awe.
1093	isolate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: isolate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	격리하다	Scientists isolate the sick plant to protect the healthy ones.
1094	distrust	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: distrust is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	불신	Broken promises created distrust between the two groups.
1095	childcare	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: childcare is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 육아 2. 보육	The community center offers childcare during evening classes.
1096	speculation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 추측 2. 억측	The rumor remains speculation until a reliable witness confirms it.
1097	facilitate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: facilitate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	일을 용이하게 하다	Clear labels facilitate the safe use of laboratory equipment.
1098	prejudice	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prejudice is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 선입관(先入觀) 2. 편견 3. 선입견	Education can challenge prejudice by replacing rumors with understanding.
1099	vibration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 진동 2. 떨림	The string's vibration produces a musical sound.
1100	duplicate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: duplicate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	복사하다	The printer can duplicate the photograph in seconds.
1101	banquet	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: banquet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 연회(宴會) 2. 만찬 3. 향연	The community held a banquet to honor the rescue workers.
1102	barefoot	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: barefoot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	맨발-의	We walked barefoot across the warm sand.
1103	sensible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	현명한	Bringing extra water was a sensible precaution.
1104	refugee	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: refugee is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 난민(難民) 2. 유민 3. 난민	The refugee applied for protection after crossing the border.
1105	hazard	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hazard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 위험 요소 2. 위해 요인	Loose wires create an electrical hazard.
1106	metabolism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 신진대사(新陳代謝) 2. 물질대사(物質代謝) 3. 신진대사	Exercise causes the body's metabolism to use energy more quickly.
1107	cosmic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cosmic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	우주-의	The detector measures cosmic radiation from space.
1108	glacier	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: glacier is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 빙하(氷河) 2. 빙하	The glacier carved a wide valley as it moved.
1109	contagious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	전염성(傳染性)-의	The contagious illness moved quickly through the crowded camp.
1110	downright	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: downright is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 완전히 2. 그야말로	Leaving food beside a wild bear would be downright dangerous.
1111	lens	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lens is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	렌즈	The microscope's objective lens magnifies the specimen.
1112	lease	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lease is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 임대차 계약 2. 리스	The apartment lease lasts twelve months.
1113	capitalism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 자본주의(資本主義) 2. 자본주의	In capitalism, businesses usually compete to sell goods and services.
1114	credible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	신뢰할 수 있는	The eyewitness gave a credible account supported by photographs.
1115	conquest	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conquest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 정복 2. 극복 3. 정벌	The conquest changed the region's government and language.
1116	intercept	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: intercept is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	가로채다	The defender managed to intercept the pass.
1117	loosen	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loosen is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 느슨하게 하다 2. 풀다	Turn the lid slowly to loosen it.
1118	discontent	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: discontent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	불만	Repeated delays caused discontent among the passengers.
1119	constellation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 별자리 2. 성군(星群) 3. 성좌(星座)	The constellation Orion is easy to spot on a clear winter night.
1120	preview	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: preview is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 미리 보기 2. 프리뷰	The museum offered a preview of the new exhibit to local teachers.

Page 32 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 32.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. During a solar _____, the moon passes between Earth and the sun.

Answer: eclipse

2. Broken promises created _____ between the two groups.

Answer: distrust

3. Bringing extra water was a _____ precaution.

Answer: sensible

4. The apartment _____ lasts twelve months.

Answer: lease

5. The museum offered a _____ of the new exhibit to local teachers.

Answer: preview

Page 33: words 1121–1155

Vocabulary page 33
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1121	spatial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: spatial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 공간적(空間的) 2. 공간-의	A floor plan shows the spatial relationship among rooms.
1122	plentiful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: plentiful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 풍족 2. 풍부하다 3. 풍성하다	Wild berries are plentiful in the valley during summer.
1123	documentation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 증빙 서류 2. 문서 자료	The application requires documentation of the volunteer hours.
1124	specification	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 사양 2. 스펙 3. 규격	The ramp must meet the safety specification for maximum slope.
1125	summon	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: summon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	불러들이다	The captain will summon the crew when the ship is ready.
1126	luxurious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	호화(豪華)	The hotel offered a luxurious room overlooking the harbor.
1127	impatient	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: impatient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 참을성 없는 2. 조급한	The impatient customer kept checking the clock.
1128	hesitation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 주춤 2. 주저 3. 망설임	After a moment of hesitation, Priya stepped onto the stage.
1129	compassionate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compassionate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	인정 많은	The compassionate doctor listened carefully to the frightened child.
1130	sober	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sober is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	냉철한	The report offers a sober assessment of the recovery costs.
1131	oppose	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: oppose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	반대하다	Several residents oppose the highway because it would divide the wetland.
1132	idol	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: idol is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 우상(偶像) 2. 아이돌 3. 우상	The novel questions whether a famous athlete should become an unquestioned idol.
1133	generator	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: generator is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 발전기(發電機) 2. 발전기 3. 발생기	The bicycle generator powers the headlamp.
1134	endurance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 지구력 2. 인내력	Swimming regularly improved her endurance.
1135	haven	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: haven is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	안식처	The sheltered bay became a haven for boats during the storm.
1136	norm	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: norm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 표준 2. 규범	Greeting visitors politely is a social norm in many communities.
1137	quantitative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	양적	The graph presents quantitative data from five years of rainfall.
1138	dilemma	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dilemma is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 딜레마 2. 곤경 3. 궁지	The character faces a dilemma when honesty may hurt her friend.
1139	acceleration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 가속도 2. 가속	The bicycle's acceleration increased as the rider pedaled harder.
1140	fungus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fungus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 곰팡이 2. 균	The damp log was covered by a pale fungus.
1141	blizzard	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: blizzard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 눈보라 2. 블리자드 3. 폭설	The blizzard buried the road beneath deep snow.
1142	frantic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: frantic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 미친 듯이 서두르는 2. 다급한	The frantic search ended when we found the puppy asleep.
1143	legislative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	입법	The bill entered the legislative process.
1144	pi	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pi is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 원주율 2. 파이	Use pi to calculate the circumference from the diameter.
1145	competent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: competent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	능숙한	A competent editor checks facts as well as grammar.
1146	strive	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: strive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 노력하다 2. 애쓰다 3. 힘쓰다	The athletes strive to improve their times each week.
1147	onset	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: onset is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 시작 2. 개시	At the onset of winter, the lake begins to freeze.
1148	caption	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: caption is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	표제	The caption identifies the people in the historical photograph.
1149	dishonest	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dishonest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	부정직하다	The dishonest player secretly changed the score.
1150	implementation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 이행(履行) 2. 실행 3. 구현	Training began before implementation of the new safety policy.
1151	editorial	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: editorial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	사설	The newspaper's editorial argues for safer bicycle lanes.
1152	bankruptcy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bankruptcy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	파산	Bankruptcy allowed the company to reorganize what it owed.
1153	suburban	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: suburban is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	교외의	A new rail line connected the suburban community to downtown.
1154	optional	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: optional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 선택적인 2. 선택 사항인	The extra research question is optional.
1155	genocide	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: genocide is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 집단 학살 2. 제노사이드	The museum documents the genocide through survivor testimony.

Page 33 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 33.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A floor plan shows the _____ relationship among rooms.

