English Vocabulary · Grade 9 Live Review Preview

9th Grade Vocabulary Words

Ninth grade marks the transition to high-school reading and writing across literature, argument, research, biology, physical and Earth science, algebra, computing, world history, civics, and geography. This level develops precise academic and domain-specific vocabulary while strengthening context, nuance, source evaluation, figurative language, and evidence-based communication.

This independently authored 800-word beta curriculum is arranged in twenty-three pages of up to thirty-five words. Pages containing words 1–500 include five cloze questions drawn only from that enhanced range; words 501–800 remain fully visible and editable as list pages while the expanded practice layer is developed. Each row includes a subject-field label and an editable word-study note about a transparent affix, compound structure, capitalization, or dictionary base form. The cited Grade 9 resources calibrate difficulty and study skills only; all learner-facing definitions, examples, quizzes, and descriptions are original KSSR copy.

Please note: the vocabulary lists for grades 9~11 have been selected to ensure no overlap with the previous grade level. If the words are too specialized or difficult for you, please go back to grade levels 4~8 and review the words on those pages.

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Page 1: words 1–35

Vocabulary page 1
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1	abstraction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. trừu tượng 2. trừu tượng hoá	Freedom is an abstraction that different societies define in different ways.
2	traceability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	truy xuất nguồn gốc	Batch numbers provide traceability from a packaged food to the factory that produced it.
3	acquisition	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. được 3. giành	Regular conversation supports the acquisition of a new language.
4	adequacy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: adequacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Sự 2. đầy	The committee questioned the adequacy of the building's fire exits.
5	annotation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. chú giải 3. chú thích	Her annotation beside the graph identifies a sudden change in the trend.
6	anticipation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. dùng 3. trước	In anticipation of heavy rain, workers cleared leaves from the drains.
7	applicability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. Tính 2. dụng	The scientist discussed the applicability of the small study to a larger population.
8	assessment	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. giá 2. đánh thuế 3. đánh giá	The engineer's assessment found that the old bridge needed immediate repair.
9	authenticity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. Tính 2. thật 3. xác	Experts tested the ink to determine the letter's authenticity.
10	causation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. tạo 3. kết quả	A correlation between two trends does not by itself prove causation.
11	comparability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	khả năng so sánh	Using the same measurement method improves comparability between the experiments.
12	compilation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. biên dịch 2. biên soạn 3. sưu tập	The archive published a compilation of diaries from the expedition.
13	conceptualization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	khái niệm hóa	Her conceptualization of the problem changed after she interviewed local residents.
14	consistency	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: consistency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kiên định 2. trước sau 3. nhất quán	Reviewers checked the report for consistency between its tables and conclusions.
15	corpus	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: corpus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ngữ liệu 2. Tập 3. sao lục	Linguists searched the corpus to see how the expression changed over time.
16	cross-check	verb Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: cross + check. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Kiểm tra 2. chéo	Before publishing the date, the reporter will cross-check it against the court record.
17	deductive reasoning	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: deductive + reasoning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	suy luận suy diễn	Deductive reasoning shows that if all metals conduct heat and copper is a metal, copper conducts heat.
18	descriptive statistics	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: descriptive + statistics. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	thống kê mô tả	The report uses descriptive statistics such as the mean and range to summarize survey results.
19	evidence hierarchy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: evidence + hierarchy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hệ thống phân cấp bằng chứng	In medicine, an evidence hierarchy usually places systematic research above personal anecdotes.
20	fact-checking	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: fact + checking. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	kiểm tra thực tế	Careful fact-checking revealed that the viral photograph came from an earlier event.
21	generalizability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	tính khái quát	A study of ten volunteers has limited generalizability to an entire country.
22	inductive reasoning	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: inductive + reasoning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Lập 2. luận 3. quy nạp	Through inductive reasoning, the botanist proposed a pattern after observing many plants.
23	information literacy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: information + literacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	kiến thức thông tin	Information literacy helps students distinguish a reliable report from a misleading post.
24	logical consistency	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: logical + consistency. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tính nhất quán logic	The argument lacks logical consistency because its conclusion rejects its first premise.
25	media literacy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: media + literacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	kiến thức truyền thông	Media literacy encourages viewers to ask who produced an advertisement and why.
26	objectivity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. Tính 2. khách quan	Using a scoring guide can improve objectivity when several judges evaluate the same work.
27	peer-reviewed	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: peer + reviewed. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	được bình duyệt	The student chose a peer-reviewed article instead of an unsigned blog post.
28	qualifier	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: qualifier is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. từ định tính 2. Ngôn từ 3. hạn định	The qualifier “in most cases” prevents the claim from sounding absolute.
29	reproducibility	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. Tính 2. tái sản xuất 3. sản	Detailed procedures allow scientists to test the reproducibility of an experiment.
30	research question	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: research + question. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	câu hỏi nghiên cứu	The research question asks how street lighting affects moth populations.
31	scholarly	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: scholarly is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	học thuật	A scholarly article normally cites the evidence on which its claims depend.
32	source criticism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: source + criticism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nguồn phê bình	Source criticism helped the historian recognize that the speech was political propaganda.
33	statistical significance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: statistical + significance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ý nghĩa thống kê	The trial found statistical significance, but researchers still considered whether the effect was useful.
34	systematic review	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: systematic + review. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	đánh giá có hệ thống	A systematic review compared dozens of trials on the same treatment.
35	triangulation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Phép 2. đạc 3. tam giác	The journalist used triangulation by comparing interviews, photographs, and official records.

Judging a Research Claim

Reading practice for pages 1–3. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A peer-reviewed study begins with careful conceptualization: researchers define exactly what they intend to measure. An abstraction such as “community trust” must become observable questions or behaviors. Objectivity does not mean researchers lack perspectives; it means they use transparent methods and apply them with consistency so other scholars can evaluate the claim.

Vietnamese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What happens during conceptualization?

Researchers define what they intend to measure.

2. Why must an abstraction become observable?

Observable measures allow the idea to be studied.

3. How do researchers support objectivity?

They use transparent methods consistently.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Her ___ of the problem changed after she interviewed local residents.

Answer: conceptualization

2. Using a scoring guide can improve ___ when several judges evaluate the same work.

Answer: objectivity

3. Freedom is an ___ that different societies define in different ways.

Answer: abstraction

4. Reviewers checked the report for ___ between its tables and conclusions.

Answer: consistency

5. The student chose a ___ article instead of an unsigned blog post.

Answer: peer-reviewed

Page 2: words 36–70

Vocabulary page 2
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
36	verifiability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	khả năng kiểm chứng	A precise citation increases the verifiability of a historical claim.
37	working hypothesis	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: working + hypothesis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	giả thuyết làm việc	The team treated soil acidity as a working hypothesis rather than a proven cause.
38	exemplification	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. minh hoạ 3. bằng	The essay uses exemplification by describing one neighborhood that reduced food waste.
39	qualification	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. cho là 2. gọi là 3. tính chất	The author adds a qualification because the policy does not affect every resident equally.
40	concession	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. nhượng 2. nhượng bộ 3. nhường	The debate response begins with a concession that the proposal would require extra funding.
41	rebuttal	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: rebuttal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Sự 2. bác bỏ	Her rebuttal shows that the cited survey excluded rural voters.
42	assertion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Sự đòi (quyền lợi	The article makes the assertion that the lake is clean but provides no water-quality data.
43	coherence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. sự gắn với nhau 2. sự dính với nhau 3. sự kết lại với nhau	Repeated key terms give the essay coherence from one paragraph to the next.
44	supporting detail	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: supporting + detail. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chi tiết hỗ trợ	The temperature record is a supporting detail for the paragraph about climate change.
45	peer review	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: peer + review. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Quá trình 2. học thuật 3. bản thảo	Peer review prompted the researcher to clarify how participants were selected.
46	intellectual property	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: intellectual + property. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Sở hữu 2. trí tuệ	A patent is one way the law can protect intellectual property.
47	paraphrasing	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: paraphrasing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	diễn giải	Effective paraphrasing changes both the vocabulary and the sentence structure of the source.
48	close reading	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: close + reading. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	đọc kỹ	A close reading of the final stanza reveals a shift from anger to acceptance.
49	context clue	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: context + clue. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	manh mối bối cảnh	The phrase “unable to bend” provides a context clue for the word rigid.
50	reference work	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: reference + work. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	công việc tham khảo	An etymological dictionary is a reference work for studying word origins.
51	root word	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: root + word. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Căn tố 2. căn ngữ	Help is the root word in helpful and helpless.
52	conclusive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	kết luận	One blurry photograph is not conclusive evidence that the rare bird has returned.
53	scrutiny	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: scrutiny is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. nhìn 2. chăm chú 3. kỹ	The budget came under scrutiny after auditors found several unexplained payments.
54	rationale	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: rationale is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Lý do 2. căn bản 3. nhân tố	The proposal states the rationale for preserving the wetland.
55	corroboration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. làm chứng 2. chứng thực 3. vững	Phone records provided corroboration for the witness's account.
56	affirmative case	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: affirmative + case. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	trường hợp khẳng định	The affirmative case argues that later school start times improve student health.
57	burden of proof	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: burden + of + proof. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	gánh nặng chứng minh	A person making an extraordinary accusation carries the burden of proof.
58	causal claim	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: causal + claim. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	yêu cầu nhân quả	The causal claim requires stronger evidence than the observation that two trends occur together.
59	counterevidence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	bằng chứng phản bác	The colder years provide counterevidence to the proposed simple pattern.
60	counterpoint	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Prefix focus: counter- means against, opposing, or responding to.	1. Đối 2. âm	The memoir offers a counterpoint to the official version of the event.
61	faulty reasoning	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: faulty + reasoning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lý luận sai lầm	The claim that one rainy day disproves climate change relies on faulty reasoning.
62	false analogy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: false + analogy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sự tương tự sai	Comparing a school to a prison is a false analogy when the differences are ignored.
63	false dilemma	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: false + dilemma. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	vấn đề nan giải sai lầm	The statement “support this plan or oppose all progress” creates a false dilemma.
64	hasty generalization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: hasty + generalization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	khái quát hóa vội vàng	Judging an entire city by one unpleasant visit is a hasty generalization.
65	loaded language	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: loaded + language. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ngôn ngữ được tải	Calling a small fee an “outrageous theft” uses loaded language.
66	logical appeal	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: logical + appeal. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	kháng cáo hợp lý	The report's logical appeal rests on cost comparisons and safety data.
67	emotional appeal	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: emotional + appeal. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sự hấp dẫn về mặt cảm xúc	The rescue photograph creates an emotional appeal for donations.
68	ethical appeal	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: ethical + appeal. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	kháng cáo đạo đức	The physician builds an ethical appeal by describing her relevant experience and standards.
69	reasoned judgment	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: reasoned + judgment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phán đoán hợp lý	After comparing the risks and benefits, the panel issued a reasoned judgment.
70	rebuttal evidence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: rebuttal + evidence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bằng chứng bác bỏ	The later census figures serve as rebuttal evidence against the population claim.

Page 2 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 2.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The essay uses ___ by describing one neighborhood that reduced food waste.

