English Vocabulary · Cross-exam Academic English Beta
TOEFL · TOEIC · IELTS · IGCSE Vocabulary
This 1,600-word beta set supports learners preparing for TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English. Official specimen papers supply the primary occurrence evidence, so words shared across several programmes rise toward the beginning of the list. Overlap with school-grade, SAT, and GRE vocabulary is intentional because the same academic English serves several learning pathways.
A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.
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| # | Word | Details | Meaning | Sample sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1366 | videotape | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: videotape is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | βιντεοσκοπώ | We will videotape the experiment so we can review it later. |
| 1367 | capability | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition. | δυνατότητα | The satellite has the capability to measure sea-surface temperature. |
| 1368 | rash | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: rash is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | κοκκινίλα | Crossing the flooded bridge would be a rash decision. |
| 1369 | muscular | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: muscular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | μυϊκός | The muscular system pulls on bones to create movement. |
| 1370 | monarchy | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: monarchy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | μοναρχία | The monarchy became largely ceremonial after constitutional reforms. |
| 1371 | enlightenment | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result. | 1. διαφωτισμός 2. φώτιση | Enlightenment thinkers debated the source of government authority. |
| 1372 | activism | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice. | ακτιβισμός | Youth activism helped expand access to public transportation. |
| 1373 | flashback | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: flashback is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | αναδρομή | A flashback reveals how the two rivals first met. |
| 1374 | biodiversity | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition. | βιοποικιλότητα | The rainforest supports extraordinary biodiversity. |
| 1375 | restrain | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: restrain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | περιορίζω | A leash helps restrain a dog near a busy road. |
| 1376 | lifeguard | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lifeguard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. ναυαγοσώστης 2. ναυαγοσώστρια | The lifeguard closed the beach when the waves became dangerous. |
| 1377 | hunch | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: hunch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. προαίσθημα 2. καμπούρα 3. όγκος | My hunch was correct: the cat had hidden under the porch. |
| 1378 | detection | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | ανίχνευση | Early detection improves the chance of controlling the invasive insect. |
| 1379 | versatile | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: versatile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | πολυτάλαντος | A versatile tool can cut wire, tighten screws, and open packages. |
| 1380 | trivial | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: trivial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. ασήμαντος 2. μηδαμινός 3. τιποτένιος | A spelling preference is trivial compared with a factual error. |
| 1381 | optimization | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming. | βελτιστοποίηση | Route optimization reduced both travel time and fuel use. |
| 1382 | absorption | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | απορρόφηση | Dark fabric has greater absorption of visible light than white fabric. |
| 1383 | symbolism | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice. | συμβολισμός | The broken chain provides symbolism for freedom. |
| 1384 | criterion | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: criterion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | κριτήριο | Safety is the most important criterion in choosing a campsite. |
| 1385 | antibody | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: antibody is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | αντίσωμα | Each antibody can attach to a particular target on a pathogen. |
| 1386 | mistrust | verb StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: mistrust is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | δυσπιστώ | Repeated false alarms made residents mistrust the warning bell. |
| 1387 | incompetent | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: incompetent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | αναρμόδιος | An incompetent repair could make the electrical fault more dangerous. |
| 1388 | variance | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state. | διακύμανση | Low variance means the repeated measurements stayed close together. |
| 1389 | subordinate | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: subordinate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. δευτερεύων 2. εξαρτημένος | The subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. |
| 1390 | qualitative | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency. | ποιοτικός | The interview provided qualitative information about residents' experiences. |
| 1391 | implicit | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: implicit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. εγγενής 2. σύμφυτος | Her smile gave implicit approval even though she said nothing. |
| 1392 | sluggish | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: sluggish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. άτονος 2. νωθρός | The lizard seemed sluggish in the cool morning air. |
| 1393 | pessimistic | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: pessimistic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. απαισιόδοξος 2. πεσιμιστικός | The pessimistic sailor doubted that the wind would improve. |
| 1394 | dependable | adjective StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action. | αξιόπιστος | The dependable bus arrives at the same time each morning. |
| 1395 | asterisk | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: asterisk is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | αστερίσκος | An asterisk beside the word directs readers to the note below. |
| 1396 | monopoly | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: monopoly is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | μονοπώλιο | Regulators investigated whether the merger would create a monopoly. |
| 1397 | mythology | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject. | μυθολογία | The course compares sea deities in Greek and Polynesian mythology. |
| 1398 | mutation | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | μετάλλαξη | A mutation may be harmful, helpful, or have no visible effect. |
| 1399 | lever | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: lever is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | μοχλός | The crowbar acts as a lever when lifting the lid. |
| 1400 | dictatorship | noun StudyField: Cross-exam academic and functional English Word study: Base-form focus: dictatorship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | δικτατορία | The dictatorship censored newspapers and arrested opponents. |
Vocabulary reading and practice
Page 40 vocabulary review
Review five selected words from page 40.
English reading
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Greek translation
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Vocabulary quiz
Choose the dictionary equivalent for each of 5 selected words.
Vocabulary chart page
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About this cross-exam English set
TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, and Cambridge IGCSE English use different formats, but all require learners to understand precise vocabulary in context. TOEFL and IELTS emphasize academic reading and communication; TOEIC emphasizes workplace and everyday communication; IGCSE English asks students to interpret, analyze, and communicate through school-level texts and tasks. This combined set concentrates on useful language that can transfer across those pathways.
The ordering is evidence-led rather than alphabetical. Words found in official public specimen materials—especially words occurring across more than one programme—receive the strongest ranking. Because a limited specimen corpus cannot provide 1,600 distinct reliable teaching headwords, the remainder is transparently bridged from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 vocabulary using general English frequency and a fixed part-of-speech balance. This is an independent study resource, not an official product of any testing organization.
A limited public specimen corpus does not contain 1,600 distinct, reliable teaching headwords. The remaining places therefore bridge from KSSR’s audited Grade 4–9 curricula using general English frequency and a fixed balance of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Every row reuses a reviewed meaning, complete example sentence, word-study note, and dictionary-style equivalents in all launch languages. The first release includes five cloze questions per page; reading workshops will be added only after their English passages and translations are separately reviewed.
Sources and curriculum references
These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.
- ETS: TOEFL iBT Full-Length Practice Test 1
- ETS: TOEFL iBT Full-Length Practice Test 2
- ETS: TOEIC Listening and Reading Sample Test
- IELTS: Academic Reading Sample Tasks 2023
- Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500/01 2027 Specimen Paper
- Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500/01 2027 Specimen Insert
- Cambridge IGCSE English as a Second Language 0510/01 2019 Specimen Paper
- WikDict downloadable bilingual dictionaries
- Kaikki.org / Wiktextract machine-readable Wiktionary data
- Language-Learning-decks public flashcard datasets
- SBBIC English-to-Khmer Dictionary
- English–Khmer Dictionary Dataset (machine-generated Khmer fallback; human review required)
- PanLex meanings snapshot (direct CC0 gap candidates; human review required)
- Cambridge bilingual dictionaries (individual editorial sense checks)
- Collins English–Hindi Dictionary (individual editorial checks)
- Hindwi and Rekhta dictionaries (individual Hindi/Urdu checks)
- National Institute of Korean Language: Basic Korean Dictionary
- JMdict/EDRDG Japanese dictionary project
- CC-CEDICT Chinese dictionary project
- VDict Vietnamese Dictionary (individual editorial check)
- Google Translate (machine-assisted lesson-reading draft; fluent review required)
- Kuperman et al.: Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words