English Vocabulary · Cross-exam Academic English Beta
TOEFL · TOEIC · IELTS · IGCSE Vocabulary
This 1,600-word beta set supports learners preparing for TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English. Official specimen papers supply the primary occurrence evidence, so words shared across several programmes rise toward the beginning of the list. Overlap with school-grade, SAT, and GRE vocabulary is intentional because the same academic English serves several learning pathways.
A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.
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| # | Word | Details | Meaning | Sample sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1471 | metadata | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metadata is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 메타데이터 | A photograph's metadata may include its date and file size. |
| 1472 | attribution | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. 출처 표시 2. 저작자 표시 | The image requires attribution to its photographer. |
| 1473 | analogous | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by. | 유사한 | The two plots are analogous because each follows a child searching for home. |
| 1474 | relevance | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state. | 1. 관련성 2. 적합성 | The judge questioned the relevance of testimony about an unrelated event. |
| 1475 | cybersecurity | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition. | 사이버 보안 | Strong passwords are one part of good cybersecurity. |
| 1476 | conspicuous | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by. | 1. 눈에띄다 2. 두드러지다 | The bright orange tent was conspicuous against the snow. |
| 1477 | sever | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sever is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 절단하다 | The storm may sever weak branches from the tree. |
| 1478 | loudspeaker | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loudspeaker is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 확성기 | The announcement echoed through the loudspeaker. |
| 1479 | seismic | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: seismic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 지진의 | Seismic waves allow scientists to study Earth's interior. |
| 1480 | inscription | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. 비문 2. 마애 | The weathered inscription names the bridge's original builder. |
| 1481 | inhibit | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inhibit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 억제하다 | Cold temperatures can inhibit the growth of some bacteria. |
| 1482 | hazy | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hazy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 흐릿한 2. 안개 낀 | The distant hills looked hazy through the morning fog. |
| 1483 | covenant | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: covenant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 언약 | The communities signed a covenant promising to share water during droughts. |
| 1484 | sentimental | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sentimental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 감상적인 | The worn toy has sentimental value because it belonged to her grandmother. |
| 1485 | robotics | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: robotics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 로봇공학 2. 로봇학 | Robotics combines programming, mechanics, and electronics. |
| 1486 | reformation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. 종교개혁 2. 개혁 운동 | The Protestant Reformation divided western Christianity. |
| 1487 | customary | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: customary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 관습적인 | In the customary system, twelve inches equal one foot. |
| 1488 | characterization | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming. | 성격 묘사 | The author uses dialogue and actions for indirect characterization. |
| 1489 | tectonic | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tectonic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 지각의 | Tectonic plates move only a few centimeters each year. |
| 1490 | synonym | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: synonym is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 같은말 2. 비슷한말 3. 동의어(同義語/同意語) | “Rapid” is a synonym for “quick.” |
| 1491 | denominator | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: denominator is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 분모 | In three fifths, five is the denominator. |
| 1492 | plantation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. 대농장 2. 플랜테이션 | The plantation produced sugar for overseas markets. |
| 1493 | tsunami | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tsunami is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 지진 해일 2. 쓰나미 | The offshore earthquake triggered a tsunami warning. |
| 1494 | truce | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: truce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 정전(停戰) 2. 휴전(休戰) 3. 휴전 | Both sides accepted a truce to evacuate the wounded. |
| 1495 | doubtful | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: doubtful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 못 미더운 | It is doubtful that the damaged bridge can reopen today. |
| 1496 | treacherous | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by. | 1. 위험한 2. 위태로운 | Black ice made the mountain road treacherous. |
| 1497 | approximation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 어림 | Rounding 398 to 400 gives a useful approximation. |
| 1498 | murky | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: murky is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 탁한 2. 흐린 | The pond water became murky after the storm. |
| 1499 | quotation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 인용문 | The quotation supports the paragraph because it states the witness's observation. |
| 1500 | cyclone | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cyclone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 사이클론 2. 저기압(低氣壓) | The satellite image shows the cyclone turning over warm water. |
| 1501 | appendix | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: appendix is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 부록 | The report's appendix contains the complete survey questions. |
| 1502 | abolition | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. 폐지 2. 철폐 | The movement demanded the abolition of slavery. |
| 1503 | linger | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: linger is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 맴돌다 | The scent of smoke may linger after the fire is out. |
| 1504 | intimidate | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: intimidate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 협박하다 2. 위협하다 | The bully tried to intimidate witnesses into silence. |
| 1505 | dehydration | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. 탈수(증상) 2. 탈수 | The runner stopped to prevent dehydration in the intense heat. |
Vocabulary reading and practice
Page 43 vocabulary review
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English reading
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Vocabulary quiz
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Vocabulary chart page
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About this cross-exam English set
TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English use different formats, but all require learners to understand precise vocabulary in context. TOEFL and IELTS emphasize academic reading and communication; TOEIC emphasizes workplace and everyday communication; IGCSE English asks students to interpret, analyze, and communicate through school-level texts and tasks. This combined set concentrates on useful language that can transfer across those pathways.
The ordering is evidence-led rather than alphabetical. Words found in official public specimen materials—especially words occurring across more than one programme—receive the strongest ranking. Because a limited specimen corpus cannot provide 1,600 distinct reliable teaching headwords, the remainder is transparently bridged from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 vocabulary using general English frequency and a fixed part-of-speech balance. This is an independent study resource, not an official product of any testing organization.
A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.
Sources and curriculum references
These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.
- ETS: TOEFL iBT Full-Length Practice Test 1
- ETS: TOEFL iBT Full-Length Practice Test 2
- ETS: TOEIC Listening and Reading Sample Test
- IELTS: Academic Reading Sample Tasks 2023
- Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500/01 2027 Specimen Paper
- Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500/01 2027 Specimen Insert
- Cambridge IGCSE English as a Second Language 0510/01 2019 Specimen Paper
- WikDict downloadable bilingual dictionaries
- Kaikki.org / Wiktextract machine-readable Wiktionary data
- Language-Learning-decks public flashcard datasets
- SBBIC English-to-Khmer Dictionary
- English–Khmer Dictionary Dataset (machine-generated Khmer fallback; human review required)
- PanLex meanings snapshot (direct CC0 gap candidates; human review required)
- Cambridge bilingual dictionaries (individual editorial sense checks)
- Collins English–Hindi Dictionary (individual editorial checks)
- Hindwi and Rekhta dictionaries (individual Hindi/Urdu checks)
- National Institute of Korean Language: Basic Korean Dictionary
- JMdict/EDRDG Japanese dictionary project
- CC-CEDICT Chinese dictionary project
- VDict Vietnamese Dictionary (individual editorial check)
- Google Translate (machine-assisted lesson-reading draft; fluent review required)
- Kuperman et al.: Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words