English Vocabulary · Kindergarten Live Review Preview

Phonics and CVC Words

Phonics teaches children how written letters connect to spoken sounds. Learners begin with consonants and short vowels, then move into consonant blends, digraphs—two letters working together, such as sh—and later vowel teams and diphthongs, in which vowel sounds glide together, such as oi in coin.

A CVC word follows a consonant-vowel-consonant pattern, as in cat, bed, and sun. Lessons 1–5 build a short-vowel CVC foundation. Lessons 6–10 use familiar blends, digraphs, consonant clusters, and silent-e extensions so kindergarten learners can keep practising useful decodable words without relying on obscure vocabulary.

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Complete text list

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Page 1: words 1–10

Vocabulary page 1
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
1	bad	adjectiveshort a · CVC	κακός	The milk smelled bad, so we did not drink it.
2	bag	nounshort a · CVC	τσάντα	I put my book in the bag.
3	bat	nounshort a · CVC	νυχτερίδα	A bat flew out of the cave.
4	cab	nounshort a · CVC	ταξί	We took a cab home.
5	can	verbshort a · CVC	μπορώ	I can hop on one foot.
6	cap	nounshort a · CVC	καπέλο με γείσο	Sam wore a red cap.
7	cat	nounshort a · CVC	γάτα	The cat naps on the mat.
8	dad	nounshort a · CVC	1. μπαμπάς 2. πατέρας	My dad reads with me.
9	dam	nounshort a · CVC	φράγμα	The beaver made a dam.
10	fan	nounshort a · CVC	ανεμιστήρας	The fan keeps us cool.

The Bat in the Bag

Reading practice for pages 1–3. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Sam finds a bat in a bag. It is not a bad bat; it is a toy. Sam can take the bag in a cab to show his friend.

Greek translation

Ο Σαμ βρίσκει μια νυχτερίδα σε μια τσάντα. Δεν είναι κακή νυχτερίδα· είναι παιχνίδι. Ο Σαμ μπορεί να πάρει την τσάντα με ταξί για να τη δείξει στον φίλο του.

Reading comprehension

1. What is inside the bag?

A toy bat is inside the bag.

2. Is the bat bad?

No, the bat is not bad.

3. How can Sam travel?

Sam can travel in a cab.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The milk smelled ___, so we did not drink it.

Answer: bad

2. I put my book in the ___.

Answer: bag

3. A ___ flew out of the cave.

Answer: bat

4. We took a ___ home.

Answer: cab

5. I ___ hop on one foot.

Answer: can

Page 2: words 11–20

Vocabulary page 2
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
11	fat	adjectiveshort a · CVC	χοντρός	A fat caterpillar rested on the leaf.
12	gas	nounshort a · CVC	αέριο	The balloon is filled with gas.
13	ham	nounshort a · CVC	ζαμπόν	We made a ham sandwich.
14	hat	nounshort a · CVC	καπέλο	Her hat is pink.
15	jam	nounshort a · CVC	μαρμελάδα	I put jam on my toast.
16	lap	nounshort a · CVC	1. αγκαλιά 2. γόνατα	The book rests on my lap.
17	mad	adjectiveshort a · CVC	θυμωμένος	I felt mad for a moment.
18	man	nounshort a · CVC	άντρας	The man waved hello.
19	map	nounshort a · CVC	χάρτης	We found the lake on the map.
20	mat	nounshort a · CVC	χαλάκι	Wipe your shoes on the mat.

Page 2 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 2.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. We made a ___ sandwich.

Answer: ham

2. Her ___ is pink.

Answer: hat

3. I put ___ on my toast.

Answer: jam

4. The book rests on my ___.

Answer: lap

5. I felt ___ for a moment.

Answer: mad

Page 3: words 21–30

Vocabulary page 3
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
21	nap	nounshort a · CVC	υπνάκος	The baby took a nap.
22	pad	nounshort a · CVC	1. μπλοκ ζωγραφικής 2. σημειωματάριο	Draw a sun on the pad.
23	pan	nounshort a · CVC	τηγάνι	Dad warmed soup in a pan.
24	pat	verbshort a · CVC	1. χάδι 2. ελαφρύ χτύπημα	Pat the dog softly.
25	rag	nounshort a · CVC	1. πανί 2. κουρέλι	Use the rag to wipe the table.
26	ram	nounshort a · CVC	κριάρι	The ram has curved horns.
27	ran	verbshort a · CVC	έτρεξε	Mia ran to the gate.
28	rat	nounshort a · CVC	αρουραίος	The rat hid in a hole.
29	sad	adjectiveshort a · CVC	λυπημένος	The sad child needed a hug.
30	tap	verbshort a · CVC	1. χτυπώ ελαφρά 2. αγγίζω ελαφρά	Tap the drum one time.

Page 3 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 3.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ has curved horns.

Answer: ram

2. Mia ___ to the gate.

Answer: ran

3. The ___ hid in a hole.

Answer: rat

4. The ___ child needed a hug.

Answer: sad

5. ___ the drum one time.

Answer: tap

Page 4: words 31–40

Vocabulary page 4
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
31	bed	nounshort e · CVC	1. κρεβάτι 2. κλίνη	I make my bed each morning.
32	beg	verbshort e · CVC	ικετεύω	The pup may beg for a treat.
33	bet	verbshort e · CVC	1. ποντάρω 2. στοιχηματίζω	I bet the sun will shine.
34	den	nounshort e · CVC	φωλιά	The fox sleeps in its den.
35	fed	verbshort e · CVC	1. ταΐζω 2. τρέφω	I fed the fish.
36	get	verbshort e · CVC	παίρνω	Please get your coat.
37	hen	nounshort e · CVC	1. κότα 2. όρνιθα	The hen laid an egg.
38	jet	nounshort e · CVC	αναβλύζω	The jet flew above us.
39	leg	nounshort e · CVC	πόδι	I can stand on one leg.
40	let	verbshort e · CVC	1. επιτρέπω 2. αφήνω	Let Kim join the game.

