English Vocabulary · Grade 9 Live Review Preview

9th Grade Vocabulary Words

Ninth grade marks the transition to high-school reading and writing across literature, argument, research, biology, physical and Earth science, algebra, computing, world history, civics, and geography. This level develops precise academic and domain-specific vocabulary while strengthening context, nuance, source evaluation, figurative language, and evidence-based communication.

This independently authored 800-word beta curriculum is arranged in twenty-three pages of up to thirty-five words. Pages containing words 1–500 include five cloze questions drawn only from that enhanced range; words 501–800 remain fully visible and editable as list pages while the expanded practice layer is developed. Each row includes a subject-field label and an editable word-study note about a transparent affix, compound structure, capitalization, or dictionary base form. The cited Grade 9 resources calibrate difficulty and study skills only; all learner-facing definitions, examples, quizzes, and descriptions are original KSSR copy.

Please note: the vocabulary lists for grades 9~11 have been selected to ensure no overlap with the previous grade level. If the words are too specialized or difficult for you, please go back to grade levels 4~8 and review the words on those pages.

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Complete text list

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Page 1: words 1–35

Vocabulary page 1
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1	abstraction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. абстра́кция 2. абстракция	Freedom is an abstraction that different societies define in different ways.
2	traceability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	прослеживаемость	Batch numbers provide traceability from a packaged food to the factory that produced it.
3	acquisition	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	приобрете́ние	Regular conversation supports the acquisition of a new language.
4	adequacy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: adequacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	адекватность	The committee questioned the adequacy of the building's fire exits.
5	annotation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. коммента́рий 2. примеча́ние 3. поясне́ние	Her annotation beside the graph identifies a sudden change in the trend.
6	anticipation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. ожида́ние 2. предчу́вствие 3. предвкуше́ние	In anticipation of heavy rain, workers cleared leaves from the drains.
7	applicability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	применимость	The scientist discussed the applicability of the small study to a larger population.
8	assessment	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. оце́нивание 2. оце́нка	The engineer's assessment found that the old bridge needed immediate repair.
9	authenticity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. по́длинность 2. достове́рность 3. аутенти́чность	Experts tested the ink to determine the letter's authenticity.
10	causation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	причи́нная связь	A correlation between two trends does not by itself prove causation.
11	comparability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	сопоставимость	Using the same measurement method improves comparability between the experiments.
12	compilation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. компиля́ция 2. компили́рование	The archive published a compilation of diaries from the expedition.
13	conceptualization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	концептуализация	Her conceptualization of the problem changed after she interviewed local residents.
14	consistency	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: consistency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. согласо́ванность 2. консисте́нтность	Reviewers checked the report for consistency between its tables and conclusions.
15	corpus	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: corpus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ко́рпус 2. собра́ние 3. корпус	Linguists searched the corpus to see how the expression changed over time.
16	cross-check	verb Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: cross + check. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	перекрестная проверка	Before publishing the date, the reporter will cross-check it against the court record.
17	deductive reasoning	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: deductive + reasoning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	дедукция	Deductive reasoning shows that if all metals conduct heat and copper is a metal, copper conducts heat.
18	descriptive statistics	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: descriptive + statistics. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	описа́тельная стати́стика	The report uses descriptive statistics such as the mean and range to summarize survey results.
19	evidence hierarchy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: evidence + hierarchy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	иерархия доказательств	In medicine, an evidence hierarchy usually places systematic research above personal anecdotes.
20	fact-checking	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: fact + checking. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. фактче́к 2. фактче́кинг	Careful fact-checking revealed that the viral photograph came from an earlier event.
21	generalizability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	обобщаемость	A study of ten volunteers has limited generalizability to an entire country.
22	inductive reasoning	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: inductive + reasoning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	индукция	Through inductive reasoning, the botanist proposed a pattern after observing many plants.
23	information literacy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: information + literacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	информационная грамотность	Information literacy helps students distinguish a reliable report from a misleading post.
24	logical consistency	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: logical + consistency. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	логическая последовательность	The argument lacks logical consistency because its conclusion rejects its first premise.
25	media literacy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: media + literacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	медиаграмотность	Media literacy encourages viewers to ask who produced an advertisement and why.
26	objectivity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. объекти́вность 2. объективность	Using a scoring guide can improve objectivity when several judges evaluate the same work.
27	peer-reviewed	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: peer + reviewed. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	рецензируемый	The student chose a peer-reviewed article instead of an unsigned blog post.
28	qualifier	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: qualifier is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	квалификатор	The qualifier “in most cases” prevents the claim from sounding absolute.
29	reproducibility	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	воспроизводимость	Detailed procedures allow scientists to test the reproducibility of an experiment.
30	research question	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: research + question. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	исследовательский вопрос	The research question asks how street lighting affects moth populations.
31	scholarly	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: scholarly is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	учёный	A scholarly article normally cites the evidence on which its claims depend.
32	source criticism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: source + criticism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	критика источника	Source criticism helped the historian recognize that the speech was political propaganda.
33	statistical significance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: statistical + significance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	существенность	The trial found statistical significance, but researchers still considered whether the effect was useful.
34	systematic review	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: systematic + review. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	систематический обзор	A systematic review compared dozens of trials on the same treatment.
35	triangulation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. триангуля́ция 2. триангуляция	The journalist used triangulation by comparing interviews, photographs, and official records.

Judging a Research Claim

Reading practice for pages 1–3. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A peer-reviewed study begins with careful conceptualization: researchers define exactly what they intend to measure. An abstraction such as “community trust” must become observable questions or behaviors. Objectivity does not mean researchers lack perspectives; it means they use transparent methods and apply them with consistency so other scholars can evaluate the claim.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What happens during conceptualization?

Researchers define what they intend to measure.

2. Why must an abstraction become observable?

Observable measures allow the idea to be studied.

3. How do researchers support objectivity?

They use transparent methods consistently.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Her ___ of the problem changed after she interviewed local residents.

Answer: conceptualization

2. Using a scoring guide can improve ___ when several judges evaluate the same work.

Answer: objectivity

3. Freedom is an ___ that different societies define in different ways.

Answer: abstraction

4. Reviewers checked the report for ___ between its tables and conclusions.

Answer: consistency

5. The student chose a ___ article instead of an unsigned blog post.

Answer: peer-reviewed

Page 2: words 36–70

Vocabulary page 2
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
36	verifiability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	проверяемость	A precise citation increases the verifiability of a historical claim.
37	working hypothesis	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: working + hypothesis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	рабочая гипотеза	The team treated soil acidity as a working hypothesis rather than a proven cause.
38	exemplification	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	иллюстрация	The essay uses exemplification by describing one neighborhood that reduced food waste.
39	qualification	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	огово́рка	The author adds a qualification because the policy does not affect every resident equally.
40	concession	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	концессия	The debate response begins with a concession that the proposal would require extra funding.
41	rebuttal	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: rebuttal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	опровержение	Her rebuttal shows that the cited survey excluded rural voters.
42	assertion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	утвержде́ние	The article makes the assertion that the lake is clean but provides no water-quality data.
43	coherence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	свя́зность	Repeated key terms give the essay coherence from one paragraph to the next.
44	supporting detail	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: supporting + detail. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	вспомогательная деталь	The temperature record is a supporting detail for the paragraph about climate change.
45	peer review	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: peer + review. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	рецензи́рование	Peer review prompted the researcher to clarify how participants were selected.
46	intellectual property	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: intellectual + property. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. интеллектуа́льная со́бственность 2. интеллектуальная собственность	A patent is one way the law can protect intellectual property.
47	paraphrasing	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: paraphrasing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	перефразируя	Effective paraphrasing changes both the vocabulary and the sentence structure of the source.
48	close reading	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: close + reading. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	близкое чтение	A close reading of the final stanza reveals a shift from anger to acceptance.
49	context clue	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: context + clue. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	контекстная подсказка	The phrase “unable to bend” provides a context clue for the word rigid.
50	reference work	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: reference + work. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. спра́вочные материа́лы 2. спра́вочный материа́л	An etymological dictionary is a reference work for studying word origins.
51	root word	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: root + word. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	корневое слово	Help is the root word in helpful and helpless.
52	conclusive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. реша́ющий 2. реши́тельный 3. убеди́тельный	One blurry photograph is not conclusive evidence that the rare bird has returned.
53	scrutiny	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: scrutiny is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. тщательный 2. тща́тельное иссле́дование	The budget came under scrutiny after auditors found several unexplained payments.
54	rationale	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: rationale is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. основа́ние 2. обоснова́ние 3. оправда́ние	The proposal states the rationale for preserving the wetland.
55	corroboration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	подтвержде́ние	Phone records provided corroboration for the witness's account.
56	affirmative case	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: affirmative + case. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	утвердительный падеж	The affirmative case argues that later school start times improve student health.
57	burden of proof	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: burden + of + proof. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	бре́мя доказа́тельства	A person making an extraordinary accusation carries the burden of proof.
58	causal claim	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: causal + claim. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	причинное требование	The causal claim requires stronger evidence than the observation that two trends occur together.
59	counterevidence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	контрдоказательство	The colder years provide counterevidence to the proposed simple pattern.
60	counterpoint	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Prefix focus: counter- means against, opposing, or responding to.	контрапу́нкт	The memoir offers a counterpoint to the official version of the event.
61	faulty reasoning	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: faulty + reasoning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ошибочное рассуждение	The claim that one rainy day disproves climate change relies on faulty reasoning.
62	false analogy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: false + analogy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ложная аналогия	Comparing a school to a prison is a false analogy when the differences are ignored.
63	false dilemma	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: false + dilemma. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ложная дилемма	The statement “support this plan or oppose all progress” creates a false dilemma.
64	hasty generalization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: hasty + generalization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	поспешные обобщения	Judging an entire city by one unpleasant visit is a hasty generalization.
65	loaded language	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: loaded + language. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	загруженный язык	Calling a small fee an “outrageous theft” uses loaded language.
66	logical appeal	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: logical + appeal. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	логическая привлекательность	The report's logical appeal rests on cost comparisons and safety data.
67	emotional appeal	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: emotional + appeal. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	эмоциональная привлекательность	The rescue photograph creates an emotional appeal for donations.
68	ethical appeal	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: ethical + appeal. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	этическая привлекательность	The physician builds an ethical appeal by describing her relevant experience and standards.
69	reasoned judgment	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: reasoned + judgment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	мотивированное суждение	After comparing the risks and benefits, the panel issued a reasoned judgment.
70	rebuttal evidence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: rebuttal + evidence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	опровергающие доказательства	The later census figures serve as rebuttal evidence against the population claim.

Page 2 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 2.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The essay uses ___ by describing one neighborhood that reduced food waste.

Answer: exemplification

2. Help is the ___ in helpful and helpless.

Answer: root word

3. Judging an entire city by one unpleasant visit is a ___.

Answer: hasty generalization

4. The author adds a ___ because the policy does not affect every resident equally.

Answer: qualification

5. One blurry photograph is not ___ evidence that the rare bird has returned.

Answer: conclusive

Page 3: words 71–105

Vocabulary page 3
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
71	refutation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. опроверже́ние 2. рефута́ция	The laboratory result provided a refutation of the rumor about contaminated water.
72	rhetorical situation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: rhetorical + situation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	риторическая ситуация	Understanding the rhetorical situation explains why the mayor used a formal tone.
73	scope	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: scope is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. масшта́б 2. преде́л 3. разма́х	The paper narrows its scope to public transportation in three coastal cities.
74	synthesis matrix	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: synthesis + matrix. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	матрица синтеза	A synthesis matrix helped Noor compare how four authors discussed water access.
75	thesis statement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: thesis + statement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	тезис	The thesis statement argues that the novel treats memory as both a gift and a burden.
76	citation trail	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: citation + trail. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	цитируемый след	Following the citation trail led the researcher to the original 1987 study.
77	integrated quotation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: integrated + quotation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	интегрированное предложение	An integrated quotation supports the paragraph without interrupting its flow.
78	signal phrase	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: signal + phrase. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	сигнальная фраза	The signal phrase “According to marine biologist Ana Ruiz” establishes the source's expertise.
79	parenthetical citation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: parenthetical + citation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	цитата в скобках	The parenthetical citation directs readers to the matching entry in the works cited list.
80	works cited	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: works + cited. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	цитируемые работы	The works cited gives publication details for every article quoted in the essay.
81	source note	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: source + note. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	примечание к источнику	The map's source note credits the national geological survey.
82	revision plan	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: revision + plan. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	план пересмотра	Her revision plan begins with strengthening the counterargument and reorganizing two paragraphs.
83	peer feedback	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: peer + feedback. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	обратная связь от коллег	Peer feedback showed that the explanation needed a clearer example.
84	sentence fluency	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: sentence + fluency. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	беглость предложения	Varying sentence length improved the paragraph's sentence fluency.
85	parallel structure	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: parallel + structure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	параллельная структура	“To learn, to question, and to grow” uses parallel structure.
86	logical progression	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: logical + progression. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	логическое развитие	The report has a logical progression from the problem to its causes and possible solutions.
87	transitional phrase	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: transitional + phrase. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	переходная фраза	The transitional phrase “on the other hand” introduces a contrast.
88	topic development	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: topic + development. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	развитие темы	Facts alone do not create topic development unless the writer explains their significance.
89	formal tone	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: formal + tone. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	формальный тон	The application letter maintains a formal tone by avoiding slang.
90	specificity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	специ́фика	Replacing “things got better” with measured results adds specificity.
91	source synthesis	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: source + synthesis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	синтез источника	Her source synthesis compares the studies instead of summarizing each one separately.
92	citation ethics	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: citation + ethics. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	этика цитирования	Citation ethics requires a writer to identify both direct quotations and paraphrased ideas.
93	research ethics	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: research + ethics. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	исследовательская этика	Research ethics requires informed consent before collecting private interview data.
94	data provenance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + provenance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	происхождение данных	The repository preserves data provenance by naming the sensor, date, and processing steps.
95	sample bias	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: sample + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	смещение выборки	Surveying only morning commuters introduces sample bias into a study of all transit riders.
96	selection bias	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: selection + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	предвзя́тость подтвержде́ния	Allowing volunteers to choose their own treatment group can create selection bias.
97	confirmation bias	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: confirmation + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	предвзятость подтверждения	Confirmation bias may lead a reader to ignore evidence that challenges an opinion.
98	publication bias	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: publication + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	предвзятость публикации	Publication bias can make a treatment appear more effective than the complete evidence shows.
99	conflict of interest	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: conflict + of + interest. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	конфли́кт интересов	The reviewer disclosed a conflict of interest because she owned stock in the company.
100	replication study	noun Study Field: Grade 9 research, reasoning, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: replication + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	репликационное исследование	A replication study found the same effect in a different city and age group.
101	narratology	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	нарратоло́гия	Narratology examines how changes in time and point of view shape a reader's experience.
102	focalization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	фокусировка	The chapter uses the child's focalization, so readers notice details that matter to her.
103	narrative distance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: narrative + distance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	повествовательная дистанция	Short, urgent thoughts reduce the narrative distance during the escape scene.
104	narrative reliability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: narrative + reliability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	достоверность повествования	Conflicting dates make the narrator's narrative reliability increasingly doubtful.
105	nonlinear narrative	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: nonlinear + narrative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	нелинейное повествование	The nonlinear narrative moves between the trial and memories of the earlier voyage.