Answer: spatial

2. The _____ doctor listened carefully to the frightened child.

Answer: compassionate

3. The character faces a _____ when honesty may hurt her friend.

Answer: dilemma

4. At the _____ of winter, the lake begins to freeze.

Answer: onset

5. The museum documents the _____ through survivor testimony.

Answer: genocide

Page 34: words 1156–1190

Vocabulary page 34
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1156	exotic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exotic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 외래의 2. 외국산의	The greenhouse protects exotic plants from the winter cold.
1157	hazardous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	위험한	Workers wear protective clothing around hazardous chemicals.
1158	diplomacy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: diplomacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 외교(外交) 2. 외교	Diplomacy prevented the border dispute from becoming a war.
1159	analogy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: analogy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 유추 2. 비유	The teacher used an analogy between the heart and a pump.
1160	ample	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ample is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	충분한	The wide shelf provides ample space for the collection.
1161	trustworthy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trustworthy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	신뢰할 수 있는	A trustworthy guide admits when a route is uncertain.
1162	symmetry	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: symmetry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 대칭성 2. 대칭	The butterfly's wings show approximate symmetry.
1163	prohibit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prohibit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	금하다	The signs prohibit swimming near the waterfall.
1164	parasite	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: parasite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 기생충(寄生蟲) 2. 기생물(寄生物) 3. 기생식물(寄生植物)	A tick is a parasite that feeds on an animal's blood.
1165	nutrient	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: nutrient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 영양소(營養素) 2. 영양소 3. 양분	Iron is a nutrient that helps blood carry oxygen.
1166	dedicate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dedicate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	바치다	The volunteers dedicate each Saturday to restoring the trail.
1167	quarrel	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: quarrel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 시비 2. 다툼 3. 말다툼	The friends ended their quarrel by listening to each other.
1168	declaration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 공언 2. 성명서 3. 성명	The delegates issued a declaration explaining their decision to seek independence.
1169	slope	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: slope is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	기울기	The line's slope is two because y rises two units for every unit of x.
1170	persistent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: persistent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	끈질기다	Her persistent questions uncovered the accounting error.
1171	elevation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 고도 2. 해발고도	The mountain town has an elevation of two thousand meters.
1172	drought	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: drought is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 가뭄 2. 한발	The drought lowered reservoirs and damaged crops.
1173	chorus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: chorus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 후렴(後斂) 2. 리프레인 3. 제창	The chorus comments on events that the main characters cannot see.
1174	verification	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 검증 2. 증명 3. 입증	Image verification showed that the photograph came from an older event.
1175	delegate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: delegate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 대표 2. 대표자 3. 대의원	Each school sent a delegate to the youth council.
1176	chronicle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: chronicle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 크로니클 2. 연대기	The monk's chronicle describes several years of drought.
1177	bland	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bland is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 싱겁다 2. 밋밋하다	The soup tasted bland until we added herbs.
1178	daycare	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: daycare is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	어린이집	My little cousin attends daycare near her mother's office.
1179	attentive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 주의 깊은 2. 집중하는	The attentive audience heard every detail of the speech.
1180	loop	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loop is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 반복문 2. 루프	The loop processes every item in the list.
1181	interaction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 상호작용(相互作用) 2. 교류	The medication can cause a harmful interaction with grapefruit.
1182	heir	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: heir is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 상속인(相續人) 2. 계승자(繼承者) 3. 후계자	The missing heir returns just before the estate is sold.
1183	biography	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: biography is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 전기(傳記) 2. 열전 3. 평전	The biography traces the scientist's work from childhood experiments to major discoveries.
1184	retrieve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: retrieve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	건지다	The dog can retrieve the ball from the shallow pond.
1185	manipulate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: manipulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	주무르다	The operator can manipulate the robotic arm with a joystick.
1186	invasive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 침입성의 2. 생태계를 교란하는	The invasive vine covered trees and blocked sunlight.
1187	hemisphere	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hemisphere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 반구(半球) 2. 반구	Australia lies mainly in the Southern Hemisphere.
1188	allegiance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 충성 2. 충성심	The knight promised allegiance to the new queen.
1189	mimic	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mimic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	모방하다	The parrot can mimic the sound of a ringing phone.
1190	forgiving	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: forgiving is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 너그럽게 용서하는 2. 관대한	Her forgiving response allowed the friends to begin again.

Page 34 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 34.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The greenhouse protects _____ plants from the winter cold.

Answer: exotic

2. A tick is a _____ that feeds on an animal's blood.

Answer: parasite

3. The _____ comments on events that the main characters cannot see.

Answer: chorus

4. The missing _____ returns just before the estate is sold.

Answer: heir

5. Her _____ response allowed the friends to begin again.

Answer: forgiving

Page 35: words 1191–1225

Vocabulary page 35
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1191	dissolve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dissolve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 녹다 2. 용해되다	Salt will dissolve more quickly in warm water.
1192	prevention	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 방지 2. 예방 3. 방재	Vaccination is an important form of disease prevention.
1193	socialism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 사회주의(社會主義) 2. 사회주의	The party promoted democratic socialism through elections.
1194	metric	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metric is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 미터법의 2. 미터계의	The metric unit for liquid volume is the liter.
1195	geometry	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: geometry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 기하학(幾何學) 2. 기하학	Geometry helps architects calculate angles and areas.
1196	credibility	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. 신빙 2. 신뢰도	Citations and transparent methods increase a report's credibility.
1197	unanimous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	만장일치(滿場一致)	The jury reached a unanimous decision.
1198	sensory	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sensory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	감각	Sensory details describe the bread's warm scent and crisp crust.
1199	rigorous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. 엄격한 2. 철저한	The medicine passed a rigorous series of safety tests.
1200	avalanche	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: avalanche is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 눈사태(沙汰) 2. 설붕(雪崩)	The avalanche blocked the road through the mountain pass.
1201	shabby	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: shabby is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 낡고 허름한 2. 허름한	Fresh paint improved the shabby wooden fence.
1202	unstable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	불안정한	The cracked slope became unstable after heavy rain.
1203	surplus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: surplus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 여분 2. 과잉 3. 흑자	A food surplus allowed some workers to specialize in other trades.
1204	renaissance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	르네상스	The Harlem Renaissance transformed American literature, music, and art.
1205	consult	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: consult is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	찾다	The builders consult an engineer before altering the support beam.
1206	scope	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: scope is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 스코프 2. 레인지 3. 폭	The paper narrows its scope to public transportation in three coastal cities.
1207	acquisition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 획득(獲得) 2. 획득 3. 취득	Regular conversation supports the acquisition of a new language.
1208	prosecution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 소추 2. 검찰 3. 공소	The prosecution introduced evidence connecting the suspect to the theft.
1209	nonprofit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Prefix focus: non- means not or without.	비영리 단체(非營利團體)	The nonprofit restored the historic theater.
1210	lethal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lethal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 치명적-이다 2. 치사의	Even a small dose of the chemical can be lethal to fish.
1211	judiciary	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: judiciary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 사법부 2. 사법	An independent judiciary can limit abuses of power.
1212	hardy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hardy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	튼튼한	The hardy shrub survives cold winds and poor soil.
1213	correlation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	상관관계	A correlation does not by itself prove that one variable causes the other.
1214	tangible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	명백한	The repaired roof was tangible evidence of the volunteers' work.
1215	inventive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	창의적인	The inventive student designed a rain catcher from bottles.
1216	orientation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 방향 2. 꼭짓점 배열 방향	A reflection reverses a polygon's orientation.
1217	exceptional	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exceptional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 뛰어난 2. 비범한	Her exceptional memory allowed her to recite the entire speech.
1218	recession	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 불황 2. 경기 침체	During the recession, many businesses reduced hiring.
1219	mock	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mock is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	비웃다	The bullies mock the new student's accent until a friend intervenes.
1220	censorship	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: censorship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	검열	Government censorship prevented the newspaper from reporting the protest.
1221	satire	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: satire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	풍자	The play uses satire to expose the mayor's vanity.
1222	posture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: posture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 자세 2. 체위 3. 태세	Good posture keeps the screen near eye level and the shoulders relaxed.
1223	wavelength	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: wavelength is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 파장(波長) 2. 파장	Red light has a longer wavelength than violet light.
1224	thunderstorm	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thunderstorm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	뇌우	The thunderstorm moved east before midnight.
1225	echo	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: echo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 메아리 2. 에코 3. 산울림	The shout returned as an echo from the canyon wall.

