English Vocabulary · Grade 8 Live Review Preview

8th Grade Vocabulary Words

Eighth-grade readers move toward high-school-level analysis across literature, argument, research, physical and life science, algebra, economics, history, and civics. This level strengthens precise Tier II and cross-curricular vocabulary while emphasizing context, analogy, word relationships, Greek and Latin roots, multiple meanings, source judgment, and evidence-based communication.

This independently authored 500-word beta curriculum is arranged in twenty pages of twenty-five words each. Words 1–300 include five cloze questions per page; words 301–500 remain fully visible and editable as list pages while the expanded practice layer is developed. Each row includes a subject-field label and an editable word-study note about a transparent affix, compound structure, capitalization, or dictionary base form. The cited Grade 8 resources calibrate difficulty and vocabulary-study skills only; all learner-facing definitions, examples, quizzes, and descriptions are original KSSR copy.

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Page 1: words 1–25

Vocabulary page 1
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1	abet	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: abet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 煽動 2. 教唆 3. 激励	A driver who knowingly helps thieves escape may abet the crime.
2	accord	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: accord is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	符合	The two councils reached an accord after weeks of negotiation.
3	allot	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: allot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	交给	The schedule will allot twenty minutes to each presentation.
4	amiss	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: amiss is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	错误	When the alarm stayed silent during the drill, the custodian knew something was amiss.
5	apprehend	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: apprehend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 逮捕 2. 住	Investigators used the security footage to apprehend the suspect.
6	assail	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: assail is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 攻擊 2. 攻击	Opponents assail the proposal for ignoring the cost of repairs.
7	atrocity	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 暴行 2. 殘酷	Survivor testimony documented the wartime atrocity.
8	avail	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: avail is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	好处	The crew pulled at the jammed door to no avail.
9	avid	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: avid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	热情	An avid birder can recognize many species by their calls.
10	awry	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: awry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	壞	The expedition went awry when floodwater erased the trail.
11	balmy	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: balmy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 温暖惬意的 2. 疯狂的	A balmy breeze made the spring evening comfortable.
12	banter	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: banter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 逗樂 2. 打趣 3. 玩笑	The teammates exchanged light banter while waiting for the match.
13	bizarre	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: bizarre is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	奇怪	The bizarre sculpture combines a bicycle wheel with a glass umbrella.
14	blasé	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: blasé is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	厌倦了	After attending dozens of premieres, the critic seemed blasé about meeting celebrities.
15	bonanza	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: bonanza is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	富矿	The discovery of rare minerals created a temporary bonanza for the town.
16	bountiful	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: bountiful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	丰富	Regular rain produced a bountiful apple harvest.
17	cache	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: cache is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 緩存 2. 快取	Hikers found an emergency cache containing blankets and water.
18	capacious	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	寬敞的	The capacious auditorium can seat the entire school.
19	citadel	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: citadel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	堡壘	The ancient citadel overlooks the harbor from a rocky hill.
20	clad	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: clad is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	覆盖	Workers clad in reflective jackets directed traffic around the sinkhole.
21	commemorate	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: commemorate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	纪念	The mural will commemorate the nurses who served during the epidemic.
22	component	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: component is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 元件 2. 部件	The battery is a crucial component of the emergency radio.
23	confiscate	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: confiscate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 沒收 2. 充公 3. 没收	Airport officers may confiscate items that violate safety rules.
24	connoisseur	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: connoisseur is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	鉴定家	A tea connoisseur can distinguish subtle differences in aroma.
25	conservative	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 保守 2. 古体	Engineers used a conservative estimate for the bridge's safe load.

A Bizarre Festival

Reading practice for pages 1–3. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

At a bizarre film festival, several directors reach an accord to share equipment. Their cooperation does not abet cheating; every entry remains independent. Reviewers who once seemed blasé become excited when ticket sales create a bonanza for the town library.

Simplified Chinese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What agreement do the directors reach?

They reach an accord to share equipment.

2. Does sharing equipment abet cheating?

No, each entry remains independent.

3. Who benefits from the bonanza?

The town library benefits.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ sculpture combines a bicycle wheel with a glass umbrella.

Answer: bizarre

2. A driver who knowingly helps thieves escape may ___ the crime.

Answer: abet

3. After attending dozens of premieres, the critic seemed ___ about meeting celebrities.

Answer: blasé

4. The two councils reached an ___ after weeks of negotiation.

Answer: accord

5. The discovery of rare minerals created a temporary ___ for the town.

Answer: bonanza

Page 2: words 26–50

Vocabulary page 2
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
26	crusade	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: crusade is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 十字軍 2. 十字軍東征	Her crusade against food waste persuaded several restaurants to donate leftovers.
27	deceptive	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	迷惑的	The calm surface was deceptive because a strong current flowed underneath.
28	decipher	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: decipher is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	解碼	A linguist helped decipher the faded symbols on the tablet.
29	decree	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: decree is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	禁制令	The royal decree opened the port to foreign merchants.
30	deface	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: deface is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	污损	Vandals tried to deface the memorial with paint.
31	defect	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: defect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 缺點 2. 問題 3. 缺陷	A tiny defect in the seal allowed water to enter the container.
32	deplore	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: deplore is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	疼惜	Community leaders deplore the destruction of the historic theater.
33	deploy	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: deploy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	部署	Firefighters deploy portable pumps along the flooded street.
34	desist	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: desist is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	止	The referee ordered the players to desist from arguing.
35	deter	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: deter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 防止 2. 阻止 3. 預防	Bright lighting can deter theft near the station.
36	dialect	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: dialect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 方言 2. 地方話 3. 話	The novel preserves the coastal dialect in its dialogue.
37	dire	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: dire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	可怕	The clinic faced a dire shortage of clean water.
38	disgruntled	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: disgruntled is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	不满的	Disgruntled customers demanded refunds after the concert was canceled.
39	dispatch	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: dispatch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 派遣 2. 調度 3. 發送	The control center will dispatch a repair crew before dawn.
40	disposition	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	特性	Her patient disposition makes nervous animals feel safe.
41	doctrine	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: doctrine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 教條 2. 教義 3. 教理	The movement's doctrine emphasized nonviolent resistance.
42	dub	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: dub is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	複製	Reporters dub the rescued owl “Lucky” after its recovery.
43	elite	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: elite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	精英	Only the elite of the sport qualify for the final race.
44	embargo	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: embargo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	禁運	The embargo prevented companies from exporting weapons to the regime.
45	embark	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: embark is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 登船 2. 上船 3. 乘船	The researchers embark on a five-year study of coastal erosion.
46	endeavor	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: endeavor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 努力 2. 公司	Restoring the wetland became a shared endeavor among residents and scientists.
47	enigma	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: enigma is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 謎 2. 谜	The source of the mysterious radio signal remains an enigma.
48	epoch	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: epoch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 時代 2. 會 3. 时代	The invention of movable type began a new epoch in communication.
49	eventful	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: eventful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	多事的	The eventful voyage included a storm, a rescue, and an unexpected discovery.
50	exceptional	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: exceptional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	非常	Her exceptional memory allowed her to recite the entire speech.