Page 3 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 3.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Following the ___ led the researcher to the original 1987 study.

Answer: citation trail

2. The application letter maintains a ___ by avoiding slang.

Answer: formal tone

3. The chapter uses the child's ___, so readers notice details that matter to her.

Answer: focalization

4. An ___ supports the paragraph without interrupting its flow.

Answer: integrated quotation

5. Replacing “things got better” with measured results adds ___.

Answer: specificity

Page 4: words 106–140

Vocabulary page 4
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
106	flash-forward	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: flash + forward. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ретроспектива	A brief flash-forward reveals the abandoned town twenty years after the storm.
107	in medias res	adverb Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: in + medias + res. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	в медиа разрешении	The epic opens in medias res, with the sailors already trapped in the whirlpool.
108	parallel plot	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: parallel + plot. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	параллельный сюжет	The immigrant daughter's journey forms a parallel plot with her grandmother's wartime escape.
109	braided narrative	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: braided + narrative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	плетеный рассказ	The braided narrative joins three families through the history of one house.
110	narrative reversal	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: narrative + reversal. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	разворот повествования	The apparent villain's rescue of the hero creates a narrative reversal.
111	story world	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: story + world. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	мир истории	Maps and legends make the fantasy's story world feel internally consistent.
112	narrative frame	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: narrative + frame. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	повествовательная рамка	The interview provides a narrative frame for the explorer's recollections.
113	narrative pace	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: narrative + pace. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	темп повествования	Brief sentences and omitted details quicken the narrative pace during the chase.
114	scene summary	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: scene + summary. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Краткое описание сцены	A scene summary covers the uneventful months between the two expeditions.
115	temporal shift	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: temporal + shift. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	временной сдвиг	The phrase “years earlier” signals a temporal shift into the character's childhood.
116	retrospective narration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: retrospective + narration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ретроспективное повествование	Retrospective narration allows the older speaker to question his youthful decisions.
117	unfolding narration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: unfolding + narration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	разворачивающееся повествование	Unfolding narration limits the reader to clues available in the immediate moment.
118	omniscient narrator	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: omniscient + narrator. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	всеведущий рассказчик	The omniscient narrator moves from the captain's fear to the crew's private doubts.
119	limited narrator	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: limited + narrator. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ограниченный рассказчик	Because the limited narrator follows Mei, the reader does not know what her rival planned.
120	objective narrator	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: objective + narrator. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	объективный рассказчик	The objective narrator describes the argument but never explains either person's feelings.
121	anaphora	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: anaphora is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ана́фора 2. анафора	The speech uses anaphora in “We will study, we will organize, we will act.”
122	epistrophe	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: epistrophe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	эпифора	The speaker uses epistrophe by ending three sentences with “for our children.”
123	antimetabole	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: antimetabole is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	антимета́бола	“We shape our tools, and our tools shape us” is an antimetabole.
124	chiasmus	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: chiasmus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. хиазм 2. инверсия во второ́й половине фразы	The phrase “She has all my love; my heart belongs to her” forms a chiasmus.
125	asyndeton	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: asyndeton is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	асиндетон	The command “Run, hide, wait” uses asyndeton to create urgency.
126	polysyndeton	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Prefix focus: poly- means many.	полисиндетон	The sentence links “rain and wind and darkness” with polysyndeton to prolong the storm.
127	litotes	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: litotes is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	лито́та	Calling the championship victory “not a small achievement” uses litotes.
128	aporia	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: aporia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	апори́я	The essay uses aporia when the narrator asks whether any choice could have been just.
129	synesthesia	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: synesthesia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	синестезия	The phrase “a sharp yellow note” uses synesthesia by combining sight and sound.
130	implied metaphor	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: implied + metaphor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	подразумеваемая метафора	“The rumor spread its wings” contains an implied metaphor comparing the rumor to a bird.
131	conceit	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: conceit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	изощрённая мета́фора и́ли сравне́ние	The poem develops a conceit that compares memory to a many-roomed house.
132	sensory imagery	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: sensory + imagery. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	сенсорные образы	Sensory imagery lets readers hear the shutters and smell smoke from the fire.
133	visual imagery	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: visual + imagery. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	визуальные образы	Visual imagery presents the moon as a silver coin above black roofs.
134	auditory imagery	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: auditory + imagery. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	слуховые образы	Auditory imagery captures the hiss of rain against the windows.
135	tactile imagery	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: tactile + imagery. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	тактильные образы	Tactile imagery makes the icy railing feel painfully cold.
136	olfactory imagery	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: olfactory + imagery. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	обонятельные образы	Olfactory imagery fills the kitchen with cinnamon and wood smoke.
137	gustatory imagery	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: gustatory + imagery. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	вкусовые образы	Gustatory imagery emphasizes the bitter peel and sweet fruit.
138	symbolic pattern	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: symbolic + pattern. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	символический узор	The recurring locked doors form a symbolic pattern of exclusion.
139	recurring motif	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: recurring + motif. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	повторяющийся мотив	The migrating birds become a recurring motif connected to freedom.
140	free indirect discourse	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: free + indirect + discourse. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	свободный косвенный разговор	Free indirect discourse lets the narration echo Lian's irritation without writing “she thought.”

Time and Voice in Fiction

Reading practice for pages 4–6. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A novelist alternates scene summary with vivid dialogue to control pace. A recurring motif of stopped clocks signals each temporal shift. Through free indirect discourse, the narration briefly adopts a character’s private vocabulary without quotation marks. Even litotes—calling a disastrous meeting “not ideal”—reveals how that character hides fear behind understatement.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What signals each temporal shift?

A recurring motif of stopped clocks signals it.

2. What does free indirect discourse reveal?

It reveals a character's private language within the narration.

3. How does litotes characterize the speaker?

The understatement shows the character hiding fear.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The migrating birds become a ___ connected to freedom.

Answer: recurring motif

2. A ___ covers the uneventful months between the two expeditions.

Answer: scene summary

3. Calling the championship victory “not a small achievement” uses ___.

Answer: litotes

4. ___ lets the narration echo Lian's irritation without writing “she thought.”

Answer: free indirect discourse

5. The phrase “years earlier” signals a ___ into the character's childhood.

Answer: temporal shift

Page 5: words 141–175

Vocabulary page 5
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
141	volta	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: volta is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	вольта	The sonnet's volta shifts from grieving the past to welcoming change.
142	slant rhyme	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: slant + rhyme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	наклонная рифма	The poet pairs shape and keep as a slant rhyme.
143	internal rhyme	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: internal + rhyme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	внутренняя рифма	“The light in flight crossed the bay” uses internal rhyme.
144	end rhyme	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: end + rhyme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	конец рифмы	The stanza's end rhyme links shore with more.
145	heroic couplet	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: heroic + couplet. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	героический куплет	The satire closes its argument with a pointed heroic couplet.
146	terza rima	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: terza + rima. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	терци́на	In terza rima, the middle rhyme of one stanza returns in the next.
147	villanelle	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: villanelle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	вилланель	The villanelle turns its repeated warning into an increasingly urgent plea.
148	sestina	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: sestina is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сексти́на	The sestina gives the word home a different significance in each stanza.
149	repeated line	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: repeated + line. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	повторяющаяся строка	Each appearance of the repeated line sounds less hopeful than the one before it.
150	poetic speaker	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: poetic + speaker. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	поэтический оратор	The poetic speaker addresses the sea as if it could answer.
151	accentual meter	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: accentual + meter. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	акцентный метр	The chant uses accentual meter with four strong beats in each line.
152	syllabic meter	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: syllabic + meter. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	слоговой метр	The poem's syllabic meter gives every line exactly eight syllables.
153	metrical variation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: metrical + variation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	метрическая вариация	A sudden extra stress creates metrical variation at the moment of conflict.
154	sprung rhythm	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: sprung + rhythm. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	подпрыгивающий ритм	Sprung rhythm gives the nature poem an energetic, uneven movement.
155	sound symbolism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: sound + symbolism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	звуковая символика	Soft consonants create sound symbolism associated with calm water.
156	euphonic phrasing	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: euphonic + phrasing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	благозвучная фразировка	Long vowels give the lullaby its euphonic phrasing.
157	consonant patterning	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: consonant + patterning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	согласные узоры	Hard k sounds create consonant patterning that sharpens the argument.
158	visual poetry	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: visual + poetry. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	визуальная поэзия	The visual poetry arranges words like leaves falling down the page.
159	prose poem	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: prose + poem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	стихотворение в прозе	The prose poem uses dense imagery and rhythm within one compact paragraph.
160	dramatic verse	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: dramatic + verse. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	драматический стих	The play's dramatic verse becomes more formal when the king enters.
161	satirical voice	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: satirical + voice. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	сатирический голос	The essay's satirical voice praises wastefulness so extravagantly that the criticism is clear.
162	novella	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: novella is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	по́весть	The novella follows one decisive week in the doctor's life.
163	picaresque	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: picaresque is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	плутовско́й	The picaresque novel sends its wandering hero through a series of comic misadventures.
164	gothic fiction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: gothic + fiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	готическая фантастика	The ruined mansion and buried secret identify the novel as gothic fiction.
165	social realism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: social + realism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	социа́льный реали́зм	The film uses social realism to portray unsafe factory work.
166	naturalism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	натурали́зм	In naturalism, poverty and harsh surroundings sharply limit the protagonist's choices.
167	romanticism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. романти́зм 2. романтизм	Romanticism appears in the poem's awe before a violent mountain storm.
168	modernism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	модерни́зм	Fragmented narration is one feature of the novel's modernism.
169	postmodernism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. постмодерни́зм 2. постмодернизм	The story's postmodernism appears when the narrator argues with the character she created.
170	absurdism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	абсурди́зм	The play's circular conversation expresses absurdism.
171	historical context	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: historical + context. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	исторический контекст	Historical context explains why the character risks punishment for publishing her opinion.
172	cultural context	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: cultural + context. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	культурный контекст	Understanding the gift's cultural context prevents readers from misinterpreting it as a bribe.
173	social context	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: social + context. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	социальный контекст	The novel's social context makes the forbidden friendship especially dangerous.
174	biographical context	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: biographical + context. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	биографический контекст	Biographical context connects the poem's island imagery with the author's childhood.
175	authorial intent	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: authorial + intent. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	а́вторский за́мысел	Readers can discuss authorial intent, but they must still support claims with the text.

Page 5 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 5.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The poem's ___ gives every line exactly eight syllables.