Answer: exemplification

2. Help is the ___ in helpful and helpless.

Answer: root word

3. Judging an entire city by one unpleasant visit is a ___.

Answer: hasty generalization

4. The author adds a ___ because the policy does not affect every resident equally.

Answer: qualification

5. One blurry photograph is not ___ evidence that the rare bird has returned.

Answer: conclusive

Page 3: words 71–105

Vocabulary page 3
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
71	refutation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. bác 3. bẻ	The laboratory result provided a refutation of the rumor about contaminated water.
72	rhetorical situation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: rhetorical + situation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tình huống tu từ	Understanding the rhetorical situation explains why the mayor used a formal tone.
73	scope	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: scope is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Phạm vi 2. tầm 3. dịp	The paper narrows its scope to public transportation in three coastal cities.
74	synthesis matrix	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: synthesis + matrix. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ma trận tổng hợp	A synthesis matrix helped Noor compare how four authors discussed water access.
75	thesis statement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: thesis + statement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tuyên bố luận án	The thesis statement argues that the novel treats memory as both a gift and a burden.
76	citation trail	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: citation + trail. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dấu vết trích dẫn	Following the citation trail led the researcher to the original 1987 study.
77	integrated quotation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: integrated + quotation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	báo giá tích hợp	An integrated quotation supports the paragraph without interrupting its flow.
78	signal phrase	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: signal + phrase. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cụm từ tín hiệu	The signal phrase “According to marine biologist Ana Ruiz” establishes the source's expertise.
79	parenthetical citation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: parenthetical + citation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	trích dẫn trong ngoặc đơn	The parenthetical citation directs readers to the matching entry in the works cited list.
80	works cited	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: works + cited. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tác phẩm được trích dẫn	The works cited gives publication details for every article quoted in the essay.
81	source note	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: source + note. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ghi chú nguồn	The map's source note credits the national geological survey.
82	revision plan	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: revision + plan. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	kế hoạch sửa đổi	Her revision plan begins with strengthening the counterargument and reorganizing two paragraphs.
83	peer feedback	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: peer + feedback. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phản hồi ngang hàng	Peer feedback showed that the explanation needed a clearer example.
84	sentence fluency	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: sentence + fluency. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	câu trôi chảy	Varying sentence length improved the paragraph's sentence fluency.
85	parallel structure	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: parallel + structure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cấu trúc song song	“To learn, to question, and to grow” uses parallel structure.
86	logical progression	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: logical + progression. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tiến triển logic	The report has a logical progression from the problem to its causes and possible solutions.
87	transitional phrase	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: transitional + phrase. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cụm từ chuyển tiếp	The transitional phrase “on the other hand” introduces a contrast.
88	topic development	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: topic + development. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phát triển chủ đề	Facts alone do not create topic development unless the writer explains their significance.
89	formal tone	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: formal + tone. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	giọng điệu trang trọng	The application letter maintains a formal tone by avoiding slang.
90	specificity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. Đặc trưng 2. nét 3. riêng biệt	Replacing “things got better” with measured results adds specificity.
91	source synthesis	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: source + synthesis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tổng hợp nguồn	Her source synthesis compares the studies instead of summarizing each one separately.
92	citation ethics	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: citation + ethics. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	đạo đức trích dẫn	Citation ethics requires a writer to identify both direct quotations and paraphrased ideas.
93	research ethics	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: research + ethics. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	đạo đức nghiên cứu	Research ethics requires informed consent before collecting private interview data.
94	data provenance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + provenance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	xuất xứ dữ liệu	The repository preserves data provenance by naming the sensor, date, and processing steps.
95	sample bias	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: sample + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sai lệch mẫu	Surveying only morning commuters introduces sample bias into a study of all transit riders.
96	selection bias	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: selection + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	thiên hướng lựa chọn	Allowing volunteers to choose their own treatment group can create selection bias.
97	confirmation bias	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: confirmation + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Thiên kiến xác nhận	Confirmation bias may lead a reader to ignore evidence that challenges an opinion.
98	publication bias	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: publication + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	thiên vị xuất bản	Publication bias can make a treatment appear more effective than the complete evidence shows.
99	conflict of interest	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: conflict + of + interest. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	xung đột lợi ích	The reviewer disclosed a conflict of interest because she owned stock in the company.
100	replication study	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: replication + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nghiên cứu nhân rộng	A replication study found the same effect in a different city and age group.
101	narratology	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	truyện kể	Narratology examines how changes in time and point of view shape a reader's experience.
102	focalization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. tụ 2. tiêu	The chapter uses the child's focalization, so readers notice details that matter to her.
103	narrative distance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: narrative + distance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	khoảng cách tường thuật	Short, urgent thoughts reduce the narrative distance during the escape scene.
104	narrative reliability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: narrative + reliability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	độ tin cậy tường thuật	Conflicting dates make the narrator's narrative reliability increasingly doubtful.
105	nonlinear narrative	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: nonlinear + narrative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tường thuật phi tuyến tính	The nonlinear narrative moves between the trial and memories of the earlier voyage.

Page 3 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 3.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Following the ___ led the researcher to the original 1987 study.

Answer: citation trail

2. The application letter maintains a ___ by avoiding slang.

Answer: formal tone

3. The chapter uses the child's ___, so readers notice details that matter to her.

Answer: focalization

4. An ___ supports the paragraph without interrupting its flow.

Answer: integrated quotation

5. Replacing “things got better” with measured results adds ___.

Answer: specificity

Page 4: words 106–140

Vocabulary page 4
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
106	flash-forward	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: flash + forward. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Sự 2. ngừng 3. kể	A brief flash-forward reveals the abandoned town twenty years after the storm.
107	in medias res	adverb Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: in + medias + res. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	trong phương tiện truyền thông res	The epic opens in medias res, with the sailors already trapped in the whirlpool.
108	parallel plot	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: parallel + plot. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	âm mưu song song	The immigrant daughter's journey forms a parallel plot with her grandmother's wartime escape.
109	braided narrative	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: braided + narrative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	câu chuyện bện	The braided narrative joins three families through the history of one house.
110	narrative reversal	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: narrative + reversal. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	đảo ngược câu chuyện	The apparent villain's rescue of the hero creates a narrative reversal.
111	story world	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: story + world. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	thế giới câu chuyện	Maps and legends make the fantasy's story world feel internally consistent.
112	narrative frame	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: narrative + frame. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	khung kể chuyện	The interview provides a narrative frame for the explorer's recollections.
113	narrative pace	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: narrative + pace. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nhịp độ tường thuật	Brief sentences and omitted details quicken the narrative pace during the chase.
114	scene summary	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: scene + summary. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tóm tắt cảnh	A scene summary covers the uneventful months between the two expeditions.
115	temporal shift	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: temporal + shift. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sự thay đổi thời gian	The phrase “years earlier” signals a temporal shift into the character's childhood.
116	retrospective narration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: retrospective + narration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tường thuật hồi tưởng	Retrospective narration allows the older speaker to question his youthful decisions.
117	unfolding narration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: unfolding + narration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tường thuật mở ra	Unfolding narration limits the reader to clues available in the immediate moment.
118	omniscient narrator	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: omniscient + narrator. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	người kể chuyện toàn tri	The omniscient narrator moves from the captain's fear to the crew's private doubts.
119	limited narrator	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: limited + narrator. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	người kể chuyện hạn chế	Because the limited narrator follows Mei, the reader does not know what her rival planned.
120	objective narrator	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: objective + narrator. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	người kể chuyện khách quan	The objective narrator describes the argument but never explains either person's feelings.
121	anaphora	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: anaphora is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Phép 2. trùng 3. lặp	The speech uses anaphora in “We will study, we will organize, we will act.”
122	epistrophe	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: epistrophe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Hiện tượng 2. lập 3. từ	The speaker uses epistrophe by ending three sentences with “for our children.”
123	antimetabole	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: antimetabole is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	chất chống chuyển hóa	“We shape our tools, and our tools shape us” is an antimetabole.
124	chiasmus	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: chiasmus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Cách đảo đổi	The phrase “She has all my love; my heart belongs to her” forms a chiasmus.
125	asyndeton	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: asyndeton is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. bỏ 2. liên từ	The command “Run, hide, wait” uses asyndeton to create urgency.
126	polysyndeton	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Prefix focus: poly- means many.	1. Phép 2. lặp 3. liên từ	The sentence links “rain and wind and darkness” with polysyndeton to prolong the storm.
127	litotes	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: litotes is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. nói 2. giảm	Calling the championship victory “not a small achievement” uses litotes.
128	aporia	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: aporia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	lời xin lỗi	The essay uses aporia when the narrator asks whether any choice could have been just.
129	synesthesia	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: synesthesia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sự gây mê	The phrase “a sharp yellow note” uses synesthesia by combining sight and sound.
130	implied metaphor	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: implied + metaphor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ngụ ý ẩn dụ	“The rumor spread its wings” contains an implied metaphor comparing the rumor to a bird.
131	conceit	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: conceit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Tính 2. tự phụ 3. kiêu ngạo	The poem develops a conceit that compares memory to a many-roomed house.
132	sensory imagery	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: sensory + imagery. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hình ảnh cảm giác	Sensory imagery lets readers hear the shutters and smell smoke from the fire.
133	visual imagery	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: visual + imagery. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hình ảnh trực quan	Visual imagery presents the moon as a silver coin above black roofs.
134	auditory imagery	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: auditory + imagery. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hình ảnh thính giác	Auditory imagery captures the hiss of rain against the windows.
135	tactile imagery	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: tactile + imagery. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hình ảnh xúc giác	Tactile imagery makes the icy railing feel painfully cold.
136	olfactory imagery	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: olfactory + imagery. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hình ảnh khứu giác	Olfactory imagery fills the kitchen with cinnamon and wood smoke.
137	gustatory imagery	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: gustatory + imagery. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hình ảnh vị giác	Gustatory imagery emphasizes the bitter peel and sweet fruit.
138	symbolic pattern	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: symbolic + pattern. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mô hình tượng trưng	The recurring locked doors form a symbolic pattern of exclusion.
139	recurring motif	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: recurring + motif. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mô-típ định kỳ	The migrating birds become a recurring motif connected to freedom.
140	free indirect discourse	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: free + indirect + discourse. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	diễn ngôn gián tiếp miễn phí	Free indirect discourse lets the narration echo Lian's irritation without writing “she thought.”

Time and Voice in Fiction

Reading practice for pages 4–6. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A novelist alternates scene summary with vivid dialogue to control pace. A recurring motif of stopped clocks signals each temporal shift. Through free indirect discourse, the narration briefly adopts a character’s private vocabulary without quotation marks. Even litotes—calling a disastrous meeting “not ideal”—reveals how that character hides fear behind understatement.

Vietnamese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What signals each temporal shift?

A recurring motif of stopped clocks signals it.

2. What does free indirect discourse reveal?

It reveals a character's private language within the narration.

3. How does litotes characterize the speaker?

The understatement shows the character hiding fear.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The migrating birds become a ___ connected to freedom.

Answer: recurring motif

2. A ___ covers the uneventful months between the two expeditions.

Answer: scene summary

3. Calling the championship victory “not a small achievement” uses ___.

Answer: litotes

4. ___ lets the narration echo Lian's irritation without writing “she thought.”

Answer: free indirect discourse

5. The phrase “years earlier” signals a ___ into the character's childhood.

Answer: temporal shift

Page 5: words 141–175

Vocabulary page 5
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
141	volta	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: volta is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	điện áp	The sonnet's volta shifts from grieving the past to welcoming change.
142	slant rhyme	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: slant + rhyme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	vần nghiêng	The poet pairs shape and keep as a slant rhyme.
143	internal rhyme	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: internal + rhyme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	vần điệu nội bộ	“The light in flight crossed the bay” uses internal rhyme.
144	end rhyme	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: end + rhyme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	vần kết thúc	The stanza's end rhyme links shore with more.
145	heroic couplet	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: heroic + couplet. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	câu đối anh hùng	The satire closes its argument with a pointed heroic couplet.
146	terza rima	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: terza + rima. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. terza rima 2. thể thơ vần ba	In terza rima, the middle rhyme of one stanza returns in the next.
147	villanelle	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: villanelle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	nhân vật phản diện	The villanelle turns its repeated warning into an increasingly urgent plea.
148	sestina	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: sestina is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. thể 2. thơ 3. sáu	The sestina gives the word home a different significance in each stanza.
149	repeated line	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: repeated + line. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dòng lặp lại	Each appearance of the repeated line sounds less hopeful than the one before it.
150	poetic speaker	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: poetic + speaker. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	diễn giả thơ ca	The poetic speaker addresses the sea as if it could answer.
151	accentual meter	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: accentual + meter. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	máy đo trọng âm	The chant uses accentual meter with four strong beats in each line.
152	syllabic meter	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: syllabic + meter. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	máy đo âm tiết	The poem's syllabic meter gives every line exactly eight syllables.
153	metrical variation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: metrical + variation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	biến thể số liệu	A sudden extra stress creates metrical variation at the moment of conflict.
154	sprung rhythm	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: sprung + rhythm. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nhịp điệu nảy	Sprung rhythm gives the nature poem an energetic, uneven movement.
155	sound symbolism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: sound + symbolism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	biểu tượng âm thanh	Soft consonants create sound symbolism associated with calm water.
156	euphonic phrasing	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: euphonic + phrasing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cách diễn đạt êm dịu	Long vowels give the lullaby its euphonic phrasing.
157	consonant patterning	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: consonant + patterning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mẫu phụ âm	Hard k sounds create consonant patterning that sharpens the argument.
158	visual poetry	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: visual + poetry. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	thơ thị giác	The visual poetry arranges words like leaves falling down the page.
159	prose poem	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: prose + poem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bài thơ văn xuôi	The prose poem uses dense imagery and rhythm within one compact paragraph.
160	dramatic verse	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: dramatic + verse. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	câu thơ đầy kịch tính	The play's dramatic verse becomes more formal when the king enters.
161	satirical voice	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: satirical + voice. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	giọng châm biếm	The essay's satirical voice praises wastefulness so extravagantly that the criticism is clear.
162	novella	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: novella is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tiểu thuyết ngắn 2. truyện vừa 3. Tiểu thuyết	The novella follows one decisive week in the doctor's life.
163	picaresque	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: picaresque is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	phiêu lưu mạo hiểm	The picaresque novel sends its wandering hero through a series of comic misadventures.
164	gothic fiction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: gothic + fiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tiểu thuyết gothic	The ruined mansion and buried secret identify the novel as gothic fiction.
165	social realism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: social + realism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chủ nghĩa hiện thực xã hội	The film uses social realism to portray unsafe factory work.
166	naturalism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. Tính 2. tự nhiên 3. thiên tính	In naturalism, poverty and harsh surroundings sharply limit the protagonist's choices.
167	romanticism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	lãng mạn	Romanticism appears in the poem's awe before a violent mountain storm.
168	modernism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. Quan điểm 2. mới 3. phương pháp	Fragmented narration is one feature of the novel's modernism.
169	postmodernism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	trường phái hậu hiện đại	The story's postmodernism appears when the narrator argues with the character she created.
170	absurdism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	chủ nghĩa phi lý	The play's circular conversation expresses absurdism.
171	historical context	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: historical + context. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bối cảnh lịch sử	Historical context explains why the character risks punishment for publishing her opinion.
172	cultural context	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: cultural + context. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bối cảnh văn hóa	Understanding the gift's cultural context prevents readers from misinterpreting it as a bribe.
173	social context	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: social + context. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bối cảnh xã hội	The novel's social context makes the forbidden friendship especially dangerous.
174	biographical context	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: biographical + context. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bối cảnh tiểu sử	Biographical context connects the poem's island imagery with the author's childhood.
175	authorial intent	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: authorial + intent. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ý định của tác giả	Readers can discuss authorial intent, but they must still support claims with the text.

Page 5 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 5.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The poem's ___ gives every line exactly eight syllables.