A Trip in the Jet

Reading practice for pages 4–6. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Meg sits in a jet with a blanket on her leg. She wants her little dog beside her, but pets must stay in a safe bed. Meg does not beg; she will let the dog rest.

Greek translation

Η Μεγκ κάθεται σε ένα τζετ με μια κουβέρτα πάνω στο πόδι της. Θέλει το μικρό της σκυλάκι δίπλα της, αλλά τα κατοικίδια πρέπει να μένουν σε ένα ασφαλές κρεβατάκι. Η Μεγκ δεν παρακαλάει· θα αφήσει το σκυλάκι να ξεκουραστεί.

Reading comprehension

1. Where is Meg sitting?

Meg is sitting in a jet.

2. What is on her leg?

A blanket is on her leg.

3. What will Meg let the dog do?

Meg will let the dog rest.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ flew above us.

Answer: jet

2. I can stand on one ___.

Answer: leg

3. ___ Kim join the game.

Answer: let

4. I make my ___ each morning.

Answer: bed

5. The pup may ___ for a treat.

Answer: beg

Page 5: words 41–50

Vocabulary page 5
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
41	men	nounshort e · CVC	άνθρωποι	The men carried the box.
42	met	verbshort e · CVC	γνωρίζω	I met my teacher today.
43	net	nounshort e · CVC	1. δίχτυ 2. απόχη	The fish swam near the net.
44	peg	nounshort e · CVC	ούπα	Hang the bag on the peg.
45	pen	nounshort e · CVC	1. στυλό 2. στιλό	Write your name with a pen.
46	pet	nounshort e · CVC	κατοικίδιο	My pet likes to play.
47	red	adjectiveshort e · CVC	1. κόκκινος 2. ερυθρός	The bus is red.
48	set	verbshort e · CVC	1. βάζω 2. διαδραματίζομαι 3. εκτυλίσσομαι	Set the cup on the table.
49	ten	numbershort e · CVC	1. δέκα 2. ι΄	I have ten fingers.
50	vet	nounshort e · CVC	ελέγχω	The vet checked our dog.

Page 5 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 5.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ carried the box.

Answer: men

2. I ___ my teacher today.

Answer: met

3. The fish swam near the ___.

Answer: net

4. Hang the bag on the ___.

Answer: peg

5. Write your name with a ___.

Answer: pen

Page 6: words 51–60

Vocabulary page 6
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
51	web	nounshort e · CVC	1. δίχτυ 2. ιστός 3. πλέγμα	A spider sat on its web.
52	wet	adjectiveshort e · CVC	υγρός	My socks got wet.
53	yes	interjectionshort e · CVC	ναι	I said yes to the invitation.
54	yet	adverbshort e · CVC	ακόμα	The bus is not here yet.
55	hem	nounshort e · CVC	στρίφωμα	The hem of my skirt is neat.
56	led	verbshort e · CVC	μόλυβδος	Our teacher led us to the library.
57	wed	verbshort e · CVC	παντρεύομαι	The two bears wed at the end of the story.
58	bell	nounshort e · CVC	1. καμπάνα 2. κουδούνι	The school bell rang.
59	sell	verbshort e · CVC	1. πουλάω 2. πουλώ	They sell fruit at the market.
60	tell	verbshort e · CVC	1. λέω 2. καταλαβαίνω	Tell me about your drawing.

Page 6 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 6.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A spider sat on its ___.

Answer: web

2. My socks got ___.

Answer: wet

3. I said ___ to the invitation.

Answer: yes

4. The bus is not here ___.

Answer: yet

5. The ___ of my skirt is neat.

Answer: hem

Page 7: words 61–70

Vocabulary page 7
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
61	bib	nounshort i · CVC	σαλιάρα	The baby wore a bib.
62	bid	nounshort i · CVC	προσφορά	Dad made a bid at the sale.
63	big	adjectiveshort i · CVC	μεγάλος	We saw a big tree.
64	bin	nounshort i · CVC	1. κάδος απορριμμάτων 2. κάδος	Put the paper in the bin.
65	bit	nounshort i · CVC	1. δυφίο 2. μπιτ 3. δυαδικό ψηφίο	I ate a bit of cheese.
66	did	verbshort i · CVC	κάνω	I did my homework.
67	dig	verbshort i · CVC	σκάβω	We dig with a small shovel.
68	dim	adjectiveshort i · CVC	1. σκοτεινός 2. αχνός 3. αμυδρός	The light is dim.
69	dip	verbshort i · CVC	βυθίζω	Dip the brush in paint.
70	fig	nounshort i · CVC	σύκο	The fig was soft and sweet.

The Tiny Map

Reading practice for pages 7–9. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Tim did find a map in the bin. The room was dim, but he could see a bit of red ink. The map told him to dig near the old tree.

Greek translation

Ο Τιμ όντως βρήκε έναν χάρτη στον κάδο. Το δωμάτιο ήταν σκοτεινό, αλλά μπορούσε να δει λίγη κόκκινη μελάνη. Ο χάρτης του έλεγε να σκάψει κοντά στο γέρικο δέντρο.

Reading comprehension

1. Where did Tim find the map?

Tim found the map in the bin.

2. Why was the map hard to see?

The room was dim.

3. What did the map tell Tim to do?

It told Tim to dig near the old tree.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Put the paper in the ___.