Answer: syllabic meter

2. The film uses ___ to portray unsafe factory work.

Answer: social realism

3. A sudden extra stress creates ___ at the moment of conflict.

Answer: metrical variation

4. In ___, poverty and harsh surroundings sharply limit the protagonist's choices.

Answer: naturalism

5. The sonnet's ___ shifts from grieving the past to welcoming change.

Answer: volta

Page 6: words 176–210

Vocabulary page 6
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
176	reader response	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: reader + response. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ответ читателя	Her reader response focuses on how migration in her family changes her view of the ending.
177	interpretive lens	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: interpretive + lens. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	интерпретирующая линза	Through an environmental interpretive lens, the forest becomes more than a setting.
178	textual ambiguity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: textual + ambiguity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	текстовая двусмысленность	The final unanswered question preserves textual ambiguity.
179	thematic statement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: thematic + statement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	тематическое заявление	“Fear can protect people but also imprison them” is a thematic statement.
180	central tension	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: central + tension. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	центральное напряжение	The central tension pits personal loyalty against public duty.
181	collocation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	словосочета́ние	“Strong evidence” is a natural collocation, while “powerful evidence” is less typical.
182	lexical field	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: lexical + field. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	лексическое поле	Wave, anchor, and harbor belong to a maritime lexical field.
183	semantic field	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: semantic + field. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	семантическое поле	Joy, grief, anger, and fear form a semantic field of emotion.
184	pragmatic meaning	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: pragmatic + meaning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	прагматический смысл	The pragmatic meaning of “It is cold here” may be a request to close the window.
185	neologism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. неологи́зм 2. неологизм	The technology article introduces a neologism for anxiety caused by lost internet access.
186	archaism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. архаи́зм 2. архаизм	The historical drama uses the archaism “wherefore” to suggest an earlier period.
187	dysphemism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	дисфеми́зм	Calling an old car a “rust bucket” is a dysphemism.
188	malapropism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	малапропи́зм	Saying “dance a flamingo” instead of “dance a flamenco” is a malapropism.
189	code-switching	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: code + switching. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. переключе́ние ко́дов 2. смеше́ние ко́дов	His code-switching becomes more formal during the job interview.
190	sociolect	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: sociolect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	социоле́кт	The researcher studies a workplace sociolect used by experienced sailors.
191	idiolect	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: idiolect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	идиоле́кт	The novelist gives each character an idiolect through favorite phrases and sentence patterns.
192	descriptivism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	дескриптивизм	Descriptivism treats new slang as evidence of language change.
193	prescriptivism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	прескриптивизм	Prescriptivism favors standard forms in formal writing.
194	nominalization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. субстантива́ция 2. номинализа́ция	The nominalization decision can replace the more direct verb decide.
195	active voice	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: active + voice. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. действи́тельный зало́г 2. акти́вный зало́г 3. акти́в	“The committee approved the plan” uses active voice.
196	passive voice	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: passive + voice. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. страда́тельный зало́г 2. пасси́в 3. пасси́вный зало́г	“The plan was approved” uses passive voice.
197	periodic sentence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: periodic + sentence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	периодическое предложение	“After months of debate and two revisions, the council agreed” is a periodic sentence.
198	cumulative sentence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: cumulative + sentence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	совокупное предложение	“The hawk rose, circling above the field, watching the grass” is a cumulative sentence.
199	balanced sentence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: balanced + sentence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	сбалансированное предложение	“The law promised order; the protest demanded justice” is a balanced sentence.
200	rhetorical fragment	noun Study Field: Grade 9 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: rhetorical + fragment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	риторический фрагмент	After describing the damage, the writer adds the rhetorical fragment “Too late.”
201	cell wall	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: cell + wall. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	кле́точная сте́нка	The plant's cell wall helps it keep a stable shape.
202	central vacuole	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: central + vacuole. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	центральная вакуоль	Water entering the central vacuole makes the plant cell firm.
203	lysosome	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: lysosome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. лизосо́ма 2. лизосома	A lysosome digests damaged material so its components can be reused.
204	Golgi apparatus	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: Golgi + apparatus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. аппара́т Го́льджи 2. аппарат Гольджи	The Golgi apparatus places finished proteins into vesicles for transport.
205	endoplasmic reticulum	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: endoplasmic + reticulum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	эндоплазматический ретикулум	Ribosomes attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum assemble proteins.
206	cytoskeleton	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: cytoskeleton is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	цитоскеле́т	The cytoskeleton helps a white blood cell change shape as it moves.
207	vesicle	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: vesicle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	пузырь	A vesicle carries the protein toward the cell membrane.
208	cell specialization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: cell + specialization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	специализация клеток	Cell specialization produces neurons that transmit signals and muscle cells that contract.
209	unicellular	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: unicellular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. однокле́точный 2. уницеллюля́рный	A unicellular organism must perform all life processes within its single cell.
210	multicellular	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Prefix focus: multi- means many.	1. многокле́точный 2. многоклетево́й	A tree is multicellular and contains tissues for transport, support, and growth.

Page 6 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 6.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Through an environmental ___, the forest becomes more than a setting.

Answer: interpretive lens

2. The researcher studies a workplace ___ used by experienced sailors.

Answer: sociolect

3. A ___ digests damaged material so its components can be reused.

Answer: lysosome

4. The final unanswered question preserves ___.

Answer: textual ambiguity

5. The novelist gives each character an ___ through favorite phrases and sentence patterns.

Answer: idiolect

Page 7: words 211–245

Vocabulary page 7
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
211	prokaryote	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: prokaryote is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	прокарио́та	A bacterium is a prokaryote with DNA located in its cell interior.
212	eukaryote	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: eukaryote is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эукарио́та 2. эукариот	A mushroom is a eukaryote because its cells enclose DNA inside nuclei.
213	facilitated diffusion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: facilitated + diffusion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	облегченная диффузия	Glucose can enter some cells by facilitated diffusion.
214	osmosis	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: osmosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. о́смос 2. осмос	Through osmosis, water entered the cell from the dilute solution.
215	active transport	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: active + transport. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	активный транспорт	The sodium-potassium pump uses active transport.
216	passive transport	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: passive + transport. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	пассивный транспорт	Simple diffusion is a form of passive transport.
217	concentration gradient	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: concentration + gradient. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	градиент концентрации	Oxygen moves down its concentration gradient into the cell.
218	selectively permeable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: selectively + permeable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	избирательно проницаемый	The cell membrane is selectively permeable.
219	enzyme specificity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: enzyme + specificity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	специфичность фермента	Enzyme specificity allows lactase to act on lactose rather than every sugar.
220	substrate	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: substrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	субстра́т	The substrate fits into the enzyme's active site.
221	activation energy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: activation + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	энергия активации	An enzyme lowers the activation energy of a cellular reaction.
222	cellular respiration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: cellular + respiration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	клеточное дыхание	During cellular respiration, cells transfer energy from glucose into ATP.
223	light-dependent reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: light + dependent + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	светозависимая реакция	The light-dependent reaction occurs in the thylakoid membranes.
224	glycolysis	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: glycolysis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. глико́лиз 2. гликолиз	Glycolysis splits one glucose molecule into smaller molecules.
225	fermentation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. фермента́ция 2. броже́ние	Yeast uses fermentation to produce carbon dioxide in bread dough.
226	aerobic	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: aerobic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. аэро́бный 2. аэробный	Aerobic respiration releases more usable energy than fermentation.
227	anaerobic	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: anaerobic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	анаэробный	Some microorganisms carry out anaerobic metabolism in deep mud.
228	ATP	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Capitalization focus: ATP is an abbreviation or initialism; preserve its capital letters.	аденозинтрифосфат	Muscle contraction uses energy released when ATP loses a phosphate group.
229	metabolic regulation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: metabolic + regulation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	регуляция метаболизма	Metabolic regulation slows a pathway when enough of its product has accumulated.
230	metabolic pathway	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: metabolic + pathway. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	метаболический путь	Each step of a metabolic pathway is usually controlled by a particular enzyme.
231	amino acid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: amino + acid. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. аминокислота́ 2. аминокислота	The order of each amino acid determines how a protein folds.
232	nucleotide	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: nucleotide is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. нуклеоти́д 2. нуклеотид	A nucleotide in DNA may contain the base adenine.
233	nucleic acid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: nucleic + acid. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. нуклеи́новая кислота́ 2. нуклеиновая кислота	DNA is a nucleic acid made of two nucleotide strands.
234	carbohydrate	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: carbohydrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. углево́д 2. карбогидра́т 3. углевод	A potato stores carbohydrate mainly as starch.
235	lipid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: lipid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. липи́д 2. липиды	A phospholipid is a lipid found in cell membranes.
236	phospholipid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: phospholipid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	фосфолипи́д	Phospholipid molecules form a double layer around the cell.
237	macromolecule	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Prefix focus: macro- means large-scale.	макромолекула	A protein is a macromolecule made from amino acids.
238	polymer	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: polymer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. полиме́р 2. полимер	Starch is a polymer composed of glucose units.
239	monomer	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: monomer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	мономе́р	A nucleotide acts as a monomer in a nucleic acid.
240	protein folding	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: protein + folding. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	сворачивание белка	A temperature change can disrupt protein folding.
241	chromosome duplication	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: chromosome + duplication. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	дупликация хромосом	Chromosome duplication produces two sister chromatids.
242	chromatid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: chromatid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	хроматида	Each chromatid separates during mitosis.
243	centromere	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: centromere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	центроме́ра	Spindle fibers connect near the centromere.
244	homologous pair	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: homologous + pair. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	гомологичная пара	A homologous pair may contain different alleles of a gene.
245	gamete	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: gamete is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гаме́та 2. гамета	A human gamete has twenty-three chromosomes.

Energy and Cell Division

Reading practice for pages 7–9. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Before a cell divides, chromosome duplication preserves genetic instructions for both new cells. ATP supplies energy for active transport, which moves substances against a concentration gradient. Passive transport requires no direct energy input. Meanwhile, correct protein folding allows many cell structures and enzymes to function as their shapes require.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Why does chromosome duplication occur?

It preserves genetic instructions for both new cells.

2. Which process uses ATP?

Active transport uses ATP.

3. Why is protein folding important?

A protein's shape enables its function.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A temperature change can disrupt ___.

Answer: protein folding

2. The sodium-potassium pump uses ___.

Answer: active transport

3. Muscle contraction uses energy released when ___ loses a phosphate group.

Answer: ATP

4. ___ produces two sister chromatids.

Answer: chromosome duplication

5. Simple diffusion is a form of ___.

Answer: passive transport

Page 8: words 246–280

Vocabulary page 8
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
246	zygote	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: zygote is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. зиго́та 2. зигота	The zygote begins dividing soon after fertilization.
247	fertilization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	оплодотворе́ние	Fertilization combines genetic material from two parents.
248	hereditary pattern	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: hereditary + pattern. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	наследственный образец	The pedigree revealed a hereditary pattern linked to a recessive allele.
249	Punnett square	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: Punnett + square. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Паннетт-сквер	The Punnett square shows a one-in-four chance of the recessive genotype.
250	Mendelian inheritance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: Mendelian + inheritance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Менделевское наследование	A single-gene dominant trait may follow Mendelian inheritance.
251	incomplete dominance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: incomplete + dominance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	неполное доминирование	Red and white flowers produce pink offspring through incomplete dominance.
252	codominance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	кодоминирование	Human AB blood type demonstrates codominance.
253	polygenic trait	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: polygenic + trait. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	полигенный признак	Human height is a polygenic trait also affected by environment.
254	sex chromosome	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: sex + chromosome. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	гетеросома	The X chromosome is a human sex chromosome.
255	autosome	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: autosome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	аутосома	Humans normally have twenty-two pairs of each autosome type.
256	genetic variation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: genetic + variation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	генетическая вариация	Genetic variation gives natural selection material on which to act.
257	genetic disorder	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: genetic + disorder. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	генетическое заболевание	A genetic disorder may result from one altered gene or an extra chromosome.
258	genetic carrier	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: genetic + carrier. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	генетический носитель	A genetic carrier can pass the recessive allele to a child.
259	gene expression	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: gene + expression. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	экспре́ссия ге́нов	Environmental signals can change gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.
260	gene regulation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: gene + regulation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	регуляция генов	Gene regulation allows liver cells and nerve cells to use different sets of genes.
261	biotechnology	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. биотехноло́гия 2. биотехнология	Biotechnology enables microbes to produce human insulin.
262	genetic engineering	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: genetic + engineering. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. генети́ческая инжене́рия 2. ге́нная инжене́рия	Genetic engineering added a disease-resistance gene to the plant.
263	cloning	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: cloning is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	клони́рование	Researchers use cloning to create many copies of a useful gene.
264	stem cell	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: stem + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	стволова́я кле́тка	A stem cell can produce several kinds of blood cell.
265	gene therapy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: gene + therapy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	генотерапи́я	Gene therapy supplied working copies of a missing gene.
266	selective breeding	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: selective + breeding. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	селекционное разведение	Farmers used selective breeding to develop wheat with shorter stems.
267	selective pressure	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: selective + pressure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	избирательное давление	Antibiotic use creates selective pressure favoring resistant bacteria.
268	common ancestor	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: common + ancestor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	о́бщий пре́док	Humans and chimpanzees share a common ancestor.
269	homologous structure	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: homologous + structure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	гомологичная структура	A whale flipper and a human arm are a homologous structure in evolutionary comparison.
270	analogous structure	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: analogous + structure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	аналогичная структура	A bird wing and an insect wing are an analogous structure.
271	vestigial structure	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: vestigial + structure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	рудиментарная структура	A whale's small pelvic bone is a vestigial structure.
272	fossil record	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: fossil + record. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	рее́стр окаменелостей	The fossil record documents major changes in horse ancestors.
273	geographic isolation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: geographic + isolation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	географическая изоляция	A new river caused geographic isolation between two lizard populations.
274	reproductive isolation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: reproductive + isolation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	репродуктивная изоляция	Different mating seasons can create reproductive isolation.
275	genetic drift	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: genetic + drift. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	генетический дрейф	A storm that kills organisms by chance can cause genetic drift.
276	gene flow	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: gene + flow. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	поток генов	Windblown pollen creates gene flow between distant plant populations.
277	bottleneck effect	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: bottleneck + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	эффект узкого места	A severe wildfire produced a bottleneck effect in the isolated rabbit population.
278	founder effect	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: founder + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	эффе́кт основа́теля	The island colony shows a founder effect because it began with three birds.
279	extinction rate	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: extinction + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	скорость вымирания	Habitat destruction can raise the extinction rate.
280	mass extinction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: mass + extinction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ма́ссовое вымира́ние	The end-Permian mass extinction eliminated most marine species.