Page 35 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 35.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Salt will _____ more quickly in warm water.

Answer: dissolve

2. The medicine passed a _____ series of safety tests.

Answer: rigorous

3. The _____ introduced evidence connecting the suspect to the theft.

Answer: prosecution

4. Her _____ memory allowed her to recite the entire speech.

Answer: exceptional

5. The shout returned as an _____ from the canyon wall.

Answer: echo

Page 36: words 1226–1260

Vocabulary page 36
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1226	repeating	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: repeating is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 순환하는 2. 반복되는	One third has the repeating decimal 0.333.
1227	viewpoint	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: viewpoint is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	견지	The novel shows the conflict from each sibling's viewpoint.
1228	plausible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	그럴듯하다	The detective considered each plausible explanation for the missing key.
1229	ascend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ascend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 올라가다 2. 올라오다 3. 오르다	The hikers ascend the hill before sunrise.
1230	regulatory	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: regulatory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 규제상의 2. 규제 권한과 관련된	The agency has regulatory authority over drinking-water quality.
1231	controversial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: controversial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	논쟁의 여지가있는	The controversial proposal would relocate several families.
1232	nationalism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 국민주의 (國民主義) 2. 민족주의	Nationalism helped unite the region but also heightened rivalries.
1233	critique	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: critique is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 비평하다 2. 평가하다	Partners critique each proposal using the same three criteria.
1234	cone	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	원뿔	The traffic cone has a circular base.
1235	stationary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stationary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 움직이지 않는 2. 정지한	The bicycle remained stationary while its wheel spun.
1236	refrain	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: refrain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 후렴(後斂) 2. 리프레인 3. 후렴	Everyone joined in when the refrain returned.
1237	drastic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: drastic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	급진	The drought required drastic limits on water use.
1238	coherent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: coherent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	일관성 있는	Transitions made the explanation coherent from beginning to end.
1239	budge	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: budge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 조금 움직이다 2. 꿈쩍하다	The heavy cabinet would not budge across the floor.
1240	bizarre	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bizarre is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	기괴하다	The bizarre sculpture combines a bicycle wheel with a glass umbrella.
1241	tornado	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tornado is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 토네이도 2. 회오리	The tornado damaged a narrow path through the town.
1242	reckless	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reckless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 무모(無謀)하다 2. 무모	Reckless driving endangered everyone near the crossing.
1243	citation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 인용 표기 2. 출처 표기	Each borrowed statistic needs a citation.
1244	bibliography	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	서지	The bibliography identifies every book, interview, and website in the project.
1245	mantle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mantle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	맨틀	Slow movement in the mantle helps drive plate motion.
1246	empirical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: empirical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	실증적인	The team collected empirical data by measuring the plants each day.
1247	assert	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 확고히 하다 2. 주장하다	The author will assert that clean water is a basic human need.
1248	sediment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	앙금	The river left a layer of sediment along its banks.
1249	shatter	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: shatter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 깨뜨리다 2. 산산이 부수다	A hard fall can shatter a glass jar.
1250	nudge	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: nudge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	슬쩍 찌르다	Mina used her elbow to nudge the door open.
1251	operational	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: operational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	운영상의	The repaired water pump is operational again.
1252	sympathetic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sympathetic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 동정적인 2. 공감하는	The counselor was sympathetic but still explained the rule.
1253	solemn	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: solemn is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 숙연하다 2. 엄숙 3. 비장	The crowd remained solemn during the memorial ceremony.
1254	crafty	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: crafty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	교활한	The crafty fox hid its tracks near the stream.
1255	communism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 공산주의(共產主義) 2. 공산 3. 공산주의	Different governments interpreted communism in sharply different ways.
1256	automation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 자동화(自動化) 2. 오토메이션	Automation allows the greenhouse to adjust watering overnight.
1257	climax	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: climax is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 야마 2. 고조 3. 정점	The climax occurs when the climber must choose whether to turn back.
1258	peril	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: peril is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	위험	The climbers faced peril when the ice began to crack.
1259	gorge	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gorge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 협곡(峽谷) 2. 골짜기 3. 계곡	The river flows through a rocky gorge.
1260	emphasis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: emphasis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 강조 2. 중시 3. 중점	The course places emphasis on evidence rather than memorized dates.

Page 36 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 36.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. One third has the _____ decimal 0.333.

Answer: repeating

2. The traffic _____ has a circular base.

Answer: cone

3. Each borrowed statistic needs a _____.

Answer: citation

4. The counselor was _____ but still explained the rule.

Answer: sympathetic

5. The course places _____ on evidence rather than memorized dates.

Answer: emphasis

Page 37: words 1261–1295

Vocabulary page 37
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1261	interference	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 간섭(干涉) 2. 간섭 3. 참견	Interference creates alternating bright and dark bands on the screen.
1262	cluster	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cluster is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 군집 2. 클러스터 3. 다발	A cluster near the upper right appears in the scatter plot.
1263	projection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 지도 투영 2. 투영법	Every map projection distorts some combination of area, shape, or distance.
1264	exposition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 발단 2. 배경 설명	The exposition explains why the family moved to the island.
1265	conditional	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conditional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 조건을 나타내는 2. 조건부의	The conditional sentence explains what will happen if the temperature falls.
1266	squared	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: squared is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	제곱	Five squared equals twenty-five.
1267	soar	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: soar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 날아오르다 2. 치솟다	The eagle began to soar above the canyon.
1268	gloomy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gloomy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 침울한 2. 어두운	The gray sky gave the empty street a gloomy appearance.
1269	evade	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: evade is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	피하다	The quick rabbit tried to evade the circling hawk.
1270	magma	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: magma is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	마그마	Pressure forced magma upward through a crack.
1271	carefree	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: carefree is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	태평한	The children enjoyed a carefree afternoon beside the lake.
1272	structural	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: structural is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	구조적	The earthquake caused structural damage to two columns.
1273	consecutive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	연이은	The river exceeded flood level for three consecutive days.
1274	advisory	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: advisory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 권고성의 2. 주의보 성격의	The weather agency issued an advisory notice about dangerous heat.
1275	doctrine	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: doctrine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 교의(敎義) 2. 교리(敎理) 3. 독트린	The movement's doctrine emphasized nonviolent resistance.
1276	defendant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: defendant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 피고(被告) 2. 피고인(被告人) 3. 피고인	The defendant entered a plea at the hearing.
1277	neglected	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: neglected is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 방치된 2. 돌보지 않은	Volunteers repaired the neglected playground.
1278	apparatus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: apparatus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 장치(裝置) 2. 장치 3. 기구	The filtration apparatus includes a funnel, paper, and collection flask.
1279	reflective	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 성찰적인 2. 깊이 생각하는	Her reflective journal considers what she learned from the failed trial.
1280	constituent	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: constituent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	구성원	Each constituent may write to the senator about the proposed law.
1281	hearty	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hearty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	푸짐	The hikers ate a hearty stew after the long climb.
1282	underlying	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: underlying is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 근본적인 2. 기저의	The physician treated the underlying infection rather than only the fever.
1283	compliance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 부응 2. 준수 3. 순응	The audit confirmed compliance with workplace safety law.
1284	succession	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 생태 천이 2. 천이	After the lava cools, ecological succession begins with lichens.
1285	memoir	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: memoir is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 회상록(回想錄) 2. 회고록(回顧錄) 3. 수기	In her memoir, the pilot recalls learning to navigate by the stars.
1286	continuity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 연속성 2. 일관성	Shared symbols create continuity between the novel's three sections.
1287	algebra	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: algebra is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	대수	Algebra can express the same pattern for any input.
1288	parameter	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: parameter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	매개변수	The program lets users change each parameter in the model.
1289	latitude	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: latitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 위도 2. 북위	Places at high latitude often have cold winters.
1290	adhere	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: adhere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 달라붙다 2. 붙다	The label will adhere better to a clean surface.
1291	scarcity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 부족 2. 희소성	Water scarcity forced the town to limit outdoor use.
1292	opaque	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: opaque is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	불투명하다	The opaque wall blocked all light from the next room.
1293	liability	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 법적 책임 2. 배상 책임	The company accepted liability for the defective product.
1294	calculation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 계산 2. 추산 3. 산출	Check the calculation by estimating the result first.
1295	biased	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: biased is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	치우친	A biased question can distort survey results.

