English Vocabulary · Cross-exam Academic English Beta

TOEFL · TOEIC · IELTS · IGCSE Vocabulary

This 1,600-word beta set supports learners preparing for TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English. Official specimen papers supply the primary occurrence evidence, so words shared across several programmes rise toward the beginning of the list. Overlap with school-grade, SAT, and GRE vocabulary is intentional because the same academic English serves several learning pathways.

A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.

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Page 1: words 1–35

Vocabulary page 1
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1	language	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: language is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kieli 2. puhe	Migration can bring a new language into a region.
2	area	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: area is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pinta-ala 2. ala	Multiply length by width to find a rectangle's area.
3	increase	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: increase is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kasvattaa 2. lisätä 3. suurentaa	Adding compost can increase the garden's harvest.
4	product	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: product is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tulo 2. tuote	The product of six and seven is forty-two.
5	develop	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: develop is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kehittää	Tadpoles develop into frogs over several weeks.
6	community	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	yhteisö	The reef community includes coral, fish, and algae.
7	reduce	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reduce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vähentää 2. supistaa 3. alentaa	Reusable bottles reduce the amount of plastic waste.
8	possible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	mahdollinen	Rolling a six is possible with a standard number cube.
9	likely	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: likely is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. todennäköinen 2. luultava	Dark clouds make rain likely this afternoon.
10	point	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: point is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. piste 2. paikka	Label the point where the two lines intersect.
11	require	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: require is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vaatia 2. edellyttää	The recipe will require two cups of chopped apples.
12	similar	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: similar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	yhdenmuotoinen	The similar rectangles have different sizes but equal angle measures.
13	describe	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: describe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kuvailla 2. luonnehtia	The witness could describe the missing bicycle in detail.
14	modern	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: modern is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. moderni 2. nykyaikainen 3. uudenaikainen	The modern library includes a recording studio.
15	issue	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: issue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. asia 2. juttu	The council discussed the issue of traffic near the school.
16	control	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: control is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hallinta	The untreated plant served as the control.
17	interest	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: interest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	korko	The loan's interest increases its total cost.
18	machine	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: machine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kone	The simple machine lets one person lift the heavy crate.
19	power	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: power is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	teho	The motor's power tells how quickly it can perform work.
20	create	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: create is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	luoda	The artists create a mural for the library wall.
21	event	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: event is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tapahtuma	Drawing a red marble is the event we are studying.
22	available	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. kelvata 2. kelvollinen 3. tulla kysymykseen	A guide is available at the information desk.
23	role	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: role is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. asema 2. rooli	A person's social role can change between home, school, and work.
24	demonstrate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: demonstrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. näyttää 2. demonstroida	The coach will demonstrate the safest way to hold the paddle.
25	state	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: state is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	valtio	Heating can change water from a liquid state to a gas.
26	environment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	ympäristö	Plastic waste harms the ocean environment.
27	system	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: system is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. järjestelmä 2. systeemi	The digestive system breaks food into usable nutrients.
28	development	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. kehitys 2. kehittyminen 3. kehittely	The council debated whether the development would damage the wetland.
29	recently	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. hiljattain 2. äskettäin 3. taannoin	We recently planted herbs beside the kitchen window.
30	compare	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compare is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. verrata 2. vertailla	Readers compare the two accounts before deciding where they agree.
31	environmental	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: environmental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ympäristöllinen 2. ympäristö 3. ympäristön	The review identifies environmental risks to the wetland.
32	difference	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	erotus	The difference between twenty and thirteen is seven.
33	culture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: culture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kulttuuri	Music and food are important parts of a community's culture.
34	benefit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: benefit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. etu 2. hyöty	Daily exercise has the benefit of strengthening the heart.
35	variety	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: variety is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tilamäärä	The market sells a variety of fresh vegetables.

Page 1 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 1.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Migration can bring a new _____ into a region.

Answer: language

2. Dark clouds make rain _____ this afternoon.

Answer: likely

3. The simple _____ lets one person lift the heavy crate.

Answer: machine

4. The digestive _____ breaks food into usable nutrients.

Answer: system

5. The market sells a _____ of fresh vegetables.

Answer: variety

Page 2: words 36–70

Vocabulary page 2
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
36	model	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: model is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	malli	The globe is a model of Earth, not an exact copy.
37	policy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: policy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. politiikka 2. käytäntö 3. linja	The school adopted a policy for reducing food waste.
38	education	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. kasvatus 2. koulutus 3. opetus	Public education expanded during the nineteenth century.
39	maintain	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: maintain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ylläpitää 2. hoitaa 3. säilyttää	Workers maintain the trail by repairing damaged steps.
40	document	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: document is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kirjata 2. dokumentoida	Scientists document each bird sighting in a field journal.
41	focus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: focus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	keskittyminen	Protecting sea turtles was the focus of the report.
42	additional	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: additional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	lisä-	The coach allowed additional time for water breaks.
43	improve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: improve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. parantua 2. parantaa	Reading aloud can improve pronunciation.
44	prefer	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prefer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pitää parempana	I prefer the shaded trail on hot afternoons.
45	apply	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: apply is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. käyttää 2. soveltaa	Students apply the formula to a new set of measurements.
46	structure	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: structure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. rakennelma 2. rakenne	The essay's compare-and-contrast structure makes the differences easy to follow.
47	propose	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: propose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ehdottaa 2. esittää 3. ehdotella	The students propose turning the vacant lot into a community garden.
48	usually	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. yleensä 2. tavallisesti 3. useimmiten	The bakery usually opens before sunrise.
49	entire	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: entire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. koko 2. kokonainen	The entire garden was covered with sparkling frost.
50	damage	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: damage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vaurio 2. vahinko 3. tuho	Salt water can damage an unprotected metal gate.
51	evidence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. osoitus 2. näyttö 3. todiste	The broken branch was evidence that a large animal had passed.
52	media	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: media is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tiedotusväline 2. viestin 3. media	Digital media can spread both verified reports and rumors rapidly.
53	technology	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. tekniikka 2. tekniikat 3. teknologia	Solar technology converts sunlight into useful electricity.
54	involve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: involve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kuulua 2. liittyä 3. sisältää	Building the model will involve careful measuring.
55	achievement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	saavutus	Finishing her first long novel was a proud achievement for Lena.
56	quality	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. hyvälaatuinen 2. laadukas 3. laatu-	The carpenter checked the quality of every wooden chair.
57	region	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: region is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. alue 2. seutu	Heavy rainfall is common throughout the coastal region.
58	sound	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sound is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ääni	Sound travels faster through water than through air.
59	release	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: release is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vapautus 2. vapauttaminen 3. vapauttaa	The rescue team will release the healed owl at sunset.
60	public	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: public is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. julkinen 2. julkisoikeudellinen	The public library is supported by local taxes.
61	claim	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: claim is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. väite 2. vaatimus	The writer supports each claim with facts from reliable sources.
62	advance	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: advance is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. edistysaskel 2. eteneminen 3. edetä	The hikers advance carefully along the narrow ridge.
63	vast	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vast is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. valtava 2. laaja	A vast grassland stretched beyond the river.
64	species	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: species is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	laji	The island supports a rare species of lizard.
65	summary	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: summary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. yhteenveto 2. lyhennelmä 3. tiivistelmä	Her summary included the article's central point and key evidence.
66	impact	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: impact is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vaikutus	The new bus route had a positive impact on the neighborhood.
67	consumer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: consumer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kuluttaja	A rabbit is a consumer that feeds on plants.
68	century	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: century is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vuosisata	The bridge has stood for more than a century.
69	scientific	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: scientific is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tieteellinen	The students followed a scientific method during the experiment.
70	fascination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	hurma	Leo's fascination with insects began when he found a chrysalis.

Page 2 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 2.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The globe is a _____ of Earth, not an exact copy.

Answer: model

2. I _____ the shaded trail on hot afternoons.

Answer: prefer

3. Solar _____ converts sunlight into useful electricity.

Answer: technology

4. The hikers _____ carefully along the narrow ridge.

Answer: advance

5. Leo's _____ with insects began when he found a chrysalis.

Answer: fascination

Page 3: words 71–105

Vocabulary page 3
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
71	cell	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cell is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. solu 2. selli	A microscope can reveal the structure of a plant cell.
72	heading	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: heading is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	otsikko	The heading tells readers that the next section concerns migration.
73	insert	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: insert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. laittaa sisään 2. laittaa väliin	Insert the card into the slot with the arrow facing up.
74	energy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: energy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. energia 2. tarmo 3. puhti	Food provides energy for the body.
75	complex	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: complex is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. monimutkainen 2. vaikeaselkoinen 3. kompleksinen	The complex machine uses dozens of gears to keep time.
76	affect	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: affect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pitää	A long drought can affect the price of vegetables.
77	opportunity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. tilaisuus 2. mahdollisuus	The science fair gave us an opportunity to test our invention.
78	request	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: request is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pyyntö	The librarian approved our request for more study time.
79	recognize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	tunnustaa	I recognize the bird by its bright orange wings.
80	purpose	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: purpose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tarkoitus	The article's purpose is to explain how vaccines train the immune system.
81	major	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: major is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tärkeä 2. merkittävä 3. suuri	Repairing the bridge was a major project for the town.
82	recent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: recent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tuore 2. äskeinen 3. äskettäinen	A recent snowfall covered the mountain peak.
83	effective	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	vaikuttava	The new filter is effective at removing lead.
84	ancestor	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ancestor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. esi-isä 2. esivanhempi	My ancestor kept a journal during her journey across the ocean.
85	requirement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	vaatimus	A laboratory report is a graduation requirement.
86	paradox	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: paradox is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	paradoksi	“Less is more” is a paradox about the power of simplicity.
87	movement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. liike 2. liikkuminen	The camera recorded the slow movement of the glacier.
88	range	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: range is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. arvojoukko 2. väli	The range of four, seven, and twelve is eight.
89	factor	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: factor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tekijä 2. osatekijä	Daily sunlight is an important factor in plant growth.
90	price	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: price is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hinta	A shortage of oranges caused the price of juice to rise.
91	separate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: separate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	erottua	A mesh screen can separate large stones from fine soil.
92	satisfaction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	tyydytys	Completing the mural gave the artists great satisfaction.
93	adapt	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: adapt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sopeutua	Desert plants adapt to dry conditions by storing water.
94	basic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: basic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. perustarvike 2. peruselintarvike 3. olennainen	Clean water is a basic need for every community.
95	surface	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: surface is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pinta	A thin sheet of ice covered the pond's surface.
96	art	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: art is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	taide	Public art can preserve community memory.
97	essential	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: essential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. olennainen 2. tärkeä 3. tarpeellinen	Sunlight is essential for most plants to grow.
98	strategy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: strategy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. toimintasuunnitelma 2. strategia	Checking headings first is a useful reading strategy.
99	contract	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: contract is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sairastua	Metal may contract when its temperature drops.
100	organization	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. organisaatio 2. järjestö	Clear organization guides readers from the problem to the proposed solution.
101	inspire	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inspire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. innostaa 2. inspiroida	The astronaut's visit may inspire students to study science.
102	enhance	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: enhance is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	parantaa	A labeled map can enhance the report.
103	salary	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: salary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kuukausipalkka 2. vuosipalkka 3. kiinteä palkka	The job offer includes an annual salary and health benefits.
104	rights	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rights is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	oikeuksia	The law protects the rights of every voter.
105	necessary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: necessary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tarpeellinen 2. tähdellinen 3. tärkeä	A helmet is necessary for safe rock climbing.

Page 3 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 3.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A microscope can reveal the structure of a plant _____.

Answer: cell

2. I _____ the bird by its bright orange wings.

Answer: recognize

3. The _____ of four, seven, and twelve is eight.

Answer: range

4. Sunlight is _____ for most plants to grow.

Answer: essential

5. A helmet is _____ for safe rock climbing.

Answer: necessary

Page 4: words 106–140

Vocabulary page 4
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
106	access	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: access is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pääsy	A library card gives residents access to online books.
107	demand	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: demand is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kysyntä	Demand for warm coats rises in winter.
108	network	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: network is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. verkko 2. verkosto	The school network links classroom computers to shared printers.
109	register	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: register is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	rekisteröityä	Eligible residents must register before they can vote.
110	concept	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: concept is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. käsite 2. konsepti	The model helped us understand the concept of gravity.
111	purchase	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: purchase is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ostaa	The club will purchase new art supplies with the fundraiser money.
112	behavior	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: behavior is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. käytös 2. käyttäytyminen	The scientist recorded the penguin's feeding behavior.
113	weight	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: weight is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	paino	An astronaut's weight changes with gravity, but her mass does not.
114	entrance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	sisäänkäynti	A stone arch marks the entrance to the park.
115	crucial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: crucial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ratkaiseva 2. elintärkeä	Clean water is crucial to every community's health.
116	current	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: current is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. virta 2. sähkövirta	The ocean current carried the floating leaf toward shore.
117	especially	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. erityisesti 2. varsinkin 3. etenkin	The garden smells sweet, especially after rain.
118	national	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: national is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kansallinen 2. kansallis- 3. kansan-	The national government manages relations with other countries.
119	force	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: force is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	voima	The force of the kick sent the ball across the field.
120	competition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. kilpailu 2. kisa	Our robotics team entered a regional competition.
121	condition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. tila 2. kunto 3. kondis	The old bicycle was still in good condition.
122	population	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	väestö	The island's seabird population increased after nesting areas were protected.
123	operation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	operaatio	Choose the correct operation before solving the problem.
124	supply	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: supply is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. toimittaa 2. hankkia 3. tarjota	Heavy rain increased the city's water supply.
125	authority	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. auktoriteetti 2. käskyvalta 3. vaikutusvalta	The city council has authority over local zoning.
126	reaction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. reaktio 2. vaikutus 3. vastavaikutus	Maya's surprised reaction showed that she had not expected the gift.
127	mode	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mode is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. moodi 2. tyyppiarvo	The mode of two, three, three, and five is three.
128	determine	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: determine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	päättää	The test will determine whether the water is safe to drink.
129	chemical	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: chemical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kemikaali 2. keinotekoinen kemikaali	The label identifies each chemical in the cleaning solution.
130	contribute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: contribute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. myötävaikuttaa 2. olla osallinen 3. lahjoittaa	Each family will contribute one dish to the community meal.
131	conduct	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conduct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. suorittaa 2. johtaa 3. hoitaa	Researchers will conduct a survey about recycling habits.
132	distinct	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: distinct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. erottuva 2. erilainen	The twins have distinct voices.
133	weather	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: weather is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sää 2. ilma	Today's weather includes strong wind and scattered rain.
134	procedure	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: procedure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. menettely 2. oikeudenkäyntimenettely 3. työjärjestys	Follow the safety procedure before starting the experiment.
135	communicate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: communicate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. jakaa 2. välittää	Whales communicate with sounds that travel through water.
136	urban	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: urban is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	urbaani	Urban planners proposed more parks near apartment buildings.
137	selection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. valinta 2. valitseminen	Natural selection favors traits that improve survival and reproduction.
138	decade	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: decade is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vuosikymmen	The city's population doubled within one decade.
139	dynamic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dynamic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	dynaaminen	The selfish prince is a dynamic character who learns generosity.
140	retire	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: retire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. jäädä eläkkeelle 2. siirtyä eläkkeelle 3. eläköityä	The librarian plans to retire after forty years of service.

Page 4 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 4.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A library card gives residents _____ to online books.

Answer: access

2. A stone arch marks the _____ to the park.

Answer: entrance

3. Choose the correct _____ before solving the problem.

Answer: operation

4. The twins have _____ voices.

Answer: distinct

5. The librarian plans to _____ after forty years of service.

Answer: retire

Page 5: words 141–175

Vocabulary page 5
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
141	construct	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: construct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	rakentaa	The engineers will construct a footbridge across the creek.
142	promotion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. myynninedistämistapahtuma 2. mainostapahtuma	The campaign focuses on the promotion of bicycle safety.
143	organize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. järjestää 2. järjestellä	Color-coded folders organize the records by month.
144	revise	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: revise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. korjata 2. muuttaa 3. tarkistaa	Writers revise the introduction after receiving feedback.
145	contradict	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: contradict is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kiistää	The new fossil may contradict the earlier timeline.
146	industry	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: industry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. teollisuus 2. teollisuudenala	Fishing is an important industry in the coastal region.
147	application	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. hakemus 2. anomus	Mia submitted an application to join the summer science camp.
148	act	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: act is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	näytös	The conflict becomes unavoidable at the end of the second act.
149	permanent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: permanent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pysyvä 2. ikuinen 3. jatkuva	The artist used permanent ink on the sign.
150	assume	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assume is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	olettaa	Do not assume the path is safe before checking the map.
151	survive	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: survive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. selvitä 2. selviytyä 3. jäädä henkiin	Cactus plants survive long periods without rain.
152	percent	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: percent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. prosentti 2. sadasosa 3. prossa	Twenty-five percent is equivalent to one fourth.
153	reveal	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reveal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	paljastaa	The final clue will reveal the treasure's location.
154	pressure	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pressure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. paine 2. puristus	Air pressure decreases as elevation increases.
155	credit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: credit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	luotto	Responsible use of credit requires a plan for repayment.
156	external	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: external is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ulko- 2. ulkoinen 3. ulkonainen	The turtle's external shell protects its body.
157	alternative	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: alternative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vaihtoehto 2. vaihtoehtoinen	Taking the train is a practical alternative to driving.
158	efficient	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: efficient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tehokas 2. säästäväinen ja tehokas 3. taloudellinen ja tehokas	The efficient oven uses less electricity while cooking food evenly.
159	visible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: visible is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	näkyvä	The lighthouse became visible when the fog lifted.
160	intense	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: intense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ääri- 2. huikea 3. huima	The intense heat forced the runners to shorten their practice.
161	vital	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vital is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. elintärkeä 2. elämälle välttämätön	Oxygen is vital for human survival.
162	representative	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: representative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	edustaja	Our representative presented the neighborhood's concerns at the meeting.
163	concentrate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: concentrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	keskittyä	I can concentrate better in a quiet room.
164	encounter	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: encounter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kohdata	Hikers may encounter deer near the meadow at dawn.
165	preserve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: preserve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. säilyttää 2. suojella 3. suojata	The archive works to preserve letters from the town's founders.
166	error	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: error is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. erehdys 2. virhe	Reading the scale from an angle can introduce error.
167	practical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: practical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. käytännöllinen 2. käytännönläheinen	The committee chose a practical repair it could afford.
168	belief	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: belief is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	usko	Freedom of conscience protects each person's belief.
169	relieve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: relieve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. helpottaa 2. lievittää	A clear sign can relieve a traveler's confusion.
170	laboratory	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: laboratory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. laboratorio 2. labra 3. labbis	The samples remained sealed until they reached the laboratory.
171	distract	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: distract is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. viedä (''+ genitive'') huomio 2. harhauttaa 3. viedä (+ genitive) huomio	Loud music can distract me while I read.
172	assess	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assess is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. antaa 2. jakaa	Engineers assess the bridge before recommending repairs.
173	generate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: generate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tuottaa 2. kehittää 3. synnyttää	The rooftop panels generate electricity on sunny days.
174	reasoning	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reasoning is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. järkeily 2. päättely	The answer is correct, but its reasoning needs clearer steps.
175	phenomenon	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: phenomenon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ilmiö	Bioluminescence is a natural phenomenon in which organisms produce light.

Page 5 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 5.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The engineers will _____ a footbridge across the creek.

Answer: construct

2. The artist used _____ ink on the sign.

Answer: permanent

3. The _____ oven uses less electricity while cooking food evenly.

Answer: efficient

4. The committee chose a _____ repair it could afford.

Answer: practical

5. Bioluminescence is a natural _____ in which organisms produce light.

Answer: phenomenon

Page 6: words 176–210

Vocabulary page 6
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
176	outline	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: outline is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hahmotelma 2. suuntaviivat 3. hahmotella	Before drafting, Mina will outline the reasons for protecting the marsh.
177	distribute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: distribute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	jakaa	Volunteers distribute clean water after the storm.
178	innovative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	innovatiivinen	The innovative roof collects rainwater and cools the building.
179	administer	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: administer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hoitaa 2. palvella	Trained nurses administer the vaccine.
180	ecological	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ecological is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ekologinen	The oil spill caused serious ecological damage along the coast.
181	maintenance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. elintoimintojen ylläpito 2. kunnossapito	Routine maintenance prevented the machine from overheating.
182	bacteria	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bacteria is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	bakteeri	Helpful bacteria live in healthy soil.
183	galaxy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: galaxy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. galaksi 2. tähtikunta	Our solar system lies within the Milky Way galaxy.
184	multiple	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: multiple is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	monikerta	Thirty is a multiple of both five and six.
185	astronaut	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: astronaut is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. astronautti 2. avaruuslentäjä	The astronaut repaired equipment outside the spacecraft.
186	cloning	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cloning is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kloonaus	Researchers use cloning to create many copies of a useful gene.
187	element	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: element is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	alkuaine	Oxygen is an element found in air and water.
188	municipal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: municipal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kunnallinen 2. kunnan	The municipal library is funded by the city.
189	integration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. integraatio 2. kotoutuminen	School integration faced organized resistance.
190	charter	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: charter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	peruskirja	The royal charter authorized the colony's government.
191	organism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. eliö 2. organismi	Every organism in the pond depends on water.
192	knowledge	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: knowledge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tieto 2. tiedot	Reading the guide increased our knowledge of local birds.
193	function	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. funktio 2. aliohjelma	The roots' main function is to absorb water and anchor the plant.
194	graphic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: graphic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kuva 2. graafinen 3. kuvallinen	The graphic novel combines dialogue with illustrated panels.
195	workshop	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: workshop is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. työpaja 2. verstas 3. paja	During the writing workshop, students shared their revised leads.
196	highlight	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: highlight is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. huippuvalo 2. korostus 3. korostaa	The conclusion should highlight the strongest evidence.
197	evolve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: evolve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kehittää	Languages evolve as speakers create and borrow expressions.
198	endanger	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: endanger is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vaarantaa 2. aiheuttaa vaaraa	Plastic rings can endanger animals in the ocean.
199	antibiotic	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Prefix focus: anti- means against or opposed to.	antibiootti	A doctor may prescribe an antibiotic for a confirmed bacterial infection.
200	period	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: period is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. jakso 2. jaksonaika	The chicks remained warm during the cold period.
201	significant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: significant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	merkittävä	The discovery was significant because it changed what scientists understood.
202	budget	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: budget is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. määräraha 2. budjetti 3. kustannusarvio	The club created a budget before ordering supplies.
203	unit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: unit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	yksikkö	The meter is a unit used to measure length.
204	assist	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assist is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. auttaa 2. avustaa	Two volunteers assist visitors at the museum entrance.
205	virus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: virus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	virus	A virus can spread through cough droplets.
206	engineering	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: engineering is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tekniikka 2. insinööritaito	Bridge engineering balances strength, cost, and safety.
207	resource	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resource is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. resurssi 2. voimavara	The encyclopedia is a valuable resource for the research project.
208	density	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. tiheys 2. ominaispaino	Oil floats because its density is lower than water's.
209	sustainable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. pysyvä 2. kestävä 3. ympäristöä säästävä	The farm uses sustainable methods to protect the soil.
210	respond	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: respond is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vastata	The essay must respond directly to the prompt's central question.