Answer: bin

2. I ate a ___ of cheese.

Answer: bit

3. I ___ my homework.

Answer: did

4. We ___ with a small shovel.

Answer: dig

5. The light is ___.

Answer: dim

Page 8: words 71–80

Vocabulary page 8
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
71	fin	nounshort i · CVC	πτερύγιο	The fish has a blue fin.
72	fit	verbshort i · CVC	ταιριάζω	These shoes fit me well.
73	fix	verbshort i · CVC	διορθώνω	Can you fix the toy?
74	him	pronounshort i · CVC	καλός	Please give the ball to him.
75	hip	nounshort i · CVC	ισχίο	Put your hand on your hip.
76	hit	verbshort i · CVC	χτυπώ	Hit the ball with the bat.
77	kid	nounshort i · CVC	1. κατσικάκι 2. κατσίκι	The kid drew a bright star.
78	lid	nounshort i · CVC	καπάκι	Put the lid on the jar.
79	lip	nounshort i · CVC	1. χείλος 2. χείλι	She bit her lower lip.
80	mix	verbshort i · CVC	αναμιγνύω	Mix the flour and water.

Page 8 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 8.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ the ball with the bat.

Answer: hit

2. The ___ drew a bright star.

Answer: kid

3. Put the ___ on the jar.

Answer: lid

4. She bit her lower ___.

Answer: lip

5. ___ the flour and water.

Answer: mix

Page 9: words 81–90

Vocabulary page 9
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
81	nip	verbshort i · CVC	δαγκωνιά	The crab may nip a finger.
82	pig	nounshort i · CVC	1. γουρούνι 2. χοίρος	The pig rolled in mud.
83	pin	nounshort i · CVC	καρφίτσα	Use a pin to hold the cloth.
84	pit	nounshort i · CVC	λάκκος	Do not step into the pit.
85	rib	nounshort i · CVC	1. πλευρό 2. παΐδι 3. πλευρά	A rib protects the lungs.
86	rim	nounshort i · CVC	ζάντα	The ball hit the rim.
87	rip	verbshort i · CVC	τρώω	Do not rip the paper.
88	sip	nounshort i · CVC	γουλιά	Take a sip of water.
89	sit	verbshort i · CVC	κάθομαι	Sit beside me.
90	wig	nounshort i · CVC	περούκα	The clown wore a purple wig.

Page 9 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 9.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ beside me.

Answer: sit

2. The clown wore a purple ___.

Answer: wig

3. The crab may ___ a finger.

Answer: nip

4. The ___ rolled in mud.

Answer: pig

5. Use a ___ to hold the cloth.

Answer: pin

Page 10: words 91–100

Vocabulary page 10
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
91	bog	nounshort o · CVC	έλος	Frogs live near the bog.
92	box	nounshort o · CVC	1. κιβώτιο 2. κουτί 3. κασόνι	The gift is in the box.
93	cob	nounshort o · CVC	ιππάριο	Corn grows on a cob.
94	cod	nounshort o · CVC	μπακαλιάρος	The cod swam in cold water.
95	cog	nounshort o · CVC	δόντι	The small cog began to turn.
96	cot	nounshort o · CVC	κούνια	The child slept on a cot.
97	dog	nounshort o · CVC	1. σκύλος 2. σκυλί	The dog can run fast.
98	dot	nounshort o · CVC	1. κουκίδα 2. τελεία	Put a dot on the page.
99	fog	nounshort o · CVC	ομίχλη	The fog hid the hill.
100	fox	nounshort o · CVC	αλεπού	The red fox ran away.

The Box by the Bog

Reading practice for pages 10–12. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A box sits beside the bog. Inside it are a corn cob, a toy cod, and one small cog. Jo puts each odd thing back before the rain begins.

Greek translation

Ένα κουτί βρίσκεται δίπλα στον βάλτο. Μέσα του υπάρχουν ένα καλαμπόκι, ένας παιχνιδένιος μπακαλιάρος και ένα μικρό γρανάζι. Ο Τζο βάζει κάθε παράξενο πράγμα πίσω πριν αρχίσει η βροχή.

Reading comprehension

1. Where is the box?

The box is beside the bog.

2. What food is in the box?

A corn cob is in the box.

3. What machine part is in the box?

A small cog is in the box.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Frogs live near the ___.

Answer: bog

2. The gift is in the ___.

Answer: box

3. Corn grows on a ___.

Answer: cob

4. The ___ swam in cold water.

Answer: cod

5. The small ___ began to turn.

Answer: cog

Page 11: words 101–110

Vocabulary page 11
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
101	got	verbshort o · CVC	παίρνω	I got a new book.
102	hog	nounshort o · CVC	γουρούνι	The hog ate from the trough.
103	hop	verbshort o · CVC	1. λυκίσκος 2. ζυθόχορτο	Hop over the line.
104	hot	adjectiveshort o · CVC	1. ζεστός 2. θερμός	The soup is hot.
105	job	nounshort o · CVC	1. εργασία 2. δουλειά	Her job is to teach.
106	jog	verbshort o · CVC	σκουντώ	We jog around the field.
107	log	nounshort o · CVC	1. υλοτομώ 2. κορμός 3. κούτσουρο	A frog sat on the log.
108	lot	nounshort o · CVC	αριθμός	We had a lot of fun.
109	mob	nounshort o · CVC	1. όχλος 2. σκυλολόι	A noisy mob moved down the street.
110	mop	nounshort o · CVC	σφουγγαρίστρα	Use the mop on the wet floor.

Page 11 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 11.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ ate from the trough.

Answer: hog

2. ___ over the line.

Answer: hop

3. The soup is ___.

Answer: hot

4. Her ___ is to teach.

Answer: job

5. We ___ around the field.

Answer: jog

Page 12: words 111–120

Vocabulary page 12
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
111	nod	verbshort o · CVC	νεύμα	Nod if you understand.
112	not	adverbshort o · CVC	1. δε 2. δεν 3. μη	This cup is not mine.
113	pop	verbshort o · CVC	ποπ	The bubble may pop.
114	pot	nounshort o · CVC	1. χύτρα 2. κατσαρόλα	The soup is in the pot.
115	rob	verbshort o · CVC	1. ληστεύω 2. κλέβω	It is wrong to rob anyone.
116	rod	nounshort o · CVC	1. ραβδί 2. καλάμι	The curtain hangs from a rod.
117	rot	verbshort o · CVC	σαπίζω	Old fruit can rot.
118	sob	verbshort o · CVC	1. αναφιλητό 2. λυγμός	The hurt child began to sob.
119	top	nounshort o · CVC	1. άκρο 2. κολοφώνας 3. κορυφή	The bird sat on top.
120	mom	nounshort o · CVC	μανούλα	My mom gives warm hugs.

