English Vocabulary · Cross-exam Academic English Beta

TOEFL · TOEIC · IELTS · IGCSE Vocabulary

This 1,600-word beta set supports learners preparing for TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English. Official specimen papers supply the primary occurrence evidence, so words shared across several programmes rise toward the beginning of the list. Overlap with school-grade, SAT, and GRE vocabulary is intentional because the same academic English serves several learning pathways.

A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.

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Words 666–700 of 1600
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
666	index	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: index is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hakemisto	Use the index to locate every page that discusses volcanoes.
667	regret	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: regret is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. olla pahoillaan 2. katua	I regret leaving the seedlings outside during the frost.
668	ratio	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ratio is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. suhde 2. suhdeluku	The ratio of red beads to blue beads is two to three.
669	currency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: currency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. seteliraha 2. paperiraha 3. valuutta	Travelers exchanged their currency before the trip.
670	commerce	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: commerce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kauppa 2. kaupankäynti	The port became a center of international commerce.
671	partial	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: partial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. osittainen 2. osa- 3. osittais-	A partial eclipse covered only part of the sun.
672	frequency	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: frequency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	taajuus	A higher sound frequency produces a higher pitch.
673	resistance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	vastus	Local resistance delayed the invading army.
674	legislation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	lainsäädäntö	The new legislation requires safer drinking water.
675	sequence	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. sarja 2. sekvenssi	Put the pictures in sequence from seed to flowering plant.
676	insurance	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	vakuutus	Home insurance helped pay for repairs after the storm.
677	religion	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: religion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	uskonto	The constitution protects a person's right to practice a religion.
678	empire	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: empire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. imperiumi 2. keisarikunta	Roads helped the empire move soldiers and messages quickly.
679	peer	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: peer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ikätoveri 2. toveri	Ask a peer to check your work before you submit it.
680	defense	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: defense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. puolustautuminen 2. puolustus	The defense questioned whether the witness could see clearly.
681	administration	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. johto 2. hallinto	The administration proposed a revised national budget.
682	reform	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: reform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. reformi 2. uudistus	The education reform provided books to rural schools.
683	infection	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. tartunta 2. infektio	The doctor treated the cut to prevent infection.
684	conservation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. ympäristönsuojelu 2. luonnonsuojelu	Water conservation becomes especially important during drought.
685	retreat	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: retreat is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. perääntyminen 2. perääntyä 3. vetäytyä	The hikers retreat when lightning strikes nearby.
686	plane	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: plane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	taso	Three noncollinear points determine a plane.
687	tissue	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tissue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kudos 2. solukko	Muscle tissue contracts to move the body.
688	sufficient	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sufficient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tarpeeksi 2. riittävästi 3. kylliksi	One flashlight provided sufficient light for the small tent.
689	variable	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: variable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	muuttuja	In the equation, the variable x stands for an unknown number.
690	comparison	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: comparison is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	vertailu	The essay makes a comparison between two creation myths.
691	treaty	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: treaty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sopimus	The treaty established a peaceful border.
692	investigate	verb Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: investigate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tutkia	Detectives investigate the footprints beside the broken window.
693	humble	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: humble is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. nöyrä 2. vaatimaton	Although she won the prize, Lina remained humble.
694	summit	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: summit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. huippu 2. vuorenhuippu	The climbers reached the summit before noon.
695	cooperation	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. yhteistyö 2. yhteistoiminta	The heavy table was moved safely through cooperation.
696	ray	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: ray is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. säde 2. puolisuora	Each side of an angle is a ray extending from the vertex.
697	debt	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: debt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	velka	The city repaid its construction debt over twenty years.
698	tone	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: tone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	äänensävy	The letter's respectful tone made the criticism easier to accept.
699	cabinet	noun Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: cabinet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. esikunta 2. hallitus	The president met with the cabinet to discuss the emergency.
700	reliable	adjective Study Field: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	luotettava	We used a reliable weather source before planning the trip.

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About this cross-exam English set

TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English use different formats, but all require learners to understand precise vocabulary in context. TOEFL and IELTS emphasize academic reading and communication; TOEIC emphasizes workplace and everyday communication; IGCSE English asks students to interpret, analyze, and communicate through school-level texts and tasks. This combined set concentrates on useful language that can transfer across those pathways.

The ordering is evidence-led rather than alphabetical. Words found in official public specimen materials—especially words occurring across more than one programme—receive the strongest ranking. Because a limited specimen corpus cannot provide 1,600 distinct reliable teaching headwords, the remainder is transparently bridged from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 vocabulary using general English frequency and a fixed part-of-speech balance. This is an independent study resource, not an official product of any testing organization.

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