Page 6 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 6.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Before drafting, Mina will _____ the reasons for protecting the marsh.

Answer: outline

2. Thirty is a _____ of both five and six.

Answer: multiple

3. The roots' main _____ is to absorb water and anchor the plant.

Answer: function

4. The club created a _____ before ordering supplies.

Answer: budget

5. The essay must _____ directly to the prompt's central question.

Answer: respond

Page 7: words 211–245

Vocabulary page 7
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
211	mood	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mood is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	mieliala	Rain and empty streets establish a lonely mood.
212	efficiency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: efficiency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	yksiö	Lubrication increased the motor's efficiency.
213	inventory	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inventory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	varasto	The manager counted the inventory before ordering more paper.
214	immunity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. immuniteetti 2. vastustuskyky	Vaccination can help the body develop immunity.
215	radiation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. säteilytys 2. säteilyttäminen 3. säteily	Solar radiation can travel through empty space.
216	molecule	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: molecule is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	molekyyli	A water molecule contains hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
217	infer	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: infer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. päätellä 2. tehdä johtopäätös	From the wet paw prints, we infer that the dog entered through the kitchen.
218	government	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	hallinta	The local government maintains roads and parks.
219	charge	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: charge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. maksu 2. veloitus	There is no charge for borrowing books from the library.
220	opinion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: opinion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. mielipide 2. mieli 3. näkemys	In my opinion, the second ending is more exciting.
221	war	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: war is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sota	The war displaced millions of civilians.
222	review	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: review is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. katsaus 2. arvioida 3. kerrata	Niko will review his notes before writing the summary.
223	civil	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: civil is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. yksityinen 2. siviili- 3. yksityis-	The civil rights movement used courts, boycotts, and marches.
224	equation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	yhtälö	The equation eight plus four equals twelve is true.
225	recommend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: recommend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. suositella 2. suosittaa	The committee will recommend the safest location for the crossing.
226	institute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: institute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. perustaa 2. käynnistää 3. panna alulle	The school will institute a recycling policy next term.
227	transportation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	kuljetus	Reliable transportation connects workers with jobs.
228	initiative	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: initiative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. aloite 2. aloitekyky	The garden initiative turned an empty lot into a source of food.
229	retain	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: retain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. muistaa 2. pitää mieli 3. pitää	Dark soil can retain water longer than sand.
230	charity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	hyväntekeväisyysjärjestö	The charity supplies meals during emergencies.
231	mineral	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mineral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. mineraali 2. kivennäinen	Quartz is a common mineral in Earth's crust.
232	participate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: participate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. osallistua 2. ottaa osaa	Every student may participate in the discussion by speaking or writing.
233	gene	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. geeni 2. perintötekijä	A gene may influence the color of a flower.
234	renewable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. uusintakelpoinen 2. uusiutuva	Sunlight is a renewable source of energy.
235	beneficial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: beneficial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hyödyllinen 2. suotuisa 3. tervetullut	Regular sleep is beneficial to memory and concentration.
236	skeleton	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: skeleton is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. runko 2. luuranko 3. tukiranka	A whale's skeleton contains bones shaped like those in other mammals.
237	radical	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: radical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	radikaali	The radical argued that reform was insufficient and demanded a new system.
238	illustrate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: illustrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kuvata 2. havainnollistaa	The diagram will illustrate how water moves through the cycle.
239	assign	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assign is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. antaa 2. myöntää	The director will assign each actor a role in the play.
240	transform	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: transform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	muuttaa täysin	New lighting can transform the unused warehouse into a theater.
241	exploit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exploit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. käyttää hyväkseen 2. riistää	Dishonest employers may exploit workers who lack legal protection.
242	theoretical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: theoretical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	teoreettinen	The theoretical probability of rolling a six is one sixth.
243	productivity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. tuottavuus 2. joutuisuus	New equipment increased the factory's productivity without extending work hours.
244	pasture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pasture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. laidun 2. laidunmaa	The horses grazed peacefully in the pasture.
245	reservation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	reservaatti	Federal policy forced many Native communities onto a reservation.

Page 7 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 7.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Rain and empty streets establish a lonely _____.

Answer: mood

2. There is no _____ for borrowing books from the library.

Answer: charge

3. The garden _____ turned an empty lot into a source of food.

Answer: initiative

4. The _____ argued that reform was insufficient and demanded a new system.

Answer: radical

5. Federal policy forced many Native communities onto a _____.

Answer: reservation

Page 8: words 246–280

Vocabulary page 8
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
246	amend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: amend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. korjata 2. parantaa 3. parantua	Lawmakers voted to amend the bill before the final vote.
247	digestion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. ruoansulatus 2. ruuansulatus	Digestion begins when food is chewed.
248	infrared	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: infrared is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. infrapuna 2. infrapuna- 3. infrapunainen	A thermal camera detects infrared radiation from warm objects.
249	cohesion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	yhteen kasvaminen	Pronouns and transitions give the paragraph cohesion.
250	restriction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. rajoitus 2. rajoite	A seasonal restriction protects nesting birds from disturbance.
251	court	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: court is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. oikeussali 2. hovi	The court listened to witnesses before reaching a decision.
252	data	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: data is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. data 2. tieto	We recorded the rainfall data in a table.
253	annual	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: annual is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vuosittainen 2. jokavuotinen	Our town holds an annual lantern festival each spring.
254	party	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: party is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. joukko 2. seurue 3. partio	The new party focused its campaign on housing reform.
255	attempt	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: attempt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	yritys	Her second attempt at the puzzle was successful.
256	treatment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. hoito 2. kuuri	Rest was part of the recommended treatment.
257	term	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: term is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. suhde 2. välit	The expression has three terms, and each term is separated by a plus sign.
258	negative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. vastustus 2. veto 3. kielto	The critic gave a negative review of the confusing performance.
259	responsibility	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. velvollisuus 2. vastuu	Feeding the class fish is Hana's responsibility this week.
260	tradition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. perimätieto 2. perinne 3. traditio	Baking moon-shaped cakes is a family tradition.
261	appeal	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: appeal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vetovoima 2. viehätysvoima 3. valitus	The mystery's unexpected ending added to its appeal.
262	secure	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: secure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tallessa 2. turvassa 3. varmistaa	Use strong rope to secure the canoe to the dock.
263	debate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: debate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	väittely	The class held a debate about protecting the empty lot.
264	conflict	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conflict is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	konflikti	The characters resolve their conflict by speaking honestly.
265	peace	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: peace is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	rauha	The treaty created a fragile peace.
266	positive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. positiivinen 2. myönteinen	A positive number appears to the right of zero on a number line.
267	occasionally	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. joskus 2. toisinaan 3. välillä	Deer occasionally visit the meadow at dawn.
268	technical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: technical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tekninen	The manual gives a technical explanation of the engine.
269	apparent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: apparent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ilmeinen 2. selvä	It became apparent that the missing key was still in the lock.
270	establish	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: establish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. perustaa 2. vakiinnuttaa 3. nimittää	Residents hope to establish a weekly farmers' market.
271	investment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. sijoitus 2. investointi	The railway was a major public investment.
272	liquid	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: liquid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. neste 2. nestemäinen	A liquid takes the shape of its container.
273	nuclear	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: nuclear is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ydin- 2. ytimeen liittyvä 3. ydin	A nuclear reaction changes an atom's nucleus.
274	aggressive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. aggressiivinen 2. hyökkäävä	The aggressive goose hissed and charged toward the fence.
275	exact	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exact is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tarkka 2. täsmällinen 3. eksakti	The exact meaning of the term depends on its scientific context.
276	transition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	välisoitto	The transition “in contrast” signals that the next idea will differ.
277	distribution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	jakauma	The distribution has two clusters and one distant outlier.
278	diverse	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: diverse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. monipuolinen 2. moninainen 3. kirjava	A diverse forest contains plants of many sizes and species.
279	modest	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: modest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vaatimaton	The scientist gave a modest reply when praised for her discovery.
280	theme	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: theme is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. teema 2. aihe	The theme of responsibility develops through each character's choices.

Page 8 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 8.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Lawmakers voted to _____ the bill before the final vote.

Answer: amend

2. The new _____ focused its campaign on housing reform.

Answer: party

3. The class held a _____ about protecting the empty lot.

Answer: debate

4. A _____ takes the shape of its container.

Answer: liquid

5. The _____ of responsibility develops through each character's choices.

Answer: theme

Page 9: words 281–315

Vocabulary page 9
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
281	subsequent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: subsequent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	seuraava	Subsequent experiments confirmed the first result.
282	regulation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. sääntö 2. ohjesääntö 3. järjestyssääntö	The safety regulation requires workers to wear helmets.
283	devoted	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: devoted is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. antaumuksellinen 2. innokas	The devoted nurse checked on every patient.
284	reflection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	peilikuva	The mirror formed an image through reflection.
285	demanding	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: demanding is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vaativa	Training for the long race was demanding.
286	temporary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: temporary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. väliaikainen 2. ohimenevä 3. hetkellinen	A temporary bridge will carry pedestrians during repairs.
287	diameter	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: diameter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	halkaisija	The plate's diameter is twice its radius.
288	adjust	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: adjust is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sopeutua	Please adjust the microscope until the image is clear.
289	calculate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: calculate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	laskea	We calculate the total cost by adding the three prices.
290	evolution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	evoluutio	Fossils provide evidence of evolution over long periods.
291	bond	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bond is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	side	The city issued a bond to finance a new water system.
292	habitat	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: habitat is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. elinympäristö 2. elinpaikka 3. habitaatti	The marsh provides a habitat for frogs and herons.
293	monitor	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: monitor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vahtia 2. valvoa 3. tarkkailla	Sensors monitor the bridge for unusual movement.
294	frustration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. harmitus 2. turhautuneisuus 3. turhauma	Repeated computer errors caused understandable frustration.
295	experimental	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: experimental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kokeellinen	Our experimental probability changed as we repeated the toss.
296	assumption	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. olettamus 2. oletus	The experiment tested our assumption that all seeds need direct sunlight.
297	confuse	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: confuse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sekoittaa 2. sekoittaa perusteellisesti 3. sotkea	Similar street names can confuse visitors.
298	publication	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	julkaisu	The scientific publication requires every study to describe its methods.
299	vary	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vaihdella	Daily temperatures vary more in the desert than near the ocean.
300	verdict	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: verdict is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tuomio	After considering the evidence, the jury announced its verdict.
301	humidity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	ilmankosteus	High humidity made the warm day feel uncomfortable.
302	tension	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tension is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. jännite 2. jännitys	The locked door increases the tension as footsteps approach.
303	precision	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. täsmällisyys 2. tarkkuus	Building the model requires precision because each piece must fit.
304	competitive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	kilpailukykyinen	The company submitted a competitive bid for the project.
305	workforce	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: workforce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	työvoima	The factory expanded its workforce when orders increased.
306	foster	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: foster is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vaalia 2. kasvattaa	The exchange program aims to foster respect between the two communities.
307	mandatory	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mandatory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pakollinen 2. pakko-	Safety goggles are mandatory in the laboratory.
308	resemble	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resemble is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	muistuttaa	The cloud seemed to resemble a sailing ship.
309	hypothesis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hypothesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hypoteesi	Our hypothesis predicts that warmer water will dissolve sugar faster.
310	mathematical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mathematical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	matemaattinen	The puzzle requires mathematical reasoning rather than guessing.
311	prototype	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prototype is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	prototyyppi	The engineers tested a cardboard prototype before using metal.
312	distinctive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. erottava 2. omaleimainen 3. tunnusomainen	The bird's distinctive call begins with three short notes.
313	sustainability	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	kestävyys	The farm improved sustainability by rebuilding the soil.
314	lunar	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lunar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kuunsirppi 2. kuu- 3. lunaarinen	A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon.
315	simulation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. mallinnus 2. simulointi	The computer simulation predicts how traffic may flow.

Page 9 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 9.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. _____ experiments confirmed the first result.

Answer: subsequent

2. We _____ the total cost by adding the three prices.

Answer: calculate

3. The scientific _____ requires every study to describe its methods.

Answer: publication

4. Safety goggles are _____ in the laboratory.

Answer: mandatory

5. The computer _____ predicts how traffic may flow.

Answer: simulation

Page 10: words 316–350

Vocabulary page 10
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
316	participation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	osallistuminen	Online access increased participation in the public hearing.
317	sensor	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sensor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. anturi 2. tunnistin 3. aistin	A light sensor turns the lamp on at dusk.
318	abolish	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: abolish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. lakkauttaa 2. lopettaa	The town voted to abolish the outdated parking rule.
319	compose	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. luoda 2. säveltää	Jada will compose a short melody for the school play.
320	genetics	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: genetics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. perinnöllisyystiede 2. genetiikka	Genetics can help explain why related plants share certain features.
321	significance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	tarkoitus	The essay explains the significance of the broken watch in the final scene.
322	wellness	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	hyvinvointi	Regular movement and sufficient sleep support overall wellness.
323	recycle	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: recycle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kierrättää	The factory can recycle old glass into new bottles.
324	inspection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. tarkastus 2. katsastus 3. tarkastelu	A bridge inspection found corrosion beneath the road surface.
325	ethnicity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. etnisyys 2. kansallisuus	The census asks about ethnicity separately from citizenship.
326	gravitational	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gravitational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	painovoimaan liittyvä	The moon's gravitational pull contributes to ocean tides.
327	turbine	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: turbine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	turbiini	Steam spins the turbine inside the power plant.
328	align	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: align is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. asettaa riviin 2. rihdata	The revised budget must align with the council's stated priorities.
329	courteous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	kohtelias	The courteous visitor waited until the speaker finished.
330	proximity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	läheisyys	The garden's proximity to the river makes flooding possible.
331	digestive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. ruoansulatus- 2. digestiivinen 3. ruoansulatus	The digestive system begins processing food in the mouth.
332	pivotal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pivotal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. keskeinen 2. käänteentekevä 3. ratkaiseva	The witness's photograph played a pivotal role in the investigation.
333	neutron	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: neutron is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	neutroni	A neutron adds mass to an atom without adding electric charge.
334	propel	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: propel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. aiheuttaa 2. johdattaa 3. kuljettaa	Expelled air can propel the balloon across the room.
335	interrogate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: interrogate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kuulustella	Critical readers interrogate the article's assumptions and missing evidence.
336	excavate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: excavate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kaivaa	Archaeologists excavate the site with small tools and brushes.
337	property	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: property is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	omaisuus	The bicycle is my property, so I keep it locked.
338	trade	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trade is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vaihtokauppa 2. kauppa 3. kaupankäynti	River routes allowed trade between distant communities.
339	lack	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lack is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. puute 2. vajaus 3. vaje	A lack of rain caused the pond to shrink.
340	agreement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. sopimus 2. yksimielisyys 3. kongruenssi	The neighbors reached an agreement to share the garden.
341	record	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: record is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tallenne	The ship's log provides a record of the entire voyage.
342	basis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: basis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pohja 2. perusta 3. perustus	Fairness was the basis of the new playground rule.
343	society	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: society is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	yhteiskunta	Trade shaped the society that developed around the harbor.
344	independent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: independent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. itsenäinen 2. riippumaton 3. vapaa	The independent researcher planned and completed her own investigation.
345	style	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: style is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. stailata 2. tyyli	The author's style combines short dialogue with vivid description.
346	trial	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. koettelemus 2. haaste 3. koe	Surviving three nights in the storm was a severe trial.
347	appropriate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: appropriate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sopiva 2. sovelias	Warm boots are appropriate for a snowy hike.
348	concern	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: concern is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. asia 2. huoli	Water safety is a serious concern during the storm.
349	numerous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	lukuisa	Numerous footprints crossed the muddy bank.
350	campaign	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: campaign is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kampanja 2. sotaretki	The recycling campaign reduced waste at the stadium.

Page 10 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 10.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Online access increased _____ in the public hearing.

Answer: participation

2. A bridge _____ found corrosion beneath the road surface.

Answer: inspection

3. A _____ adds mass to an atom without adding electric charge.

Answer: neutron

4. Fairness was the _____ of the new playground rule.

Answer: basis

5. The recycling _____ reduced waste at the stadium.

Answer: campaign

Page 11: words 351–385

Vocabulary page 11
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
351	creative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	luova	The creative engineer built a lamp from reused materials.
352	private	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: private is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. yksityinen 2. henkilökohtainen	The farm is private property, although a public path crosses it.
353	influence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. vaikutus 2. vaikutusvalta	The coach's encouragement had a positive influence on the team.
354	impossible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	mahdoton	It is impossible to roll a seven on a standard six-sided number cube.
355	afford	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: afford is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. antaa 2. suoda 3. tarjota	We can afford the tickets after saving for two months.
356	volume	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: volume is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tilavuus	We found the box's volume by multiplying its length, width, and height.
357	severe	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: severe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ankara 2. vakava 3. raju	A severe thunderstorm closed the hiking trail.
358	ordered	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ordered is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	järjestetty	An ordered pair lists the horizontal coordinate first.
359	solid	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: solid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kiinteä aine 2. kiintoaine	Ice is the solid form of water.
360	attractive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. viehättävä 2. hyvännäköinen 3. komea	Bright tiles make the old fountain more attractive.
361	outstanding	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: outstanding is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. erinomainen 2. esiinpistävä 3. huomattava	Mira received an award for her outstanding research project.
362	code	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: code is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	koodi	The code tells the sensor when to activate the alarm.
363	stable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vakaa 2. tasainen	The ladder felt stable on the level ground.
364	internal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: internal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sisäinen 2. sisä- 3. sisäpuolinen	The mechanic inspected the engine's internal parts.
365	district	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: district is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. alue 2. seutu	Each district elects one council member.
366	determined	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: determined is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. päättäväinen 2. määrätietoinen	The determined runner continued through the heavy rain.
367	minor	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: minor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	molli	A minor scratch did not affect how the machine worked.
368	potential	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: potential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	potentiaali	The raised book has gravitational potential because it can fall.
369	goods	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: goods is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tavara	The train carried goods from inland factories to the port.
370	motion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: motion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	liike	The camera recorded the cart's motion down the ramp.
371	category	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: category is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. luokka 2. kategoria	Place each rock in a category based on how it formed.
372	routine	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: routine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	rutiini	Packing my bag at night is part of my morning routine.
373	revolution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	vallankumous	The revolution ended the monarch's rule.
374	extraordinary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: extraordinary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. epätavallinen 2. erikoinen 3. kummallinen	The telescope revealed an extraordinary view of Saturn.
375	relief	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: relief is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	helpotus	We felt relief when the lost hikers returned safely.
376	expression	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. lauseke 2. ilmaus	The expression six plus four has a value of ten.
377	reference	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	lähde	The atlas is a useful reference when studying regional geography.
378	instant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: instant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hetki	For an instant, lightning brightened the whole field.
379	ease	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ease is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	lievittää	A cool cloth can ease the sting of a minor burn.
380	analysis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: analysis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. analyysi 2. erittely	Her analysis explains how the poem's repeated image develops its theme.
381	capacity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. tuotantokyky 2. kapasiteetti	The theater has a seating capacity of eight hundred.
382	praise	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: praise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ylistää 2. kehua 3. palvoa	Teachers praise effort as well as success.
383	visual	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: visual is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	visuaalinen	A visual chart made the instructions easier to follow.
384	settlement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	asutus	The settlement grew beside a reliable water source.
385	percentage	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: percentage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. prosenttiosuus 2. prosentti 3. prosenttiluku	The percentage of blue marbles is sixty because sixty out of every hundred are blue.

Page 11 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 11.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The _____ engineer built a lamp from reused materials.

Answer: creative

2. Ice is the _____ form of water.

Answer: solid

3. The raised book has gravitational _____ because it can fall.

Answer: potential

4. The atlas is a useful _____ when studying regional geography.

Answer: reference

5. The _____ of blue marbles is sixty because sixty out of every hundred are blue.

Answer: percentage

Page 12: words 386–420

Vocabulary page 12
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
386	status	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: status is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. oikeusasema 2. asema 3. status	The tracking page shows the delivery status of each package.
387	contrast	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: contrast is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vastakohta 2. kontrasti 3. muodostaa vastakohta	The essay will contrast life in a village with life in a large city.
388	atmosphere	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: atmosphere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ilmakehä 2. atmosfääri	Earth's atmosphere contains the oxygen people breathe.
389	square	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: square is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. muotoilla neliöksi 2. asettaa neliön muotoon	The square has both rectangle and rhombus properties.
390	muscle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: muscle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. lihaskudos 2. lihas	The heart is a powerful muscle.
391	confident	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: confident is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. luottavainen 2. itsevarma	After rehearsing, Amir felt confident about giving his speech.
392	gradually	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. asteittain 2. vähitellen	The sky gradually brightened before sunrise.
393	bitter	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bitter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kitkerä 2. karvas 3. terävä	The raw cocoa tasted bitter without sugar.
394	decline	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: decline is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. heikentyä 2. heiketä	The frog population may decline if the pond dries up.
395	generous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	antelias	A generous neighbor donated books to the new library.
396	bronze	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bronze is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pronssinen 2. pronssiteos	The museum displayed a small statue made of bronze.
397	resolution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	erottelu	In the resolution, the neighbors rebuild the damaged garden together.
398	citizen	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: citizen is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kansalainen	Every citizen may contact elected representatives.
399	proceed	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: proceed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	lähteä	When the light turns green, cyclists may proceed across the bridge.
400	setting	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: setting is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tapahtumapaikka 2. miljöö	The isolated lighthouse provides a tense setting for the mystery.
401	housing	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: housing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kaapu	Rising rents created a shortage of affordable housing.
402	agriculture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: agriculture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. maanviljely 2. maatalous	Agriculture provides food and materials for communities.
403	expand	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: expand is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. laajentaa 2. levittää 3. laajentua	The writer will expand the final paragraph with another example.
404	degree	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: degree is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. aste 2. kertaluku	The polynomial 2x⁴ – x has degree four.
405	stock	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stock is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. osakepääoma 2. varasto	Buying one stock gives an investor a small ownership stake in the company.
406	flexible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. joustava 2. notkea 3. kimmoisa	The flexible branch bent beneath the snow.
407	transfer	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: transfer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	siirtää	The cable can transfer the photographs to a computer.
408	recover	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: recover is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. toipua 2. palautua 3. parantua	The injured bird may recover after several weeks of care.
409	invisible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	näkymätön	Air is invisible, but we can feel it moving.
410	agency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: agency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. virasto 2. toimisto	The environmental agency monitors air pollution.
411	overcome	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: overcome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. peitota 2. peittää 3. pitää jotakin vallassaan	With practice, Jayla began to overcome her fear of speaking.
412	subway	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: subway is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. metro 2. maanalainen	We took the subway beneath the crowded streets.
413	shallow	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: shallow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pinnallinen	Tiny fish gathered in the shallow water near the shore.
414	obvious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. ilmeinen 2. ilmiselvä 3. itsestäänselvä	The missing wheel was the most obvious problem.
415	expense	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: expense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kulu	Rent was the family's largest monthly expense.
416	eager	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: eager is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hanakka 2. kärkäs 3. halukas	The eager campers unpacked their tents quickly.
417	identical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: identical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	identtinen	The two keys looked identical, but only one opened the door.
418	random	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: random is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. satunnainen 2. asiaankuulumaton 3. irrallinen	A random sample reduces the influence of personal choice.
419	plot	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: plot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	juoni	The plot changes direction when the missing map is discovered.
420	pace	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pace is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. määrätä tahti 2. passi 3. askellaji	Short sentences quicken the pace of the chase scene.