Page 2 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 2.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ customers demanded refunds after the concert was canceled.

Answer: disgruntled

2. Her ___ against food waste persuaded several restaurants to donate leftovers.

Answer: crusade

3. The control center will ___ a repair crew before dawn.

Answer: dispatch

4. The calm surface was ___ because a strong current flowed underneath.

Answer: deceptive

5. Her patient ___ makes nervous animals feel safe.

Answer: disposition

Page 3: words 51–75

Vocabulary page 3
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
51	excruciating	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: excruciating is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	令人难以忍受的	The runner stopped when an excruciating pain spread through his ankle.
52	fastidious	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. 難取悅的 2. 吹毛求疵的	The fastidious conservator removed dust from the painting one grain at a time.
53	fend	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: fend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	挡住	Thick bark helps the tree fend off insects.
54	ferret	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: ferret is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	发现	The auditor will ferret out errors in the complicated accounts.
55	flair	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: flair is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 天分 2. 天资 3. 天資	Mina has a flair for explaining difficult equations with simple diagrams.
56	flustered	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: flustered is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	心慌意乱	The unexpected question left the speaker flustered for a moment.
57	foreboding	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: foreboding is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	预兆	Dark clouds filled the sailors with foreboding.
58	forfeit	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: forfeit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	质权	A team that uses an ineligible player may forfeit the match.
59	fortify	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. 增強 2. 振作 3. 壯膽	Sandbags fortify the riverbank before the storm.
60	foster	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: foster is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 營造 2. 生長	The exchange program aims to foster respect between the two communities.
61	gaunt	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: gaunt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	稀少	After weeks without enough food, the abandoned dog looked gaunt.
62	gingerly	adverb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	小心翼翼	She stepped gingerly across the icy porch.
63	glut	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: glut is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	过剩	A glut of tomatoes caused prices at the market to fall.
64	grapple	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: grapple is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	抓住	City planners grapple with how to add housing without removing parks.
65	grope	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: grope is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	摸索	In the dark tent, Leo had to grope for the flashlight.
66	gullible	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. 容易輕信的 2. 輕信別人的	A gullible reader may trust the fake advertisement.
67	haggard	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: haggard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 憔悴 2. 枯槁	The haggard rescue workers finally rested after the overnight search.
68	haven	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: haven is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	庇护	The sheltered bay became a haven for boats during the storm.
69	heritage	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: heritage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 遺產 2. 继承	The festival celebrates the region's musical heritage.
70	hindrance	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	打擾	A broken compass became a serious hindrance in the fog.
71	humane	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: humane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 有人情 2. 人道的	The shelter follows humane practices when caring for injured wildlife.
72	incense	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: incense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	香	The decision to close the clinic will incense many residents.
73	infinite	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: infinite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	无限	A mathematical line extends an infinite distance in both directions.
74	instill	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: instill is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	灌輸	Daily practice can instill confidence in a new musician.
75	institute	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: institute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	学院	The school will institute a recycling policy next term.

Page 3 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 3.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The runner stopped when an ___ pain spread through his ankle.

Answer: excruciating

2. City planners ___ with how to add housing without removing parks.

Answer: grapple

3. The ___ conservator removed dust from the painting one grain at a time.

Answer: fastidious

4. In the dark tent, Leo had to ___ for the flashlight.

Answer: grope

5. Thick bark helps the tree ___ off insects.

Answer: fend

Page 4: words 76–100

Vocabulary page 4
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
76	intervene	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: intervene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	进入	A mediator may intervene before the disagreement becomes violent.
77	languish	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: languish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 憔悴 2. 死	The unfinished bill may languish in committee for months.
78	legendary	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: legendary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	搖錢樹	The goalkeeper's legendary save is still discussed decades later.
79	luminous	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	明	Luminous paint marks the emergency exit in darkness.
80	mien	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: mien is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	态度	Despite the tense hearing, the witness maintained a calm mien.
81	millennium	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: millennium is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 千年 2. 千紀	The temple has stood for nearly a millennium.
82	minimize	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	最小化	Protective covers minimize damage from dust and sunlight.
83	muster	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: muster is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	接	The exhausted climber had to muster enough strength for the final ascent.
84	onslaught	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: onslaught is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 猛攻 2. 攻击	The seawall absorbed the first onslaught of storm waves.
85	ornate	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: ornate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	华丽的	An ornate border of vines surrounds the manuscript.
86	ovation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: ovation is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	熱烈掌聲	The orchestra received a standing ovation after the final movement.
87	overt	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: overt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	開着	The policy faced overt resistance from several council members.
88	panorama	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: panorama is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 全景 2. 環景攝影	From the summit, hikers saw a panorama of lakes and forests.
89	phenomenon	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: phenomenon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 現象 2. 效应	Bioluminescence is a natural phenomenon in which organisms produce light.
90	pioneer	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: pioneer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 開拓者 2. 先驅者 3. 先驅	The engineer became a pioneer in low-cost water purification.
91	pivotal	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: pivotal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	中央	The witness's photograph played a pivotal role in the investigation.
92	plunder	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: plunder is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 掠奪 2. 掠夺	Invading soldiers tried to plunder the town's stores.
93	porous	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: porous is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 多孔的 2. 可浸透的	Porous rock absorbs water more readily than solid granite.
94	preposterous	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	荒謬的	The rumor that the moon had disappeared was preposterous.
95	prodigy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: prodigy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 神童 2. 聖童 3. 資優兒童	The piano prodigy composed her first concerto at age twelve.
96	proficient	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: proficient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 熟練的 2. 諳練的 3. 嫻熟的	A proficient coder can identify the source of the error quickly.
97	pseudonym	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: pseudonym is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 假名 2. 化名 3. 筆名	The novelist published the mystery under a pseudonym.
98	pungent	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: pungent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 刺鼻 2. 銳利	The pungent smoke from the burning rubber made our eyes water.
99	rankle	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: rankle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	兰克尔	The unfair accusation continued to rankle him years later.
100	rebuke	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: rebuke is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	说	The judge will rebuke any lawyer who ignores the court's rules.