Answer: syllabic meter

2. The film uses ___ to portray unsafe factory work.

Answer: social realism

3. A sudden extra stress creates ___ at the moment of conflict.

Answer: metrical variation

4. In ___, poverty and harsh surroundings sharply limit the protagonist's choices.

Answer: naturalism

5. The sonnet's ___ shifts from grieving the past to welcoming change.

Answer: volta

Page 6: words 176–210

Vocabulary page 6
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
176	reader response	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: reader + response. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phản hồi của độc giả	Her reader response focuses on how migration in her family changes her view of the ending.
177	interpretive lens	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: interpretive + lens. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lăng kính diễn giải	Through an environmental interpretive lens, the forest becomes more than a setting.
178	textual ambiguity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: textual + ambiguity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sự mơ hồ về văn bản	The final unanswered question preserves textual ambiguity.
179	thematic statement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: thematic + statement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tuyên bố chuyên đề	“Fear can protect people but also imprison them” is a thematic statement.
180	central tension	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: central + tension. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	căng thẳng trung tâm	The central tension pits personal loyalty against public duty.
181	collocation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. sắp xếp 3. vào	“Strong evidence” is a natural collocation, while “powerful evidence” is less typical.
182	lexical field	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: lexical + field. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	trường từ vựng	Wave, anchor, and harbor belong to a maritime lexical field.
183	semantic field	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: semantic + field. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	trường ngữ nghĩa	Joy, grief, anger, and fear form a semantic field of emotion.
184	pragmatic meaning	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: pragmatic + meaning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ý nghĩa thực dụng	The pragmatic meaning of “It is cold here” may be a request to close the window.
185	neologism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. Từ 2. mới	The technology article introduces a neologism for anxiety caused by lost internet access.
186	archaism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. từ cổ 2. cổ ngữ 3. Từ	The historical drama uses the archaism “wherefore” to suggest an earlier period.
187	dysphemism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	chứng khó đọc	Calling an old car a “rust bucket” is a dysphemism.
188	malapropism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. Tật 2. nói chữ 3. rởm	Saying “dance a flamingo” instead of “dance a flamenco” is a malapropism.
189	code-switching	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: code + switching. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chuyển mã	His code-switching becomes more formal during the job interview.
190	sociolect	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: sociolect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	phương ngữ xã hội	The researcher studies a workplace sociolect used by experienced sailors.
191	idiolect	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: idiolect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Vốn 2. từ vựng 3. mà	The novelist gives each character an idiolect through favorite phrases and sentence patterns.
192	descriptivism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	chủ nghĩa mô tả	Descriptivism treats new slang as evidence of language change.
193	prescriptivism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. Thuyết 2. thói quen	Prescriptivism favors standard forms in formal writing.
194	nominalization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	danh từ hoá	The nominalization decision can replace the more direct verb decide.
195	active voice	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: active + voice. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	giọng nói tích cực	“The committee approved the plan” uses active voice.
196	passive voice	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: passive + voice. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dạng bị động	“The plan was approved” uses passive voice.
197	periodic sentence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: periodic + sentence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	câu định kỳ	“After months of debate and two revisions, the council agreed” is a periodic sentence.
198	cumulative sentence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: cumulative + sentence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	câu tích lũy	“The hawk rose, circling above the field, watching the grass” is a cumulative sentence.
199	balanced sentence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: balanced + sentence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	câu cân bằng	“The law promised order; the protest demanded justice” is a balanced sentence.
200	rhetorical fragment	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: rhetorical + fragment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	đoạn hùng biện	After describing the damage, the writer adds the rhetorical fragment “Too late.”
201	cell wall	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: cell + wall. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. vách tế bào 2. thành tế bào	The plant's cell wall helps it keep a stable shape.
202	central vacuole	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: central + vacuole. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	không bào trung tâm	Water entering the central vacuole makes the plant cell firm.
203	lysosome	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: lysosome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tiêu thể	A lysosome digests damaged material so its components can be reused.
204	Golgi apparatus	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: Golgi + apparatus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bộ máy Golgi	The Golgi apparatus places finished proteins into vesicles for transport.
205	endoplasmic reticulum	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: endoplasmic + reticulum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. mạng lưới nội chất 2. Mạng lưới 3. nội chất	Ribosomes attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum assemble proteins.
206	cytoskeleton	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: cytoskeleton is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	bộ xương tế bào	The cytoskeleton helps a white blood cell change shape as it moves.
207	vesicle	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: vesicle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. túi 2. bọng	A vesicle carries the protein toward the cell membrane.
208	cell specialization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: cell + specialization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chuyên môn hóa tế bào	Cell specialization produces neurons that transmit signals and muscle cells that contract.
209	unicellular	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: unicellular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	đơn bào	A unicellular organism must perform all life processes within its single cell.
210	multicellular	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Prefix focus: multi- means many.	đa bào	A tree is multicellular and contains tissues for transport, support, and growth.

Page 6 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 6.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Through an environmental ___, the forest becomes more than a setting.

Answer: interpretive lens

2. The researcher studies a workplace ___ used by experienced sailors.

Answer: sociolect

3. A ___ digests damaged material so its components can be reused.

Answer: lysosome

4. The final unanswered question preserves ___.

Answer: textual ambiguity

5. The novelist gives each character an ___ through favorite phrases and sentence patterns.

Answer: idiolect

Page 7: words 211–245

Vocabulary page 7
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
211	prokaryote	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: prokaryote is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sinh vật nhân sơ 2. Sinh vật 3. chưa	A bacterium is a prokaryote with DNA located in its cell interior.
212	eukaryote	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: eukaryote is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sinh vật nhân chuẩn 2. 生物仁純 3. sinh vật nhân thực	A mushroom is a eukaryote because its cells enclose DNA inside nuclei.
213	facilitated diffusion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: facilitated + diffusion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	khuếch tán thuận lợi	Glucose can enter some cells by facilitated diffusion.
214	osmosis	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: osmosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sự thẩm thấu 2. thấm 3. lọc	Through osmosis, water entered the cell from the dilute solution.
215	active transport	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: active + transport. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	vận chuyển tích cực	The sodium-potassium pump uses active transport.
216	passive transport	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: passive + transport. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	vận chuyển thụ động	Simple diffusion is a form of passive transport.
217	concentration gradient	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: concentration + gradient. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nồng	Oxygen moves down its concentration gradient into the cell.
218	selectively permeable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: selectively + permeable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	thấm chọn lọc	The cell membrane is selectively permeable.
219	enzyme specificity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: enzyme + specificity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tính đặc hiệu của enzyme	Enzyme specificity allows lactase to act on lactose rather than every sugar.
220	substrate	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: substrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. chất nền 2. Chất 3. nền	The substrate fits into the enzyme's active site.
221	activation energy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: activation + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	năng lượng kích hoạt	An enzyme lowers the activation energy of a cellular reaction.
222	cellular respiration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: cellular + respiration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hô hấp tế bào	During cellular respiration, cells transfer energy from glucose into ATP.
223	light-dependent reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: light + dependent + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phản ứng phụ thuộc vào ánh sáng	The light-dependent reaction occurs in the thylakoid membranes.
224	glycolysis	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: glycolysis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. đường phân 2. Sự 3. thủy phân	Glycolysis splits one glucose molecule into smaller molecules.
225	fermentation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	lên men	Yeast uses fermentation to produce carbon dioxide in bread dough.
226	aerobic	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: aerobic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hiếu khí	Aerobic respiration releases more usable energy than fermentation.
227	anaerobic	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: anaerobic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kị khí 2. 忌氣	Some microorganisms carry out anaerobic metabolism in deep mud.
228	ATP	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Capitalization focus: ATP is an abbreviation or initialism; preserve its capital letters.	1. ATP 2. adenosin triphosphat	Muscle contraction uses energy released when ATP loses a phosphate group.
229	metabolic regulation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: metabolic + regulation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	điều hòa trao đổi chất	Metabolic regulation slows a pathway when enough of its product has accumulated.
230	metabolic pathway	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: metabolic + pathway. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	con đường trao đổi chất	Each step of a metabolic pathway is usually controlled by a particular enzyme.
231	amino acid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: amino + acid. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	axit amin	The order of each amino acid determines how a protein folds.
232	nucleotide	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: nucleotide is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	nucleotit	A nucleotide in DNA may contain the base adenine.
233	nucleic acid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: nucleic + acid. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	axit nucleic	DNA is a nucleic acid made of two nucleotide strands.
234	carbohydrate	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: carbohydrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hyđat-cacbon 2. hợp chất than giống nước	A potato stores carbohydrate mainly as starch.
235	lipid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: lipid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	chất béo	A phospholipid is a lipid found in cell membranes.
236	phospholipid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: phospholipid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	photpholipit	Phospholipid molecules form a double layer around the cell.
237	macromolecule	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Prefix focus: macro- means large-scale.	1. Phân tử 2. lớn 3. đại	A protein is a macromolecule made from amino acids.
238	polymer	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: polymer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hợp chất cao phân tử 2. Chất 3. trùng hợp	Starch is a polymer composed of glucose units.
239	monomer	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: monomer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	monome	A nucleotide acts as a monomer in a nucleic acid.
240	protein folding	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: protein + folding. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	gấp protein	A temperature change can disrupt protein folding.
241	chromosome duplication	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: chromosome + duplication. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nhân đôi nhiễm sắc thể	Chromosome duplication produces two sister chromatids.
242	chromatid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: chromatid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	nhiễm sắc	Each chromatid separates during mitosis.
243	centromere	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: centromere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. đoạn trung tâm 2. Đoạn 3. trung tâm	Spindle fibers connect near the centromere.
244	homologous pair	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: homologous + pair. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cặp tương đồng	A homologous pair may contain different alleles of a gene.
245	gamete	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: gamete is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. giao tử 2. 交子	A human gamete has twenty-three chromosomes.

Energy and Cell Division

Reading practice for pages 7–9. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Before a cell divides, chromosome duplication preserves genetic instructions for both new cells. ATP supplies energy for active transport, which moves substances against a concentration gradient. Passive transport requires no direct energy input. Meanwhile, correct protein folding allows many cell structures and enzymes to function as their shapes require.

Vietnamese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Why does chromosome duplication occur?

It preserves genetic instructions for both new cells.

2. Which process uses ATP?

Active transport uses ATP.

3. Why is protein folding important?

A protein's shape enables its function.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A temperature change can disrupt ___.

Answer: protein folding

2. The sodium-potassium pump uses ___.

Answer: active transport

3. Muscle contraction uses energy released when ___ loses a phosphate group.

Answer: ATP

4. ___ produces two sister chromatids.

Answer: chromosome duplication

5. Simple diffusion is a form of ___.

Answer: passive transport

Page 8: words 246–280

Vocabulary page 8
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
246	zygote	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: zygote is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hợp tử 2. 合子	The zygote begins dividing soon after fertilization.
247	fertilization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. Sự 2. làm cho 3. màu mỡ	Fertilization combines genetic material from two parents.
248	hereditary pattern	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: hereditary + pattern. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mô hình di truyền	The pedigree revealed a hereditary pattern linked to a recessive allele.
249	Punnett square	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: Punnett + square. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Quảng trường Punnett	The Punnett square shows a one-in-four chance of the recessive genotype.
250	Mendelian inheritance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: Mendelian + inheritance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Di truyền Mendel	A single-gene dominant trait may follow Mendelian inheritance.
251	incomplete dominance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: incomplete + dominance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sự thống trị không hoàn toàn	Red and white flowers produce pink offspring through incomplete dominance.
252	codominance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	Cũng codominancy	Human AB blood type demonstrates codominance.
253	polygenic trait	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: polygenic + trait. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	đặc điểm đa gen	Human height is a polygenic trait also affected by environment.
254	sex chromosome	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: sex + chromosome. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nhiễm sắc thể giới tính	The X chromosome is a human sex chromosome.
255	autosome	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: autosome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Thể 2. thường 3. nhiễm sắc	Humans normally have twenty-two pairs of each autosome type.
256	genetic variation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: genetic + variation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	biến thể di truyền	Genetic variation gives natural selection material on which to act.
257	genetic disorder	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: genetic + disorder. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	rối loạn di truyền	A genetic disorder may result from one altered gene or an extra chromosome.
258	genetic carrier	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: genetic + carrier. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	người mang gen	A genetic carrier can pass the recessive allele to a child.
259	gene expression	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: gene + expression. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	biểu hiện gen	Environmental signals can change gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.
260	gene regulation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: gene + regulation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	quy định gen	Gene regulation allows liver cells and nerve cells to use different sets of genes.
261	biotechnology	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	công nghệ sinh học	Biotechnology enables microbes to produce human insulin.
262	genetic engineering	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: genetic + engineering. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	kỹ thuật di truyền	Genetic engineering added a disease-resistance gene to the plant.
263	cloning	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: cloning is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	dòng hoá	Researchers use cloning to create many copies of a useful gene.
264	stem cell	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: stem + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tế bào gốc	A stem cell can produce several kinds of blood cell.
265	gene therapy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: gene + therapy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	liệu pháp gen	Gene therapy supplied working copies of a missing gene.
266	selective breeding	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: selective + breeding. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nhân giống chọn lọc	Farmers used selective breeding to develop wheat with shorter stems.
267	selective pressure	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: selective + pressure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	áp lực chọn lọc	Antibiotic use creates selective pressure favoring resistant bacteria.
268	common ancestor	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: common + ancestor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tổ tiên chung	Humans and chimpanzees share a common ancestor.
269	homologous structure	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: homologous + structure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cấu trúc tương đồng	A whale flipper and a human arm are a homologous structure in evolutionary comparison.
270	analogous structure	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: analogous + structure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cấu trúc tương tự	A bird wing and an insect wing are an analogous structure.
271	vestigial structure	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: vestigial + structure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cấu trúc di tích	A whale's small pelvic bone is a vestigial structure.
272	fossil record	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: fossil + record. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hồ sơ hóa thạch	The fossil record documents major changes in horse ancestors.
273	geographic isolation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: geographic + isolation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cách ly địa lý	A new river caused geographic isolation between two lizard populations.
274	reproductive isolation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: reproductive + isolation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cách ly sinh sản	Different mating seasons can create reproductive isolation.
275	genetic drift	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: genetic + drift. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	trôi dạt di truyền	A storm that kills organisms by chance can cause genetic drift.
276	gene flow	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: gene + flow. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dòng gen	Windblown pollen creates gene flow between distant plant populations.
277	bottleneck effect	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: bottleneck + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hiệu ứng thắt cổ chai	A severe wildfire produced a bottleneck effect in the isolated rabbit population.
278	founder effect	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: founder + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hiệu ứng sáng lập	The island colony shows a founder effect because it began with three birds.
279	extinction rate	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: extinction + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tỷ lệ tuyệt chủng	Habitat destruction can raise the extinction rate.
280	mass extinction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: mass + extinction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tuyệt chủng hàng loạt	The end-Permian mass extinction eliminated most marine species.