Page 8 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 8.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The island colony shows a ___ because it began with three birds.

Answer: founder effect

2. Human height is a ___ also affected by environment.

Answer: polygenic trait

3. Farmers used ___ to develop wheat with shorter stems.

Answer: selective breeding

4. Habitat destruction can raise the ___.

Answer: extinction rate

5. The X chromosome is a human ___.

Answer: sex chromosome

Page 9: words 281–315

Vocabulary page 9
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
281	adaptive radiation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: adaptive + radiation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	адапти́вная радиа́ция	Island finches underwent adaptive radiation as they used different foods.
282	population dispersion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: population + dispersion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	рассеяние населения	Nesting seabirds show clumped population dispersion along the cliffs.
283	environmental resistance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: environmental + resistance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	устойчивость к окружающей среде	Disease and food shortage contribute to environmental resistance.
284	limiting factor	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: limiting + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ограничивающий фактор	Available nesting space is the limiting factor for the colony.
285	biotic factor	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: biotic + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	биотический фактор	Competition with an invasive plant is a biotic factor.
286	abiotic factor	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: abiotic + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	абиотический фактор	Soil pH is an abiotic factor affecting which plants can grow.
287	predator-prey relationship	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: predator + prey + relationship. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	отношения хищник-жертва	Changes in snowshoe hare numbers affect their predator-prey relationship with lynx.
288	trophic level	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: trophic + level. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	трофический уровень	An herbivore occupies a lower trophic level than a hawk.
289	energy pyramid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: energy + pyramid. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	энергетическая пирамида	The energy pyramid is widest at the producer level.
290	biomass	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: biomass is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. биома́сса 2. биомасса	The grassland contains more plant biomass than wolf biomass.
291	nutrient cycle	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: nutrient + cycle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	круговорот питательных веществ	Decomposers return matter to the soil in a nutrient cycle.
292	nitrogen cycle	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: nitrogen + cycle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	азотный цикл	Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen during the nitrogen cycle.
293	ecological niche	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: ecological + niche. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	экологическая ниша	Two species with an identical ecological niche compete strongly.
294	habitat fragmentation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: habitat + fragmentation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	фрагментация среды обитания	A highway caused habitat fragmentation in the forest.
295	invasive species	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: invasive + species. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	инвазивные виды	The invasive species crowded native mussels off the rocks.
296	keystone species	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: keystone + species. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	краеугольные виды	Sea otters are a keystone species because they limit sea urchins that consume kelp.
297	conservation biology	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: conservation + biology. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	биология сохранения	Conservation biology guides plans for reconnecting wildlife habitat.
298	restoration ecology	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: restoration + ecology. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	восстановительная экология	Restoration ecology informed the replanting of native wetland grasses.
299	ecological resilience	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: ecological + resilience. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	экологическая устойчивость	Species diversity can strengthen ecological resilience after drought.
300	ecological succession	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: ecological + succession. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	экологическая последовательность	Ecological succession began when lichens colonized the bare lava.
301	mole	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Base-form focus: mole is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. моль 2. гра́мм-моле́кула	One mole of carbon atoms contains Avogadro's number of atoms.
302	molar mass	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: molar + mass. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	молярная масса	Water has a molar mass of about eighteen grams per mole.
303	empirical formula	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: empirical + formula. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	эмпирическая формула	The empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide is HO.
304	molecular formula	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: molecular + formula. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	молекуля́рная фо́рмула	The molecular formula of hydrogen peroxide is H2O2.
305	stoichiometry	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -metry relates to measuring.	стехиометри́я	Stoichiometry predicts how much oxygen is needed to burn the fuel completely.
306	chemical equation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: chemical + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. хими́ческое уравне́ние 2. уравне́ние хими́ческой реа́кции	The balanced chemical equation has the same number of each atom on both sides.
307	stoichiometric coefficient	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: stoichiometric + coefficient. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	стехиометрический коэффициент	The stoichiometric coefficient 2 indicates two molecules of water.
308	reaction mixture	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: reaction + mixture. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	реакционная смесь	The reaction mixture turned cloudy as a solid formed.
309	conservation of mass	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: conservation + of + mass. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	сохранение массы	Conservation of mass requires the total reactant mass to equal the total product mass in a closed system.
310	limiting reactant	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: limiting + reactant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ограничивающий реагент	Hydrogen was the limiting reactant, so some oxygen remained.
311	excess reactant	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: excess + reactant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	избыток реагента	Oxygen was the excess reactant and remained after the hydrogen was consumed.
312	theoretical yield	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: theoretical + yield. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	теоретический выход	The calculation gave a theoretical yield of twelve grams.
313	actual yield	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: actual + yield. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	фактическая доходность	Some product was lost during filtering, so the actual yield was ten grams.
314	percent yield	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: percent + yield. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	процентная доходность	The experiment's percent yield was eighty-three percent.
315	solubility	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	раствори́мость	The solubility of many solids increases as water warms.

Page 9 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 9.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Decomposers return matter to the soil in a ___.

Answer: nutrient cycle

2. The ___ of hydrogen peroxide is H2O2.

Answer: molecular formula

3. Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen during the ___.

Answer: nitrogen cycle

4. ___ predicts how much oxygen is needed to burn the fuel completely.

Answer: stoichiometry

5. Two species with an identical ___ compete strongly.

Answer: ecological niche

Page 10: words 316–350

Vocabulary page 10
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
316	solution concentration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: solution + concentration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	концентрация раствора	Evaporation increased the solution concentration.
317	molarity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	молярная концентрация	The beaker contained a molarity of 0.5 moles per liter.
318	pH scale	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: pH + scale. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	шкала pH	Pure water is near 7 on the pH scale.
319	acid-base indicator	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: acid + base + indicator. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	кислотно-щелочной индикатор	Litmus is an acid-base indicator that turns red in acid.
320	electrolyte	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Base-form focus: electrolyte is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. электроли́т 2. электролит	Dissolved salt is an electrolyte.
321	nonelectrolyte	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Prefix focus: non- means not or without.	неэлектролит	Sugar is a nonelectrolyte in water.
322	oxidation number	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: oxidation + number. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	степень окисления	Oxygen usually has an oxidation number of negative two.
323	redox reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: redox + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	окисли́тельно-восстанови́тельная реа́кция	Rusting is a redox reaction in which iron loses electrons.
324	electron transfer	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: electron + transfer. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	перенос электрона	Electron transfer occurs from zinc to copper ions in the cell.
325	synthesis reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: synthesis + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	реакция синтеза	A synthesis reaction joins hydrogen and oxygen to form water.
326	decomposition reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: decomposition + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	реакция разложения	Heating calcium carbonate causes a decomposition reaction.
327	single-replacement reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: single + replacement + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	реакция однократного замещения	Zinc replacing hydrogen in acid is a single-replacement reaction.
328	double-replacement reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: double + replacement + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	реакция двойного замещения	The two clear solutions undergo a double-replacement reaction and form a solid.
329	precipitation reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: precipitation + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	реакция осаждения	Mixing silver nitrate and sodium chloride causes a precipitation reaction.
330	net ionic equation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: net + ionic + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	чистое ионное уравнение	The net ionic equation omits ions that remain unchanged.
331	scalar	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Base-form focus: scalar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	скаля́р	Temperature is a scalar.
332	vector	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Base-form focus: vector is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ве́ктор 2. вектор	Velocity is a vector because its direction matters.
333	vector magnitude	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: vector + magnitude. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	векторная величина	The arrow's length represents the vector magnitude.
334	instantaneous velocity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: instantaneous + velocity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	мгновенная скорость	The speedometer approximates the car's instantaneous velocity.
335	average acceleration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: average + acceleration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	среднее ускорение	The runner's average acceleration was greatest during the first two seconds.
336	linear momentum	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: linear + momentum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	линейный импульс	A moving truck has more linear momentum than a bicycle at the same speed.
337	impulse	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Base-form focus: impulse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. и́мпульс 2. толчо́к	An air bag extends the stopping time and changes the passenger's momentum with a smaller impulse force.
338	rotational inertia	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: rotational + inertia. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	инерция вращения	Moving mass farther from an axis increases rotational inertia.
339	force equilibrium	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: force + equilibrium. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	силовое равновесие	A hanging lamp at rest is in force equilibrium.
340	frictional force	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: frictional + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	сила трения	The frictional force between shoes and the floor prevents slipping.
341	gravitational force	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: gravitational + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	гравитация	Earth's gravitational force pulls the ball downward.
342	normal force	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: normal + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	нормальная сила	The table's normal force balances the book's weight.
343	applied force	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: applied + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	приложенная сила	The worker's applied force moved the crate across the floor.
344	tension force	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: tension + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	сила натяжения	The cable's tension force supports the elevator.
345	free-body diagram	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: free + body + diagram. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	диаграмма свободного тела	The free-body diagram includes gravity, support, and friction.
346	Newton's first law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: Newton's + first + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	пе́рвый зако́н Ньютона	Newton's first law explains why a puck keeps sliding on nearly frictionless ice.
347	Newton's second law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: Newton's + second + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	второ́й зако́н Ньютона	Newton's second law predicts greater acceleration when the same mass receives a larger force.
348	Newton's third law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: Newton's + third + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	тре́тий зако́н Ньютона	Newton's third law pairs the swimmer's push on water with water's push on the swimmer.
349	conservation of momentum	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: conservation + of + momentum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	сохранение импульса	Conservation of momentum explains the motion of two skaters who push apart.
350	elastic collision	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: elastic + collision. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	упругое столкновение	An ideal elastic collision allows two hard spheres to rebound without losing kinetic energy.

Forces and Solutions

Reading practice for pages 10–12. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A beaker rests on a scale while gravitational force pulls it downward and normal force from the scale pushes upward. Inside, a precipitation reaction forms a solid from two clear solutions. The chemist describes each solution concentration with molarity, the number of moles of dissolved substance per liter of solution.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Which force pulls the beaker downward?

Gravitational force pulls it downward.

2. What forms during a precipitation reaction?

A solid forms from the solutions.

3. What does molarity measure?

Molarity measures moles of solute per liter of solution.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Earth's ___ pulls the ball downward.

Answer: gravitational force

2. Evaporation increased the ___.

Answer: solution concentration

3. Mixing silver nitrate and sodium chloride causes a ___.

Answer: precipitation reaction

4. The table's ___ balances the book's weight.

Answer: normal force

5. The beaker contained a ___ of 0.5 moles per liter.

Answer: molarity

Page 11: words 351–385

Vocabulary page 11
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
351	inelastic collision	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: inelastic + collision. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	неупругое столкновение	Cars that crumple together undergo an inelastic collision.
352	work-energy theorem	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: work + energy + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	теорема о работе энергии	The work-energy theorem connects the pushing force with the cart's increased speed.
353	ideal mechanical advantage	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: ideal + mechanical + advantage. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	идеальное механическое преимущество	A longer input arm increases a lever's ideal mechanical advantage.
354	conservation of energy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: conservation + of + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	сохранение энергии	Conservation of energy means the pendulum's potential and kinetic energy trade places.
355	gravitational potential energy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: gravitational + potential + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	гравитационная потенциальная энергия	Lifting the backpack increases its gravitational potential energy.
356	elastic potential energy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: elastic + potential + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	упругая потенциальная энергия	A drawn bow contains elastic potential energy.
357	wave frequency	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: wave + frequency. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	частота волны	Increasing wave frequency raises the pitch of a sound.
358	wave amplitude	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: wave + amplitude. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	амплитуда волны	A louder sound usually has greater wave amplitude.
359	wave period	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: wave + period. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	период волны	A two-hertz wave has a wave period of half a second.
360	wave speed	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: wave + speed. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	скорость волны	Wave speed depends on the medium through which the disturbance moves.
361	transverse wave	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: transverse + wave. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	поперечная волна	A wave on a stretched rope can be a transverse wave.
362	longitudinal wave	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: longitudinal + wave. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	продольная волна	Sound in air travels as a longitudinal wave.
363	constructive interference	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: constructive + interference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	конструктивное вмешательство	Two crests meeting create constructive interference.
364	destructive interference	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: destructive + interference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	деструктивное вмешательство	A crest meeting a trough can cause destructive interference.
365	wave refraction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: wave + refraction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	преломление волны	Wave refraction bends light as it enters glass.
366	wave reflection	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: wave + reflection. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	отражение волны	An echo results from wave reflection.
367	standing wave	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: standing + wave. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	стоя́чая волна́	A vibrating guitar string forms a standing wave.
368	natural frequency	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: natural + frequency. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	собственная частота	The tuning fork rings at its natural frequency.
369	Doppler effect	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: Doppler + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	эффе́кт До́плера	The Doppler effect makes an approaching siren sound higher.
370	electromagnetic spectrum	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: electromagnetic + spectrum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	электромагни́тный спектр	Visible light occupies a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
371	igneous rock	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: igneous + rock. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	магмати́ческие го́рные поро́ды	Granite is an igneous rock that cooled slowly underground.
372	sedimentary rock	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: sedimentary + rock. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	оса́дочная поро́да	Sandstone is a sedimentary rock made from cemented sand grains.
373	metamorphic rock	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: metamorphic + rock. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	метамо́рфи́ческая поро́да	Marble is a metamorphic rock formed from limestone.
374	rock weathering	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: rock + weathering. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	выветривание горных пород	Freezing water causes rock weathering by widening cracks.
375	sediment deposition	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: sediment + deposition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	отложение осадков	Slower river water causes sediment deposition near the mouth.
376	soil horizon	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: soil + horizon. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	почвенный горизонт	Dark organic material is common in the upper soil horizon.
377	tectonic theory	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: tectonic + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	тектоническая теория	Tectonic theory accounts for matching earthquake belts and plate boundaries.
378	continental movement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: continental + movement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	континентальное движение	Fossil evidence helped scientists reconstruct continental movement.
379	seafloor spreading	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: seafloor + spreading. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	распространение морского дна	Magnetic stripes provide evidence for seafloor spreading.
380	convergent boundary	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: convergent + boundary. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	сходящаяся граница	A deep trench can form at a convergent boundary.
381	divergent boundary	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: divergent + boundary. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	расходящаяся граница	New crust forms at an oceanic divergent boundary.
382	transform boundary	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: transform + boundary. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	трансформировать границу	Shallow earthquakes are common along a transform boundary.
383	earthquake focus	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: earthquake + focus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	очаг землетрясения	Seismic waves spread outward from the earthquake focus.
384	moment magnitude	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: moment + magnitude. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	моментная величина	The moment magnitude scale compares the energy of large earthquakes.
385	volcanic hotspot	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: volcanic + hotspot. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	вулканическая горячая точка	An island chain formed as a plate moved over a volcanic hotspot.