The Legendary Wetland

Reading practice for pages 4–6. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A pioneer ecologist records a rare migration phenomenon in a wetland that later begins to languish. Her legendary notebooks show where birds once nested. Conservationists intervene by restoring water flow and native plants.

Simplified Chinese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What did the pioneer record?

She recorded a migration phenomenon.

2. What happens to the wetland?

The wetland begins to languish.

3. How do conservationists intervene?

They restore water flow and native plants.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A mediator may ___ before the disagreement becomes violent.

Answer: intervene

2. Bioluminescence is a natural ___ in which organisms produce light.

Answer: phenomenon

3. The unfinished bill may ___ in committee for months.

Answer: languish

4. The engineer became a ___ in low-cost water purification.

Answer: pioneer

5. The goalkeeper's ___ save is still discussed decades later.

Answer: legendary

Page 5: words 101–125

Vocabulary page 5
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
101	argumentation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	论证	Effective argumentation connects each reason to reliable evidence.
102	substantiation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	证实	The editor requested substantiation for the article's surprising statistic.
103	interpretive	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	解释性的	Her interpretive essay examines how the storm symbolizes fear.
104	analytical	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: analytical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	分析性的	An analytical reader compares the author's claim with the supporting data.
105	intertextuality	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	互文性	The novel's allusion to an ancient myth creates intertextuality.
106	apostrophe	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: apostrophe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	撇號	The poet uses apostrophe when she speaks directly to the moon.
107	metonymy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: metonymy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 換喻 2. 轉喻	In the phrase “the crown announced,” crown is metonymy for the monarch.
108	synecdoche	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: synecdoche is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 提喻 2. 提喻法	Calling workers “hired hands” uses synecdoche because hands represent people.
109	foreshadowing	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: foreshadowing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	前兆	The cracked compass provides foreshadowing of the travelers' coming trouble.
110	foil	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: foil is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	花剑	The cautious brother serves as a foil to the reckless hero.
111	revision	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	修改	During revision, Lila moved her strongest evidence closer to the claim.
112	editing	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: editing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	編輯	Careful editing removed three sentence fragments from the report.
113	colloquialism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 口語 2. 俗語 3. 白話	The dialogue includes the colloquialism “no big deal” to sound natural.
114	morphology	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. 形態學 2. 形态学	Morphology helps readers connect predict, prediction, and predictable.
115	semantics	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: semantics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 語義學 2. 语义学	A lesson in semantics showed how context changes the meaning of light.
116	phonology	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. 音位學 2. 音系學 3. 音韻學	Phonology explains why certain sound combinations are common in English.
117	lexicography	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	1. 詞典學 2. 辭書學 3. 詞典編輯	Modern lexicography uses large language collections to track word usage.
118	homophone	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: homophone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 同音詞 2. 同音字 3. 同音	Flour is a homophone of flower.
119	homograph	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: homograph is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 同音異義詞 2. 同音詞 3. 異讀詞	The word bow is a homograph because it can name a ribbon or an act of bending.
120	inflection	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 詞形變化 2. 曲折變化 3. 词形变化	Adding -ed is an inflection that marks past tense in walked.
121	derivation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	語源學	The derivation of happiness adds a suffix to happy.
122	repetition	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	重複	The speech uses repetition to make its central promise memorable.
123	inversion	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 倒裝 2. 转位	The line “Bright was the moon” uses inversion.
124	rhetorical-question	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: rhetorical + question. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	反问句	“Who would choose polluted water?” is a rhetorical-question that challenges the audience.
125	call-to-action	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: call + to + action. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	号召性用语	The final paragraph includes a call-to-action asking readers to conserve water.

Page 5 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 5.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ helps readers connect predict, prediction, and predictable.

Answer: morphology

2. The editor requested ___ for the article's surprising statistic.

Answer: substantiation

3. A lesson in ___ showed how context changes the meaning of light.

Answer: semantics

4. Her ___ essay examines how the storm symbolizes fear.

Answer: interpretive

5. ___ explains why certain sound combinations are common in English.