Page 8 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 8.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The island colony shows a ___ because it began with three birds.

Answer: founder effect

2. Human height is a ___ also affected by environment.

Answer: polygenic trait

3. Farmers used ___ to develop wheat with shorter stems.

Answer: selective breeding

4. Habitat destruction can raise the ___.

Answer: extinction rate

5. The X chromosome is a human ___.

Answer: sex chromosome

Page 9: words 281–315

Vocabulary page 9
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
281	adaptive radiation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: adaptive + radiation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bức xạ thích ứng	Island finches underwent adaptive radiation as they used different foods.
282	population dispersion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: population + dispersion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sự phân tán dân số	Nesting seabirds show clumped population dispersion along the cliffs.
283	environmental resistance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: environmental + resistance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sức đề kháng môi trường	Disease and food shortage contribute to environmental resistance.
284	limiting factor	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: limiting + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	yếu tố hạn chế	Available nesting space is the limiting factor for the colony.
285	biotic factor	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: biotic + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	yếu tố sinh học	Competition with an invasive plant is a biotic factor.
286	abiotic factor	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: abiotic + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	yếu tố phi sinh học	Soil pH is an abiotic factor affecting which plants can grow.
287	predator-prey relationship	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: predator + prey + relationship. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mối quan hệ động vật ăn thịt-con mồi	Changes in snowshoe hare numbers affect their predator-prey relationship with lynx.
288	trophic level	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: trophic + level. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cấp độ danh hiệu	An herbivore occupies a lower trophic level than a hawk.
289	energy pyramid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: energy + pyramid. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	kim tự tháp năng lượng	The energy pyramid is widest at the producer level.
290	biomass	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: biomass is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sinh khối 2. sinh khối loài 3. chất	The grassland contains more plant biomass than wolf biomass.
291	nutrient cycle	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: nutrient + cycle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chu trình dinh dưỡng	Decomposers return matter to the soil in a nutrient cycle.
292	nitrogen cycle	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: nitrogen + cycle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chu trình nitơ	Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen during the nitrogen cycle.
293	ecological niche	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: ecological + niche. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hốc sinh thái	Two species with an identical ecological niche compete strongly.
294	habitat fragmentation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: habitat + fragmentation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sự phân mảnh môi trường sống	A highway caused habitat fragmentation in the forest.
295	invasive species	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: invasive + species. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	loài xâm lấn	The invasive species crowded native mussels off the rocks.
296	keystone species	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: keystone + species. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	loài chủ chốt	Sea otters are a keystone species because they limit sea urchins that consume kelp.
297	conservation biology	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: conservation + biology. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sinh học bảo tồn	Conservation biology guides plans for reconnecting wildlife habitat.
298	restoration ecology	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: restoration + ecology. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phục hồi sinh thái	Restoration ecology informed the replanting of native wetland grasses.
299	ecological resilience	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: ecological + resilience. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	khả năng phục hồi sinh thái	Species diversity can strengthen ecological resilience after drought.
300	ecological succession	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: ecological + succession. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	diễn thế sinh thái	Ecological succession began when lichens colonized the bare lava.
301	mole	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Base-form focus: mole is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. mol 2. chắn 3. sóng	One mole of carbon atoms contains Avogadro's number of atoms.
302	molar mass	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: molar + mass. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	khối lượng mol	Water has a molar mass of about eighteen grams per mole.
303	empirical formula	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: empirical + formula. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	công thức thực nghiệm	The empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide is HO.
304	molecular formula	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: molecular + formula. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	công thức phân tử	The molecular formula of hydrogen peroxide is H2O2.
305	stoichiometry	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -metry relates to measuring.	1. Phép 2. tỷ lượng 3. tính	Stoichiometry predicts how much oxygen is needed to burn the fuel completely.
306	chemical equation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: chemical + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phương trình hoá học	The balanced chemical equation has the same number of each atom on both sides.
307	stoichiometric coefficient	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: stoichiometric + coefficient. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hệ số cân bằng hóa học	The stoichiometric coefficient 2 indicates two molecules of water.
308	reaction mixture	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: reaction + mixture. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hỗn hợp phản ứng	The reaction mixture turned cloudy as a solid formed.
309	conservation of mass	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: conservation + of + mass. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bảo toàn khối lượng	Conservation of mass requires the total reactant mass to equal the total product mass in a closed system.
310	limiting reactant	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: limiting + reactant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hạn chế chất phản ứng	Hydrogen was the limiting reactant, so some oxygen remained.
311	excess reactant	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: excess + reactant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chất phản ứng dư thừa	Oxygen was the excess reactant and remained after the hydrogen was consumed.
312	theoretical yield	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: theoretical + yield. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	năng suất lý thuyết	The calculation gave a theoretical yield of twelve grams.
313	actual yield	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: actual + yield. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sản lượng thực tế	Some product was lost during filtering, so the actual yield was ten grams.
314	percent yield	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: percent + yield. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phần trăm năng suất	The experiment's percent yield was eighty-three percent.
315	solubility	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. Tính 2. hoà tan 3. được	The solubility of many solids increases as water warms.

Page 9 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 9.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Decomposers return matter to the soil in a ___.

Answer: nutrient cycle

2. The ___ of hydrogen peroxide is H2O2.

Answer: molecular formula

3. Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen during the ___.

Answer: nitrogen cycle

4. ___ predicts how much oxygen is needed to burn the fuel completely.

Answer: stoichiometry

5. Two species with an identical ___ compete strongly.

Answer: ecological niche

Page 10: words 316–350

Vocabulary page 10
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
316	solution concentration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: solution + concentration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nồng độ dung dịch	Evaporation increased the solution concentration.
317	molarity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. Nồng 2. phân tử	The beaker contained a molarity of 0.5 moles per liter.
318	pH scale	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: pH + scale. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	thang đo pH	Pure water is near 7 on the pH scale.
319	acid-base indicator	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: acid + base + indicator. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chất chỉ thị axit-bazơ	Litmus is an acid-base indicator that turns red in acid.
320	electrolyte	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Base-form focus: electrolyte is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. chất điện li 2. chất điện giải 3. chất điện phân	Dissolved salt is an electrolyte.
321	nonelectrolyte	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Prefix focus: non- means not or without.	chất không điện phân	Sugar is a nonelectrolyte in water.
322	oxidation number	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: oxidation + number. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	số oxi hóa	Oxygen usually has an oxidation number of negative two.
323	redox reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: redox + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phản ứng oxi hóa khử	Rusting is a redox reaction in which iron loses electrons.
324	electron transfer	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: electron + transfer. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chuyển điện tử	Electron transfer occurs from zinc to copper ions in the cell.
325	synthesis reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: synthesis + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phản ứng tổng hợp	A synthesis reaction joins hydrogen and oxygen to form water.
326	decomposition reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: decomposition + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phản ứng phân hủy	Heating calcium carbonate causes a decomposition reaction.
327	single-replacement reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: single + replacement + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phản ứng thay thế đơn	Zinc replacing hydrogen in acid is a single-replacement reaction.
328	double-replacement reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: double + replacement + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phản ứng thay thế kép	The two clear solutions undergo a double-replacement reaction and form a solid.
329	precipitation reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: precipitation + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phản ứng kết tủa	Mixing silver nitrate and sodium chloride causes a precipitation reaction.
330	net ionic equation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: net + ionic + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phương trình ion rút gọn	The net ionic equation omits ions that remain unchanged.
331	scalar	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Base-form focus: scalar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	đại lượng vô hướng	Temperature is a scalar.
332	vector	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Base-form focus: vector is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. đại lượng có hướng 2. đại lượng hữu hướng 3. hướng lượng	Velocity is a vector because its direction matters.
333	vector magnitude	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: vector + magnitude. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	độ lớn vectơ	The arrow's length represents the vector magnitude.
334	instantaneous velocity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: instantaneous + velocity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	vận tốc tức thời	The speedometer approximates the car's instantaneous velocity.
335	average acceleration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: average + acceleration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	gia tốc trung bình	The runner's average acceleration was greatest during the first two seconds.
336	linear momentum	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: linear + momentum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	động lượng tuyến tính	A moving truck has more linear momentum than a bicycle at the same speed.
337	impulse	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Base-form focus: impulse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Sức 2. đẩy	An air bag extends the stopping time and changes the passenger's momentum with a smaller impulse force.
338	rotational inertia	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: rotational + inertia. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	quán tính quay	Moving mass farther from an axis increases rotational inertia.
339	force equilibrium	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: force + equilibrium. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lực cân bằng	A hanging lamp at rest is in force equilibrium.
340	frictional force	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: frictional + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lực ma sát	The frictional force between shoes and the floor prevents slipping.
341	gravitational force	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: gravitational + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lực hấp dẫn	Earth's gravitational force pulls the ball downward.
342	normal force	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: normal + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lực bình thường	The table's normal force balances the book's weight.
343	applied force	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: applied + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lực tác dụng	The worker's applied force moved the crate across the floor.
344	tension force	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: tension + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lực căng	The cable's tension force supports the elevator.
345	free-body diagram	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: free + body + diagram. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sơ đồ vật thể tự do	The free-body diagram includes gravity, support, and friction.
346	Newton's first law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: Newton's + first + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Định luật đầu tiên của Newton	Newton's first law explains why a puck keeps sliding on nearly frictionless ice.
347	Newton's second law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: Newton's + second + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Định luật thứ hai của Newton	Newton's second law predicts greater acceleration when the same mass receives a larger force.
348	Newton's third law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: Newton's + third + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Định luật thứ ba của Newton	Newton's third law pairs the swimmer's push on water with water's push on the swimmer.
349	conservation of momentum	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: conservation + of + momentum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bảo toàn động lượng	Conservation of momentum explains the motion of two skaters who push apart.
350	elastic collision	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: elastic + collision. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	va chạm đàn hồi	An ideal elastic collision allows two hard spheres to rebound without losing kinetic energy.

Forces and Solutions

Reading practice for pages 10–12. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A beaker rests on a scale while gravitational force pulls it downward and normal force from the scale pushes upward. Inside, a precipitation reaction forms a solid from two clear solutions. The chemist describes each solution concentration with molarity, the number of moles of dissolved substance per liter of solution.

Vietnamese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Which force pulls the beaker downward?

Gravitational force pulls it downward.

2. What forms during a precipitation reaction?

A solid forms from the solutions.

3. What does molarity measure?

Molarity measures moles of solute per liter of solution.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Earth's ___ pulls the ball downward.

