English Vocabulary · Cross-exam Academic English Beta
TOEFL · TOEIC · IELTS · IGCSE Vocabulary
This 1,600-word beta set supports learners preparing for TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English. Official specimen papers supply the primary occurrence evidence, so words shared across several programmes rise toward the beginning of the list. Overlap with school-grade, SAT, and GRE vocabulary is intentional because the same academic English serves several learning pathways.
A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.
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| # | Word | Details | Meaning | Sample sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1261 | interference | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state. | 1. 간섭(干涉) 2. 간섭 3. 참견 | Interference creates alternating bright and dark bands on the screen. |
| 1262 | cluster | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cluster is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 군집 2. 클러스터 3. 다발 | A cluster near the upper right appears in the scatter plot. |
| 1263 | projection | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. 지도 투영 2. 투영법 | Every map projection distorts some combination of area, shape, or distance. |
| 1264 | exposition | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. 발단 2. 배경 설명 | The exposition explains why the family moved to the island. |
| 1265 | conditional | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conditional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 조건을 나타내는 2. 조건부의 | The conditional sentence explains what will happen if the temperature falls. |
| 1266 | squared | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: squared is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 제곱 | Five squared equals twenty-five. |
| 1267 | soar | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: soar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 날아오르다 2. 치솟다 | The eagle began to soar above the canyon. |
| 1268 | gloomy | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gloomy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 침울한 2. 어두운 | The gray sky gave the empty street a gloomy appearance. |
| 1269 | evade | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: evade is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 피하다 | The quick rabbit tried to evade the circling hawk. |
| 1270 | magma | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: magma is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 마그마 | Pressure forced magma upward through a crack. |
| 1271 | carefree | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: carefree is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 태평한 | The children enjoyed a carefree afternoon beside the lake. |
| 1272 | structural | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: structural is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 구조적 | The earthquake caused structural damage to two columns. |
| 1273 | consecutive | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency. | 연이은 | The river exceeded flood level for three consecutive days. |
| 1274 | advisory | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: advisory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 권고성의 2. 주의보 성격의 | The weather agency issued an advisory notice about dangerous heat. |
| 1275 | doctrine | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: doctrine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 교의(敎義) 2. 교리(敎理) 3. 독트린 | The movement's doctrine emphasized nonviolent resistance. |
| 1276 | defendant | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: defendant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 피고(被告) 2. 피고인(被告人) 3. 피고인 | The defendant entered a plea at the hearing. |
| 1277 | neglected | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: neglected is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 방치된 2. 돌보지 않은 | Volunteers repaired the neglected playground. |
| 1278 | apparatus | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: apparatus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 장치(裝置) 2. 장치 3. 기구 | The filtration apparatus includes a funnel, paper, and collection flask. |
| 1279 | reflective | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency. | 1. 성찰적인 2. 깊이 생각하는 | Her reflective journal considers what she learned from the failed trial. |
| 1280 | constituent | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: constituent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 구성원 | Each constituent may write to the senator about the proposed law. |
| 1281 | hearty | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hearty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 푸짐 | The hikers ate a hearty stew after the long climb. |
| 1282 | underlying | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: underlying is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 근본적인 2. 기저의 | The physician treated the underlying infection rather than only the fever. |
| 1283 | compliance | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state. | 1. 부응 2. 준수 3. 순응 | The audit confirmed compliance with workplace safety law. |
| 1284 | succession | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. 생태 천이 2. 천이 | After the lava cools, ecological succession begins with lichens. |
| 1285 | memoir | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: memoir is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 회상록(回想錄) 2. 회고록(回顧錄) 3. 수기 | In her memoir, the pilot recalls learning to navigate by the stars. |
| 1286 | continuity | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition. | 1. 연속성 2. 일관성 | Shared symbols create continuity between the novel's three sections. |
| 1287 | algebra | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: algebra is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 대수 | Algebra can express the same pattern for any input. |
| 1288 | parameter | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: parameter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 매개변수 | The program lets users change each parameter in the model. |
| 1289 | latitude | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: latitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 위도 2. 북위 | Places at high latitude often have cold winters. |
| 1290 | adhere | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: adhere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 달라붙다 2. 붙다 | The label will adhere better to a clean surface. |
| 1291 | scarcity | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition. | 1. 부족 2. 희소성 | Water scarcity forced the town to limit outdoor use. |
| 1292 | opaque | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: opaque is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 불투명하다 | The opaque wall blocked all light from the next room. |
| 1293 | liability | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition. | 1. 법적 책임 2. 배상 책임 | The company accepted liability for the defective product. |
| 1294 | calculation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. 계산 2. 추산 3. 산출 | Check the calculation by estimating the result first. |
| 1295 | biased | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: biased is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 치우친 | A biased question can distort survey results. |
Vocabulary reading and practice
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English reading
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Vocabulary quiz
Choose the dictionary equivalent for each of 5 selected words.
Vocabulary chart page
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About this cross-exam English set
TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English use different formats, but all require learners to understand precise vocabulary in context. TOEFL and IELTS emphasize academic reading and communication; TOEIC emphasizes workplace and everyday communication; IGCSE English asks students to interpret, analyze, and communicate through school-level texts and tasks. This combined set concentrates on useful language that can transfer across those pathways.
The ordering is evidence-led rather than alphabetical. Words found in official public specimen materials—especially words occurring across more than one programme—receive the strongest ranking. Because a limited specimen corpus cannot provide 1,600 distinct reliable teaching headwords, the remainder is transparently bridged from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 vocabulary using general English frequency and a fixed part-of-speech balance. This is an independent study resource, not an official product of any testing organization.
A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.
Sources and curriculum references
These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.
- ETS: TOEFL iBT Full-Length Practice Test 1
- ETS: TOEFL iBT Full-Length Practice Test 2
- ETS: TOEIC Listening and Reading Sample Test
- IELTS: Academic Reading Sample Tasks 2023
- Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500/01 2027 Specimen Paper
- Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500/01 2027 Specimen Insert
- Cambridge IGCSE English as a Second Language 0510/01 2019 Specimen Paper
- WikDict downloadable bilingual dictionaries
- Kaikki.org / Wiktextract machine-readable Wiktionary data
- Language-Learning-decks public flashcard datasets
- SBBIC English-to-Khmer Dictionary
- English–Khmer Dictionary Dataset (machine-generated Khmer fallback; human review required)
- PanLex meanings snapshot (direct CC0 gap candidates; human review required)
- Cambridge bilingual dictionaries (individual editorial sense checks)
- Collins English–Hindi Dictionary (individual editorial checks)
- Hindwi and Rekhta dictionaries (individual Hindi/Urdu checks)
- National Institute of Korean Language: Basic Korean Dictionary
- JMdict/EDRDG Japanese dictionary project
- CC-CEDICT Chinese dictionary project
- VDict Vietnamese Dictionary (individual editorial check)
- Google Translate (machine-assisted lesson-reading draft; fluent review required)
- Kuperman et al.: Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words