English Vocabulary · Cross-exam Academic English Beta
TOEFL · TOEIC · IELTS · IGCSE Vocabulary
This 1,600-word beta set supports learners preparing for TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English. Official specimen papers supply the primary occurrence evidence, so words shared across several programmes rise toward the beginning of the list. Overlap with school-grade, SAT, and GRE vocabulary is intentional because the same academic English serves several learning pathways.
A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.
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| # | Word | Details | Meaning | Sample sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 841 | entrepreneur | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: entrepreneur is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 기업가(企業家) 2. 기업인(企業人) 3. 사업가(事業家) | The young entrepreneur opened a bicycle repair shop. |
| 842 | neglect | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: neglect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 소홀히 하다 2. 돌보지 않다 | Plants may wilt if gardeners neglect them. |
| 843 | hesitate | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hesitate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 망설이다 2. 꺼리다 | I hesitate before stepping onto the slippery bridge. |
| 844 | metropolitan | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metropolitan is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 대도시의 2. 수도권의 | The metropolitan rail system connects downtown with nearby suburbs. |
| 845 | bias | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bias is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 편견(偏見) 2. 바이어스 3. 편견 | A fair survey avoids bias by asking neutral questions. |
| 846 | colonial | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: colonial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 식민지의 2. 식민 통치기의 | The museum restored a colonial house built by early settlers. |
| 847 | curiosity | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition. | 1. 호기심 2. 궁금증 | Curiosity led the children to examine the unusual shell. |
| 848 | literal | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: literal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 문자 그대로의 2. 글자 그대로의 | The literal meaning of freezing is becoming solid from cold. |
| 849 | preliminary | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: preliminary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 예비의 | Preliminary results suggest that the treatment may be effective. |
| 850 | indigenous | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by. | 1. 토착의 2. 원주민의 | The exhibit honors indigenous knowledge of local plants. |
| 851 | tendency | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tendency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 경향 2. 추세 3. 성향 | The river has a tendency to rise after several days of rain. |
| 852 | fraction | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 분수 | The shaded fraction of the circle is three fourths. |
| 853 | circulation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. 순환 2. 혈액 순환 | Exercise can increase blood circulation. |
| 854 | canyon | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: canyon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 협곡(峽谷) 2. 캐년 3. 협곡 | The river flows along the bottom of the canyon. |
| 855 | stubborn | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stubborn is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 고집이 세다 2. 고지식하다 | The stubborn goat refused to leave the garden. |
| 856 | stellar | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stellar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 별의 2. 항성의 | The telescope captured a stellar explosion in a distant galaxy. |
| 857 | extinction | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 멸종 | Habitat loss can push rare animals toward extinction. |
| 858 | protocol | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: protocol is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 프로토콜 2. 의전 3. 조서 | The laboratory protocol requires goggles and closed shoes. |
| 859 | compromise | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compromise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 타협(妥協) 2. 타협 3. 절충 | The final schedule was a compromise between the two proposals. |
| 860 | wilderness | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state. | 1. 야생 2. 광야 3. 황야 | The protected wilderness contains forests, rivers, and mountains. |
| 861 | compassion | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. 동정(同情) 2. 자비 3. 연민 | Neighbors showed compassion by bringing meals to the injured family. |
| 862 | absurd | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: absurd is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 어처구니없다 2. 기막히다 3. 어이없다 | The absurd rumor claimed that the tiny pond contained a whale. |
| 863 | representation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. 대표 2. 대의 | Residents demanded fair representation on the regional council. |
| 864 | liberty | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: liberty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 자유 | The charter promises liberty of expression. |
| 865 | statistical | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: statistical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 통계적 | The survey revealed a statistical pattern in commuting times. |
| 866 | justify | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become. | 1. 정당화하다 2. 타당한 이유를 제시하다 | The committee must justify its decision to close the trail. |
| 867 | inflation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. 인플레이션 2. 인플레 3. 통화 팽창(通貨膨脹) | Inflation made the same basket of groceries more expensive. |
| 868 | abstract | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: abstract is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 추상적인 | Justice is an abstract concept that societies define in different ways. |
| 869 | composite | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: composite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 합성수의 2. 합성수인 | Twelve is a composite number with several factor pairs. |
| 870 | comfortably | adverb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs. | 1. 편히 2. 편안히 | Four people can sit comfortably on the wide bench. |
| 871 | uniform | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: uniform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 일정(一定)하다 2. 균등하다 | The machine applies a uniform layer of paint. |
| 872 | boundary | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: boundary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 지경 2. 경계선 3. 한계선 | Storms formed near the boundary between warm and cold air. |
| 873 | triangle | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: triangle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 삼각(三角) 2. 삼각형(三角形) 3. 세모 | The triangle has one right angle. |
| 874 | metaphor | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metaphor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 은유 2. 비유 | The sentence “The moon is a lantern” contains a metaphor. |
| 875 | lava | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lava is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 용암(熔岩) 2. 용암 3. 라바 | The lava cooled into dark rock. |
Vocabulary reading and practice
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About this cross-exam English set
TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English use different formats, but all require learners to understand precise vocabulary in context. TOEFL and IELTS emphasize academic reading and communication; TOEIC emphasizes workplace and everyday communication; IGCSE English asks students to interpret, analyze, and communicate through school-level texts and tasks. This combined set concentrates on useful language that can transfer across those pathways.
The ordering is evidence-led rather than alphabetical. Words found in official public specimen materials—especially words occurring across more than one programme—receive the strongest ranking. Because a limited specimen corpus cannot provide 1,600 distinct reliable teaching headwords, the remainder is transparently bridged from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 vocabulary using general English frequency and a fixed part-of-speech balance. This is an independent study resource, not an official product of any testing organization.
A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.
Sources and curriculum references
These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.
- ETS: TOEFL iBT Full-Length Practice Test 1
- ETS: TOEFL iBT Full-Length Practice Test 2
- ETS: TOEIC Listening and Reading Sample Test
- IELTS: Academic Reading Sample Tasks 2023
- Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500/01 2027 Specimen Paper
- Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500/01 2027 Specimen Insert
- Cambridge IGCSE English as a Second Language 0510/01 2019 Specimen Paper
- WikDict downloadable bilingual dictionaries
- Kaikki.org / Wiktextract machine-readable Wiktionary data
- Language-Learning-decks public flashcard datasets
- SBBIC English-to-Khmer Dictionary
- English–Khmer Dictionary Dataset (machine-generated Khmer fallback; human review required)
- PanLex meanings snapshot (direct CC0 gap candidates; human review required)
- Cambridge bilingual dictionaries (individual editorial sense checks)
- Collins English–Hindi Dictionary (individual editorial checks)
- Hindwi and Rekhta dictionaries (individual Hindi/Urdu checks)
- National Institute of Korean Language: Basic Korean Dictionary
- JMdict/EDRDG Japanese dictionary project
- CC-CEDICT Chinese dictionary project
- VDict Vietnamese Dictionary (individual editorial check)
- Google Translate (machine-assisted lesson-reading draft; fluent review required)
- Kuperman et al.: Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words