Answer: phonology

Page 6: words 126–150

Vocabulary page 6
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
126	audience	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. 觀眾 2. 聽眾	The writer defines technical terms because the audience includes beginners.
127	purpose	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: purpose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	句子	The article's purpose is to explain how vaccines train the immune system.
128	format	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: format is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	格式	A timeline is an effective format for showing a sequence of events.
129	structure	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: structure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	結構	The essay's compare-and-contrast structure makes the differences easy to follow.
130	organization	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	组织	Clear organization guides readers from the problem to the proposed solution.
131	classification	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	分類	The classification of rocks depends on how they formed.
132	counterargument	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	反驳	The essay answers the counterargument that the project costs too much.
133	warrant	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: warrant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	命令	The writer's warrant connects lower emissions with improved public health.
134	relevance	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	相關性	The judge questioned the relevance of testimony about an unrelated event.
135	publication	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	出版	The scientific publication requires every study to describe its methods.
136	manuscript	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: manuscript is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 手稿 2. 手抄本 3. 原稿	The author sent the completed manuscript to her editor.
137	editorial	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: editorial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 社論 2. 社說 3. 出版社的	The newspaper's editorial argues for safer bicycle lanes.
138	anthology	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. 文選 2. 詩集 3. 選集	Our anthology includes folktales from twelve regions.
139	précis	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: précis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	概要	His précis reduces the lengthy report to one accurate paragraph.
140	synopsis	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: synopsis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 概要 2. 提要 3. 摘要	The program provides a synopsis of the play before the performance.
141	bildungsroman	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: bildungsroman is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 教育小說 2. 教養小説 3. 成長小説	The bildungsroman traces how its young narrator develops courage and judgment.
142	epistolary	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: epistolary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	书信体的	The epistolary novel reveals the mystery through a series of emails.
143	historical-fiction	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: historical + fiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	历史小说	The historical-fiction novel places its heroine in a wartime hospital.
144	speculative-fiction	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: speculative + fiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	推理小说	The speculative-fiction story asks what might happen if memories could be traded.
145	magical-realism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: magical + realism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	魔幻现实主义	In the magical-realism tale, the family accepts a floating house without surprise.
146	stream-of-consciousness	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: stream + of + consciousness. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	意识流	The stream-of-consciousness passage shifts rapidly among memories, sounds, and worries.
147	interior-monologue	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: interior + monologue. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	内心独白	The interior-monologue reveals doubts that the character never speaks aloud.
148	free-verse	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: free + verse. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	自由诗	The free-verse poem varies its line lengths to imitate ocean waves.
149	blank-verse	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: blank + verse. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	空白诗句	The dramatist uses blank-verse for the ruler's serious speech.
150	sonnet	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: sonnet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 十四行詩 2. 商籟體	The sonnet turns from loss to hope in its final lines.

Page 6 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 6.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. His ___ reduces the lengthy report to one accurate paragraph.

Answer: précis

2. The article's ___ is to explain how vaccines train the immune system.

Answer: purpose

3. The program provides a ___ of the play before the performance.

Answer: synopsis

4. A timeline is an effective ___ for showing a sequence of events.

Answer: format

5. The ___ traces how its young narrator develops courage and judgment.

Answer: bildungsroman

Page 7: words 151–175

Vocabulary page 7
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
151	ode	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: ode is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	奥德	The poet wrote an ode celebrating the endurance of an old oak tree.
152	elegy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: elegy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 挽歌 2. 輓歌 3. 哀歌	The elegy remembers the fisher and the coast he loved.
153	ballad	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: ballad is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 民謠 2. 歌謠 3. 短歌	The traditional ballad recounts a sailor's dangerous voyage.
154	haiku	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: haiku is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	俳句	Her haiku describes one raindrop trembling on a leaf.
155	limerick	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: limerick is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	五行打油詩	The limerick ends with a playful rhyme about a confused chef.
156	lyric	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: lyric is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	歌词	The lyric explores the speaker's longing for home.
157	narrative-poem	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: narrative + poem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	叙事诗	The narrative-poem follows a messenger across a frozen mountain.
158	dramatic-monologue	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: dramatic + monologue. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	戏剧独白	The dramatic-monologue exposes the mayor's pride through his own words.
159	persona	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: persona is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	人物	The poet creates a curious child's persona to describe the museum.
160	enjambment	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	包围	The poet uses enjambment to pull the reader quickly into the next line.
161	caesura	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: caesura is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	停顿	A dash creates a caesura that interrupts the speaker's confident rhythm.
162	scansion	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	韵律	Through scansion, the students identified the line's repeating beat.
163	iamb	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: iamb is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	抑揚格	The word awake can illustrate an iamb.
164	trochee	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: trochee is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	抑扬顿挫	The word garden can illustrate a trochee.
165	anapest	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: anapest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	阿纳佩斯	The phrase in the dark can form an anapest when read with the final word stressed.
166	dactyl	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: dactyl is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	指代	The word merrily begins with the pattern of a dactyl.
167	pentameter	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: pentameter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	五音步	Many of the play's speeches are written in iambic pentameter.
168	rhyme-scheme	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: rhyme + scheme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	韵律	The stanza's rhyme-scheme is ABAB.
169	cacophony	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: cacophony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 不協和音 2. 雜音	Clashing consonants create a cacophony during the battle scene.
170	euphony	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: euphony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	悅耳	Long vowels and gentle consonants give the lullaby its euphony.
171	plotline	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: plotline is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	情节主线	The missing map begins the adventure plotline.
172	internal-conflict	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: internal + conflict. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	内部冲突	Her internal-conflict grows as she must choose between loyalty and honesty.
173	external-conflict	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: external + conflict. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	外部冲突	The climber's external-conflict is the approaching blizzard.
174	rising-action	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: rising + action. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	上升行动	During the rising-action, each clue brings the detective closer to danger.
175	falling-action	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: falling + action. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	跌倒动作	The falling-action explains how the village rebuilds after the flood.

Rhythm in a Ballad

Reading practice for pages 7–9. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

The poetry club compares a narrative ballad with a brief haiku and a mournful elegy. Students clap an anapest, which rises toward its stressed syllable, then a dactyl, which begins with one. Hearing both patterns clarifies how meter shapes mood.

Simplified Chinese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Which poem tells a narrative?

The ballad tells a narrative.

2. Which poem is mournful?

The elegy is mournful.

3. Why do students clap the meters?

Clapping helps them hear the rhythmic patterns.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ remembers the fisher and the coast he loved.