Page 12 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 12.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The soup is in the ___.

Answer: pot

2. It is wrong to ___ anyone.

Answer: rob

3. The curtain hangs from a ___.

Answer: rod

4. Old fruit can ___.

Answer: rot

5. The hurt child began to ___.

Answer: sob

Page 13: words 121–130

Vocabulary page 13
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
121	bud	nounshort u · CVC	οφθαλμός	A flower grew from the bud.
122	bug	nounshort u · CVC	κοριός	A tiny bug crawled by.
123	bun	nounshort u · CVC	κότσος	The burger is in a bun.
124	bus	nounshort u · CVC	λεωφορείο	We ride the bus to school.
125	but	conjunctionshort u · CVC	1. αλλά 2. μα	I tried but I slipped.
126	cub	nounshort u · CVC	σκύμνος	The bear cub followed its mother.
127	cup	nounshort u · CVC	1. φλιτζάνι 2. κούπα	Fill the cup with milk.
128	cut	verbshort u · CVC	κόβω	Cut the paper carefully.
129	dug	verbshort u · CVC	βυζί	The dog dug in the yard.
130	fun	nounshort u · CVC	κέφι	The game was fun.

Fun in the Sand

Reading practice for pages 13–15. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Kim dug a small hole in the sand. She put a flower bud beside it and filled a cup with water. It was fun to build a garden, but she did not cut the new plant.

Greek translation

Η Κιμ έσκαψε μια μικρή τρύπα στην άμμο. Έβαλε δίπλα της ένα μπουμπούκι λουλουδιού και γέμισε ένα φλιτζάνι με νερό. Ήταν διασκεδαστικό να φτιάχνει έναν κήπο, αλλά δεν έκοψε το νέο φυτό.

Reading comprehension

1. What did Kim dig?

Kim dug a small hole.

2. What did she put beside it?

She put a flower bud beside it.

3. Why did she use a cup?

She used a cup to carry water.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Fill the ___ with milk.

Answer: cup

2. ___ the paper carefully.

Answer: cut

3. The dog ___ in the yard.

Answer: dug

4. The game was ___.

Answer: fun

5. A flower grew from the ___.

Answer: bud

Page 14: words 131–140

Vocabulary page 14
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
131	gum	nounshort u · CVC	ούλο	Do not swallow your gum.
132	hug	verbshort u · CVC	αγκαλιάζω	I hug my mom before school.
133	hum	verbshort u · CVC	μουρμουρίζω	Hum the tune with me.
134	hut	nounshort u · CVC	1. υπόστεγο 2. καλύβα	The hikers rested in a hut.
135	jug	nounshort u · CVC	κανάτι	The jug is full of water.
136	mud	nounshort u · CVC	1. λάσπη 2. βόρβορος 3. γύψος	The pig played in the mud.
137	mug	nounshort u · CVC	1. κύπελλο 2. κούπα	My cocoa is in a mug.
138	nun	nounshort u · CVC	μοναχή	The nun cared for the children.
139	nut	nounshort u · CVC	1. ξηρός καρπός 2. καρύδι	The squirrel found a nut.
140	pup	nounshort u · CVC	σκυλάκι	The pup chased its tail.

Page 14 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 14.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The squirrel found a ___.

Answer: nut

2. The ___ chased its tail.

Answer: pup

3. Do not swallow your ___.

Answer: gum

4. I ___ my mom before school.

Answer: hug

5. ___ the tune with me.

Answer: hum

Page 15: words 141–150

Vocabulary page 15
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
141	rub	verbshort u · CVC	τρίβω	Rub your cold hands together.
142	rug	nounshort u · CVC	εξώφυλλο	The rug feels soft.
143	run	verbshort u · CVC	τρέχω	Run to the tree.
144	rut	nounshort u · CVC	αυλάκι	The wagon wheel made a rut in the mud.
145	sub	nounshort u · CVC	υποβρύχιο	The yellow sub moved under the sea.
146	sum	nounshort u · CVC	άθροισμα	The sum of two and three is five.
147	sun	nounshort u · CVC	ήλιος	The sun is bright today.
148	tub	nounshort u · CVC	κάδος	The duck toy floats in the tub.
149	tug	verbshort u · CVC	τραβώ	Tug the rope gently.
150	yum	interjectionshort u · CVC	νόστιμος	“Yum!” said Mia after one bite.

Page 15 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 15.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ your cold hands together.

Answer: rub

2. The ___ feels soft.

Answer: rug

3. ___ to the tree.

Answer: run

4. The wagon wheel made a ___ in the mud.

Answer: rut

5. The yellow ___ moved under the sea.

Answer: sub

Page 16: words 151–160

Vocabulary page 16
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
151	and	conjunctionshort vowel · final blend	1. και 2. κι 3. ϗ	We packed apples and pears.
152	band	nounshort vowel · final blend	1. συγκρότημα 2. ορχήστρα	The band played a song.
153	bend	verbshort vowel · final blend	στροφή	Bend your knees.
154	best	adjectiveshort vowel · final blend	καλύτερος	This is my best drawing.
155	bump	verbshort vowel · final blend	σύγκρουση	Do not bump your head.
156	camp	nounshort vowel · final blend	1. κατασκηνώνω 2. κατασκήνωση 3. καταυλισμός	We slept at camp.
157	fast	adjectiveshort vowel · final blend	1. γρήγορα 2. γρήγορος 3. ταχύς	The rabbit is fast.
158	hand	nounshort vowel · final blend	χέρι	Raise your hand.
159	help	verbshort vowel · final blend	1. βοηθώ 2. συντρέχω	Please help me tie this.
160	jump	verbshort vowel · final blend	1. πηδάω 2. σαλτάρω	Jump over the puddle.

