English Vocabulary · Grade 9 Live Review Preview

9th Grade Vocabulary Words

Ninth grade marks the transition to high-school reading and writing across literature, argument, research, biology, physical and Earth science, algebra, computing, world history, civics, and geography. This level develops precise academic and domain-specific vocabulary while strengthening context, nuance, source evaluation, figurative language, and evidence-based communication.

This independently authored 800-word beta curriculum is arranged in twenty-three pages of up to thirty-five words. Pages containing words 1–500 include five cloze questions drawn only from that enhanced range; words 501–800 remain fully visible and editable as list pages while the expanded practice layer is developed. Each row includes a subject-field label and an editable word-study note about a transparent affix, compound structure, capitalization, or dictionary base form. The cited Grade 9 resources calibrate difficulty and study skills only; all learner-facing definitions, examples, quizzes, and descriptions are original KSSR copy.

Please note: the vocabulary lists for grades 9~11 have been selected to ensure no overlap with the previous grade level. If the words are too specialized or difficult for you, please go back to grade levels 4~8 and review the words on those pages.

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Words 211–245 of 800
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
211	prokaryote	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: prokaryote is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	原核生物	A bacterium is a prokaryote with DNA located in its cell interior.
212	eukaryote	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: eukaryote is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	真核生物	A mushroom is a eukaryote because its cells enclose DNA inside nuclei.
213	facilitated diffusion	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: facilitated + diffusion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	促進された拡散	Glucose can enter some cells by facilitated diffusion.
214	osmosis	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: osmosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	浸透	Through osmosis, water entered the cell from the dilute solution.
215	active transport	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: active + transport. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	アクティブトランスポート	The sodium-potassium pump uses active transport.
216	passive transport	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: passive + transport. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	パッシブトランスポート	Simple diffusion is a form of passive transport.
217	concentration gradient	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: concentration + gradient. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	濃度勾配	Oxygen moves down its concentration gradient into the cell.
218	selectively permeable	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: selectively + permeable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	選択的透過性	The cell membrane is selectively permeable.
219	enzyme specificity	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: enzyme + specificity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	酵素特異性	Enzyme specificity allows lactase to act on lactose rather than every sugar.
220	substrate	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: substrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	基	The substrate fits into the enzyme's active site.
221	activation energy	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: activation + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	活性化エネルギー	An enzyme lowers the activation energy of a cellular reaction.
222	cellular respiration	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: cellular + respiration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	細胞呼吸	During cellular respiration, cells transfer energy from glucose into ATP.
223	light-dependent reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: light + dependent + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	光依存性反応	The light-dependent reaction occurs in the thylakoid membranes.
224	glycolysis	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: glycolysis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	解糖系	Glycolysis splits one glucose molecule into smaller molecules.
225	fermentation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 醗酵 2. 発酵	Yeast uses fermentation to produce carbon dioxide in bread dough.
226	aerobic	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: aerobic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	好気性	Aerobic respiration releases more usable energy than fermentation.
227	anaerobic	adjective Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: anaerobic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	嫌気性	Some microorganisms carry out anaerobic metabolism in deep mud.
228	ATP	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Capitalization focus: ATP is an abbreviation or initialism; preserve its capital letters.	1. ATP 2. アデノシン三リン酸	Muscle contraction uses energy released when ATP loses a phosphate group.
229	metabolic regulation	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: metabolic + regulation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	代謝調節	Metabolic regulation slows a pathway when enough of its product has accumulated.
230	metabolic pathway	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: metabolic + pathway. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	代謝経路	Each step of a metabolic pathway is usually controlled by a particular enzyme.
231	amino acid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: amino + acid. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	アミノ酸	The order of each amino acid determines how a protein folds.
232	nucleotide	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: nucleotide is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ヌクレオチド	A nucleotide in DNA may contain the base adenine.
233	nucleic acid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: nucleic + acid. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	核酸	DNA is a nucleic acid made of two nucleotide strands.
234	carbohydrate	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: carbohydrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 炭水化物 2. 含水炭素	A potato stores carbohydrate mainly as starch.
235	lipid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: lipid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 脂質 2. リピド	A phospholipid is a lipid found in cell membranes.
236	phospholipid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: phospholipid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. リン脂質 2. 燐脂質	Phospholipid molecules form a double layer around the cell.
237	macromolecule	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Prefix focus: macro- means large-scale.	高分子	A protein is a macromolecule made from amino acids.
238	polymer	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: polymer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 重合体 2. 高分子	Starch is a polymer composed of glucose units.
239	monomer	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: monomer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	モノマー	A nucleotide acts as a monomer in a nucleic acid.
240	protein folding	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: protein + folding. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	タンパク質の折り畳み	A temperature change can disrupt protein folding.
241	chromosome duplication	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: chromosome + duplication. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	染色体の重複	Chromosome duplication produces two sister chromatids.
242	chromatid	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: chromatid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	染色分体	Each chromatid separates during mitosis.
243	centromere	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: centromere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. セントロメア 2. 動原体	Spindle fibers connect near the centromere.
244	homologous pair	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Term structure: homologous + pair. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	相同ペア	A homologous pair may contain different alleles of a gene.
245	gamete	noun Study Field: Grade 9 life-science and ecology term Word study: Base-form focus: gamete is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	配偶子	A human gamete has twenty-three chromosomes.

Vocabulary reading and practice

Energy and Cell Division

Reading practice for pages 7–9. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Before a cell divides, chromosome duplication preserves genetic instructions for both new cells. ATP supplies energy for active transport, which moves substances against a concentration gradient. Passive transport requires no direct energy input. Meanwhile, correct protein folding allows many cell structures and enzymes to function as their shapes require.

Japanese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Why does chromosome duplication occur?

It preserves genetic instructions for both new cells.

2. Which process uses ATP?

Active transport uses ATP.

3. Why is protein folding important?

A protein's shape enables its function.

Vocabulary quiz

Choose the dictionary equivalent for each of 5 selected words.

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Sources and curriculum references

These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.

9th Grade Vocabulary Words

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