Page 12 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 12.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The tracking page shows the delivery _____ of each package.

Answer: status

2. The frog population may _____ if the pond dries up.

Answer: decline

3. The writer will _____ the final paragraph with another example.

Answer: expand

4. We took the _____ beneath the crowded streets.

Answer: subway

5. Short sentences quicken the _____ of the chase scene.

Answer: pace

Page 13: words 421–455

Vocabulary page 13
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
421	memorable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	mieleenpainuva	Our visit to the volcano was a memorable experience.
422	constant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: constant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pysyvä 2. muuttumaton 3. vakaa	Water volume was a constant in every trial.
423	organ	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: organ is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. toimielin 2. elin	The heart is an organ that pumps blood.
424	encouraging	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: encouraging is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. rohkaiseva 2. lupaava	The coach's encouraging words helped the team recover.
425	audience	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. yleisö 2. katsojat 3. katsoja	The writer defines technical terms because the audience includes beginners.
426	solar	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: solar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. aurinko- 2. auringon- 3. aurinko	A solar cooker concentrates sunlight to heat food.
427	composition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	sommittelu	The photograph's composition draws attention to the child in the doorway.
428	combine	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: combine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. yhdistää 2. sekoittaa 3. sovittaa yhteen	We combine flour and water to make the dough.
429	innovation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. innovaatio 2. uudistus 3. keksintö	The lightweight battery was an important innovation.
430	database	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: database is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tietokanta	The library database lets readers find books by subject.
431	proportion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	verranto	We used a proportion to find the missing map distance.
432	alternate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: alternate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vuorotella	We alternate between reading silently and discussing the chapter.
433	conclude	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conclude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	päätellä	From the muddy tracks, we conclude that a deer crossed the path.
434	approve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: approve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hyväksyä 2. vahvistaa 3. antaa suostumus	The committee must approve the plan before construction begins.
435	immense	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: immense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. suunnaton 2. valtava 3. suunnattoman suuri	An immense iceberg floated beyond the ship.
436	platform	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: platform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ohjelma 2. periaateohjelma	The candidate's platform includes proposals on housing and transportation.
437	mechanism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	koneisto	A spring mechanism closes the door automatically.
438	earnings	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: earnings is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ansiot	She saved part of her weekly earnings for a new laptop.
439	concentration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. pitoisuus 2. konsentraatio	Evaporation increased the salt concentration in the remaining water.
440	consequence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. jälkiseuraus 2. seuraamus	One consequence of the drought was a smaller wheat harvest.
441	adventure	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: adventure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vaara	The adventure follows two friends across an unmapped island.
442	mutual	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mutual is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	yhteinen	The teams treated one another with mutual respect.
443	elaborate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: elaborate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. yksityiskohtainen 2. perusteellinen	The parade featured an elaborate float covered with paper flowers.
444	mystery	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mystery is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. salaisuus 2. mysteeri	The mystery provides enough clues for careful readers to identify the thief.
445	supportive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. kannustava 2. tukea antava 3. valmis tukemaan	Her supportive teammates cheered after every attempt.
446	median	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: median is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. keskeinen 2. keski- 3. mediaani	The median of three, five, and nine is five.
447	embarrassed	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: embarrassed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. nolo 2. nolostunut 3. kiusaantunut	Kai felt embarrassed after calling the teacher by the wrong name.
448	detect	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: detect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. havaita 2. huomata	The alarm can detect smoke before flames appear.
449	fiction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fiction is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kaunokirjallisuus 2. fiktio	The fiction blends an invented family with an accurately researched setting.
450	tasty	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tasty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hemaiseva	Fresh herbs made the soup tasty.
451	disclose	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: disclose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	paljastaa	The label must disclose every ingredient in the snack.
452	analyze	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: analyze is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. analysoida 2. eritellä	Scientists analyze the water to learn whether it is clean.
453	unity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: unity is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kokonaisuus	Repeated images of water give the poem unity.
454	metallic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metallic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	metallinen	The beetle's wings had a metallic green shine.
455	institution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. instituutio 2. laitos 3. toimielin	A court is an institution that applies and interprets law.

Page 13 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 13.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Our visit to the volcano was a _____ experience.

Answer: memorable

2. The lightweight battery was an important _____.

Answer: innovation

3. She saved part of her weekly _____ for a new laptop.

Answer: earnings

4. Kai felt _____ after calling the teacher by the wrong name.

Answer: embarrassed

5. A court is an _____ that applies and interprets law.

Answer: institution

Page 14: words 456–490

Vocabulary page 14
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
456	continuous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. jatkuva 2. tasainen	The machine produced a continuous hum all night.
457	advancement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	edistys	The new vaccine was an important medical advancement.
458	crystal	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: crystal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kide	Each salt crystal has a regular cubic shape.
459	vacant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vacant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vapaa	The vacant nest remained in the tree after the birds left.
460	fossil	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fossil is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	fossiili	The rock contained a fossil of a small shell.
461	acknowledge	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: acknowledge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tunnustaa 2. hyväksyä 3. kuitata	The report should acknowledge evidence that challenges its conclusion.
462	portable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. kannettava 2. siirrettävä 3. matka	We used a portable stove to cook at the campsite.
463	input	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: input is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. syöttää 2. syöte	The microphone converts sound input into an electrical signal.
464	principle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: principle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. luonnonlaki 2. periaate	Fairness is the principle behind giving each speaker equal time.
465	translate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: translate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kääntää	Students will translate the short message from French into English.
466	diversity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	monimuotoisuus	Linguistic diversity reflects the region's migration history.
467	harmony	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: harmony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sopusointu 2. harmonia	The choir added harmony beneath the main melody.
468	emerge	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: emerge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tulla ilmi 2. käydä ilmi 3. selvitä	A butterfly will emerge from the chrysalis.
469	rotation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	pyöriminen	Earth's rotation causes day and night.
470	obligation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	velvollisuus	Owning a pet creates an obligation to provide food and care.
471	depart	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: depart is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	lähteä	The ferry will depart at nine o'clock.
472	static	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: static is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. muuttumaton 2. vakaa 3. staattinen	The stubborn mayor is a static character who ignores every warning.
473	favorable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	positiivinen	Favorable winds carried the sailboat toward the harbor.
474	toxic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: toxic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. myrkyllinen 2. toksinen	The label warns that the liquid is toxic if swallowed.
475	accuracy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: accuracy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tarkkuus	Calibration improved the thermometer's accuracy.
476	estimated	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: estimated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	arvioitu	The estimated repair cost may change after workers open the wall.
477	interpretation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	tulkinta	Her interpretation of the ending depends on the final image of the open gate.
478	dimension	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ulottuvuus	Measure each dimension of the box before designing its cover.
479	coordinate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: coordinate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	koordinaatti	The first coordinate tells how far to move horizontally.
480	combination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. kombinaatio 2. yhdistelmä	Choosing three committee members from ten is a combination.
481	magnitude	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: magnitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. koko 2. laajuus 3. merkitys	The magnitude of the earthquake was recorded by several stations.
482	civic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: civic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kansalainen 2. kansalais- 3. kaupunkilainen	Voting is one form of civic participation.
483	decisive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	ratkaiseva	The decisive captain changed course before the storm arrived.
484	reproduction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. lisääntyminen 2. suvun jatkaminen	Flowering plants use seeds for reproduction.
485	admiration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ihailu	We watched the skilled musician with admiration.
486	ecosystem	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ecosystem is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ekosysteemi	Removing one species can affect the entire ecosystem.
487	resolve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resolve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	päättää	A neutral mediator helped the neighbors resolve the boundary dispute.
488	expansion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. laajennus 2. laajentuminen	Railway expansion connected inland farms with coastal ports.
489	precise	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: precise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tarkka	A precise description allowed the technician to locate the fault quickly.
490	thrive	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thrive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	viihtyä	Tomato plants thrive in warm sunlight.

Page 14 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 14.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The machine produced a _____ hum all night.

Answer: continuous

2. Fairness is the _____ behind giving each speaker equal time.

Answer: principle

3. _____ winds carried the sailboat toward the harbor.

Answer: favorable

4. Voting is one form of _____ participation.

Answer: civic

5. Tomato plants _____ in warm sunlight.

Answer: thrive

Page 15: words 491–525

Vocabulary page 15
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
491	tidy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tidy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	siisti	Kai kept his tools tidy on the workbench.
492	component	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: component is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. komponentti 2. rakenneosa 3. perusosa	The battery is a crucial component of the emergency radio.
493	empathy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: empathy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	empatia	Reading the refugee's diary helped students develop empathy.
494	descend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: descend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	laskeutua	Dark clouds descend over the valley before the rain.
495	auditorium	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: auditorium is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	auditorio	Families filled the auditorium for the school concert.
496	confidential	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: confidential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. luottamuksellinen 2. salassa pidettävä	Medical records contain confidential information.
497	irrigation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. keinokastelu 2. kastelu 3. sadetus	Drip irrigation carries water directly to plant roots.
498	variation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	eranto	Color variation helps some beetles blend into different backgrounds.
499	merchant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: merchant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kauppias	The merchant carried spices between coastal ports.
500	administrative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	hallinnollinen	The principal assigned the scheduling issue to administrative staff.
501	measurement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. mittaus 2. mittaaminen 3. arviointi	Record each measurement to the nearest millimeter.
502	alter	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: alter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	muuttaa	The director will alter the ending to fit the shorter performance.
503	criticize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. kritisoida 2. arvostella 3. moittia	A helpful reviewer can criticize the argument without insulting the writer.
504	methodology	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	menetelmäoppi	The report explains its methodology so other researchers can repeat the work.
505	motivate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: motivate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	motivoida	A clear goal can motivate a team to keep practicing.
506	cylinder	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cylinder is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. lieriö 2. ympyrälieriö 3. sylinteri	The can is approximately a cylinder.
507	courageous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. rohkea 2. peloton	The courageous witness told the truth despite feeling afraid.
508	classification	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	luokittelu	The classification of rocks depends on how they formed.
509	geography	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: geography is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. maantiede 2. maantieto 3. geografia	Geography explains how rivers shaped the settlement pattern.
510	dictate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dictate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sanella	The reporter will dictate notes to an assistant by phone.
511	attribute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: attribute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	liittää	Researchers attribute the decline in fish to warmer water.
512	infinite	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: infinite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ääretön 2. päättymätön	A mathematical line extends an infinite distance in both directions.
513	reconstruction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	rekonstruktio	Postwar reconstruction restored roads and created new institutions.
514	ion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ioni	A sodium atom becomes a positive ion after losing an electron.
515	compensation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. korvaus 2. hyvitys 3. kompensaatio	Residents received compensation for property damaged by the construction.
516	stability	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	vakaus	A wide base improves the tower's stability.
517	sphere	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sphere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pallo	A basketball approximates a sphere.
518	emission	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. päästö 2. emissio	The factory installed filters to reduce each harmful emission.
519	emphasize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. korostaa 2. painottaa 3. tähdentää	Bold type can emphasize the report's main finding.
520	cite	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	haastaa	Writers cite the article after using its data.
521	extinct	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: extinct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hävinnyt	The dodo has been extinct for centuries.
522	terminate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: terminate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. lopettaa 2. päättää 3. irtisanoa	The agreement allows either side to terminate the contract.
523	persuade	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: persuade is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. suostutella 2. taivutella 3. vakuuttaa	Strong evidence may persuade the board to restore the bus route.
524	informative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. asiapitoinen 2. informatiivinen	The museum guide was concise and informative.
525	probable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. todennäköinen 2. luultava	Heavy clouds make rain probable this afternoon.

Page 15 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 15.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Kai kept his tools _____ on the workbench.

Answer: tidy

2. The _____ carried spices between coastal ports.

Answer: merchant

3. The _____ of rocks depends on how they formed.

Answer: classification

4. A basketball approximates a _____.

Answer: sphere

5. Heavy clouds make rain _____ this afternoon.

Answer: probable

Page 16: words 526–560

Vocabulary page 16
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
526	modify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: modify is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. muokata 2. muunnella	Engineers will modify the design so the ramp is less steep.
527	perception	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. havainnointi 2. -tunne 3. havaintokyky	Lighting can change the perception of a room's size.
528	accessible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. ymmärrettävä 2. ymmärrettävissä oleva	The museum provides an accessible entrance and captions for its videos.
529	specify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. määrittää 2. määritellä 3. eritellä	The directions specify which measurements belong in the final table.
530	exert	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	käyttää	Climbers must exert extra force on the steep slope.
531	ecology	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ecology is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ekologia 2. ympäristötiede	Ecology examines how water quality affects an entire food web.
532	excerpt	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: excerpt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. poiminto 2. ote 3. katkelma	We read an excerpt from the explorer's journal.
533	derive	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: derive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	johtaa	Many English words derive from Latin and Greek roots.
534	burrow	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: burrow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kolo	The rabbit disappeared into its burrow beneath the hedge.
535	reinforce	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reinforce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vahvistaa 2. tukea	Steel beams reinforce the old building during earthquakes.
536	accumulate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: accumulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kasata 2. kerätä 3. kerääntyä	Dust can accumulate on a shelf that is rarely cleaned.
537	interactive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. interaktiivinen 2. vuorovaikutteinen	The interactive map displays new information when a region is selected.
538	effectiveness	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	1. vaikuttavuus 2. teho	The trial measures the effectiveness of the new filtration method.
539	simulate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: simulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	simuloida	The computer model can simulate the movement of a hurricane.
540	isolation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. eristys 2. eristyneisyys 3. eristäminen	Geographic isolation allowed the island species to develop independently.
541	minimize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. minimoida 2. vähätellä	Protective covers minimize damage from dust and sunlight.
542	exaggerate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exaggerate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	liioitella	Do not exaggerate the size of the fish you caught.
543	compile	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kääntää 2. koota 3. koostaa	Students compile their field notes into a shared report.
544	adversity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	vastoinkäyminen	The neighbors supported one another through adversity.
545	characteristic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: characteristic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ominainen 2. karakteristinen 3. luonteenomainen	Dark volcanic soil is characteristic of the island.
546	complementary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: complementary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. komplementaarinen 2. täydentävä	Angles of thirty and sixty degrees are complementary.
547	ingenious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	nerokas	Her ingenious trap caught rainwater without harming wildlife.
548	analytical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: analytical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	analyyttinen	An analytical reader compares the author's claim with the supporting data.
549	thematic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thematic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. temaattinen 2. aiheenmukainen	The novel's thematic focus on belonging connects its different episodes.
550	optimize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	optimoida	The team will optimize the blade angle to capture more wind.
551	condensation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. tiivistyminen 2. kondensoituminen	Condensation formed droplets on the cold glass.
552	saturated	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: saturated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kylläinen	No more sugar dissolved once the solution became saturated.
553	imaginative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. kekseliäs 2. mielikuvituksekas 3. mielikuvituksellinen	The imaginative solution reused rainwater to cool the roof.
554	conscientious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. tunnollinen 2. tunnontarkka	The conscientious volunteer checked every name on the list.
555	formulate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: formulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. muotoilla 2. formuloida	The council will formulate a plan after reviewing the evidence.
556	photosynthesis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: photosynthesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. fotosynteesi 2. yhteyttäminen	During photosynthesis, leaves release oxygen.
557	exclude	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exclude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kieltää pääsy 2. torjua 3. erottaa	A study should not exclude relevant evidence merely because it challenges the hypothesis.
558	collaborative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	yhteistyö	The collaborative project combines local knowledge with satellite data.
559	embryo	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: embryo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	alkio	The plant embryo is protected inside the seed.
560	tribune	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tribune is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tribuuni	The tribune could veto certain actions that threatened plebeians.

Page 16 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 16.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Engineers will _____ the design so the ramp is less steep.

Answer: modify

2. The rabbit disappeared into its _____ beneath the hedge.

Answer: burrow

3. Students _____ their field notes into a shared report.

Answer: compile

4. No more sugar dissolved once the solution became _____.

Answer: saturated

5. The _____ could veto certain actions that threatened plebeians.

Answer: tribune

Page 17: words 561–595

Vocabulary page 17
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
561	complication	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. mutka 2. vaikeutus	A sudden flood creates a complication in the travelers' plan.
562	cordial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cordial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sydämellinen	Despite their disagreement, the candidates remained cordial.
563	artisan	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: artisan is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. käsityöläinen 2. artesaani	The artisan shaped clay into durable storage jars.
564	terminating	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: terminating is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	päättyvä	One eighth has the terminating decimal 0.125.
565	embark	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: embark is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	nousta	The researchers embark on a five-year study of coastal erosion.
566	glossary	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: glossary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sanasto 2. asiasanasto	The glossary defines unfamiliar words used in the ecology chapter.
567	fascinate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fascinate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	viehättää	Deep-sea creatures fascinate scientists and students alike.
568	correspond	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: correspond is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. olla kirjeenvaihto 2. olla kirjeenvaihdossa	Each colored line should correspond to one category in the key.
569	cartography	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	1. kartografia 2. karttaoppi	Modern cartography uses satellite images to show changing coastlines.
570	relational	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: relational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	suhteellinen	The database uses relational links between customers and orders.
571	microorganism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	mikro-organismi	Some kinds of microorganism help produce yogurt.
572	saturate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: saturate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kyllästää 2. kastella läpimäräksi	Continued rain will saturate the soil.
573	annotate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: annotate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kommentoida 2. huomauttaa	Readers annotate the article by marking claims and unfamiliar terms.
574	synchronize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. synkronoida 2. tahdistaa	The technicians synchronize the clocks before collecting measurements.
575	election	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. vaali 2. vaalit	The student council election will take place on Friday.
576	western	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: western is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. länsi- 2. läntinen 3. länsimainen	Dark clouds gathered over the western hills.
577	certainly	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. todellakin 2. varmasti 3. epäilemättä	The fresh tracks certainly belong to a large animal.
578	tax	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tax is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vero	The sales tax helps fund local services.
579	federal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: federal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. liittovaltion 2. liittovaltio 3. federaalinen	Federal law applies throughout the country.
580	economic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: economic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. talous- 2. talous	The new harbor created economic opportunities.
581	channel	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: channel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kanaali 2. kanava	The storm cut a new channel through the sand.
582	firm	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: firm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vankka 2. luja 3. tukeva	Press the seed into the firm soil.
583	eastern	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: eastern is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. itäinen 2. itä- 3. itä	Morning sunlight warmed the eastern side of the house.
584	justice	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: justice is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. oikeudenmukaisuus 2. oikeus	The court seeks justice by examining evidence carefully.
585	income	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: income is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tulo 2. tulot 3. ansiot	Part of her summer income went into savings.
586	majority	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. enemmistö 2. yksinkertainen enemmistö	A majority of the class voted for the outdoor activity.
587	quarter	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: quarter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. neljännes 2. neljäsosa	Nina ate one quarter of the orange.
588	initial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: initial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ensimmäinen	Our initial plan changed after we saw the weather forecast.
589	congress	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: congress is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kongressi 2. eduskunta	Congress considered a bill about national parks.
590	mass	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mass is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. massa 2. paino	The balance measures the rock's mass in grams.
591	executive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. valtioneuvosto 2. toimeenpaneva elin	The executive branch enforces federal laws.
592	economy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: economy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. talous 2. kansantalous	Tourism supports the island's economy.
593	prime	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prime is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	jaoton	Seven is a prime number because only one and seven divide it evenly.
594	capable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: capable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kykenevä 2. kyvykäs	Nora is capable of repairing the bicycle herself.
595	threat	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: threat is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. uhka 2. uhkaus	Polluted water is a threat to the frogs in the marsh.

Page 17 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 17.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A sudden flood creates a _____ in the travelers' plan.

Answer: complication

2. Modern _____ uses satellite images to show changing coastlines.

Answer: cartography

3. The sales _____ helps fund local services.

Answer: tax

4. Nina ate one _____ of the orange.

Answer: quarter

5. Polluted water is a _____ to the frogs in the marsh.

Answer: threat

Page 18: words 596–630

Vocabulary page 18
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
596	extreme	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: extreme is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. äärimmäinen 2. törkeä 3. liiallinen	Extreme heat can make outdoor exercise unsafe.
597	typical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: typical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tyypillinen	Four equal sides are typical of a square.
598	represent	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: represent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	edustaa	On the map, blue lines represent rivers.
599	labor	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: labor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	työväki	Building the stone wall required many hours of labor.
600	accurate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: accurate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tarkka 2. täsmällinen 3. paikkansapitävä	The accurate map showed every turn on the trail.
601	manner	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: manner is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tapa 2. tyyli 3. muoto	Tariq spoke in a calm manner during the debate.
602	absolute	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: absolute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	täysi	The referee asked for absolute silence before the final shot.
603	portion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: portion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	osa	Only a small portion of the moon was visible.
604	regional	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: regional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	alueellinen	The regional train connects several nearby cities.
605	character	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: character is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hahmo 2. henkilöhahmo 3. henkilö	The youngest character notices the clue that every adult missed.
606	duty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: duty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	velvollisuus	Serving on a jury can be a citizen's duty.
607	profit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: profit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. voitto 2. netto 3. tulos	The bakery used its profit to buy a larger oven.
608	route	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: route is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tie 2. reitti	The map shows the safest route across the mountains.
609	healthcare	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: healthcare is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	terveydenhuolto	The clinic provides healthcare to families in remote villages.
610	innocent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: innocent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. syytön 2. viaton	The video proved that the accused driver was innocent.
611	fault	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fault is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. syy 2. syyllisyys	Pressure built along the fault before the earthquake.
612	context	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: context is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. asiayhteys 2. yhteys 3. konteksti	The context shows that “bank” refers to the side of a river.
613	solo	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: solo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	soolo	Mina practiced her violin solo for the concert.
614	guilty	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: guilty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	syyllinen	The guilty child admitted breaking the vase.
615	familiar	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: familiar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. läheinen 2. tuttavallinen	The familiar song reminded him of summer camp.
616	territory	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: territory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	reviiri	The map shows the territory governed by the northern kingdom.
617	republic	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: republic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tasavalta	The constitution established the nation as a republic.
618	disaster	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: disaster is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. onnettomuus 2. katastrofi	Emergency teams brought food after the flood disaster.
619	compete	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compete is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kilpailla	Six teams compete in the solar-car challenge.
620	independence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	itsenäisyys	The nation declared independence after years of conflict.
621	rapid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rapid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. nopea 2. ripeä	Rapid snowmelt raised the river level.
622	scene	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: scene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tapahtumapaikka 2. kohtaus	The courtroom scene brings the two opposing witnesses together.
623	software	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: software is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ohjelmisto 2. tietokoneohjelma 3. softa	The designer updated the software to fix a security problem.
624	merely	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. vain 2. ainoastaan 3. pelkästään	The shadow was merely a branch moving in the wind.
625	perspective	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: perspective is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	näkymä	The diary presents the voyage from a young sailor's perspective.
626	constitution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. valtiosääntö 2. perustuslaki	The constitution describes the powers of each branch.
627	precious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	kallisarvoinen	The old photograph is precious to our family.
628	commit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: commit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vahvistaa	Our team will commit time each week to cleaning the beach.
629	column	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: column is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. palsta 2. pylväs	Write each answer in the correct column of the chart.
630	alert	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: alert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. virkeä 2. valpas 3. pirteä	The alert lifeguard noticed the struggling swimmer at once.