Answer: elegy

2. The phrase in the dark can form an ___ when read with the final word stressed.

Answer: anapest

3. The traditional ___ recounts a sailor's dangerous voyage.

Answer: ballad

4. The word merrily begins with the pattern of a ___.

Answer: dactyl

5. Her ___ describes one raindrop trembling on a leaf.

Answer: haiku

Page 8: words 176–200

Vocabulary page 8
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
176	inciting-incident	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: inciting + incident. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	煽动事件	The theft of the compass is the inciting-incident that starts the search.
177	antihero	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: antihero is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	反英雄	The reluctant smuggler is an antihero who sometimes acts selfishly.
178	round-character	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: round + character. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	圆字	The captain is a round-character whose courage exists beside pride and fear.
179	flat-character	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: flat + character. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	平面字符	The boastful guard remains a flat-character with little inner development.
180	dynamic-character	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: dynamic + character. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	动态字符	The selfish prince becomes a dynamic-character when he learns to serve others.
181	static-character	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: static + character. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	静态字符	The loyal gardener is a static-character whose values stay steady.
182	tragic-hero	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: tragic + hero. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	悲剧英雄	The general becomes a tragic-hero when ambition destroys his judgment.
183	comic-relief	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: comic + relief. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	漫画浮雕	The nervous cook provides comic-relief before the final battle.
184	allegorical	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: allegorical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	寓言式的	The allegorical journey represents a society's struggle for justice.
185	narrative-arc	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: narrative + arc. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	叙事弧	The narrative-arc moves from isolation to friendship.
186	frame-story	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: frame + story. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	框架故事	In the frame-story, travelers exchange tales during a storm.
187	unreliable-narrator	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: unreliable + narrator. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	不可靠的叙述者	Contradictory details reveal that the speaker is an unreliable-narrator.
188	dramatic-irony	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: dramatic + irony. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	戏剧性讽刺	Dramatic-irony builds tension because viewers see the hidden key before the hero does.
189	situational-irony	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: situational + irony. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	情境讽刺	The fire station flooding during a drought creates situational-irony.
190	verbal-irony	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: verbal + irony. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	言语反讽	Saying “perfect timing” after missing the bus is verbal-irony.
191	stock-character	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: stock + character. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	股票性格	The boastful rival begins as a stock-character but later gains complexity.
192	quest-narrative	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: quest + narrative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	探索叙事	The quest-narrative sends three friends in search of a healing spring.
193	coming-of-age	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: coming + of + age. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	成年的	The coming-of-age novel follows a teenager learning to accept responsibility.
194	epigraph	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: epigraph is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 題詞 2. 碑文	The chapter's epigraph hints that freedom will be its central concern.
195	epilogue	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: epilogue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	收場白	The epilogue shows the characters ten years after the voyage.
196	prologue	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: prologue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	序幕	The prologue recounts the legend that motivates the hero.
197	stage-direction	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: stage + direction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	舞台指导	The stage-direction tells the actor to whisper from behind the door.
198	screenplay	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: screenplay is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 電影劇本 2. 劇本 3. 腳本	The screenplay indicates each scene's setting and camera-visible action.
199	tableau	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: tableau is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	画面	The actors formed a tableau of the signing ceremony.
200	archetypal	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: archetypal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	原始模型	The mentor's guidance is an archetypal feature of many hero stories.

Page 8 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 8.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The reluctant smuggler is an ___ who sometimes acts selfishly.

Answer: antihero

2. Saying “perfect timing” after missing the bus is ___.

Answer: verbal-irony

3. The captain is a ___ whose courage exists beside pride and fear.

Answer: round-character

4. The boastful rival begins as a ___ but later gains complexity.

Answer: stock-character

5. The boastful guard remains a ___ with little inner development.

Answer: flat-character

Page 9: words 201–225

Vocabulary page 9
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
201	kinetic-energy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: kinetic + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	动能	The rolling ball gains kinetic-energy as it speeds down the ramp.
202	protein-synthesis	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: protein + synthesis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	蛋白质合成	During protein-synthesis, ribosomes join amino acids in a specified order.
203	thermal-energy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: thermal + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	热能	Heating the water increases its thermal-energy.
204	mechanical-energy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: mechanical + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	机械能	At the top of its swing, the pendulum's mechanical-energy is mostly stored.
205	chemical-energy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: chemical + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	化学能	A battery converts chemical-energy into electrical energy.
206	electrical-energy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: electrical + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	电能	The solar panels supply electrical-energy to the building.
207	electromagnetic	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: electromagnetic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	电磁	Visible light is one type of electromagnetic radiation.
208	diffraction	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 衍射 2. 繞射	Diffraction causes water waves to fan out after passing through a narrow gap.
209	interference	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	干涉	Interference creates alternating bright and dark bands on the screen.
210	resonance	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	共振	Resonance made the tuning fork vibrate more intensely.
211	photon	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: photon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	光子	A photon of visible light can be absorbed by a plant pigment.
212	centripetal	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: centripetal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	向心的	Centripetal force keeps the ball moving in a circle on its string.
213	centrifugal	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: centrifugal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	离心式	Passengers sense a centrifugal effect when a car turns sharply.
214	torque	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: torque is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 力矩 2. 扭矩	A longer wrench can produce more torque on a tight bolt.
215	conductivity	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 傳導率 2. 电导率	Copper's high conductivity makes it useful in electrical wiring.
216	series-circuit	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: series + circuit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	串联电路	One broken bulb can interrupt an entire series-circuit.
217	parallel-circuit	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: parallel + circuit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	并联电路	In a parallel-circuit, one lamp can stay lit when another fails.
218	ion	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: ion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 離子 2. 离子	A sodium atom becomes a positive ion after losing an electron.
219	proton	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: proton is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 質子 2. 质子	The proton count determines which element an atom is.
220	neutron	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: neutron is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	中子	A neutron adds mass to an atom without adding electric charge.
221	electron	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: electron is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 電子 2. 电子	An electron may move to a higher energy level after absorbing energy.
222	valence	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: valence is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 化合價 2. 价值	Carbon's valence allows it to form four covalent bonds.
223	covalent	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: covalent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 共價的 2. 共價	Two hydrogen atoms form a covalent bond by sharing electrons.
224	ionic	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: ionic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	离子型	Table salt is an ionic compound made from sodium and chloride ions.
225	acidity	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 酸性 2. 酸度	A pH test can compare the acidity of lemon juice and water.