Page 11 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 11.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Magnetic stripes provide evidence for ___.

Answer: seafloor spreading

2. ___ means the pendulum's potential and kinetic energy trade places.

Answer: conservation of energy

3. A vibrating guitar string forms a ___.

Answer: standing wave

4. A deep trench can form at a ___.

Answer: convergent boundary

5. Lifting the backpack increases its ___.

Answer: gravitational potential energy

Page 12: words 386–420

Vocabulary page 12
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
386	mantle plume	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: mantle + plume. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	дымовая завеса	A mantle plume may supply magma to the hotspot.
387	P wave	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: P + wave. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	зубец P	The P wave arrived before the other seismic waves.
388	S wave	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: S + wave. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	S-волна	The absence of an S wave through the outer core helped reveal that the layer is liquid.
389	rain shadow	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: rain + shadow. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	дождевая тень	The desert lies in a rain shadow beyond the coastal mountains.
390	drainage basin	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: drainage + basin. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. бассе́йн 2. бассе́йн водоёма 3. водосбо́р	Pollution upstream can affect the entire drainage basin.
391	climate system	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: climate + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	климатическая система	The climate system transfers heat through winds and ocean currents.
392	positive feedback	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: positive + feedback. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	положи́тельная обра́тная связь	Melting ice creates positive feedback because darker water absorbs more sunlight.
393	negative feedback	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: negative + feedback. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	отрицательный отзыв	Heat loss from warmer Earth acts as a negative feedback.
394	carbon sink	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: carbon + sink. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	поглотитель углерода	A growing forest can function as a carbon sink.
395	albedo	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Base-form focus: albedo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. альбе́до 2. альбедо	Fresh snow has a high albedo.
396	ocean acidification	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: ocean + acidification. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	закисление океана	Ocean acidification makes shell building harder for some organisms.
397	sea-level rise	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: sea + level + rise. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	повышение уровня моря	Sea-level rise increases coastal flood risk.
398	ecological footprint	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: ecological + footprint. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	экологи́ческий след	Eating less resource-intensive food can reduce an ecological footprint.
399	resource depletion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: resource + depletion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	истощение ресурсов	Overpumping groundwater causes resource depletion.
400	environmental justice	noun Study Field: Grade 9 physical, Earth, and environmental-science term Word study: Term structure: environmental + justice. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	экологическая справедливость	Environmental justice asks why some communities face greater pollution exposure.
401	function rule	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: function + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	функциональное правило	The function rule doubles each input and then adds three.
402	mathematical relation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: mathematical + relation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	математическое соотношение	The mathematical relation is not a function because one input has two outputs.
403	function notation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: function + notation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	обозначение функции	In function notation, f(4) means the output when the input is four.
404	independent variable	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: independent + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	независимая переме́нная	Time is the independent variable on the horizontal axis.
405	dependent variable	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: dependent + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	зави́симая переме́нная	Plant height is the dependent variable in the experiment.
406	input-output table	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: input + output + table. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	таблица ввода-вывода	The input-output table reveals that every output is five more than its input.
407	arithmetic sequence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: arithmetic + sequence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	арифметическая последовательность	Three, seven, eleven, and fifteen form an arithmetic sequence.
408	geometric sequence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: geometric + sequence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	геометрическая последовательность	Two, six, eighteen, and fifty-four form a geometric sequence.
409	recursive formula	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: recursive + formula. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	рекурсивная формула	The recursive formula adds four to the preceding term.
410	explicit formula	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: explicit + formula. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	явная формула	The explicit formula gives the fiftieth term without listing the earlier terms.
411	common difference	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: common + difference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	причина	The sequence 5, 8, 11 has a common difference of three.
412	common ratio	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: common + ratio. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	причина	The sequence 4, 12, 36 has a common ratio of three.
413	exponential function	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: exponential + function. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. показа́тельная фу́нкция 2. экспоне́нта	The exponential function models a population that doubles each year.
414	quadratic function	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: quadratic + function. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	квадрати́чная фу́нкция	The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.
415	parabola	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: parabola is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пара́бола 2. парабола	The ball's idealized path resembles a downward-opening parabola.
416	parabola vertex	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: parabola + vertex. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	вершина параболы	The parabola vertex gives the projectile's greatest height.
417	axis of symmetry	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: axis + of + symmetry. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ось симметрии	The axis of symmetry passes through the vertex of the parabola.
418	quadratic equation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: quadratic + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	квадра́тное уравне́ние	The quadratic equation has two real solutions.
419	leading coefficient	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: leading + coefficient. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ведущий коэффициент	A negative leading coefficient makes this parabola open downward.
420	constant term	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: constant + term. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	постоянный член	In the expression 3x plus 7, seven is the constant term.

Page 12 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 12.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ passes through the vertex of the parabola.

Answer: axis of symmetry

2. Melting ice creates ___ because darker water absorbs more sunlight.

Answer: positive feedback

3. Plant height is the ___ in the experiment.

Answer: dependent variable

4. The ___ has two real solutions.

Answer: quadratic equation

5. Heat loss from warmer Earth acts as a ___.

Answer: negative feedback

Page 13: words 421–455

Vocabulary page 13
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
421	factorization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	автор	Factorization changes x squared minus nine into the product of x minus three and x plus three.
422	greatest common factor	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: greatest + common + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	наибольший общий фактор	Six is the greatest common factor of eighteen and twenty-four.
423	difference of squares	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: difference + of + squares. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	разница квадратов	The difference of squares x squared minus sixteen factors into two binomials.
424	perfect square trinomial	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: perfect + square + trinomial. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	идеальный квадратный трехчлен	The expression x squared plus six x plus nine is a perfect square trinomial.
425	radical expression	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: radical + expression. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	радикальное выражение	The radical expression square root of fifty simplifies to five square root of two.
426	rational expression	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: rational + expression. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	рациональное выражение	The rational expression is undefined when its denominator equals zero.
427	absolute-value equation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: absolute + value + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	уравнение абсолютного значения	The absolute-value equation has solutions two units on either side of five.
428	compound inequality	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: compound + inequality. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	сложное неравенство	The compound inequality describes all values between negative one and four.
429	interval notation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: interval + notation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	обозначение интервала	The solution x greater than three is written in interval notation with a parenthesis at three.
430	coordinate pair	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: coordinate + pair. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	координатная пара	The coordinate pair negative two, five lies in the second quadrant.
431	direct proportion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: direct + proportion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	прямая пропорция	Distance and time are in direct proportion when speed remains constant.
432	inverse proportion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: inverse + proportion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	обратная пропорция	For a fixed trip, speed and travel time are in inverse proportion.
433	slope-intercept form	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: slope + intercept + form. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	форма пересечения наклона	Slope-intercept form displays a line's slope and vertical intercept directly.
434	point-slope form	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: point + slope + form. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	остроугольная форма	Point-slope form makes it easy to write the equation from a point and a slope.
435	standard form	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: standard + form. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	стандартная форма	The equation was rewritten in standard form with integer coefficients.
436	system of inequalities	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: system + of + inequalities. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	система неравенств	The solution to the system of inequalities is the overlapping shaded region.
437	linear inequality	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: linear + inequality. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	линейное неравенство	The linear inequality includes points above the dashed boundary.
438	exponential growth	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: exponential + growth. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	экспоненциальный рост	Compound interest produces exponential growth.
439	exponential decay	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: exponential + decay. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	экспоненциальное затухание	Radioactive material undergoes exponential decay.
440	percent change	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: percent + change. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	процентное изменение	The price rose from forty to fifty dollars, a percent change of twenty-five percent.
441	depreciation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. амортиза́ция 2. обесце́нивание	The car's depreciation was steepest during its first year.
442	conditional probability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: conditional + probability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	усло́вная вероя́тность	The conditional probability of rain changes when dark clouds are already present.
443	permutation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. перестано́вка 2. пермута́ция	Each different ordering of the three books is a permutation.
444	combination	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. комбина́ция 2. сочета́ние	Choosing three committee members from ten is a combination.
445	sample survey	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: sample + survey. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	выборочное обследование	The sample survey contacted randomly selected households.
446	observational study	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: observational + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	наблюдательное исследование	The observational study compares sleep habits and grades without changing either.
447	controlled experiment	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: controlled + experiment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	контролируемый эксперимент	The controlled experiment assigns plants to different light levels.
448	population parameter	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: population + parameter. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	параметр популяции	The true average height of all trees in the forest is a population parameter.
449	sample statistic	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: sample + statistic. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	выборочная статистика	The sample mean is a sample statistic used to estimate the population average.
450	mean absolute deviation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: mean + absolute + deviation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	среднее абсолютное отклонение	A small mean absolute deviation indicates that values cluster near the mean.
451	population variance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: population + variance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	дисперсия генеральной совокупности	Population variance increases when observations spread farther from the average.
452	z-score	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: z + score. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	z-оценка	A z-score of two places the value two standard deviations above the mean.
453	normal distribution	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: normal + distribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	нормальное распределение	Adult measurement data often approximate a normal distribution.
454	skewness	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	накло́н	A few very high incomes create positive skewness.
455	correlation coefficient	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: correlation + coefficient. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	коэффициент корреляции	A correlation coefficient near zero indicates little linear association.

Planning a Survey

Reading practice for pages 13–15. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A survey team plots each response as a coordinate pair and calculates a correlation coefficient to describe the linear association. A strong association does not prove direct proportion or causation. The team also uses conditional probability to compare subgroups, then considers every permutation of question order to test whether sequence changes responses.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What does the correlation coefficient describe?

It describes the linear association between variables.

2. Does a strong association prove causation?

No, a strong association does not prove causation.

3. Why test each permutation of question order?

The team wants to see whether order changes responses.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ of rain changes when dark clouds are already present.