The Camp Band

Reading practice for pages 16–18. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

At camp, a band plays near the lake. Ben must bend to pick up his drum after it hits a bump. He smiles because playing music with friends is the best part of the day.

Greek translation

Στην κατασκήνωση, ένα μουσικό συγκρότημα παίζει κοντά στη λίμνη. Ο Μπεν πρέπει να σκύψει για να σηκώσει το τύμπανό του, αφού αυτό χτυπά σε ένα εξόγκωμα. Χαμογελά, γιατί το να παίζει μουσική με φίλους είναι το καλύτερο μέρος της ημέρας.

Reading comprehension

1. Where does the band play?

The band plays at camp near the lake.

2. Why does Ben bend down?

Ben bends down to pick up his drum.

3. What is the best part of his day?

Playing music with friends is the best part.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ played a song.

Answer: band

2. ___ your knees.

Answer: bend

3. This is my ___ drawing.

Answer: best

4. Do not ___ your head.

Answer: bump

5. We slept at ___.

Answer: camp

Page 17: words 161–170

Vocabulary page 17
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
161	lamp	nounshort vowel · final blend	λάμπα	Turn on the lamp.
162	left	nounshort vowel · final blend	1. αριστερά 2. αριστερός	The school is on the left.
163	lift	verbshort vowel · final blend	1. ανυψώνω 2. σηκώνω	Lift the light box.
164	lost	adjectiveshort vowel · final blend	χαμένος	I found my lost mitten.
165	milk	nounshort vowel · final blend	1. αρμέγω 2. γάλα	I drink milk with breakfast.
166	must	verbshort vowel · final blend	πρέπει	You must wear a seat belt.
167	nest	nounshort vowel · final blend	φωλιά	The eggs are in the nest.
168	pond	nounshort vowel · final blend	1. νερόλακος 2. λιμνούλα	Ducks swam in the pond.
169	sand	nounshort vowel · final blend	άμμος	We built a castle from sand.
170	send	verbshort vowel · final blend	στέλνω	Send the letter today.

Page 17 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 17.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. I drink ___ with breakfast.

Answer: milk

2. You ___ wear a seat belt.

Answer: must

3. The eggs are in the ___.

Answer: nest

4. Ducks swam in the ___.

Answer: pond

5. We built a castle from ___.

Answer: sand

Page 18: words 171–180

Vocabulary page 18
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
171	soft	adjectiveshort vowel · final blend	μαλακός	The blanket feels soft.
172	tent	nounshort vowel · final blend	σκηνή	We slept in a tent.
173	wind	nounshort vowel · final blend	1. άνεμος 2. αέρας	The wind moved the leaves.
174	gift	nounshort vowel · final blend	1. δώρο 2. δωρεά 3. χάρισμα	I made a gift for Mom.
175	pink	adjectiveshort vowel · final blend	ροζ	Her shoes are pink.
176	ring	nounshort vowel · final blend	δαχτυλίδι	The silver ring has a blue stone.
177	bank	nounshort vowel · final blend	όχθη	We sat on the river bank.
178	mask	nounshort vowel · final blend	1. μορμολύκειο 2. προσωπείο 3. προσωπίδα	The actor wore a mask.
179	desk	nounshort vowel · final blend	γραφείο	My pencil is on the desk.
180	dust	nounshort vowel · final blend	σκόνη	Wipe the dust from the shelf.

Page 18 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 18.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. We sat on the river ___.

Answer: bank

2. The actor wore a ___.

Answer: mask

3. My pencil is on the ___.

Answer: desk

4. Wipe the ___ from the shelf.

Answer: dust

5. The blanket feels ___.

Answer: soft

Page 19: words 181–190

Vocabulary page 19
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
181	black	adjectiveinitial blend · short vowel	1. μαύρο 2. μέλας 3. μαύρος	The cat has black fur.
182	clap	verbinitial blend · short vowel	χειροκροτώ	Clap for the singers.
183	class	nouninitial blend · short vowel	τάξη	Our class reads every day.
184	flag	nouninitial blend · short vowel	1. σημαία 2. λάβαρο	The flag moved in the wind.
185	flat	adjectiveinitial blend · short vowel	νεκρός	Lay the paper flat.
186	glad	adjectiveinitial blend · short vowel	χαρούμενος	I am glad you came.
187	plan	nouninitial blend · short vowel	σχέδιο	We made a plan for the day.
188	plant	nouninitial blend · short vowel	φυτεύω	Water the plant.
189	snap	verbinitial blend · short vowel	αποπαίρνω	Snap the blocks together.
190	trap	nouninitial blend · short vowel	1. παγίδα 2. δόκανο	The mouse avoided the trap.

The Black Flag

Reading practice for pages 19–21. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

The class makes a black flag for a play. A string trap keeps catching on the pole, so Mia fixes it. Everyone begins to clap when the flag rises.

Greek translation

Η τάξη φτιάχνει μια μαύρη σημαία για ένα θεατρικό έργο. Μια παγίδα με σχοινί συνεχίζει να μπλέκεται στον στύλο, έτσι η Μία τη φτιάχνει. Όλοι αρχίζουν να χειροκροτούν όταν η σημαία υψώνεται.

Reading comprehension

1. What color is the flag?

The flag is black.

2. What catches on the pole?

A string trap catches on the pole.

3. Why does everyone clap?

Everyone claps because the flag rises.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The mouse avoided the ___.

Answer: trap

2. The cat has ___ fur.

Answer: black

3. ___ for the singers.