Page 9 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 9.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Copper's high ___ makes it useful in electrical wiring.

Answer: conductivity

2. Heating the water increases its ___.

Answer: thermal-energy

3. One broken bulb can interrupt an entire ___.

Answer: series-circuit

4. At the top of its swing, the pendulum's ___ is mostly stored.

Answer: mechanical-energy

5. In a ___, one lamp can stay lit when another fails.

Answer: parallel-circuit

Page 10: words 226–250

Vocabulary page 10
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
226	alkalinity	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	碱度	Limestone can increase a lake's alkalinity.
227	oxidation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	氧化	Rust forms through oxidation of iron.
228	reduction	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 還原 2. 還原作用	During reduction, copper ions gain electrons and become copper atoms.
229	combustion	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	燃烧	Complete combustion of the fuel produces carbon dioxide and water.
230	endothermic	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: endothermic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	溫血	The endothermic reaction made the container feel cold.
231	exothermic	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: exothermic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	放热的	The exothermic reaction warmed the solution.
232	cell-membrane	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: cell + membrane. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	细胞膜	The cell-membrane allows some substances to pass while blocking others.
233	mitochondrion	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: mitochondrion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 线粒体 2. 線粒體	A muscle cell contains many mitochondria, and each mitochondrion helps supply energy.
234	chloroplast	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: chloroplast is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	葉綠體	Chlorophyll inside each chloroplast absorbs light.
235	ribosome	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: ribosome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	核糖体	A ribosome links amino acids in the order specified by genetic instructions.
236	genotype	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: genotype is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	基因型	The plant's genotype includes one allele for tall growth and one for short growth.
237	phenotype	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: phenotype is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 表現型 2. 表型 3. 表现型	Sunlight can influence the color phenotype of some plants.
238	meiosis	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: meiosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 減數分裂 2. 减数分裂	Meiosis creates genetic variation in eggs and sperm.
239	mitosis	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: mitosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	有絲分裂	Skin cells multiply through mitosis as a cut heals.
240	natural-selection	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: natural + selection. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	自然选择	Natural-selection favored moths whose coloring hid them from predators.
241	speciation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 種化 2. 物種形成	Long isolation on separate islands can lead to speciation.
242	transcription	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	轉錄	During transcription, a cell produces an RNA copy of a gene.
243	succession	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	继承	After the lava cools, ecological succession begins with lichens.
244	hormone	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: hormone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 激素 2. 荷爾蒙	The hormone insulin helps regulate blood glucose.
245	antibiotic	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Prefix focus: anti- means against or opposed to.	1. 抗生素 2. 抗菌素	A doctor may prescribe an antibiotic for a confirmed bacterial infection.
246	tectonic-plate	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: tectonic + plate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	构造板块	The Pacific tectonic-plate meets several other plates along active boundaries.
247	codon	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: codon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	密碼子	Each codon in messenger RNA directs one step in protein assembly.
248	subduction	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	俯冲	Subduction can produce deep ocean trenches and volcanic arcs.
249	convection-current	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: convection + current. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	对流	A convection-current forms in the heated water.
250	fault-line	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: fault + line. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	断层线	The earthquake began near a mapped fault-line.

Evidence of Change

Reading practice for pages 10–12. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

During transcription, a cell copies genetic information into RNA. Over generations, natural-selection can favor useful variations, and isolated populations may undergo speciation. These biological processes differ from combustion, a chemical reaction involving oxygen, and from a simple reduction in population size.

Simplified Chinese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What happens during transcription?

Genetic information is copied into RNA.

2. What may happen to isolated populations?

They may undergo speciation.

3. Is combustion a biological process?

No, combustion is a chemical reaction.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ favored moths whose coloring hid them from predators.

Answer: natural-selection

2. During ___, copper ions gain electrons and become copper atoms.

Answer: reduction

3. Long isolation on separate islands can lead to ___.

Answer: speciation

4. Complete ___ of the fuel produces carbon dioxide and water.

Answer: combustion

5. During ___, a cell produces an RNA copy of a gene.

Answer: transcription

Page 11: words 251–275

Vocabulary page 11
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
251	seismic-wave	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: seismic + wave. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	地震波	A seismic-wave reached the distant station several minutes after the quake.
252	rock-cycle	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: rock + cycle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	岩石循环	Melting, cooling, erosion, and pressure drive the rock-cycle.
253	greenhouse-effect	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: greenhouse + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	温室效应	Without the natural greenhouse-effect, Earth's average temperature would be much lower.
254	carbon-cycle	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: carbon + cycle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	碳循环	Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the air as part of the carbon-cycle.
255	ocean-current	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: ocean + current. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	洋流	A warm ocean-current can raise winter temperatures along a coast.
256	programming	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: programming is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 編程序 2. 編程 3. 程序設計	Programming the robot required a loop that repeated the movement.
257	bandwidth	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: bandwidth is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	带宽	Streaming several videos at once uses considerable bandwidth.
258	binary	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: binary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	二進	Computers store many kinds of information in binary form using zeros and ones.
259	nanotechnology	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	纳米技术	Nanotechnology can create coatings that resist water and stains.
260	telemetry	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -metry relates to measuring.	遥测	Satellite telemetry reported the spacecraft's temperature and speed.
261	microprocessor	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Prefix focus: micro- means small.	1. 微處理機 2. 微處理器 3. 微处理器	The washing machine's microprocessor controls each cycle.
262	hardware	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: hardware is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 硬件 2. 硬體 3. 硬設備	The keyboard and monitor are computer hardware.
263	concave	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: concave is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	凹	A concave mirror can focus parallel light rays.
264	convex	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: convex is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	凸	A convex lens can bring light rays together.
265	focal-point	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: focal + point. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	焦点	The paper began to warm when sunlight converged at the focal-point.
266	lens	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: lens is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 透鏡 2. 鏡片 3. 鏡頭	The microscope's objective lens magnifies the specimen.
267	polarization	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	偏振	Polarization helps sunglasses reduce reflected glare.
268	ultraviolet	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: ultraviolet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 紫外 2. 紫外线	Ultraviolet radiation can damage unprotected skin.
269	infrared	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: infrared is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 紅外線 2. 红外线	A thermal camera detects infrared radiation from warm objects.
270	x-ray	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: x + ray. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	X射線	An x-ray revealed a small fracture in the bone.
271	gamma-ray	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: gamma + ray. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	伽马射线	A gamma-ray can pass through materials that block visible light.
272	radio-wave	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: radio + wave. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	无线电波	The antenna transmits a radio-wave carrying the audio signal.
273	microwave	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: microwave is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	微波	A microwave in radar can reflect from an approaching storm.
274	visible-light	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: visible + light. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	可见光	A prism separates visible-light into a band of colors.
275	sound-wave	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: sound + wave. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	声波	The sound-wave traveled through air from the speaker to the microphone.