Page 18 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 18.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. _____ heat can make outdoor exercise unsafe.

Answer: extreme

2. The _____ train connects several nearby cities.

Answer: regional

3. Mina practiced her violin _____ for the concert.

Answer: solo

4. The courtroom _____ brings the two opposing witnesses together.

Answer: scene

5. The _____ lifeguard noticed the struggling swimmer at once.

Answer: alert

Page 19: words 631–665

Vocabulary page 19
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
631	underground	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: underground is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. maa 2. maanalainen	The mole dug an underground tunnel.
632	democracy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -cracy relates to rule or a system of government.	1. kansanvalta 2. demokratia	In a democracy, citizens vote in elections.
633	relation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	suhde	The graph shows the relation between rainfall and plant growth.
634	equivalent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: equivalent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. samanlainen 2. vastaava	Two quarters are equivalent to one half.
635	involvement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	osallistuminen	Parent involvement helped the community garden succeed.
636	succeed	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: succeed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. menestyä 2. onnistua	With patience and practice, the team can succeed.
637	awkward	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: awkward is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kömpelö	The long package was awkward to carry through the doorway.
638	union	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: union is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. liittäminen 2. liitos 3. liitto	Leaders debated how to preserve the union.
639	mature	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mature is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kypsä	Green tomatoes mature more quickly in warm sunlight.
640	loss	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loss is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tappio 2. häviö	The shop reported a loss after repairs cost more than monthly sales.
641	circuit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: circuit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	virtapiiri	The bulb lights when the circuit is closed.
642	frequent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: frequent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. käydä usein 2. yleinen 3. taaja	Frequent rain keeps the forest floor damp.
643	moral	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: moral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. moraalinen 2. opetus	The fable's moral warns readers not to be greedy.
644	venture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: venture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hanke 2. yritys	Opening a weekend craft stall was a new venture for Maya.
645	considerable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. huomattava 2. melkoinen	Repairing the roof required considerable time and effort.
646	wage	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: wage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	palkka	The farm pays each worker an hourly wage.
647	producer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: producer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tuottaja	Grass is a producer that uses sunlight to make food.
648	noble	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: noble is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. aatelinen 2. jalo 3. ylväs	Returning the lost wallet was a noble act.
649	electricity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	sähkö	The wind turbine generates electricity.
650	permit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: permit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sallia 2. antaa lupa	Park rules permit bicycles only on marked paths.
651	amateur	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: amateur is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. harrastaja 2. amatööri 3. harrastelija	The amateur photographer captured a remarkable rainbow.
652	accidentally	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	1. sattumalta 2. vahingossa	I accidentally spilled water on the drawing.
653	association	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. yhdistys 2. järjestö	The scatter plot suggests a positive association between temperature and ice-cream sales.
654	relevant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: relevant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. asiaankuuluva 2. asianmukainen 3. liittyvä	Include only relevant details in the summary.
655	medium	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: medium is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	väliaine	Clay was the sculptor's chosen medium.
656	draft	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: draft is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	luonnos	Her first draft contains strong ideas but needs clearer organization.
657	alliance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. liittouma 2. liittoutuma 3. liittokunta	The two nations formed an alliance for mutual defense.
658	resist	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resist is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vastustaa 2. kestää	The strong roof can resist heavy wind.
659	aside	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: aside is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sivuhuomautus 2. reunahuomautus 3. kommentti	In an aside, the actor revealed the villain's secret plan.
660	proud	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: proud is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ylpeä	The volunteers felt proud of the garden they had restored.
661	occasion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. tapaus 2. syy 3. kerta	The family saved the decorated dishes for a special occasion.
662	angle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: angle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	nurkka	A right angle measures ninety degrees.
663	amendment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. lakimuutos 2. lainmuutos 3. lisäys	The amendment added a new protection to the constitution.
664	physician	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: physician is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. lääkäri 2. tohtori	The physician listened carefully to the patient's heartbeat.
665	patient	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: patient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kärsivällinen 2. potilas	A patient instructor explained the process again.

Page 19 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 19.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The mole dug an _____ tunnel.

Answer: underground

2. Green tomatoes _____ more quickly in warm sunlight.

Answer: mature

3. Returning the lost wallet was a _____ act.

Answer: noble

4. The two nations formed an _____ for mutual defense.

Answer: alliance

5. A _____ instructor explained the process again.

Answer: patient

Page 20: words 666–700

Vocabulary page 20
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
666	index	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: index is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hakemisto	Use the index to locate every page that discusses volcanoes.
667	regret	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: regret is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. olla pahoillaan 2. katua	I regret leaving the seedlings outside during the frost.
668	ratio	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ratio is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. suhde 2. suhdeluku	The ratio of red beads to blue beads is two to three.
669	currency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: currency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. seteliraha 2. paperiraha 3. valuutta	Travelers exchanged their currency before the trip.
670	commerce	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: commerce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kauppa 2. kaupankäynti	The port became a center of international commerce.
671	partial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: partial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. osittainen 2. osa- 3. osittais-	A partial eclipse covered only part of the sun.
672	frequency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: frequency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	taajuus	A higher sound frequency produces a higher pitch.
673	resistance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	vastus	Local resistance delayed the invading army.
674	legislation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	lainsäädäntö	The new legislation requires safer drinking water.
675	sequence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. sarja 2. sekvenssi	Put the pictures in sequence from seed to flowering plant.
676	insurance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	vakuutus	Home insurance helped pay for repairs after the storm.
677	religion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: religion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	uskonto	The constitution protects a person's right to practice a religion.
678	empire	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: empire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. imperiumi 2. keisarikunta	Roads helped the empire move soldiers and messages quickly.
679	peer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: peer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ikätoveri 2. toveri	Ask a peer to check your work before you submit it.
680	defense	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: defense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. puolustautuminen 2. puolustus	The defense questioned whether the witness could see clearly.
681	administration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. johto 2. hallinto	The administration proposed a revised national budget.
682	reform	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. reformi 2. uudistus	The education reform provided books to rural schools.
683	infection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. tartunta 2. infektio	The doctor treated the cut to prevent infection.
684	conservation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. ympäristönsuojelu 2. luonnonsuojelu	Water conservation becomes especially important during drought.
685	retreat	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: retreat is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. perääntyminen 2. perääntyä 3. vetäytyä	The hikers retreat when lightning strikes nearby.
686	plane	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: plane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	taso	Three noncollinear points determine a plane.
687	tissue	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tissue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kudos 2. solukko	Muscle tissue contracts to move the body.
688	sufficient	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sufficient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tarpeeksi 2. riittävästi 3. kylliksi	One flashlight provided sufficient light for the small tent.
689	variable	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: variable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	muuttuja	In the equation, the variable x stands for an unknown number.
690	comparison	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: comparison is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vertailu	The essay makes a comparison between two creation myths.
691	treaty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: treaty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sopimus	The treaty established a peaceful border.
692	investigate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: investigate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tutkia	Detectives investigate the footprints beside the broken window.
693	humble	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: humble is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. nöyrä 2. vaatimaton	Although she won the prize, Lina remained humble.
694	summit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: summit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. huippu 2. vuorenhuippu	The climbers reached the summit before noon.
695	cooperation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. yhteistyö 2. yhteistoiminta	The heavy table was moved safely through cooperation.
696	ray	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ray is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. säde 2. puolisuora	Each side of an angle is a ray extending from the vertex.
697	debt	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: debt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	velka	The city repaid its construction debt over twenty years.
698	tone	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	äänensävy	The letter's respectful tone made the criticism easier to accept.
699	cabinet	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cabinet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. esikunta 2. hallitus	The president met with the cabinet to discuss the emergency.
700	reliable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	luotettava	We used a reliable weather source before planning the trip.

Page 20 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 20.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Use the _____ to locate every page that discusses volcanoes.

Answer: index

2. The new _____ requires safer drinking water.

Answer: legislation

3. The doctor treated the cut to prevent _____.

Answer: infection

4. Detectives _____ the footprints beside the broken window.

Answer: investigate

5. We used a _____ weather source before planning the trip.

Answer: reliable

Page 21: words 701–735

Vocabulary page 21
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
701	estimate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: estimate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	arvio	Our estimate placed the crowd at about five hundred people.
702	suspicious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. epäilevä 2. epäluuloinen	A suspicious noise came from the locked room.
703	consistent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: consistent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. yhteensopiva 2. yhtenäinen	Her measurements were consistent across all three trials.
704	tragic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tragic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. murheellinen 2. traaginen	The museum tells the tragic story of the lost expedition.
705	era	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: era is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. aikakausi 2. ajanjakso 3. aika	The invention marked the beginning of a new era in communication.
706	drama	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: drama is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	draama	The drama reveals its conflict through dialogue and stage directions.
707	parallel	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: parallel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. suuntainen 2. samansuuntainen 3. rinnakkainen (jonkin kanssa)	Opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel.
708	strike	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: strike is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	lakko	The strike ended after employers agreed to negotiate.
709	spectrum	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: spectrum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kirjo 2. spektri	A prism separates white light into a spectrum.
710	guardian	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: guardian is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. huoltaja 2. edunvalvoja	Her guardian signed the permission form for the trip.
711	subscription	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. tilaus 2. jäsenmaksu 3. kausikortti	Our library has a subscription to a science magazine.
712	shout	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: shout is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	huutaa	Do not shout near animals that frighten easily.
713	ballot	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ballot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. äänestyslippu 2. äänestyslipuke 3. vaalilippu	Each voter marked one choice on the ballot.
714	identity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. identiteetti 2. olemus 3. yksilöllisyys	Language became an important part of the community's identity.
715	revenue	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: revenue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tuotto	Ticket revenue pays for museum conservation.
716	mixed	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mixed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sekoitettu	The mixed number two and one third equals seven thirds.
717	jealous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	mustasukkainen	Nia felt jealous when her friend won the solo.
718	export	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: export is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	viedä	Local farms export coffee to markets overseas.
719	integrity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	eheys	Returning the extra change showed Carlos's integrity.
720	abandon	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: abandon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. jättää heitteille 2. hylätä	The crew had to abandon the damaged boat.
721	root	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: root is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. juuri 2. puunjuuri	The root “spect” relates to looking or seeing.
722	statistics	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: statistics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tilastotiede	Statistics can reveal patterns that individual values do not show.
723	pollution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. saastuminen 2. saastuttaminen	Air pollution can make breathing difficult.
724	patience	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. kärsivällisyys 2. maltti	Growing a garden requires patience because seeds develop slowly.
725	rural	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rural is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. maalaismainen 2. maalais-	The rural clinic serves farms spread across a large county.
726	gender	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gender is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	suku	Ideas about gender roles vary across societies and time.
727	insult	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: insult is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. loukkaus 2. parjaus 3. pahennus	Calling someone's careful work useless is an insult.
728	valid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: valid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. voimassa oleva 2. pätevä 3. kelpaava	The experiment needs a control group to produce a valid comparison.
729	tropical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tropical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	trooppinen	Colorful parrots live in the tropical forest.
730	mixture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mixture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sekoitus	Trail mix is a mixture whose ingredients remain separate.
731	compound	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compound is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	yhdiste	Water is a compound made from hydrogen and oxygen.
732	prey	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prey is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	saalis	The mouse hid from the owl that hunted it as prey.
733	manufacture	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: manufacture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	valmistaa	The factory will manufacture bicycles from recycled metal.
734	furious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. raivostunut 2. raivoisa 3. raivoissaan	Furious waves struck the rocks during the storm.
735	legacy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: legacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	perintö	The scientist's legacy includes both discoveries and trained students.

Page 21 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 21.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Our _____ placed the crowd at about five hundred people.

Answer: estimate

2. A prism separates white light into a _____.

Answer: spectrum

3. Local farms _____ coffee to markets overseas.

Answer: export

4. Calling someone's careful work useless is an _____.

Answer: insult

5. The scientist's _____ includes both discoveries and trained students.

Answer: legacy

Page 22: words 736–770

Vocabulary page 22
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
736	loyalty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loyalty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. lojaalius 2. uskollisuus	The guide praised the dog's loyalty to its owner.
737	frontier	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: frontier is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. raja 2. rajamaa 3. rajaseutu	The novel follows a family traveling across the western frontier.
738	manufacturing	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: manufacturing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	valmistus	Automobile manufacturing supports many related industries.
739	privacy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: privacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. rauha 2. yksityisyys	Check the privacy settings before sharing a photograph.
740	objective	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. objektiivinen 2. totuudenmukainen 3. tosi	An objective review discusses both the strengths and weaknesses of the book.
741	logic	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: logic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	logiikka	The detective used logic to eliminate impossible explanations.
742	realistic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: realistic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. realistinen 2. todenmukainen	The artist painted a realistic portrait of the old fisherman.
743	legislature	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: legislature is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	lainsäädäntöelin	The state legislature debated the education bill.
744	exhibit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exhibit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. esittely 2. esitellä	The museum will exhibit tools from the early settlement.
745	determination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. päätös 2. lopputulos 3. lopettaminen	Her determination helped her finish the steep climb.
746	maritime	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: maritime is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	merellinen	The coastal museum displays maritime tools and maps.
747	countless	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: countless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. lukematon 2. rajaton	Countless stars filled the dark desert sky.
748	circular	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: circular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ympyrä- 2. ympyrä	We followed a circular path around the pond.
749	earthquake	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: earthquake is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	maanjäristys	The earthquake damaged buildings near the fault.
750	judicial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: judicial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	oikeudellinen	The judicial branch decides how laws apply to cases.
751	transmission	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. lähetys 2. lähettäminen 3. siirto	Clean water systems reduce the transmission of several diseases.
752	prominent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prominent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. huomattava 2. merkittävä	A prominent ridge rises above the valley.
753	companion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: companion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. toveri 2. seuralainen 3. kumppani	The guide's faithful dog was his companion on every hike.
754	impress	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: impress is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	painaa	The dancer's balance will impress the judges.
755	principal	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: principal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. rehtori 2. johtajaopettaja	The principal character must decide whether to reveal the secret.
756	fantasy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fantasy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. fantasia 2. fantasiakirjallisuus	The fantasy imagines a library whose books can speak.
757	delta	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: delta is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. suisto 2. delta	The river formed a fertile delta beside the sea.
758	colony	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: colony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. siirtomaa 2. siirtokunta	The distant colony sent raw materials to the ruling nation.
759	runway	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: runway is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kiitotie 2. kiitorata	The airplane waited at the end of the runway.
760	wealth	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: wealth is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. varallisuus 2. rikkaus 3. rikkaudet	Trade created wealth for the port but did not benefit every resident equally.
761	trend	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. suuntaus 2. kehityssuunta 3. trendi	The graph shows an upward trend in average temperature.
762	comedy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: comedy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	komedia	The comedy turns a series of mistaken identities into a joyful reunion.
763	selfish	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: selfish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. itsekäs 2. itsekeskeinen	The selfish character kept all the food for himself.
764	convert	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: convert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. muuntaa 2. muuttaa	Solar panels convert sunlight into electrical energy.
765	convention	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. käytäntö 2. konventio	A hidden clue is a common convention of mystery stories.
766	petition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. vetoomus 2. adressi 3. anomus	The petition asked the town to preserve the old theater.
767	edit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: edit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. muokata 2. muuttaa 3. editoida	Partners edit each other's explanations for clarity.
768	import	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: import is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tuoda (maa 2. tuoda (maahan)	The country must import fruit during the cold season.
769	citizenship	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: citizenship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kansalaisuus	Responsible citizenship includes learning about public issues.
770	spotlight	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: spotlight is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	valokeila	The spotlight followed the dancer across the stage.

Page 22 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 22.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The guide praised the dog's _____ to its owner.

Answer: loyalty

2. The museum will _____ tools from the early settlement.

Answer: exhibit

3. The guide's faithful dog was his _____ on every hike.

Answer: companion

4. The _____ turns a series of mistaken identities into a joyful reunion.

Answer: comedy

5. The _____ followed the dancer across the stage.

Answer: spotlight

Page 23: words 771–805

Vocabulary page 23
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
771	rough	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rough is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kova	The rough stone can scratch polished wood.
772	contemporary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: contemporary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. samanikäinen 2. samanaikainen 3. nyky-	Contemporary accounts describe how residents experienced the flood.
773	framework	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: framework is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. viitekehys 2. kehikko	The outline provides a framework for the research paper.
774	eligible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. oikeutettu 2. sovelias 3. sopiva	Students who complete the course are eligible for the certificate.
775	anxious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. jännittynyt 2. hermostunut 3. huolestunut	Dev felt anxious while waiting for news about the missing dog.
776	destructive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	hajottava	The destructive storm tore branches from several trees.
777	collaboration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. yhteistyö 2. myötävaikuttaminen 3. myötävaikutus	The mural required collaboration among artists, students, and residents.
778	myth	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: myth is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. myytti 2. jumalaistaru	The ancient myth tells how the stars reached the sky.
779	basin	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: basin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. allas 2. valuma-alue	Rain from the entire basin flows toward the main river.
780	pointless	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pointless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. turha 2. tylsä	Arguing about a finished game would be pointless.
781	adjustment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. säätö 2. hienosäätö	One adjustment made the telescope image clearer.
782	immigration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. maahanmuutto 2. siirtolaisuus	Immigration changed the city's languages, foods, and industries.
783	margin	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: margin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	marginaali	The team won by a margin of three points.
784	dispute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dispute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kiistää	Several historians dispute the traditional account of the voyage.
785	reign	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reign is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hallituskausi 2. valta-aika	The palace was expanded during the queen's reign.
786	miserable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. avuton 2. kurja	The soaked hikers felt miserable in the cold wind.
787	poverty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: poverty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. köyhyys 2. puute	The relief program seeks to reduce childhood poverty.
788	offensive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. hyökkäävä 2. päällekäyvä 3. loukkaava	The editor removed an offensive stereotype from the advertisement.
789	gear	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gear is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vaihde 2. vaihteisto	The smaller gear turns faster than the larger gear.
790	controversy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: controversy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kiista 2. sanaharkka	The proposal created controversy among residents.
791	tolerance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. kestokyky 2. kestävyys	A respectful community practices tolerance toward different traditions.
792	assure	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vakuuttaa	The coach tried to assure the team that their preparation was strong.
793	prompt	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prompt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kirjoitustehtävä 2. tehtävänanto	Read the writing prompt before planning your response.
794	fragile	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fragile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hauras 2. särkyvä 3. hento	The fragile shell cracked when it fell.
795	antique	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: antique is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. antiikkiesine 2. antikviteetti 3. antiikki	The antique clock still chimed every hour.
796	protest	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: protest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vastalause 2. protesti	The peaceful protest called for safer working conditions.
797	formula	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: formula is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kaava	The formula gives the area of a triangle.
798	acid	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: acid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hapan aine 2. happo	Lemon juice contains an acid called citric acid.
799	inquiry	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inquiry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tutkimus	The class began an inquiry into the river's changing water level.
800	withdraw	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: withdraw is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ottaa takaisin 2. perua 3. vetää pois	The injured runner had to withdraw from the race.
801	ignorant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ignorant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tietämätön 2. moukka	We were ignorant of the trail closure until we saw the sign.
802	graph	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: graph is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. graafi 2. verkko	The graph shows how temperature changed during the day.
803	adequate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: adequate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. asianmukainen 2. riittävä	The hikers carried an adequate supply of water for the afternoon.
804	accomplish	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: accomplish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. suorittaa 2. saavuttaa 3. saada aikaan	Careful planning helped the volunteers accomplish their goal before sunset.
805	legend	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: legend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. legenda 2. taru	According to the local legend, a hidden bell rings before a storm.

Page 23 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 23.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The _____ stone can scratch polished wood.

Answer: rough

2. Rain from the entire _____ flows toward the main river.

Answer: basin

3. The editor removed an _____ stereotype from the advertisement.

Answer: offensive

4. The _____ gives the area of a triangle.

Answer: formula

5. According to the local _____, a hidden bell rings before a storm.

Answer: legend

Page 24: words 806–840

Vocabulary page 24
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
806	concrete	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: concrete is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. konkreettinen 2. kouriintuntuva	The proposal needs concrete steps, not general promises.
807	suspension	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	suspensio	Muddy water is a suspension because soil particles eventually sink.
808	comply	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: comply is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. suostua 2. taipua 3. mukautua	Cyclists must comply with the trail's safety signs.
809	teammate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: teammate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. joukkuetoveri 2. tallikaveri	My teammate passed the ball before the defender arrived.
810	steadily	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	horjahtamatta	Snow fell steadily throughout the afternoon.
811	marina	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: marina is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	venesatama	Fishing boats returned to the marina before the storm.
812	heroic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: heroic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sankarillinen 2. urhoollinen	The firefighter made a heroic rescue from the burning house.
813	output	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: output is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tuotanto	The screen displays the sensor's output as a graph.
814	coalition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. liittouma 2. liittokunta 3. koalitio	Several parties formed a coalition to pass the reform.
815	remainder	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: remainder is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	jakojäännös	Seventeen divided by five has a remainder of two.
816	insist	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: insist is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vaatia 2. inttää 3. vakuuttaa	The guide will insist that everyone wear a helmet.
817	entertain	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: entertain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	viihdyttää	The storyteller used funny voices to entertain the children.
818	electrical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: electrical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sähköinen	The electrical circuit opens when the switch is lifted.
819	probability	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. todennäköinen tapahtuma 2. todennäköisyys	The probability of rolling an even number is one half.
820	enthusiasm	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: enthusiasm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. innostus 2. into 3. innokkuus	Her enthusiasm for astronomy inspired the whole club.
821	axis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: axis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	akseli	The horizontal axis shows time in minutes.
822	conservative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. vanhoillinen 2. konservatiivinen	Engineers used a conservative estimate for the bridge's safe load.
823	minority	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	vähemmistö	The constitution protects minority rights against majority abuse.
824	vulnerable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. haavoittuvainen 2. herkkä	Young turtles are vulnerable to predators on the beach.
825	transparent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: transparent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	läpinäkyvä	The transparent glass revealed the fish inside the tank.
826	sympathy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sympathy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. myötätunto 2. osanotto 3. sympatia	We expressed sympathy to the family after their loss.
827	evaluate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: evaluate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	laskea	The judges evaluate each design for strength and originality.
828	disappointment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	pettymys	The canceled trip brought disappointment to the campers.
829	adaptation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	muutos	A camel's ability to conserve water is an adaptation to desert life.
830	submarine	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: submarine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sukellusvene	The research submarine photographed life on the ocean floor.
831	masterpiece	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: masterpiece is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	mestariteos	Many visitors consider the painted ceiling a masterpiece.
832	exhaust	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exhaust is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	poistaa	Climbing the steep stairs will exhaust an unprepared runner.
833	senate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: senate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	senaatti	The Roman senate advised officials and controlled important financial decisions.
834	diagnosis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: diagnosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	diagnoosi	The doctor confirmed the diagnosis after reviewing the test results.
835	vaccine	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vaccine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	rokote	The vaccine reduced the spread of the illness.
836	seize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: seize is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tarttua 2. käydä käsiksi	The goalkeeper will seize the ball with both hands.
837	colorful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: colorful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	värikäs	A colorful kite rose above the beach.
838	translation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. käännös 2. kääntäminen	The translation moves the triangle four units to the right.
839	narrative	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: narrative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tarina 2. kertomus 3. narratiivi	The oral history presents a personal narrative of migration.
840	expectation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	odotus	Our expectation of clear skies changed when thunder began.

