English Vocabulary · Grade 9 Live Review Preview

9th Grade Vocabulary Words

Ninth grade marks the transition to high-school reading and writing across literature, argument, research, biology, physical and Earth science, algebra, computing, world history, civics, and geography. This level develops precise academic and domain-specific vocabulary while strengthening context, nuance, source evaluation, figurative language, and evidence-based communication.

This independently authored 800-word beta curriculum is arranged in twenty-three pages of up to thirty-five words. Pages containing words 1–500 include five cloze questions drawn only from that enhanced range; words 501–800 remain fully visible and editable as list pages while the expanded practice layer is developed. Each row includes a subject-field label and an editable word-study note about a transparent affix, compound structure, capitalization, or dictionary base form. The cited Grade 9 resources calibrate difficulty and study skills only; all learner-facing definitions, examples, quizzes, and descriptions are original KSSR copy.

Please note: the vocabulary lists for grades 9~11 have been selected to ensure no overlap with the previous grade level. If the words are too specialized or difficult for you, please go back to grade levels 4~8 and review the words on those pages.

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Words 211–245 of 800
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
211	prokaryote	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: prokaryote is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	прокарио́та	A bacterium is a prokaryote with DNA located in its cell interior.
212	eukaryote	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: eukaryote is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эукарио́та 2. эукариот	A mushroom is a eukaryote because its cells enclose DNA inside nuclei.
213	facilitated diffusion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: facilitated + diffusion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	облегченная диффузия	Glucose can enter some cells by facilitated diffusion.
214	osmosis	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: osmosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. о́смос 2. осмос	Through osmosis, water entered the cell from the dilute solution.
215	active transport	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: active + transport. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	активный транспорт	The sodium-potassium pump uses active transport.
216	passive transport	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: passive + transport. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	пассивный транспорт	Simple diffusion is a form of passive transport.
217	concentration gradient	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: concentration + gradient. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	градиент концентрации	Oxygen moves down its concentration gradient into the cell.
218	selectively permeable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: selectively + permeable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	избирательно проницаемый	The cell membrane is selectively permeable.
219	enzyme specificity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: enzyme + specificity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	специфичность фермента	Enzyme specificity allows lactase to act on lactose rather than every sugar.
220	substrate	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: substrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	субстра́т	The substrate fits into the enzyme's active site.
221	activation energy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: activation + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	энергия активации	An enzyme lowers the activation energy of a cellular reaction.
222	cellular respiration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: cellular + respiration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	клеточное дыхание	During cellular respiration, cells transfer energy from glucose into ATP.
223	light-dependent reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: light + dependent + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	светозависимая реакция	The light-dependent reaction occurs in the thylakoid membranes.
224	glycolysis	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: glycolysis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. глико́лиз 2. гликолиз	Glycolysis splits one glucose molecule into smaller molecules.
225	fermentation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. фермента́ция 2. броже́ние	Yeast uses fermentation to produce carbon dioxide in bread dough.
226	aerobic	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: aerobic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. аэро́бный 2. аэробный	Aerobic respiration releases more usable energy than fermentation.
227	anaerobic	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: anaerobic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	анаэробный	Some microorganisms carry out anaerobic metabolism in deep mud.
228	ATP	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Capitalization focus: ATP is an abbreviation or initialism; preserve its capital letters.	аденозинтрифосфат	Muscle contraction uses energy released when ATP loses a phosphate group.
229	metabolic regulation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: metabolic + regulation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	регуляция метаболизма	Metabolic regulation slows a pathway when enough of its product has accumulated.
230	metabolic pathway	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: metabolic + pathway. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	метаболический путь	Each step of a metabolic pathway is usually controlled by a particular enzyme.
231	amino acid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: amino + acid. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. аминокислота́ 2. аминокислота	The order of each amino acid determines how a protein folds.
232	nucleotide	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: nucleotide is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. нуклеоти́д 2. нуклеотид	A nucleotide in DNA may contain the base adenine.
233	nucleic acid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: nucleic + acid. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. нуклеи́новая кислота́ 2. нуклеиновая кислота	DNA is a nucleic acid made of two nucleotide strands.
234	carbohydrate	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: carbohydrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. углево́д 2. карбогидра́т 3. углевод	A potato stores carbohydrate mainly as starch.
235	lipid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: lipid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. липи́д 2. липиды	A phospholipid is a lipid found in cell membranes.
236	phospholipid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: phospholipid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	фосфолипи́д	Phospholipid molecules form a double layer around the cell.
237	macromolecule	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Prefix focus: macro- means large-scale.	макромолекула	A protein is a macromolecule made from amino acids.
238	polymer	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: polymer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. полиме́р 2. полимер	Starch is a polymer composed of glucose units.
239	monomer	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: monomer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	мономе́р	A nucleotide acts as a monomer in a nucleic acid.
240	protein folding	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: protein + folding. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	сворачивание белка	A temperature change can disrupt protein folding.
241	chromosome duplication	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: chromosome + duplication. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	дупликация хромосом	Chromosome duplication produces two sister chromatids.
242	chromatid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: chromatid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	хроматида	Each chromatid separates during mitosis.
243	centromere	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: centromere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	центроме́ра	Spindle fibers connect near the centromere.
244	homologous pair	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: homologous + pair. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	гомологичная пара	A homologous pair may contain different alleles of a gene.
245	gamete	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: gamete is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гаме́та 2. гамета	A human gamete has twenty-three chromosomes.

Vocabulary reading and practice

Energy and Cell Division

Reading practice for pages 7–9. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Before a cell divides, chromosome duplication preserves genetic instructions for both new cells. ATP supplies energy for active transport, which moves substances against a concentration gradient. Passive transport requires no direct energy input. Meanwhile, correct protein folding allows many cell structures and enzymes to function as their shapes require.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Why does chromosome duplication occur?

It preserves genetic instructions for both new cells.

2. Which process uses ATP?

Active transport uses ATP.

3. Why is protein folding important?

A protein's shape enables its function.

Vocabulary quiz

Choose the dictionary equivalent for each of 5 selected words.

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Sources and curriculum references

These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.

9th Grade Vocabulary Words

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