Answer: conditional probability

2. A ___ near zero indicates little linear association.

Answer: correlation coefficient

3. The ___ negative two, five lies in the second quadrant.

Answer: coordinate pair

4. Each different ordering of the three books is a ___.

Answer: permutation

5. Distance and time are in ___ when speed remains constant.

Answer: direct proportion

Page 14: words 456–490

Vocabulary page 14
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
456	residual	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: residual is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	оста́ток	A positive residual means the observation lies above the prediction.
457	residual plot	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: residual + plot. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	остаточный участок	A curved pattern in the residual plot suggests that a linear model is unsuitable.
458	interpolation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	интерполя́ция	Interpolation estimates the temperature between two recorded times.
459	two-column proof	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: two + column + proof. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	доказательство в две колонки	The two-column proof pairs each angle claim with a definition or theorem.
460	paragraph proof	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: paragraph + proof. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	доказательство абзаца	The paragraph proof explains why corresponding parts of the triangles are congruent.
461	logical statement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: logical + statement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	логическое утверждение	“Seven is prime” is a true logical statement.
462	conditional statement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: conditional + statement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	условное утверждение	The conditional statement says that if an angle is right, then it measures ninety degrees.
463	converse	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: converse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	противоположность	The converse of “if it is a square, then it is a rectangle” is not always true.
464	inverse	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: inverse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	противоположность, контраст	The inverse does not necessarily share the original statement's truth value.
465	contrapositive	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: contrapositive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	контрапозитивный	A conditional and its contrapositive are logically equivalent.
466	biconditional	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: biconditional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	двуусловный	A biconditional can be written with the phrase “if and only if.”
467	truth value	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: truth + value. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. значе́ние и́стинности 2. и́стинностное значе́ние	A counterexample proves that the universal statement has a false truth value.
468	axiomatic system	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: axiomatic + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	аксиоматическая система	Euclidean geometry is an axiomatic system.
469	congruence theorem	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: congruence + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	теорема о сравнении	The side-angle-side congruence theorem proves the triangles match.
470	similarity theorem	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: similarity + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	теорема подобия	The angle-angle similarity theorem applies to the two triangles.
471	triangle congruence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: triangle + congruence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	соответствие треугольника	Three corresponding side lengths can establish triangle congruence.
472	angle relationship	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: angle + relationship. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	угловое соотношение	The diagram shows an angle relationship between alternate interior angles.
473	parallel line	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: parallel + line. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	параллельная линия	Each rail is a parallel line relative to the other.
474	algorithmic procedure	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: algorithmic + procedure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	алгоритмическая процедура	The sorting program follows an algorithmic procedure.
475	pseudocode	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: pseudocode is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	псевдоко́д	The pseudocode states when the loop should stop.
476	flowchart	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: flowchart is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	блок-схема	The flowchart sends a failed login back to the password step.
477	variable declaration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: variable + declaration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	объявление переменной	The variable declaration reserves storage for the score.
478	data type	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + type. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. тип да́нных 2. тип	A Boolean data type stores true or false.
479	Boolean	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Capitalization focus: Boolean is conventionally capitalized because the term comes from the name George Boole.	бу́лев	The comparison returns a Boolean.
480	conditional branch	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: conditional + branch. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	условная ветвь	The conditional branch displays an error when the password is incorrect.
481	loop	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: loop is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	цикл	The loop processes every item in the list.
482	loop iteration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: loop + iteration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	итерация цикла	During each loop iteration, the index increases by one.
483	debugging	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: debugging is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	отла́дка	Debugging revealed that the program compared text instead of numbers.
484	compiler	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: compiler is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. компиля́тор 2. компилятор	The compiler reported a missing bracket.
485	interpreter	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: interpreter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. интерпрета́тор 2. переводчик	The interpreter stopped when it encountered an undefined name.
486	source code	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: source + code. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. исхо́дный код 2. исхо́дник	The developer reviewed the source code before releasing the update.
487	object code	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: object + code. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	объектный код	The compiler converted the program into object code.
488	network security	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: network + security. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	сетевая безопасность	Network security includes firewalls, monitoring, and controlled permissions.
489	data encryption	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + encryption. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	шифрование данных	Data encryption protects the message while it travels across the network.
490	decryption	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	расшифровка	Authorized decryption requires the correct key.

Page 14 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 14.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ displays an error when the password is incorrect.

Answer: conditional branch

2. Euclidean geometry is an ___.

Answer: axiomatic system

3. The ___ processes every item in the list.

Answer: loop

4. A positive ___ means the observation lies above the prediction.

Answer: residual

5. The side-angle-side ___ proves the triangles match.

Answer: congruence theorem

Page 15: words 491–525

Vocabulary page 15
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
491	authentication	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. идентифика́ция 2. аутентифика́ция	Two-factor authentication requires both a password and a temporary code.
492	password manager	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: password + manager. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	менеджер паролей	A password manager can create a different strong password for every site.
493	phishing	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: phishing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	фи́шинг	The urgent email was phishing designed to capture login details.
494	malware	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: malware is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вредоносный 2. зловре́дный 3. вредоно́с	The attachment installed malware on the unprotected computer.
495	ransomware	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: ransomware is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. програ́мма-вымога́тель 2. програ́мма-шантажи́ст	The hospital restored backups after a ransomware attack.
496	online trace	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: online + trace. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	онлайн-отслеживание	Old public comments remain part of a user's online trace.
497	data privacy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + privacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	конфиденциальность данных	The app's data privacy policy explains whether location records are sold.
498	cloud computing	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: cloud + computing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	о́блачные вычисле́ния	Cloud computing lets the team edit the same document from several locations.
499	relational database	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Term structure: relational + database. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	реляционная база данных	The relational database links each order to a customer identifier.
500	query	noun Study Field: Grade 9 mathematics, computing, and data-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: query is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. запрашивать 2. писать запрос 3. запро́с	The query returns all books published after 2020.
501	Neolithic Revolution	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Neolithic + Revolution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Неолитическая революция	The Neolithic Revolution supported permanent villages but also changed diet and disease patterns.
502	agricultural surplus	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: agricultural + surplus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	сельскохозяйственный излишек	An agricultural surplus allowed some residents to become craftspeople or officials.
503	specialization of labor	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: specialization + of + labor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	специализация труда	Specialization of labor produced skilled metalworkers and scribes.
504	social hierarchy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: social + hierarchy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	социальная иерархия	The burial goods reveal a social hierarchy within the ancient city.
505	centralized government	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: centralized + government. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	централизованное правительство	A centralized government collected taxes across the kingdom.
506	codified law	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: codified + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	кодифицированный закон	Codified law made official penalties publicly knowable.
507	cuneiform	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: cuneiform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. кли́нопись 2. клинопись	Scribes pressed cuneiform signs into wet clay tablets.
508	hieroglyphics	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: hieroglyphics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	иероглифы	Egyptian hieroglyphics appeared on monuments and papyrus.
509	polytheism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. политеи́зм 2. многобо́жие 3. политеизм	Greek polytheism included gods associated with the sea, wisdom, and agriculture.
510	monotheism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. монотеи́зм 2. единобо́жие 3. монотеизм	Monotheism became central to several major religious traditions.
511	Mesopotamia	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Capitalization focus: this is a proper name, so its standard written form begins with a capital letter.	1. Месопота́мия 2. Междуре́чье	Mesopotamia contained some of the world's earliest cities.
512	Fertile Crescent	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Fertile + Crescent. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. плодородный полуме́сяц 2. Плодородный полумесяц	Wheat and barley cultivation spread through the Fertile Crescent.
513	Hammurabi's Code	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Hammurabi's + Code. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Кодекс Хаммурапи	Hammurabi's Code reveals differences in legal status within Babylonian society.
514	Indus Valley	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Indus + Valley. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Долина Инда	Cities in the Indus Valley used carefully planned streets and drainage.
515	Mandate of Heaven	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Mandate + of + Heaven. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Мандат Небес	Rebellion could be justified by claiming that a dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven.
516	dynastic cycle	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: dynastic + cycle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	династический цикл	The dynastic cycle connected political disorder with the loss of legitimate rule.
517	polis	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: polis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	полис	Athens developed as a polis with its own laws and institutions.
518	Athenian democracy	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Athenian + democracy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Афинская демократия	Athenian democracy excluded women, enslaved people, and foreigners from citizenship.
519	Roman republic	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Roman + republic. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Римская республика	The Roman republic divided authority among elected offices, assemblies, and the Senate.
520	republican government	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: republican + government. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	республиканское правительство	A republican government depends on civic institutions and accountable officials.
521	patrician	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: patrician is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	патри́ций	The patrician family held land and competed for high office.
522	plebeian	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: plebeian is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	плебе́й	Plebeian protests gained greater political protections over time.
523	consul	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: consul is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ко́нсул	Each consul could limit the other's power.
524	tribune	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: tribune is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	трибу́н	The tribune could veto certain actions that threatened plebeians.
525	senate	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: senate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сена́т 2. сенат	The Roman senate advised officials and controlled important financial decisions.

Page 15 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 15.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The urgent email was ___ designed to capture login details.

Answer: phishing

2. The attachment installed ___ on the unprotected computer.

Answer: malware

3. The hospital restored backups after a ___ attack.

Answer: ransomware

4. Old public comments remain part of a user's ___.

Answer: online trace

5. The app's ___ policy explains whether location records are sold.

Answer: data privacy

Page 16: words 526–560

Vocabulary page 16
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
526	Pax Romana	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Pax + Romana. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Пакс Романа	Trade expanded across imperial roads during the Pax Romana.
527	civil law	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: civil + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. рома́но-герма́нское пра́во 2. гражда́нское пра́во 3. гражданское право	Roman civil law influenced many later European legal systems.
528	aqueduct	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: aqueduct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. акведу́к 2. акведук	The aqueduct supplied the city from a mountain spring.
529	feudal hierarchy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: feudal + hierarchy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	феодальная иерархия	Landholding and loyalty shaped the feudal hierarchy.
530	serfdom	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: serfdom is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	крепостно́е пра́во	Under serfdom, peasants owed labor and dues but were not normally sold apart from the land.
531	printing press	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: printing + press. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. печа́тный стано́к 2. печа́тная маши́на 3. типогра́фский стано́к	Movable type and the printing press lowered the cost of books in Europe.
532	Protestant Reformation	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Protestant + Reformation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Протестантская Реформация	The Protestant Reformation changed religious and political authority across Europe.
533	Counter-Reformation	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Counter + Reformation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Контрреформация	The Council of Trent shaped the Counter-Reformation.
534	scientific revolution	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: scientific + revolution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	научная революция	The scientific revolution emphasized mathematical models and repeatable observation.
535	heliocentric model	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: heliocentric + model. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	гелиоцентрическая модель	The heliocentric model explained retrograde motion more simply.
536	geocentric model	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: geocentric + model. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	геоцентрическая модель	The geocentric model dominated much European astronomy for centuries.
537	natural law	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: natural + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	есте́ственное пра́во	Enlightenment writers used natural law to criticize arbitrary rule.
538	social contract	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: social + contract. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	обще́ственный догово́р	The social contract requires government to protect rights in exchange for civic obedience.
539	consent of the governed	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: consent + of + the + governed. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	согласие управляемых	Regular elections are one expression of consent of the governed.
540	constitutionalism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	конституционализм	Constitutionalism rejects the idea that rulers may govern without legal restraint.
541	Age of Exploration	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Age + of + Exploration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Эпоха исследований	During the Age of Exploration, voyages connected distant regions through trade and conquest.
542	circumnavigation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	кругосветное путешествие	The expedition completed the first recorded circumnavigation of the globe.
543	map projection analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: map + projection + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	анализ картографической проекции	Map projection analysis shows why Greenland appears unusually large on a Mercator map.
544	navigation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. пла́вание 2. морепла́вание 3. судохо́дство	Improved navigation helped sailors cross open oceans.
545	imperial expansion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: imperial + expansion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	имперская экспансия	Imperial expansion displaced local rulers and redirected trade.
546	Atlantic slave trade	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Atlantic + slave + trade. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Атлантическая работорговля	The Atlantic slave trade caused immense suffering and reshaped societies on several continents.
547	industrial revolution	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: industrial + revolution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. индустриа́льная револю́ция 2. промышленная революция	The industrial revolution moved much textile production from homes to factories.
548	factory system	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: factory + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	заводская система	The factory system divided manufacturing into repeated specialized tasks.
549	mass production	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: mass + production. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. ма́ссовое произво́дство 2. пото́чное произво́дство 3. сери́йное произво́дство	Mass production reduced the price of many household items.
550	rapid urbanization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: rapid + urbanization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	быстрая урбанизация	Rapid urbanization created crowded housing near nineteenth-century factories.
551	labor movement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: labor + movement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	рабочее движение	The labor movement campaigned for safer factories and shorter workdays.
552	collective bargaining	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: collective + bargaining. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	коллективные переговоры	Through collective bargaining, the union and company agreed on wages.
553	laissez-faire	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: laissez + faire. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	невмешательство	Laissez-faire thinkers argued that markets function best with limited regulation.
554	class consciousness	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: class + consciousness. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	кла́ссовое созна́ние	Factory workers developed class consciousness through common working conditions.
555	national sovereignty	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: national + sovereignty. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	национальный суверенитет	The treaty recognized the new country's national sovereignty.
556	legitimacy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: legitimacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. зако́нность 2. закономе́рность 3. легити́мность	Free elections can strengthen a government's legitimacy.
557	balance of power	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: balance + of + power. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. бала́нс сил 2. равнове́сие сил	Diplomats formed alliances to maintain a balance of power.
558	alliance system	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: alliance + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	система альянсов	The alliance system turned a regional crisis into a wider war.
559	diplomatic negotiation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: diplomatic + negotiation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	дипломатические переговоры	Diplomatic negotiation produced a temporary border settlement.
560	militarization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	милитариза́ция	Militarization increased spending on armies and weapons before the conflict.

From Rome to Feudal Europe

Reading practice for pages 16–18. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

During the Pax Romana, imperial roads and each major aqueduct connected distant communities, while Roman civil law influenced later legal traditions. Centuries afterward, political power in parts of Europe became organized through a feudal hierarchy. Under serfdom, many agricultural workers were bound by obligations to landowners rather than protected as equal citizens.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What connected Roman communities?

Roads and aqueducts connected Roman communities.

2. What Roman tradition influenced later law?

Roman civil law influenced later legal traditions.

3. How did serfdom restrict workers?

It bound many workers to landowners through obligations.