Page 24 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 24.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The proposal needs _____ steps, not general promises.

Answer: concrete

2. Several parties formed a _____ to pass the reform.

Answer: coalition

3. The constitution protects _____ rights against majority abuse.

Answer: minority

4. Climbing the steep stairs will _____ an unprepared runner.

Answer: exhaust

5. Our _____ of clear skies changed when thunder began.

Answer: expectation

Page 25: words 841–875

Vocabulary page 25
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
841	entrepreneur	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: entrepreneur is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	yrittäjä	The young entrepreneur opened a bicycle repair shop.
842	neglect	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: neglect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	lyödä laimin	Plants may wilt if gardeners neglect them.
843	hesitate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hesitate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. epäröidä 2. aikailla 3. empiä	I hesitate before stepping onto the slippery bridge.
844	metropolitan	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metropolitan is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	suurkaupunkilainen	The metropolitan rail system connects downtown with nearby suburbs.
845	bias	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bias is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vinous 2. vinouma 3. alttius	A fair survey avoids bias by asking neutral questions.
846	colonial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: colonial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. siirtomaa- 2. siirtomaa	The museum restored a colonial house built by early settlers.
847	curiosity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	uteliaisuus	Curiosity led the children to examine the unusual shell.
848	literal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: literal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kirjaimellinen 2. sananmukainen 3. sanatarkka	The literal meaning of freezing is becoming solid from cold.
849	preliminary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: preliminary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. lämmittelyottelu 2. alustava 3. esi-	Preliminary results suggest that the treatment may be effective.
850	indigenous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. alkuperäinen 2. synnynnäinen	The exhibit honors indigenous knowledge of local plants.
851	tendency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tendency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	taipumus	The river has a tendency to rise after several days of rain.
852	fraction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. murto-osa 2. murtoluku	The shaded fraction of the circle is three fourths.
853	circulation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	verenkierto	Exercise can increase blood circulation.
854	canyon	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: canyon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kanjoni 2. kuru	The river flows along the bottom of the canyon.
855	stubborn	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stubborn is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	itsepäinen	The stubborn goat refused to leave the garden.
856	stellar	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stellar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tähti- 2. tähti	The telescope captured a stellar explosion in a distant galaxy.
857	extinction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	sukupuutto	Habitat loss can push rare animals toward extinction.
858	protocol	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: protocol is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	protokolla	The laboratory protocol requires goggles and closed shoes.
859	compromise	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compromise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tehdä sopimus 2. sopia 3. kompromissi	The final schedule was a compromise between the two proposals.
860	wilderness	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	1. erämaa 2. kaira 3. korpi	The protected wilderness contains forests, rivers, and mountains.
861	compassion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. myötätunto 2. osanotto	Neighbors showed compassion by bringing meals to the injured family.
862	absurd	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: absurd is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. järjetön 2. absurdi	The absurd rumor claimed that the tiny pond contained a whale.
863	representation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. edustaja 2. edustus	Residents demanded fair representation on the regional council.
864	liberty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: liberty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vapaus	The charter promises liberty of expression.
865	statistical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: statistical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tilastollinen	The survey revealed a statistical pattern in commuting times.
866	justify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. perustella 2. oikeuttaa	The committee must justify its decision to close the trail.
867	inflation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	inflaatio	Inflation made the same basket of groceries more expensive.
868	abstract	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: abstract is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. abstrakti 2. teoreettinen	Justice is an abstract concept that societies define in different ways.
869	composite	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: composite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	yhdistetty	Twelve is a composite number with several factor pairs.
870	comfortably	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	mukavasti	Four people can sit comfortably on the wide bench.
871	uniform	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: uniform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. yhtenäinen 2. yhdenmukainen	The machine applies a uniform layer of paint.
872	boundary	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: boundary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. raja 2. reuna 3. rajaviiva	Storms formed near the boundary between warm and cold air.
873	triangle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: triangle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kolmio 2. triangeli	The triangle has one right angle.
874	metaphor	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metaphor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	metafora	The sentence “The moon is a lantern” contains a metaphor.
875	lava	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lava is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	laava	The lava cooled into dark rock.

Page 25 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 25.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The young _____ opened a bicycle repair shop.

Answer: entrepreneur

2. _____ results suggest that the treatment may be effective.

Answer: preliminary

3. The laboratory _____ requires goggles and closed shoes.

Answer: protocol

4. _____ made the same basket of groceries more expensive.

Answer: inflation

5. The _____ cooled into dark rock.

Answer: lava

Page 26: words 876–910

Vocabulary page 26
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
876	romance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: romance is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. romanttinen kertomus 2. rakkausromaani	The historical romance develops alongside the struggle to save the family farm.
877	interface	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: interface is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. käyttöliittymä 2. käyttäjäliittymä	The app's interface uses clear labels and large buttons.
878	polite	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: polite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kohtelias	The polite guest thanked the host before leaving.
879	gratitude	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gratitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kiitollisuus	We wrote notes of gratitude to the volunteers.
880	debris	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: debris is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pirstaleet 2. jäänteet 3. tähteet	Workers cleared storm debris from the road.
881	altitude	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: altitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	korkeus	The air becomes thinner as altitude increases.
882	affection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. mieltymys 2. kiintymys 3. ominaisuus	The dog showed affection by resting its head on Mina's knee.
883	unlikely	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: unlikely is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	epätodennäköinen	It is unlikely that the small pond caused the regional flood.
884	grave	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: grave is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vakava	The doctor warned that the infection posed a grave danger.
885	domain	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: domain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. määrittelyjoukko 2. määrittelyalue	Negative numbers are outside the domain when x represents elapsed time.
886	discrimination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	syrjintä	The law prohibits employment discrimination.
887	define	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: define is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	määritellä	The opening paragraph should define the problem before proposing a solution.
888	inherited	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inherited is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. perintö 2. peritty	Eye color is an inherited trait.
889	jurisdiction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	hallintoalue	The city court has jurisdiction over local traffic cases.
890	consensus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: consensus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. yhteisymmärrys 2. konsensus	After a long discussion, the council reached a consensus.
891	fracture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fracture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. murtuma 2. luunmurtuma	The doctor found a small fracture in the injured wrist.
892	jury	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: jury is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. lautamiehistö 2. valamiehistö 3. jury	The jury examined the evidence before reaching a verdict.
893	dialogue	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dialogue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. dialogi 2. vuoropuhelu	The dialogue reveals that the sisters remember the event differently.
894	poetic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: poetic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	runollinen	The author used poetic language to describe the moon.
895	dependent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dependent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. huollettava 2. riippuvainen	Plant height is the dependent variable in the experiment.
896	inevitable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. väistämätön 2. vääjäämätön 3. välttämätön	Some erosion is inevitable when waves strike an unprotected shore.
897	momentum	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: momentum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. liikemäärä 2. vauhti 3. voima	The heavy cart had enough momentum to roll up the small hill.
898	ethical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ethical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	eettinen	Researchers must follow ethical rules when working with volunteers.
899	vague	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vague is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. epämääräinen 2. ympäripyöreä	The vague directions did not explain which road to take.
900	optimistic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: optimistic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	optimistinen	The optimistic gardener believed the damaged plants would recover.
901	distinguish	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: distinguish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	erottaa	The field guide helps readers distinguish hawks from falcons.
902	peculiar	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: peculiar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. erikoinen 2. outo 3. poikkeuksellinen	A peculiar humming sound came from the empty shed.
903	segment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: segment is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pallosegmentti 2. osio 3. osuus	Measure the segment from A to B.
904	equality	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	yhtäsuuruus	The amendment advanced legal equality.
905	compact	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compact is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tiivis 2. kompakti	The compact toolkit fits beneath the bicycle seat.
906	radius	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: radius is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	säde	The compass was set to a radius of five centimeters.
907	instinct	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: instinct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vaisto 2. vietti	Migration is an instinct in many bird species.
908	cooperative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. yhteistyökykyinen 2. yhteistoiminnallinen 3. yhteistyöhaluinen	The cooperative group divided the research tasks fairly.
909	thesis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. väitöskirja 2. diplomityö 3. opinnäytetyö	The essay's thesis argues that the wetland should be protected.
910	utter	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: utter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. houria 2. inahtaa 3. päästää	The startled child could barely utter a word.

Page 26 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 26.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The historical _____ develops alongside the struggle to save the family farm.

Answer: romance

2. The doctor warned that the infection posed a _____ danger.

Answer: grave

3. The _____ reveals that the sisters remember the event differently.

Answer: dialogue

4. A _____ humming sound came from the empty shed.

Answer: peculiar

5. The startled child could barely _____ a word.

Answer: utter

Page 27: words 911–945

Vocabulary page 27
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
911	discomfort	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: discomfort is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kärsimys	The new shoes caused discomfort during the long walk.
912	conversion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	lisäpiste	The conversion from meters to centimeters multiplies the value by one hundred.
913	authentic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: authentic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. aito 2. autenttinen	The museum displayed an authentic letter signed by the explorer.
914	tolerate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tolerate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sietää 2. suvaita	These plants can tolerate a few nights of cold weather.
915	sincere	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sincere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vilpitön	Her sincere apology helped repair the friendship.
916	enthusiastic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: enthusiastic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. innokas 2. innostunut	The enthusiastic volunteers arrived early with extra supplies.
917	pitch	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pitch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sävelkorkeus 2. kenttä 3. nurmi	A faster vibration produces a higher pitch.
918	supplement	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: supplement is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. täydentää 2. lisätä	The teacher will supplement the article with a short video.
919	orbit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: orbit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kiertorata 2. rata	The satellite completes one orbit every ninety minutes.
920	thoughtful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thoughtful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ajatteleva 2. ajattelukykyinen 3. harkittu	Her thoughtful question helped the speaker explain the issue.
921	plead	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: plead is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. väittää 2. selittää	The lost hikers plead for help over the radio.
922	inspect	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inspect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tarkastaa 2. suorittaa tarkastus 3. tutkia	A mechanic will inspect the brakes before the trip.
923	unemployment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	työttömyys	The factory closure caused unemployment to rise.
924	inclusion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. liite 2. lisäys	The ramp improved inclusion by making the stage accessible.
925	flexibility	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	joustavuus	Gentle stretching can improve flexibility.
926	algorithm	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: algorithm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	algoritmi	The search engine uses an algorithm to rank results.
927	pardon	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pardon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	armahtaa	The governor may pardon a prisoner after reviewing the case.
928	despair	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: despair is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	epätoivo	The stranded sailors felt despair when the radio stopped working.
929	deliberate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: deliberate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tahallinen 2. tarkoituksellinen	Her deliberate choice of strong evidence improved the argument.
930	generosity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. anteliaisuus 2. avokätisyys	The shelter thanked the town for its generosity.
931	blossom	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: blossom is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kukat 2. kukinta 3. kukka	The apple trees blossom when warm weather returns.
932	assembly	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assembly is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kokoonpano 2. kokoaminen 3. kasaaminen	Final assembly of the bicycle occurs after the frame is painted.
933	civilization	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. sivistys 2. sivistynyt yhteiskunta 3. sivilisaatio	The river supported a civilization of farmers and traders.
934	reluctant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reluctant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. haluton 2. vastahakoinen	The reluctant puppy stopped at the edge of the water.
935	narrator	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: narrator is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kertoja	The narrator knows what every character is thinking.
936	interpret	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: interpret is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tulkita	Students interpret the graph by comparing the heights of its bars.
937	glimpse	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: glimpse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pilkahdus 2. vilahdus	We caught a glimpse of the fox before it vanished.
938	weary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: weary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. väsynyt 2. lopen uupunut	The weary runners rested beneath a shady tree.
939	spectacle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: spectacle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. spektaakkeli 2. vaikuttava näky	The meteor shower was a brilliant spectacle.
940	elite	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: elite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. eliitti 2. parhaimmisto	Only the elite of the sport qualify for the final race.
941	acute	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: acute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tarkka 2. terävä	The village faced an acute shortage of medicine.
942	restrict	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: restrict is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. rajoittaa 2. pysyä joku 3. pysyä jossakin	Park rules restrict campfires during dry weather.
943	conductor	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conductor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. johde 2. johdin 3. johdatin	Copper is a good conductor of electricity.
944	restless	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: restless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	levoton	The restless horse paced around the stable.
945	meadow	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: meadow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. niitty 2. heinämaa	Butterflies drifted across the sunny meadow.

Page 27 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 27.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The new shoes caused _____ during the long walk.

Answer: discomfort

2. The satellite completes one _____ every ninety minutes.

Answer: orbit

3. The stranded sailors felt _____ when the radio stopped working.

Answer: despair

4. We caught a _____ of the fox before it vanished.

Answer: glimpse

5. Butterflies drifted across the sunny _____.

Answer: meadow

Page 28: words 946–980

Vocabulary page 28
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
946	reduction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. pelkistys 2. pelkistyminen	During reduction, copper ions gain electrons and become copper atoms.
947	mortgage	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mortgage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kiinnelaina 2. asuntolaina	The family compared interest rates before choosing a mortgage.
948	census	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: census is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	väestönlaskenta	The census records population changes every ten years.
949	negotiate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: negotiate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	neuvotella	The two groups will negotiate how to share the meeting space.
950	clause	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: clause is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	lause	The sentence begins with a dependent clause.
951	surroundings	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: surroundings is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ympäristö	The owl's brown feathers blend with its woodland surroundings.
952	hygiene	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hygiene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hygienia	Good hand hygiene helps prevent infection.
953	cautious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	varovainen	The cautious climber tested each handhold.
954	sloppy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sloppy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. huolimaton 2. hutiloitu 3. kehno	Sloppy measurements can ruin a science experiment.
955	recovery	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: recovery is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. paraneminen 2. elpyminen 3. palautuminen	Wetland recovery began after grazing ended.
956	verse	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: verse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	säkeistö	The ballad tells the sailor's story in verse.
957	referendum	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: referendum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kansanäänestys	The tax plan will be decided by referendum.
958	archive	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: archive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	arkisto	The digital archive contains scanned newspapers from the last century.
959	compensate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compensate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kompensoida	The store will compensate customers for the damaged goods.
960	programming	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: programming is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ohjelmointi 2. ohjelmoiminen	Programming the robot required a loop that repeated the movement.
961	substitute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: substitute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	korvata	Substitute six for x before simplifying the expression.
962	propaganda	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: propaganda is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	propaganda	The poster used propaganda to portray every critic as an enemy.
963	genre	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: genre is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. genre 2. laji 3. lajityyppi	Readers recognize the detective genre by its clues and investigation.
964	fairness	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	1. oikeudenmukaisuus 2. reiluus 3. tasapuolisuus	The referee's fairness earned respect from both teams.
965	embarrassment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. häpeä 2. kiusaantuneisuus 3. nolostuminen	He laughed at his embarrassment after realizing his shirt was backward.
966	orchard	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: orchard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hedelmätarha 2. hedelmäpuutarha	We picked ripe peaches in the orchard.
967	exclusive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. eksklusiivinen 2. poissulkeva	The interview contains exclusive information not reported elsewhere.
968	heritage	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: heritage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. perinne 2. perimätieto 3. perintö	The festival celebrates the region's musical heritage.
969	explicit	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: explicit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. eksplisiittinen 2. selkeä 3. täsmällinen	The recipe gives explicit instructions for handling the hot pan.
970	volcano	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: volcano is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tulivuori	The volcano released steam from its summit.
971	hardship	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hardship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vaikeus 2. vastoinkäyminen 3. vaiva	The long drought created hardship for local farmers.
972	removal	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: removal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. muutto 2. muuttaminen	The removal of Indigenous nations caused widespread suffering and death.
973	banking	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: banking is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pankkitoiminta	Online banking allows customers to transfer funds without visiting a branch.
974	vertical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vertical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pystysuora 2. pysty 3. pystysuuntainen	Vertical angles always have equal measures.
975	vivid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vivid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. elävä 2. eloisa	The author used vivid details to describe the storm.
976	safeguard	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: safeguard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. turvata 2. suojata	Strong passwords safeguard private information.
977	crater	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: crater is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kraatteri	Steam rose from the volcano's crater.
978	commonwealth	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: commonwealth is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kansainyhteisö 2. kansojenyhteisö	The constitution described the state as a commonwealth.
979	tragedy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tragedy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tragedia 2. murhenäytelmä	The tragedy shows how the ruler's pride harms the entire city.
980	migration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. muutto 2. migraatio	Seasonal jobs encouraged migration toward the coast.

Page 28 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 28.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. During _____, copper ions gain electrons and become copper atoms.

Answer: reduction

2. _____ measurements can ruin a science experiment.

Answer: sloppy

3. Readers recognize the detective _____ by its clues and investigation.

Answer: genre

4. The _____ of Indigenous nations caused widespread suffering and death.

Answer: removal

5. Seasonal jobs encouraged _____ toward the coast.

Answer: migration

Page 29: words 981–1015

Vocabulary page 29
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
981	logical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: logical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	looginen	The final conclusion is logical because each step follows from evidence.
982	immune	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: immune is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. immuuni 2. koskematon	An immune response targets a harmful pathogen.
983	conviction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	vakaumus	Her conviction that every child deserves books inspired the donation drive.
984	terrain	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: terrain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	maasto	The rocky terrain slowed the rescue vehicles.
985	aggregate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: aggregate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kokonainen 2. kerätä 3. koota yhteen	The website can aggregate rainfall records from many weather stations.
986	jealousy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: jealousy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kateus 2. mustasukkaisuus	Jealousy made the character ignore her friend's success.
987	arrogant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: arrogant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ylimielinen 2. julkea 3. kopea	The arrogant champion refused to congratulate the other team.
988	texture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: texture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tuntu 2. tuntuma 3. rakenne	Thick brushstrokes give the painting a rough texture.
989	sanctuary	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sanctuary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	turvapaikka	The wetland is a sanctuary for migrating birds.
990	solitary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: solitary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. yksineläjä 2. yksinäinen	A solitary lighthouse stood on the rocky island.
991	anticipate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: anticipate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. odottaa 2. varautua	Farmers anticipate frost when the temperature drops sharply.
992	linear	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: linear is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. suoraviivainen 2. lineaarinen	A linear relationship adds the same amount at each step.
993	journalism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	journalismi	Responsible journalism separates confirmed facts from speculation.
994	velocity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	nopeus	The boat's velocity changed when it turned east.
995	inequality	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. epätasa-arvo 2. eriarvoisuus	The inequality x > 7 represents all numbers greater than seven.
996	miniature	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: miniature is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	miniatyyri	The exhibit included a miniature model of the castle.
997	atom	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: atom is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	atomi	An atom contains a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
998	eruption	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	purkaus	The eruption sent a cloud of ash into the sky.
999	throne	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: throne is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. valtaistuin 2. asema	The prince renounced the throne and left the kingdom.
1000	refuge	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: refuge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. turvapaikka 2. suojapaikka	The cave offered refuge from the sudden hailstorm.
1001	accountability	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	vastuullisuus	Public reports create accountability for how the funds are spent.
1002	respectful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: respectful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kunnioittava	A respectful listener does not interrupt.
1003	pedestrian	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pedestrian is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	jalankulkija	The driver stopped to let a pedestrian cross the street.
1004	friction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. kitka 2. hankaus	Friction between the tires and road helps the bicycle stop.
1005	hardware	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hardware is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. laitteisto 2. hardware 3. rauta	The keyboard and monitor are computer hardware.
1006	nutrition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ravitsemus	Balanced nutrition supplies energy and essential nutrients.
1007	hurricane	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hurricane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hurrikaani 2. hirmumyrsky	The hurricane strengthened before reaching the coast.
1008	discretion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. harkintakyky 2. tilannetaju	The guide used discretion and canceled the hike as clouds darkened.
1009	advocacy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: advocacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kannatus 2. kannattaminen 3. puolesta puhuminen	Her advocacy helped the town build safer sidewalks.
1010	irregular	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: irregular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. epäsäännöllinen 2. säännötön	The stone has an irregular shape with five uneven sides.
1011	comprehend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: comprehend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ymmärtää 2. käsittää 3. tajuta	The timeline helped us comprehend the order of historical events.
1012	meter	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: meter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	runomitta	The steady meter resembles the beat of marching feet.
1013	solidarity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. tuki 2. solidaarisuus	The march expressed solidarity with families displaced by the flood.
1014	cellular	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cellular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. solu- 2. solumainen	The microscope revealed damage at the cellular level.
1015	trait	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trait is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. piirre 2. ominaisuus	Patience is a useful trait for a careful scientist.

Page 29 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 29.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The final conclusion is _____ because each step follows from evidence.