Answer: clap

4. Our ___ reads every day.

Answer: class

5. The ___ moved in the wind.

Answer: flag

Page 20: words 191–200

Vocabulary page 20
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
191	brick	nouninitial blend · short vowel	1. τούβλο 2. πλίνθος	The wall is made of brick.
192	clip	nouninitial blend · short vowel	πένσα	Use a clip for the papers.
193	drip	verbinitial blend · short vowel	στάζω	Water can drip from the tap.
194	frog	nouninitial blend · short vowel	βάτραχος	The frog jumped into the pond.
195	grin	nouninitial blend · short vowel	χαμογελώ	His grin showed his joy.
196	skip	verbinitial blend · short vowel	χοροπηδώ	Skip across the playground.
197	spin	verbinitial blend · short vowel	1. περιστρέφω 2. ιδιοστροφορμή	The wheel can spin.
198	swim	verbinitial blend · short vowel	1. κολυμπάω 2. κολυμπώ	We swim in the pool.
199	stop	verbinitial blend · short vowel	1. σταματώ 2. παύω	Stop at the red light.
200	drum	nouninitial blend · short vowel	τύμπανο	Tap the drum softly.

Page 20 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 20.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The wall is made of ___.

Answer: brick

2. Use a ___ for the papers.

Answer: clip

3. Water can ___ from the tap.

Answer: drip

4. The ___ jumped into the pond.

Answer: frog

5. His ___ showed his joy.

Answer: grin

Page 21: words 201–210

Vocabulary page 21
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
201	drop	nouninitial blend · short vowel	1. σταγόνα 2. στάλα	A drop of rain hit my nose.
202	plum	nouninitial blend · short vowel	δαμάσκηνο	The plum tasted sweet.
203	plug	nouninitial blend · short vowel	φις	Put the plug in safely with an adult.
204	crab	nouninitial blend · short vowel	1. καβούρι 2. καρκίνος	The crab walked sideways.
205	grab	verbinitial blend · short vowel	συνεπαίρνω	Grab your coat.
206	drag	verbinitial blend · short vowel	σέρνω	Do not drag your bag.
207	sled	nouninitial blend · short vowel	έλκηθρο	The red sled went down the hill.
208	slip	verbinitial blend · short vowel	γλιστρώ	Be careful not to slip on the ice.
209	twin	nouninitial blend · short vowel	δίδυμος	Her twin has the same smile.
210	step	nouninitial blend · short vowel	διασκελισμός	Take one step forward.

Page 21 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 21.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Put the ___ in safely with an adult.

Answer: plug

2. The ___ walked sideways.

Answer: crab

3. ___ your coat.

Answer: grab

4. Do not ___ your bag.

Answer: drag

5. The red ___ went down the hill.

Answer: sled

Page 22: words 211–220

Vocabulary page 22
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
211	bath	noundigraph · short vowel	1. μπάνιο 2. λουτρό 3. λούσιμο	The baby had a warm bath.
212	cash	noundigraph · short vowel	1. μετρητά 2. ρευστό 3. τοις μετρητοίς	Dad paid with cash.
213	chat	noundigraph · short vowel	1. ψιλοκουβεντιάζω 2. συνομιλώ 3. συνομιλία	We had a chat after class.
214	chin	noundigraph · short vowel	1. σαγόνι 2. πηγούνι	Touch your chin.
215	chip	noundigraph · short vowel	1. πελεκούδι 2. ροκανίδι 3. θραύσμα	A chip fell from the rock.
216	fish	noundigraph · short vowel	1. ψάρι 2. ιχθύς	The fish has shiny scales.
217	shop	noundigraph · short vowel	1. εργαστήριο 2. συνεργείο	We went to the toy shop.
218	shut	verbdigraph · short vowel	κλείνω	Shut the door gently.
219	thin	adjectivedigraph · short vowel	1. αδύνατος 2. λεπτός	The paper is thin.
220	this	pronoundigraph · short vowel	1. αυτός 2. τούτος 3. ετούτος	This is my seat.

A Fish at the Shop

Reading practice for pages 22–24. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Lee goes to the shop for a fish tank. A thin chip of wood blocks the door, so it will not shut. Lee moves the chip and carries the tank home.

Greek translation

Ο Λι πηγαίνει στο μαγαζί για ένα ενυδρείο. Ένα λεπτό κομματάκι ξύλου μπλοκάρει την πόρτα, έτσι δεν κλείνει. Ο Λι μετακινεί το κομματάκι και κουβαλάει το ενυδρείο στο σπίτι.

Reading comprehension

1. Why does Lee visit the shop?

Lee visits the shop for a fish tank.

2. What blocks the door?

A thin chip of wood blocks the door.

3. What does Lee do with the chip?

Lee moves the chip.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A ___ fell from the rock.

Answer: chip

2. The ___ has shiny scales.

Answer: fish

3. We went to the toy ___.

Answer: shop

4. ___ the door gently.

Answer: shut

5. The paper is ___.

Answer: thin

Page 23: words 221–230

Vocabulary page 23
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
221	that	pronoundigraph · short vowel	1. αυτός 2. αυτή 3. αυτό	That is my blue bag.
222	then	adverbdigraph · short vowel	τότε	Wash your hands then eat.
223	when	adverbdigraph · short vowel	1. πότε 2. όταν	When will the bus come?
224	whip	verbdigraph · short vowel	χτυπάω	Whip the cream with an adult.
225	wish	verbdigraph · short vowel	εύχομαι	Make a wish.
226	rich	adjectivedigraph · short vowel	1. πλούσιος 2. εύπορος	The garden has rich, dark soil.
227	much	determinerdigraph · short vowel	πολύ	We do not need much water.
228	such	determinerdigraph · short vowel	τόσος	It was such a fun day.
229	duck	noundigraph · short vowel	1. κάνω πατητή 2. πάπια 3. νήσσα	The duck swam with her chicks.
230	kick	verbdigraph · short vowel	1. κλοτσώ 2. κλοτσάω	Kick the ball to me.