Answer: gravitational force

2. Evaporation increased the ___.

Answer: solution concentration

3. Mixing silver nitrate and sodium chloride causes a ___.

Answer: precipitation reaction

4. The table's ___ balances the book's weight.

Answer: normal force

5. The beaker contained a ___ of 0.5 moles per liter.

Answer: molarity

Page 11: words 351–385

Vocabulary page 11
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
351	inelastic collision	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: inelastic + collision. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	va chạm không đàn hồi	Cars that crumple together undergo an inelastic collision.
352	work-energy theorem	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: work + energy + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	định lý công-năng lượng	The work-energy theorem connects the pushing force with the cart's increased speed.
353	ideal mechanical advantage	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: ideal + mechanical + advantage. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lợi thế cơ học lý tưởng	A longer input arm increases a lever's ideal mechanical advantage.
354	conservation of energy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: conservation + of + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Bảo toàn năng lượng	Conservation of energy means the pendulum's potential and kinetic energy trade places.
355	gravitational potential energy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: gravitational + potential + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	thế năng hấp dẫn	Lifting the backpack increases its gravitational potential energy.
356	elastic potential energy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: elastic + potential + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	thế năng đàn hồi	A drawn bow contains elastic potential energy.
357	wave frequency	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: wave + frequency. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tần số sóng	Increasing wave frequency raises the pitch of a sound.
358	wave amplitude	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: wave + amplitude. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	biên độ sóng	A louder sound usually has greater wave amplitude.
359	wave period	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: wave + period. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chu kỳ sóng	A two-hertz wave has a wave period of half a second.
360	wave speed	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: wave + speed. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tốc độ sóng	Wave speed depends on the medium through which the disturbance moves.
361	transverse wave	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: transverse + wave. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sóng ngang	A wave on a stretched rope can be a transverse wave.
362	longitudinal wave	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: longitudinal + wave. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sóng dọc	Sound in air travels as a longitudinal wave.
363	constructive interference	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: constructive + interference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tăng	Two crests meeting create constructive interference.
364	destructive interference	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: destructive + interference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sự can thiệp mang tính hủy diệt	A crest meeting a trough can cause destructive interference.
365	wave refraction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: wave + refraction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	khúc xạ sóng	Wave refraction bends light as it enters glass.
366	wave reflection	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: wave + reflection. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	làn sóng phản xạ	An echo results from wave reflection.
367	standing wave	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: standing + wave. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sóng dừng	A vibrating guitar string forms a standing wave.
368	natural frequency	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: natural + frequency. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tần số tự nhiên	The tuning fork rings at its natural frequency.
369	Doppler effect	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: Doppler + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hiệu ứng Doppler	The Doppler effect makes an approaching siren sound higher.
370	electromagnetic spectrum	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: electromagnetic + spectrum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. phổ điện từ 2. Phổ 3. từ	Visible light occupies a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
371	igneous rock	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: igneous + rock. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	đá mácma	Granite is an igneous rock that cooled slowly underground.
372	sedimentary rock	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: sedimentary + rock. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	đá trầm tích	Sandstone is a sedimentary rock made from cemented sand grains.
373	metamorphic rock	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: metamorphic + rock. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	đá biến chất	Marble is a metamorphic rock formed from limestone.
374	rock weathering	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: rock + weathering. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phong hóa đá	Freezing water causes rock weathering by widening cracks.
375	sediment deposition	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: sediment + deposition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lắng đọng trầm tích	Slower river water causes sediment deposition near the mouth.
376	soil horizon	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: soil + horizon. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Phẫu diện 2. đất	Dark organic material is common in the upper soil horizon.
377	tectonic theory	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: tectonic + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	thuyết kiến tạo	Tectonic theory accounts for matching earthquake belts and plate boundaries.
378	continental movement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: continental + movement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phong trào lục địa	Fossil evidence helped scientists reconstruct continental movement.
379	seafloor spreading	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: seafloor + spreading. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tách giãn đáy biển	Magnetic stripes provide evidence for seafloor spreading.
380	convergent boundary	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: convergent + boundary. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ranh giới hội tụ	A deep trench can form at a convergent boundary.
381	divergent boundary	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: divergent + boundary. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ranh giới phân kỳ	New crust forms at an oceanic divergent boundary.
382	transform boundary	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: transform + boundary. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chuyển đổi ranh giới	Shallow earthquakes are common along a transform boundary.
383	earthquake focus	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: earthquake + focus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tâm điểm trận động đất	Seismic waves spread outward from the earthquake focus.
384	moment magnitude	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: moment + magnitude. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Độ lớn mô men	The moment magnitude scale compares the energy of large earthquakes.
385	volcanic hotspot	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: volcanic + hotspot. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	điểm nóng núi lửa	An island chain formed as a plate moved over a volcanic hotspot.

Page 11 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 11.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Magnetic stripes provide evidence for ___.

Answer: seafloor spreading

2. ___ means the pendulum's potential and kinetic energy trade places.

Answer: conservation of energy

3. A vibrating guitar string forms a ___.

Answer: standing wave

4. A deep trench can form at a ___.

Answer: convergent boundary

5. Lifting the backpack increases its ___.

Answer: gravitational potential energy

Page 12: words 386–420

Vocabulary page 12
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
386	mantle plume	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: mantle + plume. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chùm áo choàng	A mantle plume may supply magma to the hotspot.
387	P wave	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: P + wave. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sóng P	The P wave arrived before the other seismic waves.
388	S wave	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: S + wave. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Sóng S	The absence of an S wave through the outer core helped reveal that the layer is liquid.
389	rain shadow	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: rain + shadow. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bóng mưa	The desert lies in a rain shadow beyond the coastal mountains.
390	drainage basin	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: drainage + basin. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lưu vực	Pollution upstream can affect the entire drainage basin.
391	climate system	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: climate + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hệ thống khí hậu	The climate system transfers heat through winds and ocean currents.
392	positive feedback	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: positive + feedback. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phản hồi tích cực	Melting ice creates positive feedback because darker water absorbs more sunlight.
393	negative feedback	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: negative + feedback. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phản hồi tiêu cực	Heat loss from warmer Earth acts as a negative feedback.
394	carbon sink	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: carbon + sink. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bồn chứa cacbon	A growing forest can function as a carbon sink.
395	albedo	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Base-form focus: albedo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. suất phản chiếu 2. Anbeđô 3. suất	Fresh snow has a high albedo.
396	ocean acidification	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: ocean + acidification. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	axit hóa đại dương	Ocean acidification makes shell building harder for some organisms.
397	sea-level rise	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: sea + level + rise. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mực nước biển dâng	Sea-level rise increases coastal flood risk.
398	ecological footprint	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: ecological + footprint. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dấu chân sinh thái	Eating less resource-intensive food can reduce an ecological footprint.
399	resource depletion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: resource + depletion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cạn kiệt tài nguyên	Overpumping groundwater causes resource depletion.
400	environmental justice	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: environmental + justice. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	công lý môi trường	Environmental justice asks why some communities face greater pollution exposure.
401	function rule	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: function + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	quy tắc chức năng	The function rule doubles each input and then adds three.
402	mathematical relation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: mathematical + relation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	quan hệ toán học	The mathematical relation is not a function because one input has two outputs.
403	function notation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: function + notation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ký hiệu hàm	In function notation, f(4) means the output when the input is four.
404	independent variable	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: independent + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Biến 2. lập	Time is the independent variable on the horizontal axis.
405	dependent variable	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: dependent + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Biến 2. số 3. phụ thuộc	Plant height is the dependent variable in the experiment.
406	input-output table	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: input + output + table. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bảng đầu vào-đầu ra	The input-output table reveals that every output is five more than its input.
407	arithmetic sequence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: arithmetic + sequence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dãy số học	Three, seven, eleven, and fifteen form an arithmetic sequence.
408	geometric sequence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: geometric + sequence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dãy hình học	Two, six, eighteen, and fifty-four form a geometric sequence.
409	recursive formula	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: recursive + formula. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	công thức đệ quy	The recursive formula adds four to the preceding term.
410	explicit formula	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: explicit + formula. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	công thức rõ ràng	The explicit formula gives the fiftieth term without listing the earlier terms.
411	common difference	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: common + difference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sự khác biệt chung	The sequence 5, 8, 11 has a common difference of three.
412	common ratio	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: common + ratio. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tỷ lệ chung	The sequence 4, 12, 36 has a common ratio of three.
413	exponential function	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: exponential + function. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. hàm mũ 2. Hàm số 3. số mũ	The exponential function models a population that doubles each year.
414	quadratic function	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: quadratic + function. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hàm bậc hai	The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.
415	parabola	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: parabola is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Parabôn	The ball's idealized path resembles a downward-opening parabola.
416	parabola vertex	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: parabola + vertex. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	đỉnh parabol	The parabola vertex gives the projectile's greatest height.
417	axis of symmetry	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: axis + of + symmetry. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	trục đối xứng	The axis of symmetry passes through the vertex of the parabola.
418	quadratic equation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: quadratic + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Phương 2. trình 3. bậc	The quadratic equation has two real solutions.
419	leading coefficient	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: leading + coefficient. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hệ số dẫn đầu	A negative leading coefficient makes this parabola open downward.
420	constant term	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: constant + term. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	thời hạn không đổi	In the expression 3x plus 7, seven is the constant term.

Page 12 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 12.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ passes through the vertex of the parabola.

Answer: axis of symmetry

2. Melting ice creates ___ because darker water absorbs more sunlight.

Answer: positive feedback

3. Plant height is the ___ in the experiment.

Answer: dependent variable

4. The ___ has two real solutions.

Answer: quadratic equation

5. Heat loss from warmer Earth acts as a ___.

Answer: negative feedback

Page 13: words 421–455

Vocabulary page 13
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
421	factorization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. Sự 2. tìm 3. thừa số	Factorization changes x squared minus nine into the product of x minus three and x plus three.
422	greatest common factor	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: greatest + common + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ước chung lớn nhất	Six is the greatest common factor of eighteen and twenty-four.
423	difference of squares	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: difference + of + squares. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sự khác biệt của hình vuông	The difference of squares x squared minus sixteen factors into two binomials.
424	perfect square trinomial	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: perfect + square + trinomial. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tam thức vuông hoàn hảo	The expression x squared plus six x plus nine is a perfect square trinomial.
425	radical expression	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: radical + expression. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	biểu thức căn bản	The radical expression square root of fifty simplifies to five square root of two.
426	rational expression	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: rational + expression. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	biểu hiện hợp lý	The rational expression is undefined when its denominator equals zero.
427	absolute-value equation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: absolute + value + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phương trình giá trị tuyệt đối	The absolute-value equation has solutions two units on either side of five.
428	compound inequality	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: compound + inequality. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bất đẳng thức ghép	The compound inequality describes all values between negative one and four.
429	interval notation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: interval + notation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ký hiệu khoảng	The solution x greater than three is written in interval notation with a parenthesis at three.
430	coordinate pair	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: coordinate + pair. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cặp tọa độ	The coordinate pair negative two, five lies in the second quadrant.
431	direct proportion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: direct + proportion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tỷ lệ trực tiếp	Distance and time are in direct proportion when speed remains constant.
432	inverse proportion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: inverse + proportion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tỷ lệ nghịch đảo	For a fixed trip, speed and travel time are in inverse proportion.
433	slope-intercept form	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: slope + intercept + form. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dạng chặn dốc	Slope-intercept form displays a line's slope and vertical intercept directly.
434	point-slope form	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: point + slope + form. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dạng điểm dốc	Point-slope form makes it easy to write the equation from a point and a slope.
435	standard form	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: standard + form. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mẫu chuẩn	The equation was rewritten in standard form with integer coefficients.
436	system of inequalities	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: system + of + inequalities. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hệ bất đẳng thức	The solution to the system of inequalities is the overlapping shaded region.
437	linear inequality	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: linear + inequality. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bất đẳng thức tuyến tính	The linear inequality includes points above the dashed boundary.
438	exponential growth	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: exponential + growth. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tăng trưởng theo cấp số nhân	Compound interest produces exponential growth.
439	exponential decay	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: exponential + decay. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phân rã theo cấp số nhân	Radioactive material undergoes exponential decay.
440	percent change	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: percent + change. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phần trăm thay đổi	The price rose from forty to fifty dollars, a percent change of twenty-five percent.
441	depreciation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. sụt giá 2. giảm giá	The car's depreciation was steepest during its first year.
442	conditional probability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: conditional + probability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	xác suất có điều kiện	The conditional probability of rain changes when dark clouds are already present.
443	permutation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. hoán vị 2. Sự 3. đôi	Each different ordering of the three books is a permutation.
444	combination	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. kết hợp 2. phối hợp	Choosing three committee members from ten is a combination.
445	sample survey	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: sample + survey. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	khảo sát mẫu	The sample survey contacted randomly selected households.
446	observational study	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: observational + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nghiên cứu quan sát	The observational study compares sleep habits and grades without changing either.
447	controlled experiment	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: controlled + experiment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	thí nghiệm có kiểm soát	The controlled experiment assigns plants to different light levels.
448	population parameter	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: population + parameter. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tham số dân số	The true average height of all trees in the forest is a population parameter.
449	sample statistic	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: sample + statistic. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	thống kê mẫu	The sample mean is a sample statistic used to estimate the population average.
450	mean absolute deviation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: mean + absolute + deviation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	độ lệch tuyệt đối trung bình	A small mean absolute deviation indicates that values cluster near the mean.
451	population variance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: population + variance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phương sai dân số	Population variance increases when observations spread farther from the average.
452	z-score	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: z + score. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Giá 2. trị	A z-score of two places the value two standard deviations above the mean.
453	normal distribution	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: normal + distribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. phân phối chuẩn 2. Phân 3. phối	Adult measurement data often approximate a normal distribution.
454	skewness	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	1. Độ 2. nghiêng	A few very high incomes create positive skewness.
455	correlation coefficient	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: correlation + coefficient. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hệ số tương quan	A correlation coefficient near zero indicates little linear association.

Planning a Survey

Reading practice for pages 13–15. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A survey team plots each response as a coordinate pair and calculates a correlation coefficient to describe the linear association. A strong association does not prove direct proportion or causation. The team also uses conditional probability to compare subgroups, then considers every permutation of question order to test whether sequence changes responses.

Vietnamese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What does the correlation coefficient describe?

It describes the linear association between variables.

2. Does a strong association prove causation?

No, a strong association does not prove causation.

3. Why test each permutation of question order?

The team wants to see whether order changes responses.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ of rain changes when dark clouds are already present.