Page 37 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 37.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. _____ creates alternating bright and dark bands on the screen.

Answer: interference

2. The quick rabbit tried to _____ the circling hawk.

Answer: evade

3. The filtration _____ includes a funnel, paper, and collection flask.

Answer: apparatus

4. _____ can express the same pattern for any input.

Answer: algebra

5. A _____ question can distort survey results.

Answer: biased

Page 38: words 1296–1330

Vocabulary page 38
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1296	encryption	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	암호화(暗號化)	The messaging service uses encryption to protect private conversations.
1297	dissent	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dissent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	이의	The judge wrote a dissent explaining why she opposed the ruling.
1298	asteroid	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: asteroid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 소행성(小行星) 2. 소행성	The probe photographed an asteroid between Mars and Jupiter.
1299	sparse	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sparse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	희박	Only sparse grass grew on the dry hillside.
1300	mischief	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mischief is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 장난 2. 해악	The puppy's mischief left muddy paw prints across the floor.
1301	astronomer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: astronomer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 천문학자(天文學者) 2. 천문학자	The astronomer observed a distant comet.
1302	binary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: binary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	이진	Computers store many kinds of information in binary form using zeros and ones.
1303	rigid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rigid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 단단한 2. 경직된	A rigid frame keeps the telescope steady.
1304	pyramid	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pyramid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 각뿔 2. 피라미드	The square pyramid has four triangular side faces.
1305	naive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: naive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 순진하다 2. 우직하다 3. 박직하다	It was naive to believe the advertisement without checking its claims.
1306	pun	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pun is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	말장난	The bakery sign's bread joke is a pun.
1307	cumulative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	누적	The cumulative rainfall for the month reached twenty centimeters.
1308	senseless	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: senseless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	무의미한	Damaging the new playground would be a senseless act.
1309	revert	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: revert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 되돌아가다 2. 원래 상태로 돌아가다	Without maintenance, the garden may revert to an overgrown field.
1310	escalate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: escalate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	차츰 오르다	A small disagreement can escalate when no one listens.
1311	provision	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 조항 2. 계약 조항	One provision of the contract requires monthly safety reports.
1312	vain	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 허영심 많은 2. 자만하는	The vain ruler ordered statues of himself in every square.
1313	potent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: potent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	독하다	The concentrated cleaner is potent enough to damage paint.
1314	prosecute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prosecute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	기소하다	The state may prosecute anyone who deliberately poisons the river.
1315	descriptive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	서술적인	The descriptive paragraph helps readers imagine the crowded market.
1316	ridicule	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ridicule is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 놀리다 2. 비웃다	No student should ridicule another person's accent.
1317	perseverance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 정진 2. 끈기 3. 인내	Solving the complicated puzzle required perseverance.
1318	powerfully	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	강력히	The river flowed powerfully after the storm.
1319	elimination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	소거법	Using elimination, Rae added the equations to remove y.
1320	watershed	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: watershed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	유역	Pollution anywhere in the watershed can reach the reservoir.
1321	syntax	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: syntax is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 통사론(統辭論) 2. 구문론(構文論) 3. 문장론(文章論)	Changing the syntax can place more emphasis on the final idea.
1322	suspense	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: suspense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	서스펜스	The ticking clock creates suspense during the rescue scene.
1323	subset	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: subset is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	부분집합(部分集合)	The survey examined a subset of the town's households.
1324	hoax	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hoax is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 날조 2. 사기극	The report of a sea monster proved to be a hoax.
1325	eerie	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: eerie is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 오싹한 2. 기괴한	An eerie howl echoed through the empty valley.
1326	blunder	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: blunder is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	실책	Sending the letter without an address was a blunder.
1327	pursuit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pursuit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 추구 2. 추종 3. 추격	Her pursuit of accuracy led her back to the original records.
1328	manuscript	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: manuscript is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 사본(寫本) 2. 원고	The author sent the completed manuscript to her editor.
1329	prose	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 산문(散文) 2. 산문 3. 수필	The author shifts from verse to prose when the formal ceremony ends.
1330	perceive	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: perceive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 감지하다 2. 지각하다	Bats perceive their surroundings through reflected sound.

Page 38 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 38.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The messaging service uses _____ to protect private conversations.

Answer: encryption

2. The square _____ has four triangular side faces.

Answer: pyramid

3. The concentrated cleaner is _____ enough to damage paint.

Answer: potent

4. The ticking clock creates _____ during the rescue scene.

Answer: suspense

5. Bats _____ their surroundings through reflected sound.

Answer: perceive

Page 39: words 1331–1365

Vocabulary page 39
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1331	integrate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: integrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	통합하다	The presentation will integrate maps, quotations, and survey data.
1332	perish	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: perish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 죽다 2. 멸망하다	Young seedlings may perish without water.
1333	cautiously	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. 조심히 2. 신중히 3. 조심스레	The fox stepped cautiously onto the frozen pond.
1334	antagonist	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ist often names a person associated with a field, belief, or practice.	악역	In the novel, the dishonest captain is the antagonist.
1335	pioneer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pioneer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 선구자(先驅者) 2. 개척자(開拓者) 3. 선봉(先鋒)	The engineer became a pioneer in low-cost water purification.
1336	theorem	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: theorem is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	정리(定理)	The Pythagorean theorem relates the sides of a right triangle.
1337	induction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 귀납 2. 귀납적 추론	Induction suggests the pattern, but a proof must confirm it.
1338	persistence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 지속 2. 집요	Solving the complex proof required persistence.
1339	deposition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 퇴적 2. 퇴적 작용	River deposition formed a sandbar near the bend.
1340	allocate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: allocate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	할당하다	The council will allocate part of the budget to playground repairs.
1341	caregiver	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: caregiver is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	간병인	The caregiver prepared lunch and medicine for the elderly patient.
1342	pentagon	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pentagon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 오각형 2. 펜타곤	The irregular pentagon still has exactly five sides.
1343	idle	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: idle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 가동하지 않는 2. 유휴의	The idle factory machinery gathered dust.
1344	contamination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	오염	Testing revealed bacterial contamination in the well.
1345	resilient	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resilient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	탄력있는	The resilient community rebuilt homes after the storm.
1346	annex	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: annex is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	병합하다	The city voted to annex the land beside the highway.
1347	selfless	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: selfless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 이타적(利他的) 2. 리타적(利他的) 3. 사심 없다	The selfless volunteer gave her seat to the tired passenger.
1348	reassure	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reassure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	안심시키다	The guide tried to reassure us that the trail was safe.
1349	illuminate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: illuminate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	비추다	A lantern will illuminate the dark path.
1350	considerate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: considerate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	사려 깊은	It was considerate of Mae to lower her voice near the sleeping baby.
1351	clasp	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: clasp is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 꽉 잡다 2. 껴안다	The child will clasp the railing while climbing the steps.
1352	bewildered	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bewildered is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	당황하다	The bewildered traveler studied the unfamiliar train map.
1353	recommendation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 추천 2. 권장 3. 권유	The panel's recommendation is to repair rather than replace the bridge.
1354	governance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 통치 2. 치도 3. 치리	Transparent governance includes public access to budgets and rules.
1355	realism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	리얼리즘	The novel's realism appears in its detailed portrayal of factory work.
1356	tariff	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tariff is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	관세	The tariff increased the price of imported steel.
1357	remorse	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: remorse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 죄의식(罪意識) 2. 자책감(自責感) 3. 회오(悔悟)	He felt remorse after admitting that he had damaged the sculpture.
1358	hue	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 색조 2. 색상 3. 빛깔	The artist mixed blue and green to create a turquoise hue.
1359	choreography	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	안무	The choreography placed the dancers in a widening circle.
1360	perpendicular	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: perpendicular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	수직의	The vertical post is perpendicular to the ground.
1361	skeptical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: skeptical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	의심 많은	The skeptical reviewer asked to see the original data.
1362	durable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: durable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 내구성이 있는 2. 질긴	The durable fabric survived years of outdoor use.
1363	chromosome	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: chromosome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 염색체(染色體) 2. 물들체 3. 염색체	Each chromosome contains many genes.
1364	quadrant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: quadrant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	사분면	The point is located in the first quadrant.
1365	decimal	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: decimal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	소수	The decimal 0.5 represents one half.