Answer: logical

2. The wetland is a _____ for migrating birds.

Answer: sanctuary

3. The _____ sent a cloud of ash into the sky.

Answer: eruption

4. The _____ strengthened before reaching the coast.

Answer: hurricane

5. Patience is a useful _____ for a careful scientist.

Answer: trait

Page 30: words 1016–1050

Vocabulary page 30
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1016	monarch	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: monarch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. monarkki 2. hallitsija	The monarch addressed the nation from the palace.
1017	grim	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: grim is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ankara	The rescue team faced grim conditions in the flooded valley.
1018	beverage	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: beverage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	juoma	Tea was the warm beverage served after the winter walk.
1019	folklore	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: folklore is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kansanperinne	The tale of the mountain spirit belongs to local folklore.
1020	astronomical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: astronomical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tähtitieteellinen 2. astronominen	The observatory stores astronomical data about distant stars.
1021	subtle	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: subtle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hienovarainen 2. hienoinen	A subtle shift in tone makes the apology sound insincere.
1022	verify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: verify is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vahvistaa 2. vannoa	We verify the quotation by finding it in the original speech.
1023	suspend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: suspend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ripustaa 2. roikkua 3. riippua	Workers suspend the bridge deck from thick steel cables.
1024	perimeter	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: perimeter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kehä	Add all four side lengths to find the garden's perimeter.
1025	navigate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: navigate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ohjata 2. suunnistaa	Sailors use charts and stars to navigate across the ocean.
1026	crossroads	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: crossroads is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. risteys 2. liittymä 3. tienristeys	A wooden sign stood at the crossroads.
1027	moderate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: moderate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	maltillinen	The moderate sought a compromise acceptable to both sides.
1028	editing	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: editing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. editointi 2. leikkaus	Careful editing removed three sentence fragments from the report.
1029	hostile	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hostile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vihamielinen	Few plants can survive the crater's hostile conditions.
1030	dynasty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dynasty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. dynastia 2. hallitsijasuku	The dynasty governed the kingdom for nearly two centuries.
1031	dominate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dominate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vallita 2. hallita	A tall mountain will dominate the western skyline.
1032	protagonist	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ist often names a person associated with a field, belief, or practice.	1. päähenkilö 2. sankari	The protagonist must choose between safety and helping a friend.
1033	federation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	liitto	The provinces joined a federation while retaining local legislatures.
1034	rational	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	rationaalinen	The decimal 0.75 is rational because it equals three fourths.
1035	ashamed	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ashamed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. häpeissään 2. nolostunut	He felt ashamed after admitting that he had lied.
1036	sovereignty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sovereignty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. suvereenisuus 2. suvereniteetti	The treaty recognized the island nation's sovereignty.
1037	irony	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: irony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ironia	There is irony in a fire station winning a prize for its flooded garden.
1038	commodity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. raaka-aine 2. hyödyke 3. tavara	Coffee is an important commodity in global trade.
1039	autonomy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: autonomy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. itsenäisyys 2. itsemääräämisoikeus	The project gave students autonomy to choose their research question.
1040	simplify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	yksinkertaistaa	A labeled diagram can simplify the instructions.
1041	onward	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: onward is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. eteenpäin 2. eespäin	After a short rest, the explorers traveled onward.
1042	flashlight	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: flashlight is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	taskulamppu	Keep a flashlight beside the emergency supplies.
1043	annoy	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: annoy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ärtymys 2. ärsyttää 3. kiusata	A dripping tap can annoy anyone trying to sleep.
1044	enforcement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	täytäntöönpano	Weak enforcement allowed factories to ignore the pollution limit.
1045	tide	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tide is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vuorovesi	The falling tide exposed pools among the rocks.
1046	rhythm	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rhythm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. rytmi 2. tahti	Short repeated phrases give the speech a memorable rhythm.
1047	medieval	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: medieval is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	keskiaikainen	The medieval manuscript was copied by hand.
1048	niche	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: niche is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ekologinen lokero 2. nissi	A bee's niche includes pollinating flowers while gathering nectar.
1049	clarify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	selventää	A labeled diagram can clarify how the machine works.
1050	obsolete	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: obsolete is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vanhentunut	The old machine became obsolete after digital equipment arrived.

Page 30 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 30.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The _____ addressed the nation from the palace.

Answer: monarch

2. Add all four side lengths to find the garden's _____.

Answer: perimeter

3. The provinces joined a _____ while retaining local legislatures.

Answer: federation

4. Keep a _____ beside the emergency supplies.

Answer: flashlight

5. The old machine became _____ after digital equipment arrived.

Answer: obsolete

Page 31: words 1051–1085

Vocabulary page 31
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1051	loneliness	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	yksinäisyys	Joining the club helped ease his loneliness.
1052	kin	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: kin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. olla sukua 2. suku	The young wolf remained close to its kin.
1053	caretaker	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: caretaker is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. huoltaja 2. hoitaja	The caretaker locked the park gates at sunset.
1054	warrant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: warrant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	todistus	The writer's warrant connects lower emissions with improved public health.
1055	thermal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thermal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. lämpö- 2. terminen 3. lämpö	A thermal camera detects differences in surface temperature.
1056	resigned	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resigned is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	eronnut	She sounded resigned after the final appeal was denied.
1057	symptom	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: symptom is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	oire	A high fever can be a symptom of infection.
1058	precipitation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. päistikkaa syöksyminen 2. sade	The forecast predicts heavy precipitation overnight.
1059	erosion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: erosion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	eroosio	Tree roots can slow erosion on a steep slope.
1060	dread	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dread is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kauhu 2. pelko 3. hirvittää	Some passengers dread flying during storms.
1061	approximate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: approximate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. arvioitu 2. likiarvoinen 3. likimääräinen	The approximate distance to the lake is three kilometers.
1062	timetable	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: timetable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. aikataulu 2. lukujärjestys	Check the train timetable before leaving home.
1063	sturdy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sturdy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. jykevä 2. roima 3. roteva	The sturdy table supported the heavy aquarium.
1064	dusk	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dusk is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. iltahämärä 2. illansuu	Bats began to fly at dusk.
1065	clumsy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: clumsy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kömpelö	The clumsy puppy knocked over its water bowl.
1066	legendary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: legendary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	legendaarinen	The goalkeeper's legendary save is still discussed decades later.
1067	dominant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dominant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hallitseva 2. vallitseva	A dominant allele can mask the effect of a recessive allele.
1068	passive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	passiivinen	A passive observer watches the problem without helping to solve it.
1069	imagery	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: imagery is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	mielikuvitus	The poem's imagery makes readers hear the rain on the roof.
1070	discourse	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: discourse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ilmaus	The debate encouraged respectful discourse about public transportation.
1071	convey	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: convey is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ilmaista 2. luovuttaa 3. kuljettaa	The photograph can convey the scale of the flood.
1072	seldom	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: seldom is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	harvoin	Snow seldom falls in this warm coastal town.
1073	gigantic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gigantic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. jättiläismäinen 2. jättimäinen	A gigantic whale surfaced beside the research boat.
1074	edible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: edible is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. syötävä 2. syömäkelpoinen	Only some of the berries in this forest are edible.
1075	migrate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: migrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. muuttaa 2. vaeltaa	Many birds migrate south before winter.
1076	voltage	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: voltage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	jännite	Increasing the voltage made the bulb glow brighter.
1077	gauge	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gauge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	mitata	The survey helps researchers gauge public support for the park.
1078	rainfall	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rainfall is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sademäärä 2. sadanta 3. sade	Annual rainfall is much lower in the desert.
1079	membrane	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: membrane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kalvo	The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell.
1080	enzyme	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: enzyme is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	entsyymi	A digestive enzyme helps break food into smaller molecules.
1081	dividend	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dividend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	jaettava	In 20 ÷ 4, twenty is the dividend.
1082	priority	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. tavoite 2. tärkeysjärjestys	Restoring clean water became the city's first priority.
1083	transformation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	muutos	A rotation is a transformation that turns a figure around a fixed point.
1084	voluntary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: voluntary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. omaehtoinen 2. vapaaehtoinen 3. halukas	Participation in the anonymous survey is voluntary.
1085	respiratory	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: respiratory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hengitys-	Smoke can irritate the respiratory system.

Page 31 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 31.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Joining the club helped ease his _____.

Answer: loneliness

2. Tree roots can slow _____ on a steep slope.

Answer: erosion

3. A _____ observer watches the problem without helping to solve it.

Answer: passive

4. The survey helps researchers _____ public support for the park.

Answer: gauge

5. Smoke can irritate the _____ system.

Answer: respiratory

Page 32: words 1086–1120

Vocabulary page 32
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1086	eclipse	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: eclipse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pimennys	During a solar eclipse, the moon passes between Earth and the sun.
1087	boycott	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: boycott is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	boikotoida	Residents may boycott the store until it changes its unfair policy.
1088	resentment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. närkästys 2. mielipaha	Unequal chores created resentment between the roommates.
1089	plateau	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: plateau is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ylätasanko 2. ylänkö	The village sits on a plateau above the valley.
1090	overthrow	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: overthrow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kaataa	The rebels hoped to overthrow the cruel ruler.
1091	dormant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dormant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. horros 2. horroksessa oleva	The dormant volcano has not erupted for hundreds of years.
1092	awe	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: awe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. syvä kunnioitus 2. kunnioittaa 3. pelko	The enormous glacier filled the visitors with awe.
1093	isolate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: isolate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	eristää	Scientists isolate the sick plant to protect the healthy ones.
1094	distrust	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: distrust is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	epäluulo	Broken promises created distrust between the two groups.
1095	childcare	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: childcare is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	lastenhoito	The community center offers childcare during evening classes.
1096	speculation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. spekulaatio 2. riskisijoitus 3. spekulatiivinen investointi	The rumor remains speculation until a reliable witness confirms it.
1097	facilitate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: facilitate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	helpottaa	Clear labels facilitate the safe use of laboratory equipment.
1098	prejudice	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prejudice is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ennakkokäsitys 2. ennakkoluulo	Education can challenge prejudice by replacing rumors with understanding.
1099	vibration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	värähtely	The string's vibration produces a musical sound.
1100	duplicate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: duplicate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kopioida 2. kahdentaa 3. jäljentää	The printer can duplicate the photograph in seconds.
1101	banquet	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: banquet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. juhla-ateria 2. banketti 3. kestit	The community held a banquet to honor the rescue workers.
1102	barefoot	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: barefoot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	paljasjalkainen	We walked barefoot across the warm sand.
1103	sensible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. järkevä 2. järjellinen	Bringing extra water was a sensible precaution.
1104	refugee	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: refugee is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pakolainen	The refugee applied for protection after crossing the border.
1105	hazard	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hazard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. uhka 2. vaara	Loose wires create an electrical hazard.
1106	metabolism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. aineenvaihdunta 2. metabolismi	Exercise causes the body's metabolism to use energy more quickly.
1107	cosmic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cosmic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kosminen	The detector measures cosmic radiation from space.
1108	glacier	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: glacier is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	jäätikkö	The glacier carved a wide valley as it moved.
1109	contagious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	tartuntavaarallinen	The contagious illness moved quickly through the crowded camp.
1110	downright	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: downright is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	suorastaan	Leaving food beside a wild bear would be downright dangerous.
1111	lens	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lens is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. linssi 2. mykiö	The microscope's objective lens magnifies the specimen.
1112	lease	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lease is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vuokrasopimus	The apartment lease lasts twelve months.
1113	capitalism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	kapitalismi	In capitalism, businesses usually compete to sell goods and services.
1114	credible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	uskottava	The eyewitness gave a credible account supported by photographs.
1115	conquest	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conquest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. valloitus 2. voitto	The conquest changed the region's government and language.
1116	intercept	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: intercept is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pysäyttää 2. torjua 3. katkaista	The defender managed to intercept the pass.
1117	loosen	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loosen is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. löysätä 2. höllätä 3. löyhentää	Turn the lid slowly to loosen it.
1118	discontent	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: discontent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tyytymätön	Repeated delays caused discontent among the passengers.
1119	constellation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. tähtikuvio 2. tähdistö	The constellation Orion is easy to spot on a clear winter night.
1120	preview	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: preview is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. esikatsella 2. esikatselu	The museum offered a preview of the new exhibit to local teachers.

Page 32 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 32.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. During a solar _____, the moon passes between Earth and the sun.

Answer: eclipse

2. Broken promises created _____ between the two groups.

Answer: distrust

3. Bringing extra water was a _____ precaution.

Answer: sensible

4. The apartment _____ lasts twelve months.

Answer: lease

5. The museum offered a _____ of the new exhibit to local teachers.

Answer: preview

Page 33: words 1121–1155

Vocabulary page 33
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1121	spatial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: spatial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. avaruudellinen 2. spatiaalinen	A floor plan shows the spatial relationship among rooms.
1122	plentiful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: plentiful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. suuri 2. runsaslukuinen 3. runsas	Wild berries are plentiful in the valley during summer.
1123	documentation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. dokumentaatio 2. ohjekirja 3. opas	The application requires documentation of the volunteer hours.
1124	specification	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. määrittely 2. spesifikaatio	The ramp must meet the safety specification for maximum slope.
1125	summon	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: summon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kutsua	The captain will summon the crew when the ship is ready.
1126	luxurious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	loistelias	The hotel offered a luxurious room overlooking the harbor.
1127	impatient	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: impatient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kärsimätön 2. malttamaton	The impatient customer kept checking the clock.
1128	hesitation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. epäröinti 2. empiminen	After a moment of hesitation, Priya stepped onto the stage.
1129	compassionate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: compassionate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	osaaottava	The compassionate doctor listened carefully to the frightened child.
1130	sober	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sober is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. selvä 2. selvin päin	The report offers a sober assessment of the recovery costs.
1131	oppose	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: oppose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vastustaa	Several residents oppose the highway because it would divide the wetland.
1132	idol	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: idol is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. idoli 2. esikuva	The novel questions whether a famous athlete should become an unquestioned idol.
1133	generator	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: generator is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. generaattori 2. sähkögeneraattori	The bicycle generator powers the headlamp.
1134	endurance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. kestävyys 2. sietokyky	Swimming regularly improved her endurance.
1135	haven	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: haven is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tyyssija	The sheltered bay became a haven for boats during the storm.
1136	norm	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: norm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	normi	Greeting visitors politely is a social norm in many communities.
1137	quantitative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. määrällinen 2. kvantitatiivinen	The graph presents quantitative data from five years of rainfall.
1138	dilemma	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dilemma is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	dilemma	The character faces a dilemma when honesty may hurt her friend.
1139	acceleration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	kiihtyvyys	The bicycle's acceleration increased as the rider pedaled harder.
1140	fungus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: fungus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sieni	The damp log was covered by a pale fungus.
1141	blizzard	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: blizzard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. myräkkä 2. lumimyrsky 3. pyry	The blizzard buried the road beneath deep snow.
1142	frantic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: frantic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. epätoivoinen 2. hurja 3. raivoisa	The frantic search ended when we found the puppy asleep.
1143	legislative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	lakiasäätävä	The bill entered the legislative process.
1144	pi	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pi is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pii	Use pi to calculate the circumference from the diameter.
1145	competent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: competent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	toimivaltainen	A competent editor checks facts as well as grammar.
1146	strive	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: strive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pyrkiä 2. ponnistella 3. yrittää	The athletes strive to improve their times each week.
1147	onset	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: onset is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. aluke 2. atakki	At the onset of winter, the lake begins to freeze.
1148	caption	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: caption is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	otsikko	The caption identifies the people in the historical photograph.
1149	dishonest	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dishonest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	epärehellinen	The dishonest player secretly changed the score.
1150	implementation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. toimeenpano 2. sovellus	Training began before implementation of the new safety policy.
1151	editorial	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: editorial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pääkirjoitus	The newspaper's editorial argues for safer bicycle lanes.
1152	bankruptcy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bankruptcy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. konkurssi 2. vararikko	Bankruptcy allowed the company to reorganize what it owed.
1153	suburban	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: suburban is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. esikaupunki- 2. lähiö- 3. esikaupunki	A new rail line connected the suburban community to downtown.
1154	optional	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: optional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	valinnainen	The extra research question is optional.
1155	genocide	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: genocide is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kansanmurha 2. joukkotuhonta	The museum documents the genocide through survivor testimony.

Page 33 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 33.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A floor plan shows the _____ relationship among rooms.

Answer: spatial

2. The _____ doctor listened carefully to the frightened child.

Answer: compassionate

3. The character faces a _____ when honesty may hurt her friend.

Answer: dilemma

4. At the _____ of winter, the lake begins to freeze.

Answer: onset

5. The museum documents the _____ through survivor testimony.

Answer: genocide

Page 34: words 1156–1190

Vocabulary page 34
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1156	exotic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exotic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	eksoottinen	The greenhouse protects exotic plants from the winter cold.
1157	hazardous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. uskalias 2. sattumanvarainen 3. vaarallinen	Workers wear protective clothing around hazardous chemicals.
1158	diplomacy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: diplomacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	diplomatia	Diplomacy prevented the border dispute from becoming a war.
1159	analogy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: analogy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	analogia	The teacher used an analogy between the heart and a pump.
1160	ample	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ample is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. laaja 2. pitkä	The wide shelf provides ample space for the collection.
1161	trustworthy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trustworthy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. luotettava 2. luottamuksen arvoinen	A trustworthy guide admits when a route is uncertain.
1162	symmetry	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: symmetry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tasapaino	The butterfly's wings show approximate symmetry.
1163	prohibit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prohibit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kieltää	The signs prohibit swimming near the waterfall.
1164	parasite	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: parasite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	loinen	A tick is a parasite that feeds on an animal's blood.
1165	nutrient	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: nutrient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ravinne 2. ravintoaine	Iron is a nutrient that helps blood carry oxygen.
1166	dedicate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dedicate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	paljastaa	The volunteers dedicate each Saturday to restoring the trail.
1167	quarrel	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: quarrel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. riita 2. väittely 3. kiista	The friends ended their quarrel by listening to each other.
1168	declaration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	julistus	The delegates issued a declaration explaining their decision to seek independence.
1169	slope	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: slope is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	gradientti	The line's slope is two because y rises two units for every unit of x.
1170	persistent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: persistent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pysyvä	Her persistent questions uncovered the accounting error.
1171	elevation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	korkeus	The mountain town has an elevation of two thousand meters.
1172	drought	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: drought is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kuivuus	The drought lowered reservoirs and damaged crops.
1173	chorus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: chorus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kuoro	The chorus comments on events that the main characters cannot see.
1174	verification	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	vahvistusta	Image verification showed that the photograph came from an older event.
1175	delegate	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: delegate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	edustaja	Each school sent a delegate to the youth council.
1176	chronicle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: chronicle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kronikka 2. aikakirja	The monk's chronicle describes several years of drought.
1177	bland	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bland is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. mitäänsanomaton 2. mieto 3. mauton	The soup tasted bland until we added herbs.
1178	daycare	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: daycare is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	päivähoito	My little cousin attends daycare near her mother's office.
1179	attentive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. tarkkaavainen 2. valpas	The attentive audience heard every detail of the speech.
1180	loop	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loop is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	silmukka	The loop processes every item in the list.
1181	interaction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. keskustelu 2. vuorovaikutus	The medication can cause a harmful interaction with grapefruit.
1182	heir	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: heir is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. perillinen 2. perijä	The missing heir returns just before the estate is sold.
1183	biography	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: biography is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	elämäkerta	The biography traces the scientist's work from childhood experiments to major discoveries.
1184	retrieve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: retrieve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	noutaa	The dog can retrieve the ball from the shallow pond.
1185	manipulate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: manipulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. käsitellä 2. manipuloida	The operator can manipulate the robotic arm with a joystick.
1186	invasive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	päällekäyvä	The invasive vine covered trees and blocked sunlight.
1187	hemisphere	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hemisphere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pallonpuolisko 2. hemisfääri	Australia lies mainly in the Southern Hemisphere.
1188	allegiance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. kuuliaisuus 2. uskollisuus	The knight promised allegiance to the new queen.
1189	mimic	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mimic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	naamioitua	The parrot can mimic the sound of a ringing phone.
1190	forgiving	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: forgiving is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	anteeksiantavainen	Her forgiving response allowed the friends to begin again.

Page 34 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 34.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The greenhouse protects _____ plants from the winter cold.

Answer: exotic

2. A tick is a _____ that feeds on an animal's blood.

Answer: parasite

3. The _____ comments on events that the main characters cannot see.

Answer: chorus

4. The missing _____ returns just before the estate is sold.

Answer: heir

5. Her _____ response allowed the friends to begin again.

Answer: forgiving

Page 35: words 1191–1225

Vocabulary page 35
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1191	dissolve	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dissolve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hajota	Salt will dissolve more quickly in warm water.
1192	prevention	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. ehkäiseminen 2. ehkäisy 3. ennaltaehkäiseminen	Vaccination is an important form of disease prevention.
1193	socialism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	sosialismi	The party promoted democratic socialism through elections.
1194	metric	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metric is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	metrinen	The metric unit for liquid volume is the liter.
1195	geometry	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: geometry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. geometria 2. jomma 3. mittausoppi	Geometry helps architects calculate angles and areas.
1196	credibility	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	uskottavuus	Citations and transparent methods increase a report's credibility.
1197	unanimous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	yksimielinen	The jury reached a unanimous decision.
1198	sensory	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sensory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. aisti 2. aistimuksellinen 3. aistinvarainen	Sensory details describe the bread's warm scent and crisp crust.
1199	rigorous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	ankara	The medicine passed a rigorous series of safety tests.
1200	avalanche	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: avalanche is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	lumivyöry	The avalanche blocked the road through the mountain pass.
1201	shabby	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: shabby is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. nuhjuinen 2. nuhruinen 3. nukkavieru	Fresh paint improved the shabby wooden fence.
1202	unstable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	epävakaa	The cracked slope became unstable after heavy rain.
1203	surplus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: surplus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ylijäämä	A food surplus allowed some workers to specialize in other trades.
1204	renaissance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	renessanssi	The Harlem Renaissance transformed American literature, music, and art.
1205	consult	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: consult is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pyytää neuvoa 2. kysyä neuvoa	The builders consult an engineer before altering the support beam.
1206	scope	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: scope is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ulottuvuus 2. ala 3. laajuus	The paper narrows its scope to public transportation in three coastal cities.
1207	acquisition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. hankinta 2. hankkiminen 3. yrityskauppa	Regular conversation supports the acquisition of a new language.
1208	prosecution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	syyte	The prosecution introduced evidence connecting the suspect to the theft.
1209	nonprofit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Prefix focus: non- means not or without.	1. voittoa tavoittelematon yhdistys 2. yleishyödyllinen yhteisö	The nonprofit restored the historic theater.
1210	lethal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lethal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kuolettava 2. tappava 3. letaali	Even a small dose of the chemical can be lethal to fish.
1211	judiciary	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: judiciary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	oikeuslaitos	An independent judiciary can limit abuses of power.
1212	hardy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hardy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kylmänkestävä 2. sitkeä	The hardy shrub survives cold winds and poor soil.
1213	correlation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. vastaavuussuhde 2. korrelaatio 3. riippuvuussuhde	A correlation does not by itself prove that one variable causes the other.
1214	tangible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	ymmärrettävä	The repaired roof was tangible evidence of the volunteers' work.
1215	inventive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. kekseliäs 2. luova	The inventive student designed a rain catcher from bottles.
1216	orientation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	suunta	A reflection reverses a polygon's orientation.
1217	exceptional	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: exceptional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. erinomainen 2. poikkeuksellinen	Her exceptional memory allowed her to recite the entire speech.
1218	recession	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. taantuma 2. laskusuhdanne	During the recession, many businesses reduced hiring.
1219	mock	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mock is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pettää	The bullies mock the new student's accent until a friend intervenes.
1220	censorship	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: censorship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sensuuri	Government censorship prevented the newspaper from reporting the protest.
1221	satire	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: satire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	satiiri	The play uses satire to expose the mayor's vanity.
1222	posture	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: posture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. asento 2. ryhti	Good posture keeps the screen near eye level and the shoulders relaxed.
1223	wavelength	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: wavelength is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. aallonpituus 2. aaltopituus	Red light has a longer wavelength than violet light.
1224	thunderstorm	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thunderstorm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ukkonen 2. ukonilma 3. ukkosmyrsky	The thunderstorm moved east before midnight.
1225	echo	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: echo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kaiku	The shout returned as an echo from the canyon wall.