Page 23 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 23.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. It was ___ a fun day.

Answer: such

2. The ___ swam with her chicks.

Answer: duck

3. ___ the ball to me.

Answer: kick

4. ___ is my blue bag.

Answer: that

5. Wash your hands ___ eat.

Answer: then

Page 24: words 231–240

Vocabulary page 24
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
231	rock	noundigraph · short vowel	1. πέτρα 2. πολύτιμος λίθος 3. πέτρωμα	I found a smooth rock.
232	sock	noundigraph · short vowel	1. κάλτσα 2. περιπόδιο	I lost one sock.
233	neck	noundigraph · short vowel	1. λαιμός 2. αυχένας	The scarf keeps my neck warm.
234	back	noundigraph · short vowel	1. πλάτη 2. ράχη	The backpack rests on my back.
235	pack	verbdigraph · short vowel	αγέλη	We pack lunch for the trip.
236	check	verbdigraph · short vowel	επαληθεύω	Check your work before you finish.
237	shell	noundigraph · short vowel	κέλυφος	I found a shell on the beach.
238	brush	verbdigraph · short vowel	βουρτσίζω	Brush your teeth twice a day.
239	lunch	noundigraph · short vowel	1. γεύμα 2. μεσημεριανό	We ate lunch at noon.
240	branch	noundigraph · short vowel	1. κλαδί 2. κλαρί	A bird sat on the branch.

Page 24 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 24.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A bird sat on the ___.

Answer: branch

2. I found a smooth ___.

Answer: rock

3. I lost one ___.

Answer: sock

4. The scarf keeps my ___ warm.

Answer: neck

5. The backpack rests on my ___.

Answer: back

Page 25: words 241–250

Vocabulary page 25
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
241	blend	verbshort vowel · consonant cluster	ανακατεύω	Blend the fruit and milk.
242	block	nounshort vowel · consonant cluster	μπλοκ	Put the block on the tower.
243	clock	nounshort vowel · consonant cluster	1. ρολόι 2. ωρολόγιο	The clock says nine.
244	crust	nounshort vowel · consonant cluster	1. φλοιός 2. επίπαγος	I ate the pizza crust.
245	stamp	nounshort vowel · consonant cluster	σφραγίδα	Put a stamp on the letter.
246	stand	verbshort vowel · consonant cluster	στέκομαι	Please stand in a line.
247	track	nounshort vowel · consonant cluster	ίχνος	We followed the animal track.
248	trust	verbshort vowel · consonant cluster	εμπιστεύομαι	I trust my teacher.
249	grand	adjectiveshort vowel · consonant cluster	μεγάλος	The grand castle had ten towers.
250	grass	nounshort vowel · consonant cluster	1. χορτάρι 2. χόρτο	The grass is wet.

The Clock Tower

Reading practice for pages 25–27. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Nia visits the clock tower on her block. She eats the crust of her sandwich while she watches the hands move. At the gift desk, she buys a stamp with colors that blend into the sunset.

Greek translation

Η Νία επισκέπτεται τον πύργο του ρολογιού στο τετράγωνό της. Τρώει την κόρα από το σάντουιτς της καθώς παρακολουθεί τους δείκτες να κινούνται. Στον πάγκο με τα δώρα, αγοράζει ένα γραμματόσημο με χρώματα που σβήνουν μέσα στο ηλιοβασίλεμα.

Reading comprehension

1. What tower does Nia visit?

Nia visits the clock tower.

2. What part of the sandwich does she eat?

She eats the crust.

3. What does she buy?

She buys a stamp.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ the fruit and milk.

Answer: blend

2. Put the ___ on the tower.

Answer: block

3. The ___ says nine.

Answer: clock

4. I ate the pizza ___.

Answer: crust

5. Put a ___ on the letter.

Answer: stamp

Page 26: words 251–260

Vocabulary page 26
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
251	fresh	adjectiveshort vowel · consonant cluster	1. φρέσκος 2. πρόσφατος 3. νέος	The bread is fresh.
252	chest	nounshort vowel · consonant cluster	1. στήθος 2. θώρακας 3. στέρνο	The medal hung on his chest.
253	smell	verbshort vowel · consonant cluster	μυρίζω	Smell the fresh flower.
254	spell	verbshort vowel · consonant cluster	1. γράφω ορθογραφημένα 2. συλλαβίζω	Can you spell cat?
255	snack	nounshort vowel · consonant cluster	κολατσιό	I ate an apple for a snack.
256	stack	nounshort vowel · consonant cluster	στοίβα	Make a stack of blocks.
257	stuck	adjectiveshort vowel · consonant cluster	φρακάρω	The wheel is stuck in mud.
258	truck	nounshort vowel · consonant cluster	1. φορτηγό 2. φορτάμαξα 3. νταλίκα	The truck carried sand.
259	cluck	verbshort vowel · consonant cluster	1. κακάρισμα 2. κοκό 3. κακαρίζω	We heard the hen cluck.
260	crack	nounshort vowel · consonant cluster	1. ρωγμή 2. ρήγμα 3. ράγισμα	There is a crack in the old cup.

Page 26 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 26.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ the fresh flower.

Answer: smell

2. Can you ___ cat?

Answer: spell

3. I ate an apple for a ___.

Answer: snack

4. Make a ___ of blocks.

Answer: stack

5. The wheel is ___ in mud.

Answer: stuck

Page 27: words 261–270

Vocabulary page 27
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
261	dress	nounshort vowel · consonant cluster	φόρεμα	Her blue dress has two pockets.
262	press	verbshort vowel · consonant cluster	1. τύπος 2. πρέσα	Press the button once.
263	cross	verbshort vowel · consonant cluster	διασχίζω	We cross the road with an adult.
264	frost	nounshort vowel · consonant cluster	1. παγετός 2. παγωνιά	White frost covered the grass.
265	print	verbshort vowel · consonant cluster	1. εκτυπώνω 2. τυπώνω	Print your name on the line.
266	crisp	adjectiveshort vowel · consonant cluster	τραγανιστός	The apple is crisp and sweet.
267	grasp	verbshort vowel · consonant cluster	1. πιάνω 2. κατανοώ	Grasp the rail with both hands.
268	swing	nounshort vowel · consonant cluster	1. κουνώ 2. κούνια	I took a turn on the swing.
269	twist	verbshort vowel · consonant cluster	στρίβω	Twist the lid to open the jar.
270	blast	nounshort vowel · consonant cluster	1. ανοίγω 2. έκρηξη	A loud blast came from the horn.