Page 17: words 561–595

Vocabulary page 17
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
561	mobilization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. мобилиза́ция 2. мобилизация	Railways accelerated military mobilization.
562	total war	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: total + war. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	тотальная война	During total war, governments rationed food and converted factories to weapons production.
563	trench warfare	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: trench + warfare. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	позиционная война	Trench warfare on the Western Front produced long stalemates and heavy casualties.
564	self-determination	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: self + determination. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. самоопределе́ние 2. самоопределение	Nationalists appealed to self-determination after the empire collapsed.
565	collective security	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: collective + security. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	коллективная безопасность	Collective security depends on members acting when another state is attacked.
566	League of Nations	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: League + of + Nations. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Ли́га На́ций 2. Лига Наций	The League of Nations lacked its own armed force.
567	Treaty of Versailles	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Treaty + of + Versailles. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Версальский договор	The Treaty of Versailles imposed territorial losses and reparations on Germany.
568	Nazism	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Capitalization focus: Nazism is conventionally capitalized as the name of a specific political ideology.	1. наци́зм 2. нацизм	Nazism destroyed democratic institutions and pursued genocidal policies.
569	Holocaust	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Capitalization focus: this is a proper name, so its standard written form begins with a capital letter.	холоко́ст	Holocaust remembrance preserves evidence and honors the people who were murdered.
570	Axis Powers	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Axis + Powers. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Державы Оси	The Axis Powers pursued expansion across Europe, Africa, and Asia.
571	Allied Powers	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Allied + Powers. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Союзные державы	The Allied Powers coordinated military campaigns despite differing political systems.
572	appeasement policy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: appeasement + policy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	политика умиротворения	The appeasement policy failed to stop further territorial demands.
573	Cold War	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Cold + War. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. холо́дная война́ 2. холодная война	The Cold War involved ideological competition, proxy conflicts, and nuclear tension.
574	containment policy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: containment + policy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	политика сдерживания	The United States adopted containment policy toward Soviet influence.
575	proxy war	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: proxy + war. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. опосре́дованная война́ 2. прокси-война	The regional civil war became a proxy war when rival powers supplied weapons.
576	arms race	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: arms + race. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	го́нка вооруже́ний	The nuclear arms race produced enormous arsenals.
577	nuclear deterrence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: nuclear + deterrence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ядерное сдерживание	Nuclear deterrence depends on an opponent believing retaliation is possible.
578	decolonization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	деколониза́ция	Decolonization created many new states after World War II.
579	nonaligned movement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: nonaligned + movement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	движение неприсоединения	The nonaligned movement promoted sovereignty and anti-colonial cooperation.
580	United Nations	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: United + Nations. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Объединённые На́ции 2. Организа́ция Объединённых На́ций 3. Организация Объединённых Наций	The United Nations coordinates humanitarian relief through specialized agencies.
581	Universal Declaration of Human Rights	proper noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: Universal + Declaration + of + Human + Rights. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Всеобщая декларация прав человека	The Universal Declaration of Human Rights includes freedom of thought and equal protection.
582	human rights	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: human + rights. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. пра́во челове́ка 2. права́ челове́ка	Freedom from torture is a human rights principle.
583	civil society	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: civil + society. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. гражда́нское о́бщество 2. гражданское общество	Independent charities and community groups are part of civil society.
584	political legitimacy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: political + legitimacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	политическая легитимность	Transparent procedures can increase political legitimacy.
585	nation-state	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: nation + state. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. госуда́рство-на́ция 2. национа́льное госуда́рство	A nation-state may still contain several languages and cultural groups.
586	border dispute	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: border + dispute. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	пограничный спор	The two governments submitted the border dispute to arbitration.
587	cultural landscape	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: cultural + landscape. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	культурный ландшафт	Terraced fields form a cultural landscape created over generations.
588	push factor	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: push + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	фактор толчка	Armed conflict is a powerful push factor in migration.
589	pull factor	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: pull + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	коэффициент притяжения	Available jobs can be a pull factor for migration.
590	demographic transition	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: demographic + transition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	демографический переход	During demographic transition, death rates often fall before birth rates.
591	human-environment interaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: human + environment + interaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	взаимодействие человека и окружающей среды	Irrigation is a human-environment interaction that can support farming and increase soil salinity.
592	population pyramid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: population + pyramid. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	возрастно-половая пирамида	A wide base on a population pyramid indicates many young people.
593	dependency ratio	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: dependency + ratio. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	коэффициент зависимости	An aging population can raise the dependency ratio.
594	urban sprawl	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: urban + sprawl. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	разрастание городов	Urban sprawl can increase car travel and habitat loss.
595	megacity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	мегагород	A megacity requires extensive transportation and water systems.

Page 18: words 596–630

Vocabulary page 18
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
596	sustainable development	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: sustainable + development. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. усто́йчивое разви́тие 2. устойчивое развитие	Sustainable development balances economic opportunity, social well-being, and environmental limits.
597	resource distribution	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: resource + distribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	распределение ресурсов	Uneven resource distribution influences trade and political relationships.
598	geopolitical	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Base-form focus: geopolitical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	геополитический	Control of the narrow strait has geopolitical importance.
599	economic interdependence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: economic + interdependence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	экономическая взаимозависимость	Economic interdependence means a supply disruption in one country can affect many others.
600	global governance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 world-history, civics, and geography term Word study: Term structure: global + governance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	глобальное управление	Climate agreements are one form of global governance.
601	accumulation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. накопле́ние 2. аккумуляция	The accumulation of sediment narrowed the channel.
602	adaptability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. адапти́вность 2. приспособля́емость	The team's adaptability helped it continue after the venue closed.
603	recalibration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	перекалибровка	The unusual readings prompted recalibration of the air-quality sensor.
604	allocation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	распределе́ние	The budget increases the allocation for library materials.
605	estimation error	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: estimation + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ошибка оценки	A larger sample reduced the survey's estimation error.
606	assembly	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: assembly is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сбо́рка 2. монта́ж	Final assembly of the bicycle occurs after the frame is painted.
607	attainment	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	приобрете́ние	Graduation marks the attainment of the program's requirements.
608	capability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	спосо́бность	The satellite has the capability to measure sea-surface temperature.
609	cessation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	прекраще́ние	The cessation of rainfall allowed the river level to fall.
610	clarification	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. объясне́ние 2. поясне́ние 3. проясне́ние	The editor requested clarification of the phrase “regular use.”
611	coincidence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. совпаде́ние 2. совпадение	The two alarms sounding together may be a coincidence.
612	compatibility	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. совмести́мость 2. совместимость	The technician checked the software's compatibility with older devices.
613	compensation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. возмеще́ние 2. компенса́ция	Residents received compensation for property damaged by the construction.
614	complexity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. сло́жность 2. сложность	The ecosystem's complexity makes a single-cause explanation unlikely.
615	conformity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	соотве́тствие	The inspector tested the product for conformity with safety standards.
616	contradiction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. противоре́чие 2. противоречие	There is a contradiction between the witness's timeline and the video.
617	public controversy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: public + controversy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	общественная полемика	The dam project caused public controversy over jobs and habitat loss.
618	coordination	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. согласова́ние 2. координа́ция	Emergency coordination prevented two rescue teams from searching the same area.
619	correspondence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. корреспонде́нция 2. перепи́ска	The map shows a correspondence between high elevation and cooler temperature.
620	deficiency	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: deficiency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дефе́кт 2. недоста́ток 3. неполноце́нность	An iron deficiency can reduce the blood's ability to carry oxygen.
621	dependency	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: dependency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	зависимость	The island's fuel dependency makes price shocks especially serious.
622	detection	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. выявле́ние 2. обнаруже́ние	Early detection improves the chance of controlling the invasive insect.
623	deviation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	отклоне́ние	The sharp deviation from the average led researchers to check the instrument.
624	diversification	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	диверсифика́ция	Crop diversification protects farmers if one harvest fails.
625	dominance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. госпо́дство 2. домини́рование	The company's market dominance discouraged new competitors.
626	effectiveness	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	1. эффекти́вность 2. результати́вность	The trial measures the effectiveness of the new filtration method.
627	emergence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. всплыва́ние 2. всплы́тие	The emergence of inexpensive printing changed public access to information.
628	emphasis	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: emphasis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. подчёркивание 2. ударе́ние 3. осо́бое внима́ние	The course places emphasis on evidence rather than memorized dates.
629	enforcement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	принужде́ние	Weak enforcement allowed factories to ignore the pollution limit.
630	enhancement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. улучше́ние 2. увеличе́ние 3. усиле́ние	Noise reduction produced a clear enhancement in the recording.

Page 19: words 631–665

Vocabulary page 19
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
631	equivalence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	эквивалентность	The translator questioned the equivalence of the two legal terms.
632	exclusion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	вывод	The exclusion of rural households distorted the survey.
633	expansion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. расшире́ние 2. экспа́нсия	Railway expansion connected inland farms with coastal ports.
634	exploitation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. испо́льзование 2. примене́ние 3. эксплуата́ция	Labor laws were introduced to reduce the exploitation of children.
635	responsiveness	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	чувствительность	The agency's responsiveness improved after it opened a public hotline.
636	inclusivity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	инклюзивность	Providing captions improves the meeting's inclusivity.
637	inevitability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. неизбе́жность 2. неотврати́мость	The author challenges the supposed inevitability of the war.
638	modernization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. модерниза́ция 2. модернизация	Railway modernization shortened travel times and improved safety.
639	inspection	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	инспе́кция	A bridge inspection found corrosion beneath the road surface.
640	interaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	обще́ние	The medication can cause a harmful interaction with grapefruit.
641	isolation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. изоля́ция 2. обособле́ние 3. затво́рничество	Geographic isolation allowed the island species to develop independently.
642	justification	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	оправда́ние	The report gives no justification for excluding the smaller schools.
643	maintenance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. обслу́живание 2. ремо́нт 3. подде́ржка	Routine maintenance prevented the machine from overheating.
644	manipulation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. манипуля́ция 2. манипули́рование	Selective cropping can become manipulation when it changes a photograph's apparent meaning.
645	modification	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	модификации	The wheelchair ramp required a modification to the entrance.
646	negotiation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. перегово́ры 2. переговоры	Negotiation ended the strike with a revised contract.
647	spatial orientation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: spatial + orientation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	пространственная ориентация	The map improved hikers' spatial orientation in the fog.
648	participation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. уча́стие 2. участие	Online access increased participation in the public hearing.
649	perception	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. восприя́тие 2. реце́пция	Lighting can change the perception of a room's size.
650	continuance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	продолже́ние	Funding is necessary for the continuance of the research program.
651	prevention	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	профила́ктика	Vaccination is an important form of disease prevention.
652	priority	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	приорите́т	Restoring clean water became the city's first priority.
653	prohibition	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	запре́т	The park has a prohibition against feeding wild animals.
654	promotion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. повыше́ние 2. продвиже́ние	The campaign focuses on the promotion of bicycle safety.
655	proportionality	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. пропорциона́льность 2. пропорциональность	The court considered whether the penalty had proportionality to the offense.
656	proximity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. бли́зость 2. сосе́дство	The garden's proximity to the river makes flooding possible.
657	pursuit	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: pursuit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пресле́дование 2. пого́ня	Her pursuit of accuracy led her back to the original records.
658	response rate	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: response + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	скорость ответа	Reminder messages increased the survey's response rate.
659	recovery	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: recovery is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. выздоровле́ние 2. попра́вка 3. возвра́т	Wetland recovery began after grazing ended.
660	governance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	управле́ние	Transparent governance includes public access to budgets and rules.
661	reinforcement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. подкрепле́ние 2. пополне́ние	Steel reinforcement helps concrete resist tension.
662	restriction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ограниче́ние	A seasonal restriction protects nesting birds from disturbance.
663	retention	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	сохране́ние в па́мяти	Tree roots improve soil retention on the slope.
664	revelation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. открове́ние 2. откры́тие 3. раскры́тие	The diary's revelation changed how historians understood the expedition.
665	significance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. значе́ние 2. смысл	The essay explains the significance of the broken watch in the final scene.

Evaluating a Public Policy

Reading practice for pages 19–21. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A city proposes an expansion of late-night bus service. Advocates argue that equal fares create equivalence across routes, but residents warn that geographic exclusion will persist if some neighborhoods remain unserved. Officials must prevent the exploitation of drivers through unsafe schedules and demonstrate responsiveness by revising the plan after public testimony.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What service expansion is proposed?

The city proposes expanded late-night bus service.

2. What exclusion concerns residents?

They worry that some neighborhoods will remain unserved.

3. How can officials show responsiveness?

They can revise the plan after public testimony.