Page 35 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 35.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Salt will _____ more quickly in warm water.

Answer: dissolve

2. The medicine passed a _____ series of safety tests.

Answer: rigorous

3. The _____ introduced evidence connecting the suspect to the theft.

Answer: prosecution

4. Her _____ memory allowed her to recite the entire speech.

Answer: exceptional

5. The shout returned as an _____ from the canyon wall.

Answer: echo

Page 36: words 1226–1260

Vocabulary page 36
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1226	repeating	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: repeating is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ja … toistua 2. ja … toistuu	One third has the repeating decimal 0.333.
1227	viewpoint	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: viewpoint is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	näkökulmasta	The novel shows the conflict from each sibling's viewpoint.
1228	plausible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	uskottava	The detective considered each plausible explanation for the missing key.
1229	ascend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ascend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	nousta	The hikers ascend the hill before sunrise.
1230	regulatory	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: regulatory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. regulatiivinen 2. sääntely- 3. säätelevä	The agency has regulatory authority over drinking-water quality.
1231	controversial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: controversial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kiistanalainen 2. kiistelty	The controversial proposal would relocate several families.
1232	nationalism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	nationalismi	Nationalism helped unite the region but also heightened rivalries.
1233	critique	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: critique is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. arvioida 2. arvostella	Partners critique each proposal using the same three criteria.
1234	cone	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kartio	The traffic cone has a circular base.
1235	stationary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: stationary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. liikkumaton 2. paikallaan oleva 3. paikallaan	The bicycle remained stationary while its wheel spun.
1236	refrain	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: refrain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kertosäe	Everyone joined in when the refrain returned.
1237	drastic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: drastic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. radikaali 2. äärimmäinen 3. drastinen	The drought required drastic limits on water use.
1238	coherent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: coherent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. koherentti 2. johdonmukainen	Transitions made the explanation coherent from beginning to end.
1239	budge	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: budge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hievauttaa 2. liikauttaa 3. antaa periksi	The heavy cabinet would not budge across the floor.
1240	bizarre	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bizarre is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. omituinen 2. outo 3. eriskummallinen	The bizarre sculpture combines a bicycle wheel with a glass umbrella.
1241	tornado	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tornado is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tornado 2. trombi 3. pyörremyrsky	The tornado damaged a narrow path through the town.
1242	reckless	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reckless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. huimapäinen 2. rämäpäinen 3. uhkarohkea	Reckless driving endangered everyone near the crossing.
1243	citation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	viite	Each borrowed statistic needs a citation.
1244	bibliography	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	1. lähdeluettelo 2. bibliografia 3. julkaisuluettelo	The bibliography identifies every book, interview, and website in the project.
1245	mantle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mantle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vaippa	Slow movement in the mantle helps drive plate motion.
1246	empirical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: empirical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kokemusperäinen 2. empiirinen	The team collected empirical data by measuring the plants each day.
1247	assert	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: assert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vakuuttaa 2. puolustaa 3. vahvistaa	The author will assert that clean water is a basic human need.
1248	sediment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. sedimentti 2. kerrostuma	The river left a layer of sediment along its banks.
1249	shatter	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: shatter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. särkyä 2. rikkoutua 3. pirstoutua	A hard fall can shatter a glass jar.
1250	nudge	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: nudge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tönäistä	Mina used her elbow to nudge the door open.
1251	operational	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: operational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. toimiva 2. toimintakuntoinen 3. toimintakykyinen	The repaired water pump is operational again.
1252	sympathetic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sympathetic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	myötätuntoinen	The counselor was sympathetic but still explained the rule.
1253	solemn	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: solemn is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vakava	The crowd remained solemn during the memorial ceremony.
1254	crafty	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: crafty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. taitava 2. kykenevä 3. kyvykäs	The crafty fox hid its tracks near the stream.
1255	communism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	kommunismi	Different governments interpreted communism in sharply different ways.
1256	automation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. automaatio 2. automatisointi	Automation allows the greenhouse to adjust watering overnight.
1257	climax	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: climax is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. huippu 2. huipentuma	The climax occurs when the climber must choose whether to turn back.
1258	peril	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: peril is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vaara 2. vaaratilanne	The climbers faced peril when the ice began to crack.
1259	gorge	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gorge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. rotko 2. kuru	The river flows through a rocky gorge.
1260	emphasis	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: emphasis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	painopiste	The course places emphasis on evidence rather than memorized dates.

Page 36 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 36.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. One third has the _____ decimal 0.333.

Answer: repeating

2. The traffic _____ has a circular base.

Answer: cone

3. Each borrowed statistic needs a _____.

Answer: citation

4. The counselor was _____ but still explained the rule.

Answer: sympathetic

5. The course places _____ on evidence rather than memorized dates.

Answer: emphasis

Page 37: words 1261–1295

Vocabulary page 37
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1261	interference	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	interferenssi	Interference creates alternating bright and dark bands on the screen.
1262	cluster	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cluster is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. klusteri 2. ryväs	A cluster near the upper right appears in the scatter plot.
1263	projection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	projektio	Every map projection distorts some combination of area, shape, or distance.
1264	exposition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	esittely	The exposition explains why the family moved to the island.
1265	conditional	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: conditional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ehdollinen	The conditional sentence explains what will happen if the temperature falls.
1266	squared	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: squared is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	toinen	Five squared equals twenty-five.
1267	soar	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: soar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ampaista ylös 2. nousta	The eagle began to soar above the canyon.
1268	gloomy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gloomy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. synkeä 2. synkkä 3. raskasmielinen	The gray sky gave the empty street a gloomy appearance.
1269	evade	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: evade is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	yrittää paeta	The quick rabbit tried to evade the circling hawk.
1270	magma	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: magma is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	magma	Pressure forced magma upward through a crack.
1271	carefree	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: carefree is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. huoleton 2. suruton	The children enjoyed a carefree afternoon beside the lake.
1272	structural	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: structural is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. rakenteellinen 2. strukturaalinen	The earthquake caused structural damage to two columns.
1273	consecutive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. perättäinen 2. peräkkäinen	The river exceeded flood level for three consecutive days.
1274	advisory	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: advisory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	neuvoa-antava	The weather agency issued an advisory notice about dangerous heat.
1275	doctrine	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: doctrine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. opinkappale 2. periaate 3. doktriini	The movement's doctrine emphasized nonviolent resistance.
1276	defendant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: defendant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vastaaja	The defendant entered a plea at the hearing.
1277	neglected	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: neglected is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	laiminlyöty	Volunteers repaired the neglected playground.
1278	apparatus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: apparatus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	teline	The filtration apparatus includes a funnel, paper, and collection flask.
1279	reflective	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	mietteliäs	Her reflective journal considers what she learned from the failed trial.
1280	constituent	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: constituent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	äänestäjä	Each constituent may write to the senator about the proposed law.
1281	hearty	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hearty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tuhti 2. tukeva 3. runsas	The hikers ate a hearty stew after the long climb.
1282	underlying	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: underlying is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. perus- 2. perustavanlaatuinen	The physician treated the underlying infection rather than only the fever.
1283	compliance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. (määräys 2. (määräysten / ohjeiden) noudattaminen	The audit confirmed compliance with workplace safety law.
1284	succession	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	sarja	After the lava cools, ecological succession begins with lichens.
1285	memoir	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: memoir is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. muistelmat 2. muistelmateos	In her memoir, the pilot recalls learning to navigate by the stars.
1286	continuity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. jatkuvuus 2. yhtäjaksoisuus	Shared symbols create continuity between the novel's three sections.
1287	algebra	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: algebra is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	algebra	Algebra can express the same pattern for any input.
1288	parameter	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: parameter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	parametri	The program lets users change each parameter in the model.
1289	latitude	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: latitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. leveysaste 2. leveys 3. leveyspiiri	Places at high latitude often have cold winters.
1290	adhere	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: adhere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kiinnittyä 2. tarttua	The label will adhere better to a clean surface.
1291	scarcity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	vähyys	Water scarcity forced the town to limit outdoor use.
1292	opaque	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: opaque is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. läpinäkymätön 2. läpikuultamaton	The opaque wall blocked all light from the next room.
1293	liability	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. vastuu 2. vastuunalaisuus 3. velka	The company accepted liability for the defective product.
1294	calculation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. laskeminen 2. laskenta 3. lasku	Check the calculation by estimating the result first.
1295	biased	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: biased is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. puolueellinen 2. kalteva 3. vino	A biased question can distort survey results.

Page 37 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 37.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. _____ creates alternating bright and dark bands on the screen.

Answer: interference

2. The quick rabbit tried to _____ the circling hawk.

Answer: evade

3. The filtration _____ includes a funnel, paper, and collection flask.

Answer: apparatus

4. _____ can express the same pattern for any input.

Answer: algebra

5. A _____ question can distort survey results.

Answer: biased

Page 38: words 1296–1330

Vocabulary page 38
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1296	encryption	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. salaus 2. salakirjoitus	The messaging service uses encryption to protect private conversations.
1297	dissent	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dissent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	toisinajattelu	The judge wrote a dissent explaining why she opposed the ruling.
1298	asteroid	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: asteroid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	asteroidi	The probe photographed an asteroid between Mars and Jupiter.
1299	sparse	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sparse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	harva	Only sparse grass grew on the dry hillside.
1300	mischief	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mischief is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ilkamointi 2. kujeilu 3. ilkivalta	The puppy's mischief left muddy paw prints across the floor.
1301	astronomer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: astronomer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tähtitieteilijä 2. astronomi	The astronomer observed a distant comet.
1302	binary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: binary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	binäärinen	Computers store many kinds of information in binary form using zeros and ones.
1303	rigid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rigid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. jäykkä 2. kankea	A rigid frame keeps the telescope steady.
1304	pyramid	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pyramid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pyramidi 2. särmäkartio	The square pyramid has four triangular side faces.
1305	naive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: naive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. naiivi 2. naivistinen	It was naive to believe the advertisement without checking its claims.
1306	pun	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pun is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sanaleikki	The bakery sign's bread joke is a pun.
1307	cumulative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. kasaantuva 2. kasautuva 3. kumulatiivinen	The cumulative rainfall for the month reached twenty centimeters.
1308	senseless	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: senseless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. järjetön 2. mieletön 3. älytön	Damaging the new playground would be a senseless act.
1309	revert	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: revert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	palauttaa	Without maintenance, the garden may revert to an overgrown field.
1310	escalate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: escalate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. eskaloitua 2. kasvaa 3. kohota	A small disagreement can escalate when no one listens.
1311	provision	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. säännös 2. määräys	One provision of the contract requires monthly safety reports.
1312	vain	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	turhamainen	The vain ruler ordered statues of himself in every square.
1313	potent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: potent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vahva 2. voimakas 3. potentti	The concentrated cleaner is potent enough to damage paint.
1314	prosecute	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prosecute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. nostaa syyte 2. syyttää	The state may prosecute anyone who deliberately poisons the river.
1315	descriptive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. deskriptiivinen 2. kuvaileva	The descriptive paragraph helps readers imagine the crowded market.
1316	ridicule	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ridicule is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tehdä naurunalainen 2. ivata 3. pilkata	No student should ridicule another person's accent.
1317	perseverance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. hellittämättömyys 2. itsepintaisuus 3. määrätietoisuus	Solving the complicated puzzle required perseverance.
1318	powerfully	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	lujasti	The river flowed powerfully after the storm.
1319	elimination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	eliminointi	Using elimination, Rae added the equations to remove y.
1320	watershed	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: watershed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vedenjakaja	Pollution anywhere in the watershed can reach the reservoir.
1321	syntax	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: syntax is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. lauseoppi 2. syntaksi	Changing the syntax can place more emphasis on the final idea.
1322	suspense	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: suspense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	jännitys	The ticking clock creates suspense during the rescue scene.
1323	subset	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: subset is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	osajoukko	The survey examined a subset of the town's households.
1324	hoax	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hoax is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	huijaus	The report of a sea monster proved to be a hoax.
1325	eerie	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: eerie is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pelottava	An eerie howl echoed through the empty valley.
1326	blunder	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: blunder is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kommellus 2. kömmähdys 3. munaus	Sending the letter without an address was a blunder.
1327	pursuit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pursuit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vaino	Her pursuit of accuracy led her back to the original records.
1328	manuscript	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: manuscript is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	käsikirjoitus	The author sent the completed manuscript to her editor.
1329	prose	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	proosa	The author shifts from verse to prose when the formal ceremony ends.
1330	perceive	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: perceive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. huomata 2. havaita 3. tajuta	Bats perceive their surroundings through reflected sound.

Page 38 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 38.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The messaging service uses _____ to protect private conversations.

Answer: encryption

2. The square _____ has four triangular side faces.

Answer: pyramid

3. The concentrated cleaner is _____ enough to damage paint.

Answer: potent

4. The ticking clock creates _____ during the rescue scene.

Answer: suspense

5. Bats _____ their surroundings through reflected sound.

Answer: perceive

Page 39: words 1331–1365

Vocabulary page 39
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1331	integrate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: integrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. yhdistää 2. yhtenäistää 3. integroida	The presentation will integrate maps, quotations, and survey data.
1332	perish	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: perish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	menehtyä	Young seedlings may perish without water.
1333	cautiously	adverb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	varovasti	The fox stepped cautiously onto the frozen pond.
1334	antagonist	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ist often names a person associated with a field, belief, or practice.	pääpahis	In the novel, the dishonest captain is the antagonist.
1335	pioneer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pioneer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pioneeri	The engineer became a pioneer in low-cost water purification.
1336	theorem	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: theorem is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. lause 2. teoreema	The Pythagorean theorem relates the sides of a right triangle.
1337	induction	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. induktio 2. induktiotodistus	Induction suggests the pattern, but a proof must confirm it.
1338	persistence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	sitkeys	Solving the complex proof required persistence.
1339	deposition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. huurtuminen 2. härmistyminen 3. kerrostuma	River deposition formed a sandbar near the bend.
1340	allocate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: allocate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. varata 2. allokoida 3. jakaa	The council will allocate part of the budget to playground repairs.
1341	caregiver	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: caregiver is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hoitaja	The caregiver prepared lunch and medicine for the elderly patient.
1342	pentagon	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pentagon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. viisikulmio 2. pentagoni	The irregular pentagon still has exactly five sides.
1343	idle	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: idle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. joutilas 2. luppo 3. luppoaika	The idle factory machinery gathered dust.
1344	contamination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. saastuminen 2. pilaantuminen 3. saastuttaminen	Testing revealed bacterial contamination in the well.
1345	resilient	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resilient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. joustava 2. sitkeä 3. tukeva	The resilient community rebuilt homes after the storm.
1346	annex	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: annex is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	liittää	The city voted to annex the land beside the highway.
1347	selfless	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: selfless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. epäitsekäs 2. pyyteetön	The selfless volunteer gave her seat to the tired passenger.
1348	reassure	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reassure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vakuuttaa	The guide tried to reassure us that the trail was safe.
1349	illuminate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: illuminate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	valaista	A lantern will illuminate the dark path.
1350	considerate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: considerate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. avoin 2. avomielinen 3. hienotunteinen	It was considerate of Mae to lower her voice near the sleeping baby.
1351	clasp	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: clasp is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. puristaa 2. tarrata 3. kouristaa	The child will clasp the railing while climbing the steps.
1352	bewildered	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bewildered is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ymmällään 2. hämmentynyt 3. pyörällä päästään	The bewildered traveler studied the unfamiliar train map.
1353	recommendation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	suositus	The panel's recommendation is to repair rather than replace the bridge.
1354	governance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. hallintojärjestelmä 2. hallinto	Transparent governance includes public access to budgets and rules.
1355	realism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	realismi	The novel's realism appears in its detailed portrayal of factory work.
1356	tariff	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tariff is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tulli 2. tariffi	The tariff increased the price of imported steel.
1357	remorse	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: remorse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. katumus 2. tunnonvaiva 3. tunnontuska	He felt remorse after admitting that he had damaged the sculpture.
1358	hue	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. väri 2. sävy 3. värisävy	The artist mixed blue and green to create a turquoise hue.
1359	choreography	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	koreografia	The choreography placed the dancers in a widening circle.
1360	perpendicular	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: perpendicular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kohtisuora 2. kohtisuorassa 3. pystysuorassa	The vertical post is perpendicular to the ground.
1361	skeptical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: skeptical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	skeptinen	The skeptical reviewer asked to see the original data.
1362	durable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: durable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kestävä 2. luja	The durable fabric survived years of outdoor use.
1363	chromosome	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: chromosome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kromosomi	Each chromosome contains many genes.
1364	quadrant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: quadrant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kvadrantti	The point is located in the first quadrant.
1365	decimal	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: decimal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	desimaalinen	The decimal 0.5 represents one half.

Page 39 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 39.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The presentation will _____ maps, quotations, and survey data.

Answer: integrate

2. River _____ formed a sandbar near the bend.

Answer: deposition

3. The guide tried to _____ us that the trail was safe.

Answer: reassure

4. He felt _____ after admitting that he had damaged the sculpture.

Answer: remorse

5. The _____ 0.5 represents one half.

Answer: decimal

Page 40: words 1366–1400

Vocabulary page 40
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1366	videotape	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: videotape is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	videoida	We will videotape the experiment so we can review it later.
1367	capability	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. pystyvyys 2. kykenevyys 3. kyky	The satellite has the capability to measure sea-surface temperature.
1368	rash	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rash is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ajattelematon 2. hätäinen 3. varomaton	Crossing the flooded bridge would be a rash decision.
1369	muscular	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: muscular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. lihas- 2. lihas 3. lihaksikas	The muscular system pulls on bones to create movement.
1370	monarchy	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: monarchy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	monarkia	The monarchy became largely ceremonial after constitutional reforms.
1371	enlightenment	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	valistus	Enlightenment thinkers debated the source of government authority.
1372	activism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	aktivismi	Youth activism helped expand access to public transportation.
1373	flashback	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: flashback is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	takauma	A flashback reveals how the two rivals first met.
1374	biodiversity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. biodiversiteetti 2. elonkirjo	The rainforest supports extraordinary biodiversity.
1375	restrain	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: restrain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hillitä 2. hallita 3. rajoittaa	A leash helps restrain a dog near a busy road.
1376	lifeguard	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lifeguard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	uimavalvoja	The lifeguard closed the beach when the waves became dangerous.
1377	hunch	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hunch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	aavistus	My hunch was correct: the cat had hidden under the porch.
1378	detection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. havaitseminen 2. löytäminen	Early detection improves the chance of controlling the invasive insect.
1379	versatile	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: versatile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. monipuolinen 2. monikäyttöinen	A versatile tool can cut wire, tighten screws, and open packages.
1380	trivial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trivial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tavallinen 2. yksinkertainen	A spelling preference is trivial compared with a factual error.
1381	optimization	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	optimointi	Route optimization reduced both travel time and fuel use.
1382	absorption	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. imeyttäminen 2. sulauttaminen 3. imeytyminen	Dark fabric has greater absorption of visible light than white fabric.
1383	symbolism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	symboliikka	The broken chain provides symbolism for freedom.
1384	criterion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: criterion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kriteeri	Safety is the most important criterion in choosing a campsite.
1385	antibody	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: antibody is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vasta-aine	Each antibody can attach to a particular target on a pathogen.
1386	mistrust	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mistrust is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	epäluottamus	Repeated false alarms made residents mistrust the warning bell.
1387	incompetent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: incompetent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. epäpätevä 2. taitamaton	An incompetent repair could make the electrical fault more dangerous.
1388	variance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. eripuraisuus 2. erimielisyys 3. poikkeama	Low variance means the repeated measurements stayed close together.
1389	subordinate	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: subordinate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	alamainen	The subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
1390	qualitative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	laadullinen	The interview provided qualitative information about residents' experiences.
1391	implicit	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: implicit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ehdoton	Her smile gave implicit approval even though she said nothing.
1392	sluggish	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sluggish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hidas 2. hiljainen 3. heikko	The lizard seemed sluggish in the cool morning air.
1393	pessimistic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pessimistic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pessimistinen 2. synkkämielinen	The pessimistic sailor doubted that the wind would improve.
1394	dependable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. luotettava 2. vankkumaton	The dependable bus arrives at the same time each morning.
1395	asterisk	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: asterisk is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tähti	An asterisk beside the word directs readers to the note below.
1396	monopoly	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: monopoly is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	monopoli	Regulators investigated whether the merger would create a monopoly.
1397	mythology	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. mytologia 2. myyttien tutkimus	The course compares sea deities in Greek and Polynesian mythology.
1398	mutation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. mutaatio 2. geenimuutos	A mutation may be harmful, helpful, or have no visible effect.
1399	lever	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lever is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vipu	The crowbar acts as a lever when lifting the lid.
1400	dictatorship	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dictatorship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	diktatuuri	The dictatorship censored newspapers and arrested opponents.

Page 40 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 40.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. We will _____ the experiment so we can review it later.