Page 39 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 39.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The presentation will _____ maps, quotations, and survey data.

Answer: integrate

2. River _____ formed a sandbar near the bend.

Answer: deposition

3. The guide tried to _____ us that the trail was safe.

Answer: reassure

4. He felt _____ after admitting that he had damaged the sculpture.

Answer: remorse

5. The _____ 0.5 represents one half.

Answer: decimal

Page 40: words 1366–1400

Vocabulary page 40
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1366	videotape	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: videotape is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	비디오로 녹화하다	We will videotape the experiment so we can review it later.
1367	capability	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 역량 2. 경제력 3. 방어력	The satellite has the capability to measure sea-surface temperature.
1368	rash	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rash is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 성급한 2. 무모한	Crossing the flooded bridge would be a rash decision.
1369	muscular	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: muscular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 근육의 2. 근육과 관련된	The muscular system pulls on bones to create movement.
1370	monarchy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: monarchy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 군주제(君主制) 2. 왕정	The monarchy became largely ceremonial after constitutional reforms.
1371	enlightenment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 계몽(啓蒙) 2. 깨달음 3. 계몽	Enlightenment thinkers debated the source of government authority.
1372	activism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	행동주의	Youth activism helped expand access to public transportation.
1373	flashback	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: flashback is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	플래시백	A flashback reveals how the two rivals first met.
1374	biodiversity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	생물의 다양성	The rainforest supports extraordinary biodiversity.
1375	restrain	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: restrain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	제지하다	A leash helps restrain a dog near a busy road.
1376	lifeguard	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lifeguard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 인명 구조원 2. 수상 안전요원	The lifeguard closed the beach when the waves became dangerous.
1377	hunch	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hunch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 직감 2. 예감	My hunch was correct: the cat had hidden under the porch.
1378	detection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 탐지 2. 수색 3. 감지	Early detection improves the chance of controlling the invasive insect.
1379	versatile	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: versatile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	다재다능한	A versatile tool can cut wire, tighten screws, and open packages.
1380	trivial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trivial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 사소하다 2. 하찮다	A spelling preference is trivial compared with a factual error.
1381	optimization	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	최적화	Route optimization reduced both travel time and fuel use.
1382	absorption	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	흡수	Dark fabric has greater absorption of visible light than white fabric.
1383	symbolism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 상징성 2. 상징적 표현	The broken chain provides symbolism for freedom.
1384	criterion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: criterion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 표준(標準) 2. 기준 3. 준거	Safety is the most important criterion in choosing a campsite.
1385	antibody	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: antibody is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	항체	Each antibody can attach to a particular target on a pathogen.
1386	mistrust	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mistrust is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 불신하다 2. 믿지 않다	Repeated false alarms made residents mistrust the warning bell.
1387	incompetent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: incompetent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	못나다	An incompetent repair could make the electrical fault more dangerous.
1388	variance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	편차	Low variance means the repeated measurements stayed close together.
1389	subordinate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: subordinate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 종속적 2. 하급의 3. 부차적	The subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
1390	qualitative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	질적(質的)	The interview provided qualitative information about residents' experiences.
1391	implicit	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: implicit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 암시적인 2. 명시되지 않은	Her smile gave implicit approval even though she said nothing.
1392	sluggish	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sluggish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	부진한	The lizard seemed sluggish in the cool morning air.
1393	pessimistic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pessimistic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	비관적	The pessimistic sailor doubted that the wind would improve.
1394	dependable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	신뢰할 수 있는	The dependable bus arrives at the same time each morning.
1395	asterisk	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: asterisk is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 별표 2. 애스터리스크	An asterisk beside the word directs readers to the note below.
1396	monopoly	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: monopoly is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 독점 2. 독차지 3. 전매	Regulators investigated whether the merger would create a monopoly.
1397	mythology	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	신화학(神話學)	The course compares sea deities in Greek and Polynesian mythology.
1398	mutation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	돌연변이	A mutation may be harmful, helpful, or have no visible effect.
1399	lever	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lever is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 지레 2. 레버 3. 레바	The crowbar acts as a lever when lifting the lid.
1400	dictatorship	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dictatorship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 독재(獨裁) 2. 독재	The dictatorship censored newspapers and arrested opponents.

Page 40 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 40.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. We will _____ the experiment so we can review it later.