Page 27 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 27.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The apple is ___ and sweet.

Answer: crisp

2. ___ the rail with both hands.

Answer: grasp

3. I took a turn on the ___.

Answer: swing

4. ___ the lid to open the jar.

Answer: twist

5. A loud ___ came from the horn.

Answer: blast

Page 28: words 271–280

Vocabulary page 28
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
271	bake	verbsilent e · long vowel	ψήνω	We bake bread on Saturday.
272	cake	nounsilent e · long vowel	1. τούρτα 2. κέικ	The cake has pink frosting.
273	game	nounsilent e · long vowel	παιχνίδι	We played a matching game.
274	lake	nounsilent e · long vowel	λίμνη	Ducks swam across the lake.
275	make	verbsilent e · long vowel	1. φτιάχνω 2. κατασκευάζω 3. κάνω	We make a kite from paper.
276	name	nounsilent e · long vowel	όνομα	Write your name at the top.
277	same	adjectivesilent e · long vowel	ίδιος	We chose the same color.
278	tape	nounsilent e · long vowel	ταινία	Use tape to fix the torn page.
279	wave	verbsilent e · long vowel	γνέφω	Wave goodbye to the bus driver.
280	bike	nounsilent e · long vowel	ποδήλατο	I wear a helmet on my bike.

Cake by the Lake

Reading practice for pages 28–30. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Zoe rides her bike to the lake. She gives a wave to Dad, who has come to bake a cake. They use tape to hold a paper tablecloth while the wind blows.

Greek translation

Η Ζόι πηγαίνει με το ποδήλατό της στη λίμνη. Χαιρετά με το χέρι τον μπαμπά, που έχει έρθει να ψήσει ένα κέικ. Χρησιμοποιούν κολλητική ταινία για να κρατήσουν ένα χάρτινο τραπεζομάντιλο στη θέση του, ενώ φυσάει ο άνεμος.

Reading comprehension

1. How does Zoe reach the lake?

Zoe rides her bike to the lake.

2. What will Dad bake?

Dad will bake a cake.

3. Why do they use tape?

They use tape to hold the tablecloth.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Use ___ to fix the torn page.

Answer: tape

2. ___ goodbye to the bus driver.

Answer: wave

3. I wear a helmet on my ___.

Answer: bike

4. We ___ bread on Saturday.

Answer: bake

5. The ___ has pink frosting.

Answer: cake

Page 29: words 281–290

Vocabulary page 29
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
281	five	numbersilent e · long vowel	1. πέντε 2. ε΄	Five ducks walked to the pond.
282	hide	verbsilent e · long vowel	1. κρύβομαι 2. κρύβω	The rabbit can hide behind the log.
283	hike	nounsilent e · long vowel	πεζοπορία	Our family took a hike in the hills.
284	kite	nounsilent e · long vowel	χαρταετός	The kite rose above the trees.
285	like	verbsilent e · long vowel	1. αρέσει 2. αρέσκομαι 3. προτιμώ	I like the song we learned.
286	line	nounsilent e · long vowel	γραμμή	Draw a straight line under the word.
287	mine	pronounsilent e · long vowel	1. δικός μου 2. δικιά μου 3. δική μου	The blue cup is mine.
288	ride	verbsilent e · long vowel	καβαλάω	We ride the bus to school.
289	time	nounsilent e · long vowel	1. ώρα 2. χρόνος 3. καιρός	It is time to clean up.
290	home	nounsilent e · long vowel	1. άσυλο 2. σπίτι 3. σπιτικό	We walked home after school.

Page 29 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 29.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ ducks walked to the pond.

Answer: five

2. The rabbit can ___ behind the log.

Answer: hide

3. Our family took a ___ in the hills.

Answer: hike

4. The ___ rose above the trees.

Answer: kite

5. I ___ the song we learned.

Answer: like

Page 30: words 291–300

Vocabulary page 30
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
291	hope	verbsilent e · long vowel	ελπίζω	I hope the rain stops soon.
292	note	nounsilent e · long vowel	1. σημείωμα 2. νότα	Dad left a note on the table.
293	nose	nounsilent e · long vowel	μύτη	The puppy has a wet nose.
294	rope	nounsilent e · long vowel	1. σχοινί 2. σκοινί	Hold the rope with both hands.
295	rose	nounsilent e · long vowel	1. τριαντάφυλλο 2. ρόδο	A red rose grew by the gate.
296	cube	nounsilent e · long vowel	κύβος	The ice cube melted in the cup.
297	cute	adjectivesilent e · long vowel	1. χαριτωμένος 2. χαριτωμένη 3. χαριτωμένο	The cute pup chased its tail.
298	mule	nounsilent e · long vowel	1. μουλάρι 2. ημίονος	The mule carried a light pack.
299	tube	nounsilent e · long vowel	σωλήνας	The paint comes in a small tube.
300	use	verbsilent e · long vowel	συνηθίζω	Use a ruler to draw the line.

Page 30 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 30.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. I ___ the rain stops soon.

Answer: hope

2. Dad left a ___ on the table.

Answer: note

3. The puppy has a wet ___.

Answer: nose

4. Hold the ___ with both hands.

Answer: rope

5. A red ___ grew by the gate.

Answer: rose

Sources and curriculum references

These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.