Answer: conditional probability

2. A ___ near zero indicates little linear association.

Answer: correlation coefficient

3. The ___ negative two, five lies in the second quadrant.

Answer: coordinate pair

4. Each different ordering of the three books is a ___.

Answer: permutation

5. Distance and time are in ___ when speed remains constant.

Answer: direct proportion

Page 14: words 456–490

Vocabulary page 14
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
456	residual	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: residual is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	dư	A positive residual means the observation lies above the prediction.
457	residual plot	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: residual + plot. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lô dư	A curved pattern in the residual plot suggests that a linear model is unsuitable.
458	interpolation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. nội suy 2. tự ý 3. từ	Interpolation estimates the temperature between two recorded times.
459	two-column proof	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: two + column + proof. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chứng minh hai cột	The two-column proof pairs each angle claim with a definition or theorem.
460	paragraph proof	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: paragraph + proof. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	đoạn chứng minh	The paragraph proof explains why corresponding parts of the triangles are congruent.
461	logical statement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: logical + statement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	câu lệnh logic	“Seven is prime” is a true logical statement.
462	conditional statement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: conditional + statement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Lệnh 2. tùy 3. điều kiện	The conditional statement says that if an angle is right, then it measures ninety degrees.
463	converse	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: converse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	đối thoại	The converse of “if it is a square, then it is a rectangle” is not always true.
464	inverse	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: inverse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	nghịch đảo	The inverse does not necessarily share the original statement's truth value.
465	contrapositive	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: contrapositive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	trái ngược	A conditional and its contrapositive are logically equivalent.
466	biconditional	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: biconditional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hai điều kiện	A biconditional can be written with the phrase “if and only if.”
467	truth value	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: truth + value. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	giá trị thật	A counterexample proves that the universal statement has a false truth value.
468	axiomatic system	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: axiomatic + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hệ tiên đề	Euclidean geometry is an axiomatic system.
469	congruence theorem	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: congruence + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	định lý đồng đẳng	The side-angle-side congruence theorem proves the triangles match.
470	similarity theorem	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: similarity + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	định lý tương tự	The angle-angle similarity theorem applies to the two triangles.
471	triangle congruence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: triangle + congruence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tam giác đồng dạng	Three corresponding side lengths can establish triangle congruence.
472	angle relationship	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: angle + relationship. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mối quan hệ góc	The diagram shows an angle relationship between alternate interior angles.
473	parallel line	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: parallel + line. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	đường song song	Each rail is a parallel line relative to the other.
474	algorithmic procedure	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: algorithmic + procedure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	thủ tục thuật toán	The sorting program follows an algorithmic procedure.
475	pseudocode	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: pseudocode is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	mã giả	The pseudocode states when the loop should stop.
476	flowchart	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: flowchart is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Lưu 2. biểu đồ 3. trình tự	The flowchart sends a failed login back to the password step.
477	variable declaration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: variable + declaration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	khai báo biến	The variable declaration reserves storage for the score.
478	data type	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + type. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. loại dữ liệu 2. Loại 3. dữ liệu	A Boolean data type stores true or false.
479	Boolean	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Capitalization focus: Boolean is conventionally capitalized because the term comes from the name George Boole.	1. luận lý 2. luận lí 3. (thuộc) Boole	The comparison returns a Boolean.
480	conditional branch	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: conditional + branch. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Nhánh 2. rẽ 3. tùy	The conditional branch displays an error when the password is incorrect.
481	loop	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: loop is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. đường nhánh 2. thòng lọng	The loop processes every item in the list.
482	loop iteration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: loop + iteration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lặp vòng lặp	During each loop iteration, the index increases by one.
483	debugging	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: debugging is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	gỡ lỗi	Debugging revealed that the program compared text instead of numbers.
484	compiler	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: compiler is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. trình biên dịch 2. Người 3. biên soạn	The compiler reported a missing bracket.
485	interpreter	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: interpreter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Người 2. giải thích 3. người làm	The interpreter stopped when it encountered an undefined name.
486	source code	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: source + code. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mã nguồn	The developer reviewed the source code before releasing the update.
487	object code	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: object + code. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mã đối tượng	The compiler converted the program into object code.
488	network security	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: network + security. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	an ninh mạng	Network security includes firewalls, monitoring, and controlled permissions.
489	data encryption	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + encryption. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Mã hóa 2. dữ liệu	Data encryption protects the message while it travels across the network.
490	decryption	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Giải mã 2. mở 3. khóa	Authorized decryption requires the correct key.

Page 14 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 14.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ displays an error when the password is incorrect.

Answer: conditional branch

2. Euclidean geometry is an ___.

Answer: axiomatic system

3. The ___ processes every item in the list.

Answer: loop

4. A positive ___ means the observation lies above the prediction.

Answer: residual

5. The side-angle-side ___ proves the triangles match.

Answer: congruence theorem

Page 15: words 491–525

Vocabulary page 15
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
491	authentication	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. xác thực 2. xác nhận 3. đúng	Two-factor authentication requires both a password and a temporary code.
492	password manager	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: password + manager. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	quản lý mật khẩu	A password manager can create a different strong password for every site.
493	phishing	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: phishing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. lợi dụng 2. hiểu biết 3. người dùng	The urgent email was phishing designed to capture login details.
494	malware	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: malware is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. mã độc 2. phần mềm độc hại 3. phần mềm ác ý	The attachment installed malware on the unprotected computer.
495	ransomware	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: ransomware is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	phần mềm tống tiền	The hospital restored backups after a ransomware attack.
496	online trace	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: online + trace. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dấu vết trực tuyến	Old public comments remain part of a user's online trace.
497	data privacy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + privacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	quyền riêng tư dữ liệu	The app's data privacy policy explains whether location records are sold.
498	cloud computing	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: cloud + computing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. điện toán đám mây 2. 電算𡌽𩄲	Cloud computing lets the team edit the same document from several locations.
499	relational database	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: relational + database. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cơ sở dữ liệu quan hệ	The relational database links each order to a customer identifier.
500	query	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: query is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Câu hỏi 2. câu 3. chất vấn	The query returns all books published after 2020.
501	Neolithic Revolution	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Neolithic + Revolution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Cách mạng đá mới	The Neolithic Revolution supported permanent villages but also changed diet and disease patterns.
502	agricultural surplus	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: agricultural + surplus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	thặng dư nông nghiệp	An agricultural surplus allowed some residents to become craftspeople or officials.
503	specialization of labor	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: specialization + of + labor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chuyên môn hóa lao động	Specialization of labor produced skilled metalworkers and scribes.
504	social hierarchy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: social + hierarchy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	thứ bậc xã hội	The burial goods reveal a social hierarchy within the ancient city.
505	centralized government	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: centralized + government. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chính quyền tập trung	A centralized government collected taxes across the kingdom.
506	codified law	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: codified + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	luật pháp điển hình	Codified law made official penalties publicly knowable.
507	cuneiform	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: cuneiform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	chữ hình nêm	Scribes pressed cuneiform signs into wet clay tablets.
508	hieroglyphics	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: hieroglyphics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Những 2. chữ viết 3. tượng hình	Egyptian hieroglyphics appeared on monuments and papyrus.
509	polytheism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. thuyết đa thần 2. 說多神 3. Thuyết	Greek polytheism included gods associated with the sea, wisdom, and agriculture.
510	monotheism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. Thuyết nhất thần 2. đạo 3. một	Monotheism became central to several major religious traditions.
511	Mesopotamia	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Capitalization focus: this is a proper name, so its standard written form begins with a capital letter.	1. Lưỡng Hà 2. 兩河	Mesopotamia contained some of the world's earliest cities.
512	Fertile Crescent	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Fertile + Crescent. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Lưỡi liềm màu mỡ	Wheat and barley cultivation spread through the Fertile Crescent.
513	Hammurabi's Code	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Hammurabi's + Code. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Mật mã Hammurabi	Hammurabi's Code reveals differences in legal status within Babylonian society.
514	Indus Valley	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Indus + Valley. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Thung lũng sông Ấn	Cities in the Indus Valley used carefully planned streets and drainage.
515	Mandate of Heaven	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Mandate + of + Heaven. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	thiên mệnh	Rebellion could be justified by claiming that a dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven.
516	dynastic cycle	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: dynastic + cycle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chu kỳ triều đại	The dynastic cycle connected political disorder with the loss of legitimate rule.
517	polis	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: polis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Thành	Athens developed as a polis with its own laws and institutions.
518	Athenian democracy	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Athenian + democracy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Nền dân chủ Athen	Athenian democracy excluded women, enslaved people, and foreigners from citizenship.
519	Roman republic	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Roman + republic. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Cộng hòa La Mã	The Roman republic divided authority among elected offices, assemblies, and the Senate.
520	republican government	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: republican + government. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chính phủ cộng hòa	A republican government depends on civic institutions and accountable officials.
521	patrician	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: patrician is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Quý tộc	The patrician family held land and competed for high office.
522	plebeian	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: plebeian is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Người 2. bình dân 3. La-mã	Plebeian protests gained greater political protections over time.
523	consul	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: consul is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. quan chấp chính 2. chấp chính quan 3. Lãnh sự	Each consul could limit the other's power.
524	tribune	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: tribune is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	bảo dân	The tribune could veto certain actions that threatened plebeians.
525	senate	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: senate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Thượng nghị viện	The Roman senate advised officials and controlled important financial decisions.

Page 15 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 15.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The urgent email was ___ designed to capture login details.

Answer: phishing

2. The attachment installed ___ on the unprotected computer.

Answer: malware

3. The hospital restored backups after a ___ attack.

Answer: ransomware

4. Old public comments remain part of a user's ___.

Answer: online trace

5. The app's ___ policy explains whether location records are sold.

Answer: data privacy

Page 16: words 526–560

Vocabulary page 16
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
526	Pax Romana	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Pax + Romana. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. hoà bình 2. thái bình	Trade expanded across imperial roads during the Pax Romana.
527	civil law	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: civil + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. hệ thống dân luật 2. hệ thống pháp luật lục địa	Roman civil law influenced many later European legal systems.
528	aqueduct	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: aqueduct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Cống 2. nước	The aqueduct supplied the city from a mountain spring.
529	feudal hierarchy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: feudal + hierarchy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	giai cấp phong kiến	Landholding and loyalty shaped the feudal hierarchy.
530	serfdom	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: serfdom is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Thân phận 2. nông nô	Under serfdom, peasants owed labor and dues but were not normally sold apart from the land.
531	printing press	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: printing + press. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	máy in	Movable type and the printing press lowered the cost of books in Europe.
532	Protestant Reformation	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Protestant + Reformation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Cải Cách Tin Lành	The Protestant Reformation changed religious and political authority across Europe.
533	Counter-Reformation	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Counter + Reformation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Phản cải cách	The Council of Trent shaped the Counter-Reformation.
534	scientific revolution	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: scientific + revolution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cuộc cách mạng khoa học	The scientific revolution emphasized mathematical models and repeatable observation.
535	heliocentric model	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: heliocentric + model. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mô hình nhật tâm	The heliocentric model explained retrograde motion more simply.
536	geocentric model	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: geocentric + model. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mô hình địa tâm	The geocentric model dominated much European astronomy for centuries.
537	natural law	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: natural + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. luật của tự nhiên 2. luật 3. tự nhiên	Enlightenment writers used natural law to criticize arbitrary rule.
538	social contract	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: social + contract. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	khế ước xã hội	The social contract requires government to protect rights in exchange for civic obedience.
539	consent of the governed	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: consent + of + the + governed. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sự đồng ý của người quản lý	Regular elections are one expression of consent of the governed.
540	constitutionalism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. Chủ nghĩa 2. hợp hiến	Constitutionalism rejects the idea that rulers may govern without legal restraint.
541	Age of Exploration	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Age + of + Exploration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Thời đại khám phá	During the Age of Exploration, voyages connected distant regions through trade and conquest.
542	circumnavigation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. vòng quanh 2. biển	The expedition completed the first recorded circumnavigation of the globe.
543	map projection analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: map + projection + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phân tích phép chiếu bản đồ	Map projection analysis shows why Greenland appears unusually large on a Mercator map.
544	navigation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. hàng hải 2. 航海 3. Nghề	Improved navigation helped sailors cross open oceans.
545	imperial expansion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: imperial + expansion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sự mở rộng đế quốc	Imperial expansion displaced local rulers and redirected trade.
546	Atlantic slave trade	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Atlantic + slave + trade. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	buôn bán nô lệ Đại Tây Dương	The Atlantic slave trade caused immense suffering and reshaped societies on several continents.
547	industrial revolution	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: industrial + revolution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cuộc cách mạng công nghiệp	The industrial revolution moved much textile production from homes to factories.
548	factory system	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: factory + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hệ thống nhà máy	The factory system divided manufacturing into repeated specialized tasks.
549	mass production	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: mass + production. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sản xuất hàng loạt	Mass production reduced the price of many household items.
550	rapid urbanization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: rapid + urbanization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	đô thị hóa nhanh chóng	Rapid urbanization created crowded housing near nineteenth-century factories.
551	labor movement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: labor + movement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phong trào lao động	The labor movement campaigned for safer factories and shorter workdays.
552	collective bargaining	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: collective + bargaining. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Thương 2. lượng 3. tập thể	Through collective bargaining, the union and company agreed on wages.
553	laissez-faire	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: laissez + faire. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tự do kinh doanh	Laissez-faire thinkers argued that markets function best with limited regulation.
554	class consciousness	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: class + consciousness. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ý thức giai cấp	Factory workers developed class consciousness through common working conditions.
555	national sovereignty	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: national + sovereignty. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chủ quyền quốc gia	The treaty recognized the new country's national sovereignty.
556	legitimacy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: legitimacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Tính 2. hợp pháp	Free elections can strengthen a government's legitimacy.
557	balance of power	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: balance + of + power. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cân bằng quyền lực	Diplomats formed alliances to maintain a balance of power.
558	alliance system	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: alliance + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hệ thống liên minh	The alliance system turned a regional crisis into a wider war.
559	diplomatic negotiation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: diplomatic + negotiation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	đàm phán ngoại giao	Diplomatic negotiation produced a temporary border settlement.
560	militarization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	sự quân sự hoá	Militarization increased spending on armies and weapons before the conflict.

From Rome to Feudal Europe

Reading practice for pages 16–18. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

During the Pax Romana, imperial roads and each major aqueduct connected distant communities, while Roman civil law influenced later legal traditions. Centuries afterward, political power in parts of Europe became organized through a feudal hierarchy. Under serfdom, many agricultural workers were bound by obligations to landowners rather than protected as equal citizens.

Vietnamese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What connected Roman communities?

Roads and aqueducts connected Roman communities.

2. What Roman tradition influenced later law?

Roman civil law influenced later legal traditions.