Answer: videotape

2. The rainforest supports extraordinary _____.

Answer: biodiversity

3. The broken chain provides _____ for freedom.

Answer: symbolism

4. The lizard seemed _____ in the cool morning air.

Answer: sluggish

5. The _____ censored newspapers and arrested opponents.

Answer: dictatorship

Page 41: words 1401–1435

Vocabulary page 41
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1401	reflex	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reflex is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	반사(反射)	Pulling a hand from a hot surface is a protective reflex.
1402	rectangle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rectangle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	직사각형	The classroom floor forms a rectangle.
1403	navigation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 항법(航法) 2. 항해(航海) 3. 항행(航行)	Improved navigation helped sailors cross open oceans.
1404	statute	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: statute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 법률 2. 성문법	The statute requires factories to report hazardous spills.
1405	periodic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: periodic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	주기적	A swinging pendulum has periodic motion.
1406	autobiography	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	1. 자서전 2. 자서	The musician's autobiography describes both failures and successes.
1407	prefix	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prefix is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 접두사 2. 접두어	The prefix “un-” changes “certain” to “uncertain.”
1408	aroma	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: aroma is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 향기(香氣) 2. 좋은 냄새 3. 아로마	The warm bread filled the kitchen with a sweet aroma.
1409	consultation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 협의 2. 상의 3. 상담	The council held a public consultation before changing the bus route.
1410	complexity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	복잡	The ecosystem's complexity makes a single-cause explanation unlikely.
1411	revision	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 개정 2. 정정 3. 경정	During revision, Lila moved her strongest evidence closer to the claim.
1412	hormone	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hormone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	호르몬	The hormone insulin helps regulate blood glucose.
1413	electron	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: electron is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 전자(電子) 2. 전자	An electron may move to a higher energy level after absorbing energy.
1414	decree	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: decree is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 칙령 2. 법령	The royal decree opened the port to foreign merchants.
1415	wedge	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: wedge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	쐐기	The blade is a wedge that pushes material apart.
1416	presume	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: presume is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	가정(假定)하다	We should not presume that the quietest participant has no ideas.
1417	differentiate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: differentiate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	구별 짓다	The key helps students differentiate harmless insects from harmful ones.
1418	envious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	부럽다	Leo felt envious of his friend's new bicycle.
1419	accord	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: accord is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	일치	The two councils reached an accord after weeks of negotiation.
1420	persuasive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 설득력 있는 2. 설득을 목적으로 하는	The advertisement is persuasive because it combines evidence with emotional appeal.
1421	hesitant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hesitant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	주저하는	Mira was hesitant to cross the swaying bridge.
1422	artifact	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: artifact is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 인공물 2. 유물	The clay bowl is an artifact from the ancient settlement.
1423	vertex	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vertex is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 정점(頂點) 2. 정점	The top vertex joins the triangle's two sloping sides.
1424	translucent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: translucent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	반투명(半透明)한	The translucent curtain softened the sunlight.
1425	ferocious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	사납다	Ferocious winds tore branches from the trees.
1426	feeble	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: feeble is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	희미한	A feeble beam of light shone through the dusty window.
1427	institutional	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: institutional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	제도적	Institutional rules can continue even after individual leaders change.
1428	disclosure	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: disclosure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 정보 공개 2. 공시	Financial disclosure reveals whether an official has related business interests.
1429	microwave	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: microwave is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	마이크로파	A microwave in radar can reflect from an approaching storm.
1430	segregation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	격리	Students challenged school segregation in court.
1431	prosperous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	번영하는	The prosperous port attracted merchants from distant regions.
1432	ordinance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 조례(條例) 2. 법령(法令) 3. 조례	The city ordinance limits noise after midnight.
1433	cheerful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cheerful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 기쁘다 2. 밝다 3. 경쾌하다	His cheerful greeting eased everyone's nervousness.
1434	motif	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: motif is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 모티브 2. 모티프	The recurring moon is a motif that appears whenever the hero feels lonely.
1435	diffusion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 확산 2. 파급	The scent spread through the room by diffusion.

Page 41 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 41.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Pulling a hand from a hot surface is a protective _____.

Answer: reflex

2. The council held a public _____ before changing the bus route.

Answer: consultation

3. Leo felt _____ of his friend's new bicycle.

Answer: envious

4. _____ rules can continue even after individual leaders change.

Answer: institutional

5. The scent spread through the room by _____.

Answer: diffusion

Page 42: words 1436–1470

Vocabulary page 42
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1436	chronological	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: chronological is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 시간순의 2. 연대순의	The biography presents the inventor's life in chronological order.
1437	barren	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: barren is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	메마르다	After years without rain, the field became barren.
1438	vector	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vector is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	벡터	Velocity is a vector because its direction matters.
1439	consistency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: consistency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 일관 2. 일치 3. 부합	Reviewers checked the report for consistency between its tables and conclusions.
1440	patriotism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 애국주의(愛國主義) 2. 애국심(愛國心) 3. 애국	Her patriotism included criticizing policies she believed were unjust.
1441	nucleus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: nucleus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 세포핵(細胞核) 2. 핵	The nucleus directs many activities of a eukaryotic cell.
1442	elastic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: elastic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	탄력 있는	The elastic cord lengthened under the load.
1443	iteration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	반복	Each iteration of the bridge held more weight.
1444	integer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: integer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	정수	Negative three is an integer.
1445	futile	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: futile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	부질없다	Pushing the locked steel door was futile.
1446	coefficient	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: coefficient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	계수	In 5x, the number 5 is the coefficient.
1447	unravel	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: unravel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	풀다	The detective used the diary to unravel the mystery.
1448	deprive	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: deprive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	뺏다	Clouds can deprive young plants of necessary sunlight.
1449	tolerant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tolerant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 관대한 2. 포용적인	A tolerant community protects peaceful disagreement.
1450	improper	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: improper is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	가분수의	The improper fraction nine fourths is greater than one.
1451	fascism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	파시즘	Fascism gained power by exploiting fear and political violence.
1452	rhetorical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rhetorical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	수사학적인	The speaker used a rhetorical question to focus attention.
1453	imperialism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	제국주의	Imperialism allowed powerful states to seize distant resources.
1454	impartial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: impartial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	공정한	An impartial referee applies the same rules to both teams.
1455	circumference	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 원주(圓周) 2. 둘레 3. 주위	We wrapped string around the lid to measure its circumference.
1456	inclusive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 포용적인 2. 모두를 고려하는	The inclusive survey provides several ways to respond.
1457	compatible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	호환 가능	The replacement part is compatible with the original machine.
1458	sanitation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 위생(衛生) 2. 공중위생(公衆衛生) 3. 위생	Modern sanitation reduced diseases spread by contaminated water.
1459	entrepreneurship	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: entrepreneurship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	기업가 정신	Her entrepreneurship turned a repair idea into a small company.
1460	archaeology	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. 고고학 2. 고고	Archaeology revealed workshops beneath the modern marketplace.
1461	arid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: arid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	메마르다	Only drought-resistant shrubs survived in the arid valley.
1462	revelation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 폭로(暴露) 2. 묵시 3. 계시	The diary's revelation changed how historians understood the expedition.
1463	enforce	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: enforce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 집행하다 2. 시행을 강제하다	Inspectors enforce limits on unsafe emissions.
1464	coincidence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 일치(一致) 2. 우연의 일치 3. 우연(偶然)	The two alarms sounding together may be a coincidence.
1465	foil	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: foil is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	대조적 인물	The cautious brother serves as a foil to the reckless hero.
1466	dispatch	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dispatch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	보내다	The control center will dispatch a repair crew before dawn.
1467	rhyme	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rhyme is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 압운(押韻) 2. 라임	The poet avoids perfect rhyme to create an uneasy effect.
1468	irrational	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: irrational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 비합리적인 2. 이치에 맞지 않는	It is irrational to reject the experiment before examining its results.
1469	understatement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	절제된 표현	Calling a hurricane “a little wind” is an understatement.
1470	purchaser	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: purchaser is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 구매자 2. 매수인	The purchaser checked the bicycle before completing the sale.

Page 42 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 42.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The biography presents the inventor's life in _____ order.

Answer: chronological

2. Negative three is an _____.

Answer: integer

3. _____ allowed powerful states to seize distant resources.