Answer: videotape

2. The rainforest supports extraordinary _____.

Answer: biodiversity

3. The broken chain provides _____ for freedom.

Answer: symbolism

4. The lizard seemed _____ in the cool morning air.

Answer: sluggish

5. The _____ censored newspapers and arrested opponents.

Answer: dictatorship

Page 41: words 1401–1435

Vocabulary page 41
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1401	reflex	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reflex is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. refleksi 2. heijaste	Pulling a hand from a hot surface is a protective reflex.
1402	rectangle	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rectangle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	suorakulmio	The classroom floor forms a rectangle.
1403	navigation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	merenkulku	Improved navigation helped sailors cross open oceans.
1404	statute	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: statute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	säädös	The statute requires factories to report hazardous spills.
1405	periodic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: periodic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. säännöllinen 2. jaksollinen	A swinging pendulum has periodic motion.
1406	autobiography	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	omaelämäkerta	The musician's autobiography describes both failures and successes.
1407	prefix	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: prefix is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. etuliite 2. prefiksi	The prefix “un-” changes “certain” to “uncertain.”
1408	aroma	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: aroma is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tuoksu 2. aromi	The warm bread filled the kitchen with a sweet aroma.
1409	consultation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. konsultaatio 2. neuvonpito 3. neuvottelu	The council held a public consultation before changing the bus route.
1410	complexity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. monimutkaisuus 2. hankaluus 3. ongelma	The ecosystem's complexity makes a single-cause explanation unlikely.
1411	revision	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. tarkastus 2. tarkistus	During revision, Lila moved her strongest evidence closer to the claim.
1412	hormone	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hormone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hormoni 2. sisäerite 3. umpierite	The hormone insulin helps regulate blood glucose.
1413	electron	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: electron is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	elektroni	An electron may move to a higher energy level after absorbing energy.
1414	decree	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: decree is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. asetus 2. dekreetti 3. määräys	The royal decree opened the port to foreign merchants.
1415	wedge	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: wedge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kiila	The blade is a wedge that pushes material apart.
1416	presume	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: presume is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	otaksua	We should not presume that the quietest participant has no ideas.
1417	differentiate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: differentiate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	erottaa	The key helps students differentiate harmless insects from harmful ones.
1418	envious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. kateellinen 2. kade	Leo felt envious of his friend's new bicycle.
1419	accord	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: accord is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	harmonia	The two councils reached an accord after weeks of negotiation.
1420	persuasive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. vakuuttava 2. suostutteleva	The advertisement is persuasive because it combines evidence with emotional appeal.
1421	hesitant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hesitant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	epäröivä	Mira was hesitant to cross the swaying bridge.
1422	artifact	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: artifact is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. artefakti 2. esine 3. teennös	The clay bowl is an artifact from the ancient settlement.
1423	vertex	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vertex is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	keskipiste	The top vertex joins the triangle's two sloping sides.
1424	translucent	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: translucent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. läpikuultava 2. kirkas	The translucent curtain softened the sunlight.
1425	ferocious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. julma 2. raivokas 3. raivopäinen	Ferocious winds tore branches from the trees.
1426	feeble	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: feeble is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. voimaton 2. veltto 3. heikko	A feeble beam of light shone through the dusty window.
1427	institutional	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: institutional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	institutionaalinen	Institutional rules can continue even after individual leaders change.
1428	disclosure	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: disclosure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ilmoittaminen 2. julkistaminen 3. (tietojen) antaminen	Financial disclosure reveals whether an official has related business interests.
1429	microwave	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: microwave is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	mikroaalto	A microwave in radar can reflect from an approaching storm.
1430	segregation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. erottelu 2. jakaantuminen 3. jaottelu	Students challenged school segregation in court.
1431	prosperous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	vauras	The prosperous port attracted merchants from distant regions.
1432	ordinance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. säännös 2. asetus	The city ordinance limits noise after midnight.
1433	cheerful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cheerful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hilpeä 2. iloinen	His cheerful greeting eased everyone's nervousness.
1434	motif	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: motif is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. motiivi 2. aihio 3. aihe	The recurring moon is a motif that appears whenever the hero feels lonely.
1435	diffusion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	diffuusio	The scent spread through the room by diffusion.

Page 41 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 41.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Pulling a hand from a hot surface is a protective _____.

Answer: reflex

2. The council held a public _____ before changing the bus route.

Answer: consultation

3. Leo felt _____ of his friend's new bicycle.

Answer: envious

4. _____ rules can continue even after individual leaders change.

Answer: institutional

5. The scent spread through the room by _____.

Answer: diffusion

Page 42: words 1436–1470

Vocabulary page 42
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1436	chronological	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: chronological is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kronologinen	The biography presents the inventor's life in chronological order.
1437	barren	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: barren is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hedelmätön 2. steriili 3. maho	After years without rain, the field became barren.
1438	vector	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: vector is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vektori	Velocity is a vector because its direction matters.
1439	consistency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: consistency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. johdonmukaisuus 2. yhdenmukaisuus 3. tasaisuus	Reviewers checked the report for consistency between its tables and conclusions.
1440	patriotism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. isänmaallisuus 2. patriotismi	Her patriotism included criticizing policies she believed were unjust.
1441	nucleus	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: nucleus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tuma	The nucleus directs many activities of a eukaryotic cell.
1442	elastic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: elastic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. joustava 2. kimmoisa	The elastic cord lengthened under the load.
1443	iteration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	iteraatiokerta	Each iteration of the bridge held more weight.
1444	integer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: integer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kokonaisluku	Negative three is an integer.
1445	futile	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: futile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. turha 2. tulokseton 3. toivoton	Pushing the locked steel door was futile.
1446	coefficient	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: coefficient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kerroin	In 5x, the number 5 is the coefficient.
1447	unravel	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: unravel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	purkaa	The detective used the diary to unravel the mystery.
1448	deprive	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: deprive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. riistää 2. kiistää 3. poistaa	Clouds can deprive young plants of necessary sunlight.
1449	tolerant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tolerant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. suvaitsevainen 2. avarakatseinen	A tolerant community protects peaceful disagreement.
1450	improper	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: improper is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	väärä	The improper fraction nine fourths is greater than one.
1451	fascism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	fasismi	Fascism gained power by exploiting fear and political violence.
1452	rhetorical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rhetorical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	retorinen	The speaker used a rhetorical question to focus attention.
1453	imperialism	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	imperialismi	Imperialism allowed powerful states to seize distant resources.
1454	impartial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: impartial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tasapuolinen 2. reilu	An impartial referee applies the same rules to both teams.
1455	circumference	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	kehä	We wrapped string around the lid to measure its circumference.
1456	inclusive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	kattava	The inclusive survey provides several ways to respond.
1457	compatible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. toimeen tuleva 2. yhteen sopiva 3. sopia yhteen	The replacement part is compatible with the original machine.
1458	sanitation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	jätehuolto	Modern sanitation reduced diseases spread by contaminated water.
1459	entrepreneurship	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: entrepreneurship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	yrittäjyys	Her entrepreneurship turned a repair idea into a small company.
1460	archaeology	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	arkeologia	Archaeology revealed workshops beneath the modern marketplace.
1461	arid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: arid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kuiva	Only drought-resistant shrubs survived in the arid valley.
1462	revelation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	paljastus	The diary's revelation changed how historians understood the expedition.
1463	enforce	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: enforce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vahvistaa	Inspectors enforce limits on unsafe emissions.
1464	coincidence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	yhteensattuma	The two alarms sounding together may be a coincidence.
1465	foil	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: foil is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kertoa auki 2. folio	The cautious brother serves as a foil to the reckless hero.
1466	dispatch	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dispatch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	lähettää	The control center will dispatch a repair crew before dawn.
1467	rhyme	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rhyme is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. riimi 2. sointu	The poet avoids perfect rhyme to create an uneasy effect.
1468	irrational	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: irrational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. epälooginen 2. irrationaalinen	It is irrational to reject the experiment before examining its results.
1469	understatement	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	vähätelmä	Calling a hurricane “a little wind” is an understatement.
1470	purchaser	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: purchaser is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ostaja	The purchaser checked the bicycle before completing the sale.

Page 42 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 42.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The biography presents the inventor's life in _____ order.

Answer: chronological

2. Negative three is an _____.

Answer: integer

3. _____ allowed powerful states to seize distant resources.

Answer: imperialism

4. The diary's _____ changed how historians understood the expedition.

Answer: revelation

5. The _____ checked the bicycle before completing the sale.

Answer: purchaser

Page 43: words 1471–1505

Vocabulary page 43
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1471	metadata	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: metadata is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. metadata 2. metatieto	A photograph's metadata may include its date and file size.
1472	attribution	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	alkuperä	The image requires attribution to its photographer.
1473	analogous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. vastaava 2. vastaavanlainen	The two plots are analogous because each follows a child searching for home.
1474	relevance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. asiaankuuluvuus 2. asianmukaisuus 3. liittyvyys	The judge questioned the relevance of testimony about an unrelated event.
1475	cybersecurity	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	kyberturvallisuus	Strong passwords are one part of good cybersecurity.
1476	conspicuous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. silmäänpistävä 2. huomiota herättää 3. huomiota herättävä	The bright orange tent was conspicuous against the snow.
1477	sever	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sever is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. katkaista 2. kitkeä 3. erottaa	The storm may sever weak branches from the tree.
1478	loudspeaker	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loudspeaker is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kaiutin 2. kovaääninen 3. ämyri	The announcement echoed through the loudspeaker.
1479	seismic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: seismic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	seisminen	Seismic waves allow scientists to study Earth's interior.
1480	inscription	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	kaiverrus	The weathered inscription names the bridge's original builder.
1481	inhibit	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inhibit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. rajoittaa 2. estää	Cold temperatures can inhibit the growth of some bacteria.
1482	hazy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hazy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	häiriö	The distant hills looked hazy through the morning fog.
1483	covenant	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: covenant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sitoutua 2. sopimus	The communities signed a covenant promising to share water during droughts.
1484	sentimental	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sentimental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tunne 2. tunneperäinen	The worn toy has sentimental value because it belonged to her grandmother.
1485	robotics	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: robotics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	robotiikka	Robotics combines programming, mechanics, and electronics.
1486	reformation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. uudistus 2. reformaatio 3. uskonpuhdistus	The Protestant Reformation divided western Christianity.
1487	customary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: customary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	käyttökelpoinen	In the customary system, twelve inches equal one foot.
1488	characterization	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. luonnehdinta 2. luonnehtiminen	The author uses dialogue and actions for indirect characterization.
1489	tectonic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tectonic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tektoninen	Tectonic plates move only a few centimeters each year.
1490	synonym	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: synonym is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	synonyymi	“Rapid” is a synonym for “quick.”
1491	denominator	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: denominator is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	nimittäjä	In three fifths, five is the denominator.
1492	plantation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	suurtila	The plantation produced sugar for overseas markets.
1493	tsunami	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tsunami is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hyökyaalto 2. tsunami	The offshore earthquake triggered a tsunami warning.
1494	truce	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: truce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tulitauko 2. aselepo	Both sides accepted a truce to evacuate the wounded.
1495	doubtful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: doubtful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	epätodennäköinen	It is doubtful that the damaged bridge can reopen today.
1496	treacherous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	petollinen	Black ice made the mountain road treacherous.
1497	approximation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. approksimointi 2. arvioiminen 3. lähestyminen	Rounding 398 to 400 gives a useful approximation.
1498	murky	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: murky is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hämäräperäinen	The pond water became murky after the storm.
1499	quotation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	tarjous	The quotation supports the paragraph because it states the witness's observation.
1500	cyclone	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cyclone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	matalapaine	The satellite image shows the cyclone turning over warm water.
1501	appendix	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: appendix is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. liite 2. jälkiteksti 3. täydennysosa	The report's appendix contains the complete survey questions.
1502	abolition	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. kumoaminen 2. lakkauttaminen 3. mitätöinti	The movement demanded the abolition of slavery.
1503	linger	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: linger is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	riutua	The scent of smoke may linger after the fire is out.
1504	intimidate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: intimidate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pelotella 2. uhkailla	The bully tried to intimidate witnesses into silence.
1505	dehydration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. nestehukka 2. nestevajaus	The runner stopped to prevent dehydration in the intense heat.

Page 43 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 43.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A photograph's _____ may include its date and file size.

Answer: metadata

2. _____ waves allow scientists to study Earth's interior.

Answer: seismic

3. The author uses dialogue and actions for indirect _____.

Answer: characterization

4. Rounding 398 to 400 gives a useful _____.

Answer: approximation

5. The runner stopped to prevent _____ in the intense heat.

Answer: dehydration

Page 44: words 1506–1540

Vocabulary page 44
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1506	transparency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: transparency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. avoimuus 2. läpinäkyvyys	Publishing meeting records increases government transparency.
1507	coordination	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. yhteensovittaminen 2. koordinointi	Emergency coordination prevented two rescue teams from searching the same area.
1508	accountable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. vastuullinen 2. vastuunalainen	Elected officials are accountable to the public.
1509	millennium	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: millennium is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vuosituhat	The temple has stood for nearly a millennium.
1510	deploy	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: deploy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. asentaa 2. avautua 3. laittaa	Firefighters deploy portable pumps along the flooded street.
1511	microscope	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Prefix focus: micro- means small.	mikroskooppi	The microscope revealed cell walls in the onion tissue.
1512	aspiration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	pyrkimys	Her aspiration is to design affordable medical equipment.
1513	flimsy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: flimsy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	niukka	The flimsy box collapsed under the heavy books.
1514	radiant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: radiant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	säteilevä	The Sun provides radiant energy to Earth.
1515	ascertain	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ascertain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. saada selville 2. varmistaa 3. selvittää	The inspector tested the alarm to ascertain whether it worked.
1516	emigrate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: emigrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. muuttaa maasta 2. emigroitua	Her grandparents chose to emigrate during a time of war.
1517	leverage	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: leverage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vaikutusvalta 2. vipuvarsi 3. vipuvoima	The town will leverage its rail connection to attract new businesses.
1518	resourceful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resourceful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. neuvokas 2. kekseliäs	The resourceful campers repaired the strap with cord and tape.
1519	pry	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kammeta 2. kangeta 3. vivuta	We used a flat tool to pry the lid from the paint can.
1520	systematic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: systematic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. järjestelmällinen 2. systemaattinen	The researchers conducted a systematic search of every archive.
1521	visualize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	kuvitella	Sensory details help readers visualize the crowded harbor.
1522	impulsive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	äkillinen	His impulsive decision to jump from the boat created danger.
1523	dire	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hirveä 2. kamala 3. kauhea	The clinic faced a dire shortage of clean water.
1524	despicable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. halveksittava 2. kurja	Stealing emergency supplies was a despicable act.
1525	intervene	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: intervene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. puuttua 2. sekaantua 3. tulla väliin	A mediator may intervene before the disagreement becomes violent.
1526	audible	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: audible is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kuuluva	The speaker's final words were barely audible.
1527	geologic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: geologic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. maantieteellinen 2. geologinen	Fossils reveal changes across geologic time.
1528	commend	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: commend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ylistää 2. kiitellä	The principal will commend the students who organized the food drive.
1529	dub	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dub is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. nimittää 2. kutsua	Reporters dub the rescued owl “Lucky” after its recovery.
1530	intimidated	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: intimidated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	peloteltu	The new speaker felt intimidated by the enormous audience.
1531	liberate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: liberate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vapauttaa	The rescue team worked to liberate the animal from the net.
1532	smirk	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: smirk is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. virnistää 2. hymyillä omahyväisesti	The bully began to smirk after hiding the missing notebook.
1533	organizational	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: organizational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. organisointi- 2. organisatorinen 3. organisointi	Clear organizational roles reduced duplicated work.
1534	differential	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: differential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. erityinen 2. erityis- 3. erotus-	A pressure differential moves air through the vent.
1535	diagnostic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: diagnostic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	diagnostinen	The mechanic ran a diagnostic test on the engine.
1536	summarize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	tiivistää	At the end, summarize the article in two or three sentences.
1537	discern	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: discern is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. havaita 2. erottaa 3. huomata	Careful readers discern the difference between evidence and opinion.
1538	humane	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: humane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	inhimillinen	The shelter follows humane practices when caring for injured wildlife.
1539	signify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. merkitä 2. tarkoittaa	A flashing red light may signify that the battery is low.
1540	reciprocal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reciprocal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	päinvastainen	The neighboring schools formed a reciprocal agreement to share equipment.

Page 44 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 44.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Publishing meeting records increases government _____.

Answer: transparency

2. The Sun provides _____ energy to Earth.

Answer: radiant

3. The clinic faced a _____ shortage of clean water.

Answer: dire

4. The bully began to _____ after hiding the missing notebook.

Answer: smirk

5. The neighboring schools formed a _____ agreement to share equipment.

Answer: reciprocal

Page 45: words 1541–1575

Vocabulary page 45
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1541	coarse	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: coarse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	karkea	The filter catches coarse sand before the water reaches the fine mesh.
1542	agile	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: agile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ketterä	The agile goalkeeper changed direction in an instant.
1543	validate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: validate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tarkastaa 2. todentaa	A second trial can validate the surprising result.
1544	ominous	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. pahaenteinen 2. uhkaava	The sudden silence was an ominous sign of the approaching storm.
1545	correlate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: correlate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. verrata 2. vertailla	The study may correlate regular exercise with improved sleep.
1546	terrify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. kauhistuttaa 2. pelottaa	A sudden roar can terrify a young animal.
1547	coordinated	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: coordinated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	koordinoitua	A coordinated response delivered food and medicine to isolated towns.
1548	skeletal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: skeletal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. skeletaalinen 2. luuranko 3. luuranko-	The skeletal system protects organs and provides support.
1549	confer	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: confer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	neuvotella	The judges confer privately before announcing the winner.
1550	developmental	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: developmental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kehityksellinen	The study examines developmental differences between early and late adolescence.
1551	constructive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	rakentava	The reviewer offered constructive criticism with specific revision ideas.
1552	electromagnetic	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: electromagnetic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sähkömagneettinen	Visible light is one type of electromagnetic radiation.
1553	clad	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: clad is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	päällystää	Workers clad in reflective jackets directed traffic around the sinkhole.
1554	inquire	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inquire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kysyä 2. tiedustella 3. kysellä	Visitors can inquire about accessible tours at the front desk.
1555	abrupt	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: abrupt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	äkillinen	The road ends at an abrupt drop near the cliff.
1556	makeshift	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: makeshift is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hätävara 2. tilapäinen	The hikers built a makeshift shelter from branches and a tarp.
1557	frigid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: frigid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. jääkylmä 2. hyinen 3. jäätävä	Frigid air froze the puddles overnight.
1558	bestow	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: bestow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. lahjoittaa 2. myöntää 3. ojentaa	The mayor will bestow a medal on the brave rescuer.
1559	comparative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. suhteellinen 2. verrannollinen	The comparative essay considers how both novels portray exile.
1560	gleam	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: gleam is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. saada hohtaa 2. saada hohtamaan	Wet stones gleam in the morning sun.
1561	erupt	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: erupt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	purkautua	A volcano may erupt after pressure builds below the surface.
1562	deceitful	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: deceitful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vilpillinen	The deceitful merchant hid the crack beneath a label.
1563	magnify	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	suurentaa	This lens can magnify the tiny print.
1564	supplementary	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: supplementary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. lisä- 2. täydennys 3. täydentävä	The adjacent angles on a straight line are supplementary.
1565	rebellious	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. kapinallinen 2. kapinoiva	The rebellious artist rejected the academy's strict conventions.
1566	taunt	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: taunt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pilkka 2. pilkata	It is unkind to taunt a player who misses a shot.
1567	coax	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: coax is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. taivutella 2. suostutella 3. vikitellä	We used a treat to coax the frightened dog out from under the porch.
1568	deteriorate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: deteriorate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. huonontaa 2. heikentää 3. rappeuttaa	Without repairs, the wooden steps will deteriorate.
1569	regal	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: regal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kuninkaallinen	The actor's regal posture makes the queen immediately recognizable.
1570	lofty	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lofty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	korkea	The organization set a lofty goal of ending local homelessness.
1571	uncanny	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: uncanny is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hämmästyttävä 2. outo	The twins had an uncanny ability to finish each other's sentences.
1572	mediate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mediate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sovitella 2. välittää	A counselor agreed to mediate the dispute between the teams.
1573	inept	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: inept is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. taitamaton 2. avuton 3. kyvytön	The inept repair left the faucet leaking worse than before.
1574	disagreeable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	inhottava	A disagreeable smell drifted from the trash bin.
1575	resolute	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: resolute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. päättäväinen 2. luja 3. peräänantamaton	The resolute climbers continued despite the cold wind.

Page 45 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 45.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The filter catches _____ sand before the water reaches the fine mesh.

Answer: coarse

2. The judges _____ privately before announcing the winner.

Answer: confer

3. The mayor will _____ a medal on the brave rescuer.

Answer: bestow

4. We used a treat to _____ the frightened dog out from under the porch.

Answer: coax

5. The _____ climbers continued despite the cold wind.

Answer: resolute

Page 46: words 1576–1600

Vocabulary page 46
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1576	valiant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: valiant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. rohkea 2. uljas 3. urhea	The valiant rescue crew entered the flooded tunnel.
1577	prioritize	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. priorisoida 2. asettaa/laittaa tärkeysjärjestykseen	Emergency crews prioritize people who need immediate medical help.
1578	loathe	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: loathe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	inhota	I loathe wasting food that could have been shared.
1579	avid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: avid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	innokas	An avid birder can recognize many species by their calls.
1580	retaliate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: retaliate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kostaa 2. vastata samalla mitalla	The coach warned players not to retaliate after a rough tackle.
1581	confide	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: confide is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	luottaa	Mara chose to confide her worry to a close friend.
1582	commemorate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: commemorate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	muistella	The mural will commemorate the nurses who served during the epidemic.
1583	deter	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: deter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	estää	Bright lighting can deter theft near the station.
1584	symmetrical	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: symmetrical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	symmetrinen	The butterfly's wings form a nearly symmetrical pattern.
1585	refine	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: refine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kehittää 2. jalostaa	Repeated testing will refine the team’s model.
1586	distort	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: distort is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vääristellä 2. vääristää	A misleading scale can distort the differences shown on a graph.
1587	enduring	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: enduring is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kestävä	The court decision had an enduring influence on civil rights.
1588	nonlinear	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Prefix focus: non- means not or without.	epälineaarinen	The curved graph represents a nonlinear relationship.
1589	paraphrase	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: paraphrase is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. esittää omin sanoin 2. kertoa omin sanoin 3. mukailla	Students paraphrase the paragraph instead of copying it.
1590	regenerative	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	regeneroiva	Regenerative farming practices rebuild soil instead of exhausting it.
1591	thrifty	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: thrifty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	säästäväinen	The thrifty cook turned leftover vegetables into soup.
1592	suffocate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: suffocate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tukehtua	Smoke can suffocate people inside a closed room.
1593	timid	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: timid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ujo 2. arka 3. pelokas	The timid kitten hid behind the chair.
1594	auditory	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: auditory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	auditiivinen	The auditory nerve carries signals from the inner ear.
1595	meager	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: meager is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. laiha 2. niukka	The meager harvest could not feed the entire village.
1596	clench	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: clench is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	puristaa	People sometimes clench their fists when they feel tense.
1597	biodegradable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. biohajoava 2. biologisesti hajoava	Leaves are biodegradable and can become compost.
1598	apprehensive	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. levoton 2. huolestunut	Nora felt apprehensive before speaking to the large audience.
1599	queasy	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: queasy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pahoinvoiva 2. huonovointinen	The rocking boat made me feel queasy.
1600	defiant	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: defiant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. uhmakas 2. uhitteleva	The defiant witness refused to repeat the false statement.

Page 46 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 46.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The _____ rescue crew entered the flooded tunnel.

Answer: valiant

2. The mural will _____ the nurses who served during the epidemic.

Answer: commemorate

3. The curved graph represents a _____ relationship.

Answer: nonlinear

4. The _____ nerve carries signals from the inner ear.

Answer: auditory

5. The _____ witness refused to repeat the false statement.

Answer: defiant

About this cross-exam English set

TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English use different formats, but all require learners to understand precise vocabulary in context. TOEFL and IELTS emphasize academic reading and communication; TOEIC emphasizes workplace and everyday communication; IGCSE English asks students to interpret, analyze, and communicate through school-level texts and tasks. This combined set concentrates on useful language that can transfer across those pathways.

The ordering is evidence-led rather than alphabetical. Words found in official public specimen materials—especially words occurring across more than one programme—receive the strongest ranking. Because a limited specimen corpus cannot provide 1,600 distinct reliable teaching headwords, the remainder is transparently bridged from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 vocabulary using general English frequency and a fixed part-of-speech balance. This is an independent study resource, not an official product of any testing organization.

ETS TOEFL test overview

Sources and curriculum references

These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.