Page 11 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 11.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Without the natural ___, Earth's average temperature would be much lower.

Answer: greenhouse-effect

2. The microscope's objective ___ magnifies the specimen.

Answer: lens

3. Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the air as part of the ___.

Answer: carbon-cycle

4. ___ helps sunglasses reduce reflected glare.

Answer: polarization

5. A warm ___ can raise winter temperatures along a coast.

Answer: ocean-current

Page 12: words 276–300

Vocabulary page 12
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
276	pitch	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: pitch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 音高 2. 角	A faster vibration produces a higher pitch.
277	decibel	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: decibel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	分貝	A whisper has a much lower decibel level than a siren.
278	echo	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: echo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 回聲 2. 應聲	The shout returned as an echo from the canyon wall.
279	gear-ratio	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: gear + ratio. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	齿轮比	Changing the gear-ratio increased the bicycle wheel's turning force.
280	power	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: power is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	功率	The motor's power tells how quickly it can perform work.
281	horsepower	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: horsepower is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	馬力	The larger engine produces greater horsepower.
282	periodic-table	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: periodic + table. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	元素周期表	The periodic-table places elements with similar behaviors in the same column.
283	atomic-number	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: atomic + number. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	原子序数	Oxygen has an atomic-number of eight.
284	atomic-mass	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: atomic + mass. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	原子质量	The periodic table lists chlorine's atomic-mass as about 35.45.
285	chemical-symbol	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: chemical + symbol. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	化学符号	Fe is the chemical-symbol for iron.
286	electron-shell	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: electron + shell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	电子壳层	The first electron-shell can hold two electrons.
287	aqueous	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. 水性 2. 水	The label aq indicates that the substance is in an aqueous solution.
288	colloid	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: colloid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	膠體	Fog is a colloid of liquid droplets dispersed in air.
289	saturated	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: saturated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	飽和	No more sugar dissolved once the solution became saturated.
290	unsaturated	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: unsaturated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	不飽和	The unsaturated solution accepted another spoonful of salt.
291	supersaturated	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: supersaturated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	过饱和	A seed crystal caused the supersaturated solution to crystallize rapidly.
292	dominant	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: dominant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	先生	A dominant allele can mask the effect of a recessive allele.
293	recessive	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	隱性	A recessive trait may appear when an organism inherits two recessive alleles.
294	homozygous	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	纯合子	A homozygous plant carries two matching alleles for seed color.
295	heterozygous	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	杂合的	A heterozygous organism can pass either allele to its offspring.
296	sex-linked	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: sex + linked. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	与性别有关的	Red-green color blindness is often taught as a sex-linked trait.
297	pedigree	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: pedigree is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	純種的	The pedigree suggests that the trait is recessive.
298	genetic-code	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: genetic + code. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	遗传密码	Nearly all organisms use the same basic genetic-code.
299	DNA	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Capitalization focus: DNA is an abbreviation or initialism; preserve its capital letters.	DNA	A DNA sequence contains information that cells can copy.
300	RNA	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Capitalization focus: RNA is an abbreviation or initialism; preserve its capital letters.	核糖核酸	Messenger RNA carries a gene's instructions to a ribosome.

Page 12 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 12.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The shout returned as an ___ from the canyon wall.