Answer: imperialism

4. The diary's _____ changed how historians understood the expedition.

Answer: revelation

5. The _____ checked the bicycle before completing the sale.

Answer: purchaser

Page 43: words 1471–1505

Vocabulary page 43
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1471	metadata	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metadata is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	메타데이터	A photograph's metadata may include its date and file size.
1472	attribution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 출처 표시 2. 저작자 표시	The image requires attribution to its photographer.
1473	analogous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	유사한	The two plots are analogous because each follows a child searching for home.
1474	relevance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 관련성 2. 적합성	The judge questioned the relevance of testimony about an unrelated event.
1475	cybersecurity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	사이버 보안	Strong passwords are one part of good cybersecurity.
1476	conspicuous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. 눈에띄다 2. 두드러지다	The bright orange tent was conspicuous against the snow.
1477	sever	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sever is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	절단하다	The storm may sever weak branches from the tree.
1478	loudspeaker	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loudspeaker is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	확성기	The announcement echoed through the loudspeaker.
1479	seismic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: seismic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	지진의	Seismic waves allow scientists to study Earth's interior.
1480	inscription	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 비문 2. 마애	The weathered inscription names the bridge's original builder.
1481	inhibit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inhibit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	억제하다	Cold temperatures can inhibit the growth of some bacteria.
1482	hazy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hazy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 흐릿한 2. 안개 낀	The distant hills looked hazy through the morning fog.
1483	covenant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: covenant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	언약	The communities signed a covenant promising to share water during droughts.
1484	sentimental	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sentimental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	감상적인	The worn toy has sentimental value because it belonged to her grandmother.
1485	robotics	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: robotics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 로봇공학 2. 로봇학	Robotics combines programming, mechanics, and electronics.
1486	reformation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 종교개혁 2. 개혁 운동	The Protestant Reformation divided western Christianity.
1487	customary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: customary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	관습적인	In the customary system, twelve inches equal one foot.
1488	characterization	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	성격 묘사	The author uses dialogue and actions for indirect characterization.
1489	tectonic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tectonic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	지각의	Tectonic plates move only a few centimeters each year.
1490	synonym	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: synonym is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 같은말 2. 비슷한말 3. 동의어(同義語/同意語)	“Rapid” is a synonym for “quick.”
1491	denominator	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: denominator is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	분모	In three fifths, five is the denominator.
1492	plantation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 대농장 2. 플랜테이션	The plantation produced sugar for overseas markets.
1493	tsunami	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tsunami is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 지진 해일 2. 쓰나미	The offshore earthquake triggered a tsunami warning.
1494	truce	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: truce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 정전(停戰) 2. 휴전(休戰) 3. 휴전	Both sides accepted a truce to evacuate the wounded.
1495	doubtful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: doubtful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	못 미더운	It is doubtful that the damaged bridge can reopen today.
1496	treacherous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. 위험한 2. 위태로운	Black ice made the mountain road treacherous.
1497	approximation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	어림	Rounding 398 to 400 gives a useful approximation.
1498	murky	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: murky is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 탁한 2. 흐린	The pond water became murky after the storm.
1499	quotation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	인용문	The quotation supports the paragraph because it states the witness's observation.
1500	cyclone	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cyclone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 사이클론 2. 저기압(低氣壓)	The satellite image shows the cyclone turning over warm water.
1501	appendix	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: appendix is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	부록	The report's appendix contains the complete survey questions.
1502	abolition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 폐지 2. 철폐	The movement demanded the abolition of slavery.
1503	linger	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: linger is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	맴돌다	The scent of smoke may linger after the fire is out.
1504	intimidate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: intimidate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 협박하다 2. 위협하다	The bully tried to intimidate witnesses into silence.
1505	dehydration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 탈수(증상) 2. 탈수	The runner stopped to prevent dehydration in the intense heat.

Page 43 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 43.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A photograph's _____ may include its date and file size.

Answer: metadata

2. _____ waves allow scientists to study Earth's interior.

Answer: seismic

3. The author uses dialogue and actions for indirect _____.

Answer: characterization

4. Rounding 398 to 400 gives a useful _____.

Answer: approximation

5. The runner stopped to prevent _____ in the intense heat.

Answer: dehydration

Page 44: words 1506–1540

Vocabulary page 44
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1506	transparency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: transparency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	투명	Publishing meeting records increases government transparency.
1507	coordination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 조정 2. 협력	Emergency coordination prevented two rescue teams from searching the same area.
1508	accountable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	책임이 있는	Elected officials are accountable to the public.
1509	millennium	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: millennium is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 천년(千年) 2. 천년기(千年紀) 3. 밀레니엄	The temple has stood for nearly a millennium.
1510	deploy	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: deploy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	배치하다	Firefighters deploy portable pumps along the flooded street.
1511	microscope	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Prefix focus: micro- means small.	1. 현미경(顯微鏡) 2. 현미경	The microscope revealed cell walls in the onion tissue.
1512	aspiration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 열망(熱望) 2. 염원(念願) 3. 포부(抱負)	Her aspiration is to design affordable medical equipment.
1513	flimsy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: flimsy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	허술	The flimsy box collapsed under the heavy books.
1514	radiant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: radiant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 복사의 2. 방사되는	The Sun provides radiant energy to Earth.
1515	ascertain	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ascertain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 명백히하다 2. 알아내다	The inspector tested the alarm to ascertain whether it worked.
1516	emigrate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: emigrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	이주하다	Her grandparents chose to emigrate during a time of war.
1517	leverage	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: leverage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 활용하다 2. 지렛대로 삼다	The town will leverage its rail connection to attract new businesses.
1518	resourceful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resourceful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	수완이 풍부한	The resourceful campers repaired the strap with cord and tape.
1519	pry	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 비집어 열다 2. 지렛대로 열다	We used a flat tool to pry the lid from the paint can.
1520	systematic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: systematic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	체계적인	The researchers conducted a systematic search of every archive.
1521	visualize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	시각화하다	Sensory details help readers visualize the crowded harbor.
1522	impulsive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	충동적인	His impulsive decision to jump from the boat created danger.
1523	dire	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 심각한 2. 절박한	The clinic faced a dire shortage of clean water.
1524	despicable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. 비열한 2. 경멸스러운	Stealing emergency supplies was a despicable act.
1525	intervene	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: intervene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	개입하다	A mediator may intervene before the disagreement becomes violent.
1526	audible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: audible is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	들리는	The speaker's final words were barely audible.
1527	geologic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: geologic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	지질의	Fossils reveal changes across geologic time.
1528	commend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: commend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	기리다	The principal will commend the students who organized the food drive.
1529	dub	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dub is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ~라고 부르다 2. 별명을 붙이다	Reporters dub the rescued owl “Lucky” after its recovery.
1530	intimidated	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: intimidated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	겁에 질린	The new speaker felt intimidated by the enormous audience.
1531	liberate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: liberate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	해방(解放)하다	The rescue team worked to liberate the animal from the net.
1532	smirk	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: smirk is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	능글맞게 웃다	The bully began to smirk after hiding the missing notebook.
1533	organizational	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: organizational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	조직적인	Clear organizational roles reduced duplicated work.
1534	differential	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: differential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 차이에 따른 2. 차등의	A pressure differential moves air through the vent.
1535	diagnostic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: diagnostic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 진단의 2. 진단용	The mechanic ran a diagnostic test on the engine.
1536	summarize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	요약하다	At the end, summarize the article in two or three sentences.
1537	discern	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: discern is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	인지하다	Careful readers discern the difference between evidence and opinion.
1538	humane	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: humane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	인도적(人道的)	The shelter follows humane practices when caring for injured wildlife.
1539	signify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	의미하다	A flashing red light may signify that the battery is low.
1540	reciprocal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reciprocal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 상호적인 2. 호혜적인	The neighboring schools formed a reciprocal agreement to share equipment.

Page 44 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 44.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Publishing meeting records increases government _____.