Page 20: words 666–700

Vocabulary page 20
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
666	stability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. стаби́льность 2. усто́йчивость	A wide base improves the tower's stability.
667	sufficiency	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: sufficiency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	доста́точность	Auditors examined the sufficiency of evidence supporting the expense.
668	long-term viability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: long + term + viability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	долгосрочная жизнеспособность	Reliable water access is essential to the town's long-term viability.
669	information transfer	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: information + transfer. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	передача информации	Fiber-optic cables allow rapid information transfer.
670	utilization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	утилизация	The clinic tracked utilization of its evening services.
671	constitutional amendment	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: constitutional + amendment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	поправка к конституции	The constitutional amendment extended voting rights.
672	beneficiary	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: beneficiary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. выгодоприобрета́тель 2. выгодоприобрета́тельница 3. бенефициа́р	Each scholarship beneficiary receives tuition and mentoring.
673	compliance	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. согла́сие 2. соотве́тствие	The audit confirmed compliance with workplace safety law.
674	consultation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	консульта́ция	The council held a public consultation before changing the bus route.
675	deliberation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. рассмотре́ние 2. взве́шивание	After two days of deliberation, the jury reached a verdict.
676	designation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. обозначе́ние 2. назва́ние	The area's designation as a marine reserve limits fishing.
677	disclosure	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: disclosure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. раскры́тие 2. разглаше́ние 3. разоблаче́ние	Financial disclosure reveals whether an official has related business interests.
678	professional discretion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: professional + discretion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	профессиональная осмотрительность	A physician uses professional discretion when adapting general guidance to a patient's needs.
679	eligibility	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. пригодность 2. приемлемость	Applicants must prove eligibility for the reduced fee.
680	exemption	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. исключе́ние 2. освобожде́ние	The law grants an exemption for emergency vehicles.
681	feasibility	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. выполни́мость 2. осуществи́мость	The pilot program tests the feasibility of electric buses on steep routes.
682	legal jurisdiction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: legal + jurisdiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	юридическая юрисдикция	The dispute concerns which court has legal jurisdiction.
683	liability	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. обяза́тельство 2. долг 3. задо́лженность	The company accepted liability for the defective product.
684	oversight	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: oversight is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. надзо́р 2. контро́ль	Independent oversight found weaknesses in the purchasing process.
685	precedence	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	предшествова́ние	During an evacuation, human safety takes precedence over property protection.
686	operating procedure	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: operating + procedure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	порядок работы	The operating procedure requires two checks before the valve opens.
687	procurement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. добыва́ние 2. заку́пка	Public procurement rules require fair competition among suppliers.
688	provision	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. снабже́ние 2. провиа́нт	One provision of the contract requires monthly safety reports.
689	recommendation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. рекоменда́ция 2. рекомендация	The panel's recommendation is to repair rather than replace the bridge.
690	requirement	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. необходи́мость 2. нужда́ 3. потре́бность	A laboratory report is a graduation requirement.
691	technical specification	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: technical + specification. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	техническая спецификация	The battery failed to meet the technical specification for cold weather.
692	standardization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	стандартиза́ция	Measurement standardization allows laboratories to compare results.
693	transparency	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: transparency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. прозра́чность 2. транспаре́нтность	Publishing meeting records increases government transparency.
694	implementation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. воплоще́ние в реа́льность 2. реализа́ция 3. осуществле́ние	Training began before implementation of the new safety policy.
695	policy initiative	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: policy + initiative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	политическая инициатива	The housing policy initiative funds repairs to vacant buildings.
696	institutionalization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	институционализация	Institutionalization of annual audits made financial review routine.
697	authorization	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. разреше́ние 2. авториза́ция 3. уполномо́чивание	Workers need written authorization to enter the restricted area.
698	identity verification	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: identity + verification. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	проверка личности	The bank uses identity verification before changing account details.
699	mediation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. посре́дничество 2. медиа́ция	Mediation helped the neighbors settle the boundary dispute.
700	reconciliation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. согласова́ние 2. све́рка	The commission supported reconciliation by documenting abuses and hearing survivors.

Page 21: words 701–735

Vocabulary page 21
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
701	accessible	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. досту́пный 2. поня́тный	The museum provides an accessible entrance and captions for its videos.
702	accountable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	подотчётный	Elected officials are accountable to the public.
703	context-sensitive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: context + sensitive. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	контекстно-зависимый	The translation tool is context-sensitive and distinguishes bank as land from bank as an institution.
704	administrative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. администрати́вный 2. административный	The principal assigned the scheduling issue to administrative staff.
705	advisory	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: advisory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	совеща́тельный	The weather agency issued an advisory notice about dangerous heat.
706	aggregated	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: aggregated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	агрегированный	The report protects privacy by publishing only aggregated data.
707	substitutable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	заменяемый	The two components are not substitutable because they require different voltages.
708	estimated	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: estimated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	оценённый	The estimated repair cost may change after workers open the wall.
709	authoritative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. авторите́тный 2. достове́рный	The archive's catalog is an authoritative source for the manuscript's history.
710	advantageous	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. благоприя́тный 2. вы́годный	The sheltered harbor is advantageous for ships during storms.
711	serviceable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. в нормальном техническом состоянии 2. в рабочем состоянии 3. пригодный	Although scratched, the old microscope remains serviceable.
712	collaborative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	совме́стный	The collaborative project combines local knowledge with satellite data.
713	compatible	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. совмести́мый 2. подходящий друг другу	The replacement part is compatible with the original machine.
714	consecutive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. после́довательный 2. консекути́вный	The river exceeded flood level for three consecutive days.
715	constructive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	конструкти́вный	The reviewer offered constructive criticism with specific revision ideas.
716	controversial	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: controversial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дискуссио́нный 2. сомни́тельный 3. спо́рный	The controversial proposal would relocate several families.
717	mutually supportive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: mutually + supportive. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	взаимоподдерживающие	The two programs are mutually supportive because one trains workers and the other creates jobs.
718	deficient	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: deficient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	инвалид	The diet was deficient in vitamin C.
719	characteristic	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: characteristic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. характе́рный 2. отличи́тельный 3. типи́чный	Dark volcanic soil is characteristic of the island.
720	detectable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	обнаруживаемый	The chemical is detectable in water at very low concentrations.
721	developmental	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: developmental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	развивающий	The study examines developmental differences between early and late adolescence.
722	pluralistic	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: pluralistic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	плюралистское	A pluralistic society allows different religious communities to participate in public life.
723	effective	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. результати́вный 2. эффективный	The new filter is effective at removing lead.
724	emergent	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: emergent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	эмердже́нтный	Traffic patterns are an emergent result of many individual driving decisions.
725	emphatic	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: emphatic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	категоричный	Her emphatic refusal left no doubt about her position.
726	enforceable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	подлежащий исполнению	A vague promise may not be enforceable as a contract.
727	exclusive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. исключи́тельный 2. эксклюзи́вный	The interview contains exclusive information not reported elsewhere.
728	explanatory	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: explanatory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. объясни́тельный 2. поясни́тельный	An explanatory caption describes how the machine works.
729	exploitative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	эксплоатационный	The investigation exposed exploitative labor conditions.
730	adjustable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	регулируемый	The desk has an adjustable height.
731	inclusive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	инклюзивный	The inclusive survey provides several ways to respond.
732	inescapable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. неизбе́жный 2. неотвратимый 3. неизбывный	The financial cost is an inescapable part of the decision.
733	innovative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	инновацио́нный	The innovative roof collects rainwater and cools the building.
734	institutional	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: institutional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. институциона́льный 2. институциональный	Institutional rules can continue even after individual leaders change.
735	interactive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	интеракти́вный	The interactive map displays new information when a region is selected.

Page 22: words 736–770

Vocabulary page 22
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
736	justifiable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	зако́нный	Temporary closure is justifiable when the bridge is unsafe.
737	legislative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. законода́тельный 2. законодательный	The bill entered the legislative process.
738	manipulative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	манипуляти́вный	The manipulative advertisement hides important fees until checkout.
739	measurable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	измеримый	The program set a measurable goal of reducing waste by ten percent.
740	negotiable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	оборотный	The delivery date is negotiable, but the safety standard is not.
741	operational	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: operational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. де́йствующий 2. операти́вный	The repaired water pump is operational again.
742	organizational	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: organizational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	организацио́нный	Clear organizational roles reduced duplicated work.
743	perceptible	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. ощути́мый 2. осяза́емый 3. заме́тный	A perceptible vibration began before the machine stopped.
744	preventive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	превентивный	Preventive maintenance replaced the worn cable before it failed.
745	proximate	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: proximate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ближа́йший 2. сме́жный	The proximate cause of the outage was a fallen power line.
746	regulatory	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: regulatory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	нормативный	The agency has regulatory authority over drinking-water quality.
747	illustrative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	иллюстративный	The report includes an illustrative case from a small coastal town.
748	restrictive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	ограничи́тельный	The drought led to restrictive rules on outdoor water use.
749	sequential	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: sequential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	последовательный	The instructions present the repair steps in sequential order.
750	substantive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	содержа́тельный	The revision makes a substantive change to tenant protections.
751	enduring	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: enduring is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	выносливый	The court decision had an enduring influence on civil rights.
752	transmissible	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	передающийся	The disease is transmissible through contaminated water.
753	auditable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	проверяемый	Every purchase must leave an auditable trail.
754	underlying	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: underlying is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	фундаментальный	The physician treated the underlying infection rather than only the fever.
755	additive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	аддити́вный	The two small delays had an additive effect on travel time.
756	comparative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. сравни́тельный 2. сравнительный	The comparative essay considers how both novels portray exile.
757	competitive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	конкурентоспосо́бный	The company submitted a competitive bid for the project.
758	contextual	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: contextual is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. контекстный 2. контекстовый 3. контекстуальный	Contextual evidence shows that “draft” refers to a preliminary document.
759	correlational	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: correlational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	корреляционный	The correlational study found that sleep and concentration changed together.
760	deliberative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	совещательный	The citizens' panel used a deliberative process rather than a quick vote.
761	diagnostic	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: diagnostic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. диагности́ческий 2. диагностический	The mechanic ran a diagnostic test on the engine.
762	differential	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: differential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	дифференциа́льный	A pressure differential moves air through the vent.
763	distributive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	дистрибуцио́нный	The debate concerns distributive fairness in the tax system.
764	environmental	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: environmental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. относиться 2. относя́щийся к окружающая среда 3. окружа́ющей среде́	The review identifies environmental risks to the wetland.
765	evaluative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	оценочный	The conclusion makes an evaluative claim about the policy's success.
766	inferential	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: inferential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	дедуктивный	Inferential statistics estimates population traits from sample data.
767	interpretative	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	интерпретирующий	The museum's interpretative label connects the tool with daily village life.
768	methodological	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: methodological is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	методологи́ческий	A methodological flaw made the comparison unreliable.
769	participatory	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: participatory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	совместный	Participatory planning invited residents to design the park.
770	predictive	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	предиктивный	The predictive model estimates tomorrow's electricity demand.

Writing a Negotiable Proposal

Reading practice for pages 22–23. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A student council prepares a legislative proposal for later library hours. Its goal must be measurable, such as a documented increase in supervised study time. The writers avoid manipulative claims and support each cost with justifiable evidence. Because staffing remains negotiable, they offer several schedules instead of insisting on one fixed demand.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What makes the proposal's goal measurable?

It names a documented increase in supervised study time.

2. What kind of claims do the writers avoid?

They avoid manipulative claims.

3. Why do they offer several schedules?

Staffing remains negotiable.

Page 23: words 771–800

Vocabulary page 23
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
771	procedural	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: procedural is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	процеду́рный	A procedural error invalidated the vote count.
772	relational	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: relational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ро́дственный	The database uses relational links between customers and orders.
773	structural	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: structural is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. структу́рный 2. структурный	The earthquake caused structural damage to two columns.
774	systematic	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: systematic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. системати́ческий 2. системати́чный 3. систематический	The researchers conducted a systematic search of every archive.
775	transferable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	передаваемый	Clear writing is a transferable skill useful across subjects.
776	unbiased	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: unbiased is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. беспристра́стный 2. непредвзя́тый 3. непредубеждённый	A random process aims to produce an unbiased sample.
777	verifiable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	поддающийся проверке	The article includes verifiable dates and public records.
778	coordinated	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: coordinated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	согласованный	A coordinated response delivered food and medicine to isolated towns.
779	interdisciplinary	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Prefix focus: inter- means between or among.	1. междисциплина́рный 2. междисциплинарный	The interdisciplinary course connects ecology, economics, and public policy.
780	multidisciplinary	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Prefix focus: multi- means many.	междисциплинарный	A multidisciplinary team of engineers, doctors, and designers developed the device.
781	accrue	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: accrue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	начислять	Interest will accrue each month that the balance remains unpaid.
782	administer	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: administer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. управля́ть 2. руководи́ть 3. администри́ровать	Trained nurses administer the vaccine.
783	rectify	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. исправля́ть 2. испра́вить	The publisher issued a notice to rectify the mislabeled chart.
784	arbitrate	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: arbitrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	судить	An independent panel will arbitrate the contract disagreement.
785	authenticate	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: authenticate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	распознавать	Experts authenticate the painting by examining pigments and ownership records.
786	centralize	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	централизова́ть	The district will centralize purchasing to reduce duplicate orders.
787	circulate	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: circulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	циркулировать	The pump will circulate warm water through the building.
788	reimburse	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: reimburse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. возмеща́ть 2. компенси́ровать	The organization will reimburse volunteers for train fares.
789	conform	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: conform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. соотве́тствовать 2. быть подобным	All helmets must conform to the updated safety standard.
790	synchronize	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	синхронизирова́ть	The technicians synchronize the clocks before collecting measurements.
791	correspond	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: correspond is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. перепи́сываться 2. корреспонди́ровать	Each colored line should correspond to one category in the key.
792	deactivate	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: deactivate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. деактиви́ровать 2. отключа́ть 3. отключи́ть	The code will deactivate the alarm after identity verification.
793	decentralize	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	децентрализовать	The reform will decentralize health services to regional offices.
794	designate	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: designate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ука́зывать 2. именова́ть 3. называ́ть	The city will designate the wetland as a protected area.
795	make public	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Term structure: make + public. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	обнародовать	The agency must make public the final inspection report.
796	diversify	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	разнообра́зить	The farm will diversify by growing grains, fruit, and vegetables.
797	enforce	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: enforce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	использовать	Inspectors enforce limits on unsafe emissions.
798	amplify	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	усиливать	The curved wall can amplify sound across the theater.
799	exclude	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: exclude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. исключа́ть 2. исключи́ть	A study should not exclude relevant evidence merely because it challenges the hypothesis.
800	leverage	verb Study Field: Grade 9 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: leverage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. максима́льно испо́льзовать 2. применя́ть 3. улучша́ть	The town will leverage its rail connection to attract new businesses.

Sources and curriculum references

These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.