3. How did serfdom restrict workers?

It bound many workers to landowners through obligations.

Page 17: words 561–595

Vocabulary page 17
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
561	mobilization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. sự động viên 2. Sự 3. huy động	Railways accelerated military mobilization.
562	total war	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: total + war. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chiến tranh toàn diện	During total war, governments rationed food and converted factories to weapons production.
563	trench warfare	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: trench + warfare. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chiến hào	Trench warfare on the Western Front produced long stalemates and heavy casualties.
564	self-determination	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: self + determination. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. sự tự quyết 2. quyền tự quyết 3. Sự	Nationalists appealed to self-determination after the empire collapsed.
565	collective security	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: collective + security. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	an ninh tập thể	Collective security depends on members acting when another state is attacked.
566	League of Nations	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: League + of + Nations. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Hội Quốc Liên	The League of Nations lacked its own armed force.
567	Treaty of Versailles	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Treaty + of + Versailles. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Hiệp ước Versailles	The Treaty of Versailles imposed territorial losses and reparations on Germany.
568	Nazism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Capitalization focus: Nazism is conventionally capitalized as the name of a specific political ideology.	1. chủ nghĩa Quốc xã 2. 主義國社 3. chủ nghĩa xã hội quốc gia	Nazism destroyed democratic institutions and pursued genocidal policies.
569	Holocaust	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Capitalization focus: this is a proper name, so its standard written form begins with a capital letter.	Holocaust	Holocaust remembrance preserves evidence and honors the people who were murdered.
570	Axis Powers	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Axis + Powers. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Quyền lực của trục	The Axis Powers pursued expansion across Europe, Africa, and Asia.
571	Allied Powers	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Allied + Powers. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Quyền lực đồng minh	The Allied Powers coordinated military campaigns despite differing political systems.
572	appeasement policy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: appeasement + policy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chính sách xoa dịu	The appeasement policy failed to stop further territorial demands.
573	Cold War	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Cold + War. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Chiến tranh Lạnh	The Cold War involved ideological competition, proxy conflicts, and nuclear tension.
574	containment policy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: containment + policy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chính sách ngăn chặn	The United States adopted containment policy toward Soviet influence.
575	proxy war	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: proxy + war. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chiến tranh ủy nhiệm	The regional civil war became a proxy war when rival powers supplied weapons.
576	arms race	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: arms + race. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chạy đua vũ trang	The nuclear arms race produced enormous arsenals.
577	nuclear deterrence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: nuclear + deterrence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	răn đe hạt nhân	Nuclear deterrence depends on an opponent believing retaliation is possible.
578	decolonization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. phi thực dân hoá 2. nền 3. lập	Decolonization created many new states after World War II.
579	nonaligned movement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: nonaligned + movement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phong trào không liên kết	The nonaligned movement promoted sovereignty and anti-colonial cooperation.
580	United Nations	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: United + Nations. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Liên Hiệp Quốc 2. Liên Hợp Quốc 3. 聯合國	The United Nations coordinates humanitarian relief through specialized agencies.
581	Universal Declaration of Human Rights	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Universal + Declaration + of + Human + Rights. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Tuyên ngôn Quốc tế Nhân quyền	The Universal Declaration of Human Rights includes freedom of thought and equal protection.
582	human rights	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: human + rights. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. nhân quyền 2. 人權 3. quyền con người	Freedom from torture is a human rights principle.
583	civil society	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: civil + society. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	xã hội dân sự	Independent charities and community groups are part of civil society.
584	political legitimacy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: political + legitimacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tính chính đáng về mặt chính trị	Transparent procedures can increase political legitimacy.
585	nation-state	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: nation + state. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	quốc gia dân tộc	A nation-state may still contain several languages and cultural groups.
586	border dispute	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: border + dispute. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tranh chấp biên giới	The two governments submitted the border dispute to arbitration.
587	cultural landscape	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: cultural + landscape. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cảnh quan văn hóa	Terraced fields form a cultural landscape created over generations.
588	push factor	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: push + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	yếu tố đẩy	Armed conflict is a powerful push factor in migration.
589	pull factor	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: pull + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	yếu tố kéo	Available jobs can be a pull factor for migration.
590	demographic transition	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: demographic + transition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chuyển đổi nhân khẩu học	During demographic transition, death rates often fall before birth rates.
591	human-environment interaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: human + environment + interaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tương tác giữa con người và môi trường	Irrigation is a human-environment interaction that can support farming and increase soil salinity.
592	population pyramid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: population + pyramid. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tháp dân số	A wide base on a population pyramid indicates many young people.
593	dependency ratio	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: dependency + ratio. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tỷ lệ phụ thuộc	An aging population can raise the dependency ratio.
594	urban sprawl	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: urban + sprawl. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mở rộng đô thị	Urban sprawl can increase car travel and habitat loss.
595	megacity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	siêu đô thị	A megacity requires extensive transportation and water systems.

Page 18: words 596–630

Vocabulary page 18
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
596	sustainable development	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: sustainable + development. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phát triển bền vững	Sustainable development balances economic opportunity, social well-being, and environmental limits.
597	resource distribution	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: resource + distribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	phân phối tài nguyên	Uneven resource distribution influences trade and political relationships.
598	geopolitical	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: geopolitical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	địa chính trị	Control of the narrow strait has geopolitical importance.
599	economic interdependence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: economic + interdependence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sự phụ thuộc lẫn nhau về kinh tế	Economic interdependence means a supply disruption in one country can affect many others.
600	global governance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: global + governance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	quản trị toàn cầu	Climate agreements are one form of global governance.
601	accumulation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. sự chất đống 2. sự chồng chất 3. sự tích luỹ	The accumulation of sediment narrowed the channel.
602	adaptability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. Tính 2. lắp	The team's adaptability helped it continue after the venue closed.
603	recalibration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. hiệu 2. chuẩn	The unusual readings prompted recalibration of the air-quality sensor.
604	allocation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự chỉ định 2. sự dùng (một số tiền vào việc gì	The budget increases the allocation for library materials.
605	estimation error	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: estimation + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lỗi ước lượng	A larger sample reduced the survey's estimation error.
606	assembly	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: assembly is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Cuộc họp	Final assembly of the bicycle occurs after the frame is painted.
607	attainment	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. Sự 2. đạt 3. được	Graduation marks the attainment of the program's requirements.
608	capability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. Khả năng 2. năng lực	The satellite has the capability to measure sea-surface temperature.
609	cessation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. dừng 3. ngừng	The cessation of rainfall allowed the river level to fall.
610	clarification	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. lọc 2. gạn	The editor requested clarification of the phrase “regular use.”
611	coincidence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. trùng 2. khớp	The two alarms sounding together may be a coincidence.
612	compatibility	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. Tính 2. hợp 3. tương hợp	The technician checked the software's compatibility with older devices.
613	compensation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. đền 2. bù 3. bồi thường	Residents received compensation for property damaged by the construction.
614	complexity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. phức tạp 2. rắc rối	The ecosystem's complexity makes a single-cause explanation unlikely.
615	conformity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. Sự 2. phù hợp 3. thích hợp	The inspector tested the product for conformity with safety standards.
616	contradiction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. mâu thuẫn 3. trái ngược	There is a contradiction between the witness's timeline and the video.
617	public controversy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: public + controversy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tranh cãi công khai	The dam project caused public controversy over jobs and habitat loss.
618	coordination	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	phối hợp	Emergency coordination prevented two rescue teams from searching the same area.
619	correspondence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. Sự 2. xứng 3. tương ứng	The map shows a correspondence between high elevation and cooler temperature.
620	deficiency	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: deficiency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Sự 2. thiếu hụt 3. không	An iron deficiency can reduce the blood's ability to carry oxygen.
621	dependency	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: dependency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Vật 2. phụ thuộc 3. phần	The island's fuel dependency makes price shocks especially serious.
622	detection	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. dò 3. tìm ra	Early detection improves the chance of controlling the invasive insect.
623	deviation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. trệch 3. lệch	The sharp deviation from the average led researchers to check the instrument.
624	diversification	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. dạng 2. vẻ	Crop diversification protects farmers if one harvest fails.
625	dominance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. Thế 2. hơn 3. trội	The company's market dominance discouraged new competitors.
626	effectiveness	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	hiệu lực	The trial measures the effectiveness of the new filtration method.
627	emergence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. Sự 2. nổi lên 3. hiện	The emergence of inexpensive printing changed public access to information.
628	emphasis	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: emphasis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. nhấn mạnh 2. nhấn 3. giọng	The course places emphasis on evidence rather than memorized dates.
629	enforcement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. thúc ép 2. ép buộc	Weak enforcement allowed factories to ignore the pollution limit.
630	enhancement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. tăng 2. nâng cao 3. nổi bật	Noise reduction produced a clear enhancement in the recording.

Page 19: words 631–665

Vocabulary page 19
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
631	equivalence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. Tính 2. tương đương	The translator questioned the equivalence of the two legal terms.
632	exclusion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	hưởng	The exclusion of rural households distorted the survey.
633	expansion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. mở rộng 3. bành trướng	Railway expansion connected inland farms with coastal ports.
634	exploitation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. khai thác 3. khai khẩn	Labor laws were introduced to reduce the exploitation of children.
635	responsiveness	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	1. nhiệt tình 2. thông cảm	The agency's responsiveness improved after it opened a public hotline.
636	inclusivity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	tính toàn diện	Providing captions improves the meeting's inclusivity.
637	inevitability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. Tính 2. tránh 3. chắc chắn	The author challenges the supposed inevitability of the war.
638	modernization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. sự hiện đại hoá 2. Sự 3. hiện đại hoá	Railway modernization shortened travel times and improved safety.
639	inspection	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. xem xét 3. kỹ	A bridge inspection found corrosion beneath the road surface.
640	interaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Tương tác 2. ảnh hưởng 3. lẫn nhau	The medication can cause a harmful interaction with grapefruit.
641	isolation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	cô lập	Geographic isolation allowed the island species to develop independently.
642	justification	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Lý lẽ 2. bào chữa	The report gives no justification for excluding the smaller schools.
643	maintenance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. bảo trì 2. bảo dưỡng 3. giữ	Routine maintenance prevented the machine from overheating.
644	manipulation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. vận dụng 2. thao tác	Selective cropping can become manipulation when it changes a photograph's apparent meaning.
645	modification	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. sửa đổi 2. thay đổi	The wheelchair ramp required a modification to the entrance.
646	negotiation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. sự đàm phán 2. phán 3. thương lượng	Negotiation ended the strike with a revised contract.
647	spatial orientation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: spatial + orientation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	định hướng không gian	The map improved hikers' spatial orientation in the fog.
648	participation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. sự tham gia 2. tham dự 3. góp phần	Online access increased participation in the public hearing.
649	perception	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. nhận thức	Lighting can change the perception of a room's size.
650	continuance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. Sự 2. tiếp tục 3. tồn tại	Funding is necessary for the continuance of the research program.
651	prevention	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. ngăn cản 3. ngăn trở	Vaccination is an important form of disease prevention.
652	priority	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. Quyền 2. ưu tiên 3. xét	Restoring clean water became the city's first priority.
653	prohibition	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. cấm 2. ngăn cấm 3. cấm chỉ	The park has a prohibition against feeding wild animals.
654	promotion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. thăng chức 2. thăng 3. cấp	The campaign focuses on the promotion of bicycle safety.
655	proportionality	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. Tính 2. cân xứng 3. cân	The court considered whether the penalty had proportionality to the offense.
656	proximity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. Trạng thái 2. gần	The garden's proximity to the river makes flooding possible.
657	pursuit	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: pursuit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. bắt 2. truy nã 3. truy kích	Her pursuit of accuracy led her back to the original records.
658	response rate	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: response + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tỷ lệ phản hồi	Reminder messages increased the survey's response rate.
659	recovery	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: recovery is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sự hồi phục	Wetland recovery began after grazing ended.
660	governance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. Sự 2. cai trị 3. thống trị	Transparent governance includes public access to budgets and rules.
661	reinforcement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. tăng cường 2. củng cố 3. tăng viện	Steel reinforcement helps concrete resist tension.
662	restriction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. hạn chế 3. giới hạn	A seasonal restriction protects nesting birds from disturbance.
663	retention	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. giữ lại 3. cầm	Tree roots improve soil retention on the slope.
664	revelation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. lộ 3. tiết lộ	The diary's revelation changed how historians understood the expedition.
665	significance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. ý nghĩa 2. 意義	The essay explains the significance of the broken watch in the final scene.

Evaluating a Public Policy

Reading practice for pages 19–21. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A city proposes an expansion of late-night bus service. Advocates argue that equal fares create equivalence across routes, but residents warn that geographic exclusion will persist if some neighborhoods remain unserved. Officials must prevent the exploitation of drivers through unsafe schedules and demonstrate responsiveness by revising the plan after public testimony.

Vietnamese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What service expansion is proposed?

The city proposes expanded late-night bus service.

2. What exclusion concerns residents?

They worry that some neighborhoods will remain unserved.

3. How can officials show responsiveness?

They can revise the plan after public testimony.