Answer: transparency

2. The Sun provides _____ energy to Earth.

Answer: radiant

3. The clinic faced a _____ shortage of clean water.

Answer: dire

4. The bully began to _____ after hiding the missing notebook.

Answer: smirk

5. The neighboring schools formed a _____ agreement to share equipment.

Answer: reciprocal

Page 45: words 1541–1575

Vocabulary page 45
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1541	coarse	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: coarse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	거칠다	The filter catches coarse sand before the water reaches the fine mesh.
1542	agile	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: agile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	날렵	The agile goalkeeper changed direction in an instant.
1543	validate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: validate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	검증하다	A second trial can validate the surprising result.
1544	ominous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	불길한	The sudden silence was an ominous sign of the approaching storm.
1545	correlate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: correlate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	상관시키다	The study may correlate regular exercise with improved sleep.
1546	terrify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	겁나게 하다	A sudden roar can terrify a young animal.
1547	coordinated	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: coordinated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	조정된	A coordinated response delivered food and medicine to isolated towns.
1548	skeletal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: skeletal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	골격의	The skeletal system protects organs and provides support.
1549	confer	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: confer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 협의하다 2. 상의하다	The judges confer privately before announcing the winner.
1550	developmental	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: developmental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	발달상의	The study examines developmental differences between early and late adolescence.
1551	constructive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	건설적인	The reviewer offered constructive criticism with specific revision ideas.
1552	electromagnetic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: electromagnetic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	전자기-의	Visible light is one type of electromagnetic radiation.
1553	clad	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: clad is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	입은	Workers clad in reflective jackets directed traffic around the sinkhole.
1554	inquire	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inquire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	묻다	Visitors can inquire about accessible tours at the front desk.
1555	abrupt	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: abrupt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 갑작스럽다 2. 갑작하다	The road ends at an abrupt drop near the cliff.
1556	makeshift	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: makeshift is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	임시 변통	The hikers built a makeshift shelter from branches and a tarp.
1557	frigid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: frigid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	몹시 추운	Frigid air froze the puddles overnight.
1558	bestow	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bestow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 수여하다 2. 부여하다	The mayor will bestow a medal on the brave rescuer.
1559	comparative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 비교의 2. 비교 분석적인	The comparative essay considers how both novels portray exile.
1560	gleam	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gleam is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 희미하게 빛나다 2. 반짝이다	Wet stones gleam in the morning sun.
1561	erupt	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: erupt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 분출하다 2. 폭발하다	A volcano may erupt after pressure builds below the surface.
1562	deceitful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: deceitful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	기만적인	The deceitful merchant hid the crack beneath a label.
1563	magnify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	확대하다	This lens can magnify the tiny print.
1564	supplementary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: supplementary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 서로 보각을 이루는 2. 보각의	The adjacent angles on a straight line are supplementary.
1565	rebellious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	반항적인	The rebellious artist rejected the academy's strict conventions.
1566	taunt	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: taunt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 조롱하다 2. 놀리다	It is unkind to taunt a player who misses a shot.
1567	coax	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: coax is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	어르다	We used a treat to coax the frightened dog out from under the porch.
1568	deteriorate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: deteriorate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 악화되다 2. 나빠지다	Without repairs, the wooden steps will deteriorate.
1569	regal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: regal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 위엄 있는 2. 왕다운	The actor's regal posture makes the queen immediately recognizable.
1570	lofty	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lofty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	높다	The organization set a lofty goal of ending local homelessness.
1571	uncanny	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: uncanny is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	섬뜩한	The twins had an uncanny ability to finish each other's sentences.
1572	mediate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mediate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	중재하다	A counselor agreed to mediate the dispute between the teams.
1573	inept	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inept is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	무능한	The inept repair left the faucet leaking worse than before.
1574	disagreeable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	불쾌한	A disagreeable smell drifted from the trash bin.
1575	resolute	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resolute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	단호하다	The resolute climbers continued despite the cold wind.

Page 45 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 45.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The filter catches _____ sand before the water reaches the fine mesh.

Answer: coarse

2. The judges _____ privately before announcing the winner.

Answer: confer

3. The mayor will _____ a medal on the brave rescuer.

Answer: bestow

4. We used a treat to _____ the frightened dog out from under the porch.

Answer: coax

5. The _____ climbers continued despite the cold wind.

Answer: resolute

Page 46: words 1576–1600

Vocabulary page 46
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1576	valiant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: valiant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 용감한 2. 용맹한	The valiant rescue crew entered the flooded tunnel.
1577	prioritize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	앞세우다	Emergency crews prioritize people who need immediate medical help.
1578	loathe	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loathe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	혐오하다	I loathe wasting food that could have been shared.
1579	avid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: avid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 열렬한 2. 열성적인	An avid birder can recognize many species by their calls.
1580	retaliate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: retaliate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	보복하다	The coach warned players not to retaliate after a rough tackle.
1581	confide	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: confide is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	비밀을 털어놓다	Mara chose to confide her worry to a close friend.
1582	commemorate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: commemorate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	기념하다	The mural will commemorate the nurses who served during the epidemic.
1583	deter	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: deter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	그만 두게 하다	Bright lighting can deter theft near the station.
1584	symmetrical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: symmetrical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 대칭적인 2. 좌우가 대응하는	The butterfly's wings form a nearly symmetrical pattern.
1585	refine	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: refine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	다듬다	Repeated testing will refine the team’s model.
1586	distort	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: distort is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	왜곡하다	A misleading scale can distort the differences shown on a graph.
1587	enduring	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: enduring is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 지속적인 2. 오래가는	The court decision had an enduring influence on civil rights.
1588	nonlinear	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Prefix focus: non- means not or without.	비선형	The curved graph represents a nonlinear relationship.
1589	paraphrase	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: paraphrase is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 바꾸어 말하다 2. 의역하다	Students paraphrase the paragraph instead of copying it.
1590	regenerative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	재생의	Regenerative farming practices rebuild soil instead of exhausting it.
1591	thrifty	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thrifty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 절약하는 2. 검소한	The thrifty cook turned leftover vegetables into soup.
1592	suffocate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: suffocate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	질식하다	Smoke can suffocate people inside a closed room.
1593	timid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: timid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	소심하다	The timid kitten hid behind the chair.
1594	auditory	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: auditory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 청각의 2. 청각과 관련된	The auditory nerve carries signals from the inner ear.
1595	meager	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: meager is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 빈약한 2. 보잘것없는	The meager harvest could not feed the entire village.
1596	clench	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: clench is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 쥐다 2. 조이다 3. 움켜쥐다	People sometimes clench their fists when they feel tense.
1597	biodegradable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	생분해성	Leaves are biodegradable and can become compost.
1598	apprehensive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 우려(憂慮)하다 2. 염려(念慮)하다	Nora felt apprehensive before speaking to the large audience.
1599	queasy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: queasy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	메스꺼운	The rocking boat made me feel queasy.
1600	defiant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: defiant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 반항적인 2. 저항적인	The defiant witness refused to repeat the false statement.

Page 46 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 46.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The _____ rescue crew entered the flooded tunnel.

Answer: valiant

2. The mural will _____ the nurses who served during the epidemic.

Answer: commemorate

3. The curved graph represents a _____ relationship.

Answer: nonlinear

4. The _____ nerve carries signals from the inner ear.

Answer: auditory

5. The _____ witness refused to repeat the false statement.

Answer: defiant

About this cross-exam English set

TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English use different formats, but all require learners to understand precise vocabulary in context. TOEFL and IELTS emphasize academic reading and communication; TOEIC emphasizes workplace and everyday communication; IGCSE English asks students to interpret, analyze, and communicate through school-level texts and tasks. This combined set concentrates on useful language that can transfer across those pathways.

The ordering is evidence-led rather than alphabetical. Words found in official public specimen materials—especially words occurring across more than one programme—receive the strongest ranking. Because a limited specimen corpus cannot provide 1,600 distinct reliable teaching headwords, the remainder is transparently bridged from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 vocabulary using general English frequency and a fixed part-of-speech balance. This is an independent study resource, not an official product of any testing organization.

ETS TOEFL test overview

Sources and curriculum references

These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.