Page 20: words 666–700

Vocabulary page 20
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
666	stability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. Sự 2. vững vàng 3. vững chắc	A wide base improves the tower's stability.
667	sufficiency	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: sufficiency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Sự 2. đầy	Auditors examined the sufficiency of evidence supporting the expense.
668	long-term viability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: long + term + viability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	khả năng tồn tại lâu dài	Reliable water access is essential to the town's long-term viability.
669	information transfer	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: information + transfer. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chuyển thông tin	Fiber-optic cables allow rapid information transfer.
670	utilization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	sử dụng	The clinic tracked utilization of its evening services.
671	constitutional amendment	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: constitutional + amendment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sửa đổi hiến pháp	The constitutional amendment extended voting rights.
672	beneficiary	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: beneficiary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	thụ ích	Each scholarship beneficiary receives tuition and mentoring.
673	compliance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. Sự 2. bằng lòng 3. ưng thuận	The audit confirmed compliance with workplace safety law.
674	consultation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. sự tham khảo 2. Sự 3. hỏi	The council held a public consultation before changing the bus route.
675	deliberation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. suy nghĩ 3. cân nhắc	After two days of deliberation, the jury reached a verdict.
676	designation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. chỉ rõ 3. định	The area's designation as a marine reserve limits fishing.
677	disclosure	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: disclosure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. mở 2. vạch trần 3. để lộ	Financial disclosure reveals whether an official has related business interests.
678	professional discretion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: professional + discretion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	quyết định chuyên nghiệp	A physician uses professional discretion when adapting general guidance to a patient's needs.
679	eligibility	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. Tính 2. tư cách 3. thích hợp	Applicants must prove eligibility for the reduced fee.
680	exemption	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. miễn	The law grants an exemption for emergency vehicles.
681	feasibility	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. thực hành 2. thực hiện	The pilot program tests the feasibility of electric buses on steep routes.
682	legal jurisdiction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: legal + jurisdiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	thẩm quyền pháp lý	The dispute concerns which court has legal jurisdiction.
683	liability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. Trách nhiệm 2. pháp lý 3. nghĩa vụ	The company accepted liability for the defective product.
684	oversight	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: oversight is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Sự 2. quên 3. sót	Independent oversight found weaknesses in the purchasing process.
685	precedence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	Quyền	During an evacuation, human safety takes precedence over property protection.
686	operating procedure	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: operating + procedure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	quy trình vận hành	The operating procedure requires two checks before the valve opens.
687	procurement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	kiếm	Public procurement rules require fair competition among suppliers.
688	provision	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự cung cấp 2. đồ cung cấp	One provision of the contract requires monthly safety reports.
689	recommendation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. giới thiệu 2. tiến cử	The panel's recommendation is to repair rather than replace the bridge.
690	requirement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. Nhu cầu 2. sự 3. đòi hỏi	A laboratory report is a graduation requirement.
691	technical specification	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: technical + specification. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	đặc điểm kỹ thuật	The battery failed to meet the technical specification for cold weather.
692	standardization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. tiêu chuẩn hoá 2. 標準化 3. sự tiêu chuẩn hoá	Measurement standardization allows laboratories to compare results.
693	transparency	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: transparency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	trong suốt	Publishing meeting records increases government transparency.
694	implementation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	thi hành	Training began before implementation of the new safety policy.
695	policy initiative	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: policy + initiative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sáng kiến chính sách	The housing policy initiative funds repairs to vacant buildings.
696	institutionalization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	thể chế hoá	Institutionalization of annual audits made financial review routine.
697	authorization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. Sự 2. quyền 3. cho phép	Workers need written authorization to enter the restricted area.
698	identity verification	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: identity + verification. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	xác minh danh tính	The bank uses identity verification before changing account details.
699	mediation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. điều 3. đình	Mediation helped the neighbors settle the boundary dispute.
700	reconciliation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. Sự 2. hoà giải 3. giảng hoà	The commission supported reconciliation by documenting abuses and hearing survivors.

Page 21: words 701–735

Vocabulary page 21
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
701	accessible	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	có thể truy cập	The museum provides an accessible entrance and captions for its videos.
702	accountable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	chịu trách nhiệm	Elected officials are accountable to the public.
703	context-sensitive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: context + sensitive. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nhạy cảm với ngữ cảnh	The translation tool is context-sensitive and distinguishes bank as land from bank as an institution.
704	administrative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	hành chính	The principal assigned the scheduling issue to administrative staff.
705	advisory	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: advisory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tư vấn	The weather agency issued an advisory notice about dangerous heat.
706	aggregated	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: aggregated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tổng hợp	The report protects privacy by publishing only aggregated data.
707	substitutable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	có thể thay thế được	The two components are not substitutable because they require different voltages.
708	estimated	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: estimated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ước lượng	The estimated repair cost may change after workers open the wall.
709	authoritative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	có thẩm quyền	The archive's catalog is an authoritative source for the manuscript's history.
710	advantageous	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	thuận lợi	The sheltered harbor is advantageous for ships during storms.
711	serviceable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	có thể sử dụng được	Although scratched, the old microscope remains serviceable.
712	collaborative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	hợp tác	The collaborative project combines local knowledge with satellite data.
713	compatible	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. hợp 2. thích hợp	The replacement part is compatible with the original machine.
714	consecutive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	liên tiếp	The river exceeded flood level for three consecutive days.
715	constructive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	mang tính xây dựng	The reviewer offered constructive criticism with specific revision ideas.
716	controversial	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: controversial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	gây tranh cãi	The controversial proposal would relocate several families.
717	mutually supportive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: mutually + supportive. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	hỗ trợ lẫn nhau	The two programs are mutually supportive because one trains workers and the other creates jobs.
718	deficient	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: deficient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	thiếu sót	The diet was deficient in vitamin C.
719	characteristic	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: characteristic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	đặc điểm	Dark volcanic soil is characteristic of the island.
720	detectable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	có thể phát hiện được	The chemical is detectable in water at very low concentrations.
721	developmental	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: developmental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	phát triển	The study examines developmental differences between early and late adolescence.
722	pluralistic	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: pluralistic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	đa nguyên	A pluralistic society allows different religious communities to participate in public life.
723	effective	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	hiệu quả	The new filter is effective at removing lead.
724	emergent	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: emergent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	nổi lên	Traffic patterns are an emergent result of many individual driving decisions.
725	emphatic	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: emphatic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	nhấn mạnh	Her emphatic refusal left no doubt about her position.
726	enforceable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	có thể thực thi được	A vague promise may not be enforceable as a contract.
727	exclusive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	loại trừ	The interview contains exclusive information not reported elsewhere.
728	explanatory	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: explanatory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	giải thích	An explanatory caption describes how the machine works.
729	exploitative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	bóc lột	The investigation exposed exploitative labor conditions.
730	adjustable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	có thể điều chỉnh	The desk has an adjustable height.
731	inclusive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	bao gồm	The inclusive survey provides several ways to respond.
732	inescapable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	không thể tránh khỏi	The financial cost is an inescapable part of the decision.
733	innovative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	đổi mới	The innovative roof collects rainwater and cools the building.
734	institutional	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: institutional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	thể chế	Institutional rules can continue even after individual leaders change.
735	interactive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	tương tác	The interactive map displays new information when a region is selected.

Page 22: words 736–770

Vocabulary page 22
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
736	justifiable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	chính đáng	Temporary closure is justifiable when the bridge is unsafe.
737	legislative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	lập pháp	The bill entered the legislative process.
738	manipulative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	thao túng	The manipulative advertisement hides important fees until checkout.
739	measurable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	có thể đo lường được	The program set a measurable goal of reducing waste by ten percent.
740	negotiable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	có thể thương lượng	The delivery date is negotiable, but the safety standard is not.
741	operational	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: operational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hoạt động	The repaired water pump is operational again.
742	organizational	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: organizational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tổ chức	Clear organizational roles reduced duplicated work.
743	perceptible	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	có thể cảm nhận được	A perceptible vibration began before the machine stopped.
744	preventive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	phòng ngừa	Preventive maintenance replaced the worn cable before it failed.
745	proximate	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: proximate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	gần	The proximate cause of the outage was a fallen power line.
746	regulatory	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: regulatory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	quy định	The agency has regulatory authority over drinking-water quality.
747	illustrative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	minh họa	The report includes an illustrative case from a small coastal town.
748	restrictive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	hạn chế	The drought led to restrictive rules on outdoor water use.
749	sequential	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: sequential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tuần tự	The instructions present the repair steps in sequential order.
750	substantive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	thực chất	The revision makes a substantive change to tenant protections.
751	enduring	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: enduring is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Lâu dài 2. vĩnh viễn	The court decision had an enduring influence on civil rights.
752	transmissible	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	có thể truyền được	The disease is transmissible through contaminated water.
753	auditable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	có thể kiểm tra được	Every purchase must leave an auditable trail.
754	underlying	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: underlying is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	cơ bản	The physician treated the underlying infection rather than only the fever.
755	additive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	phụ gia	The two small delays had an additive effect on travel time.
756	comparative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	cấp so sánh	The comparative essay considers how both novels portray exile.
757	competitive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	cạnh tranh	The company submitted a competitive bid for the project.
758	contextual	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: contextual is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	theo ngữ cảnh	Contextual evidence shows that “draft” refers to a preliminary document.
759	correlational	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: correlational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tương quan	The correlational study found that sleep and concentration changed together.
760	deliberative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	cân nhắc	The citizens' panel used a deliberative process rather than a quick vote.
761	diagnostic	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: diagnostic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	chẩn đoán	The mechanic ran a diagnostic test on the engine.
762	differential	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: differential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. vi phân 2. 微分	A pressure differential moves air through the vent.
763	distributive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	phân phối	The debate concerns distributive fairness in the tax system.
764	environmental	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: environmental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	môi trường	The review identifies environmental risks to the wetland.
765	evaluative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	đánh giá	The conclusion makes an evaluative claim about the policy's success.
766	inferential	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: inferential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	suy luận	Inferential statistics estimates population traits from sample data.
767	interpretative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	diễn giải	The museum's interpretative label connects the tool with daily village life.
768	methodological	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: methodological is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	phương pháp luận	A methodological flaw made the comparison unreliable.
769	participatory	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: participatory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	có sự tham gia	Participatory planning invited residents to design the park.
770	predictive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	tiên đoán	The predictive model estimates tomorrow's electricity demand.

Writing a Negotiable Proposal

Reading practice for pages 22–23. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A student council prepares a legislative proposal for later library hours. Its goal must be measurable, such as a documented increase in supervised study time. The writers avoid manipulative claims and support each cost with justifiable evidence. Because staffing remains negotiable, they offer several schedules instead of insisting on one fixed demand.

Vietnamese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What makes the proposal's goal measurable?

It names a documented increase in supervised study time.

2. What kind of claims do the writers avoid?

They avoid manipulative claims.

3. Why do they offer several schedules?

Staffing remains negotiable.

Page 23: words 771–800

Vocabulary page 23
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
771	procedural	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: procedural is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	theo thủ tục	A procedural error invalidated the vote count.
772	relational	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: relational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	quan hệ	The database uses relational links between customers and orders.
773	structural	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: structural is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	cấu trúc	The earthquake caused structural damage to two columns.
774	systematic	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: systematic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	có tính hệ thống	The researchers conducted a systematic search of every archive.
775	transferable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	có thể chuyển nhượng	Clear writing is a transferable skill useful across subjects.
776	unbiased	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: unbiased is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	không thiên vị	A random process aims to produce an unbiased sample.
777	verifiable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	có thể kiểm chứng được	The article includes verifiable dates and public records.
778	coordinated	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: coordinated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	phối hợp	A coordinated response delivered food and medicine to isolated towns.
779	interdisciplinary	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Prefix focus: inter- means between or among.	liên ngành	The interdisciplinary course connects ecology, economics, and public policy.
780	multidisciplinary	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Prefix focus: multi- means many.	đa ngành	A multidisciplinary team of engineers, doctors, and designers developed the device.
781	accrue	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: accrue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. dồn 2. về	Interest will accrue each month that the balance remains unpaid.
782	administer	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: administer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Trông nom 2. quản lý 3. cai quản	Trained nurses administer the vaccine.
783	rectify	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. Sửa 2. thẳng	The publisher issued a notice to rectify the mislabeled chart.
784	arbitrate	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: arbitrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Phân xử 2. làm 3. trọng tài	An independent panel will arbitrate the contract disagreement.
785	authenticate	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: authenticate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Xác nhận 2. đúng 3. chứng minh	Experts authenticate the painting by examining pigments and ownership records.
786	centralize	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	Tập trung	The district will centralize purchasing to reduce duplicate orders.
787	circulate	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: circulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Lưu hành 2. truyền 3. truyền bá	The pump will circulate warm water through the building.
788	reimburse	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: reimburse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Hoàn 2. trả lại	The organization will reimburse volunteers for train fares.
789	conform	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: conform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. tuân theo 2. hợp 3. phù hợp	All helmets must conform to the updated safety standard.
790	synchronize	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	Xác	The technicians synchronize the clocks before collecting measurements.
791	correspond	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: correspond is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. Xứng 2. tương 3. phù hợp	Each colored line should correspond to one category in the key.
792	deactivate	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: deactivate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hoạt động 2. hiệu quả	The code will deactivate the alarm after identity verification.
793	decentralize	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	Phân quyền	The reform will decentralize health services to regional offices.
794	designate	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: designate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	chỉ định	The city will designate the wetland as a protected area.
795	make public	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: make + public. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	công khai	The agency must make public the final inspection report.
796	diversify	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. dạng 2. vẻ	The farm will diversify by growing grains, fruit, and vegetables.
797	enforce	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: enforce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. hiệu lực 2. sức mạnh	Inspectors enforce limits on unsafe emissions.
798	amplify	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. khuếch đại 2. Mở rộng	The curved wall can amplify sound across the theater.
799	exclude	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: exclude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hưởng	A study should not exclude relevant evidence merely because it challenges the hypothesis.
800	leverage	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: leverage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	đòn bẩy	The town will leverage its rail connection to attract new businesses.

Sources and curriculum references

These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.