Answer: echo

2. A seed crystal caused the ___ solution to crystallize rapidly.

Answer: supersaturated

3. Changing the ___ increased the bicycle wheel's turning force.

Answer: gear-ratio

4. A ___ allele can mask the effect of a recessive allele.

Answer: dominant

5. The motor's ___ tells how quickly it can perform work.

Answer: power

Page 13: words 301–325

Vocabulary page 13
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
301	linear-equation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: linear + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	线性方程	The linear-equation y = 3x + 2 has a slope of three.
302	y-intercept	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: y + intercept. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	y 轴截距	The line's y-intercept is (0, 4).
303	x-intercept	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: x + intercept. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	x 轴截距	The graph has an x-intercept at (-2, 0).
304	fixed-cost	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: fixed + cost. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	固定成本	Monthly rent remains a fixed-cost whether the bakery sells ten loaves or a thousand.
305	variable-cost	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: variable + cost. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	可变成本	Flour is a variable-cost because the bakery buys more when it makes more bread.
306	line-of-best-fit	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: line + of + best + fit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	最佳拟合线	The line-of-best-fit shows that study time and test scores generally rise together.
307	association	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	协会	The scatter plot suggests a positive association between temperature and ice-cream sales.
308	sales-tax	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: sales + tax. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	销售税	The receipt lists sales-tax separately from the item's price.
309	direct-variation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: direct + variation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	直接变异	The distance traveled shows direct-variation with time when speed remains constant.
310	inverse-variation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: inverse + variation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	逆变分	For a fixed distance, travel time shows inverse-variation with speed.
311	rate-of-change	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: rate + of + change. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	变化率	The graph's rate-of-change is five kilometers per hour.
312	property-tax	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: property + tax. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	财产税	The town uses property-tax revenue to support schools and fire services.
313	scientific-notation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: scientific + notation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	科学记数法	The distance 150,000,000 kilometers is 1.5 × 10⁸ in scientific-notation.
314	square-root	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: square + root. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	平方根	The principal square-root of 81 is 9.
315	cube-root	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: cube + root. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	立方根	The cube-root of 125 is 5.
316	irrational-number	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: irrational + number. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	无理数	The number π is an irrational-number with a nonrepeating decimal.
317	rational-number	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: rational + number. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	有理数	The decimal 0.75 is a rational-number because it equals 3/4.
318	payroll-tax	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: payroll + tax. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	工资税	The pay stub shows the payroll-tax withheld from the worker's earnings.
319	pythagorean-theorem	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: pythagorean + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	毕达哥拉斯定理	The pythagorean-theorem confirms that a triangle with sides 3, 4, and 5 is right.
320	hypotenuse	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: hypotenuse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 弦 2. 斜邊 3. 斜边	The hypotenuse is the longest side of a right triangle.
321	congruence	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	全等	A sequence of rigid motions can demonstrate the triangles' congruence.
322	transformation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	变换	A rotation is a transformation that turns a figure around a fixed point.
323	alternate-interior-angles	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: alternate + interior + angles. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	交替内角	When parallel lines are cut by a transversal, alternate-interior-angles are congruent.
324	corresponding-angles	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: corresponding + angles. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	对应角	Equal corresponding-angles indicate that the two lines are parallel.
325	vertical-angles	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: vertical + angles. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	垂直角度	Vertical-angles always have equal measures.

The Theater's Costs

Reading practice for pages 13–15. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A theater models ticket sales with a linear-equation. Its fixed-cost includes the stage rental, while each printed program adds a variable-cost. On the graph, the y-intercept represents the starting expense, and the x-intercept shows when revenue finally balances cost.

Simplified Chinese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What is one fixed cost?

The stage rental is a fixed cost.

2. What adds a variable cost?

Each printed program adds a variable cost.

3. What does the x-intercept show?

It shows when revenue balances cost.

Page 14: words 326–350

Vocabulary page 14
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
326	frequency-table	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: frequency + table. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	频率表	The frequency-table shows that blue was selected eight times.
327	box-plot	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: box + plot. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	箱线图	The box-plot makes the two classes' medians easy to compare.
328	interquartile-range	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: interquartile + range. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	四分位距	The interquartile-range measures the spread of the middle half of the data.
329	sample-space	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: sample + space. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	样本空间	A coin toss has the sample-space {heads, tails}.
330	independent-event	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: independent + event. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	独立事件	Rolling a die is an independent-event from flipping a coin.
331	dependent-event	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: dependent + event. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	相关事件	Drawing a second card without replacement is a dependent-event.
332	compound-event	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: compound + event. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	复合事件	Rolling an even number and then a six is a compound-event.
333	random-sample	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: random + sample. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	随机样本	The researcher used a random-sample to reduce selection bias.
334	biased-sample	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: biased + sample. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	有偏差样本	Surveying only basketball players creates a biased-sample of student sports preferences.
335	opportunity-cost	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: opportunity + cost. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	机会成本	The opportunity-cost of attending the concert is the shift Maya cannot work.
336	price	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: price is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 價格 2. 價錢 3. 價	A shortage of oranges caused the price of juice to rise.
337	services	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: services is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	服务	Haircuts and legal advice are services.
338	productivity	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	生产力	New equipment increased the factory's productivity without extending work hours.
339	monopoly	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: monopoly is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	專賣	Regulators investigated whether the merger would create a monopoly.
340	gross-domestic-product	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: gross + domestic + product. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	国内生产总值	Economists use gross-domestic-product to estimate the size of a national economy.
341	quota	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: quota is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	命	The fishing quota protects the population from excessive harvesting.
342	exchange-rate	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: exchange + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	汇率	A changing exchange-rate altered the cost of imported bicycles.
343	loss	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: loss is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	估量	The shop reported a loss after repairs cost more than monthly sales.
344	subsidy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: subsidy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 津貼 2. 補貼 3. 補助	A transit subsidy reduced fares for low-income riders.
345	banking	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: banking is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	銀行業	Online banking allows customers to transfer funds without visiting a branch.
346	stock	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: stock is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 股票 2. 家畜	Buying one stock gives an investor a small ownership stake in the company.
347	bond	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: bond is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	義務	The city issued a bond to finance a new water system.
348	salary	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: salary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 薪金 2. 薪水 3. 工資	The job offer includes an annual salary and health benefits.
349	insurance	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	保險	Home insurance helped pay for repairs after the storm.
350	mortgage	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: mortgage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 抵押 2. 抵押貸款 3. 按揭	The family compared interest rates before choosing a mortgage.

Page 15: words 351–375

Vocabulary page 15
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
351	lease	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: lease is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 租約 2. 出租	The apartment lease lasts twelve months.
352	collateral	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: collateral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	质权	The farmer used equipment as collateral for the business loan.
353	bankruptcy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: bankruptcy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	破产	Bankruptcy allowed the company to reorganize what it owed.
354	system-of-equations	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: system + of + equations. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	方程组	The system-of-equations intersects at the point that satisfies both equations.
355	elimination	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	消除	Using elimination, Rae added the equations to remove y.
356	substitution	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	替代	Through substitution, we replaced y with 2x + 1.
357	solution-set	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: solution + set. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	解决方案集	The inequality x > 4 has a solution-set containing every number greater than four.
358	linear-model	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: linear + model. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	线性模型	The scientist used a linear-model to estimate future water use.
359	polynomial	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Prefix focus: poly- means many.	多項式	The expression 3x² – 2x + 7 is a polynomial.
360	monomial	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: monomial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	單項式	The expression 6x³ is a monomial.
361	binomial	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: binomial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	二项式	The expression x + 5 is a binomial.
362	trinomial	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: trinomial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	三项式	The expression x² + 4x + 4 is a trinomial.
363	degree	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: degree is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 次 2. 次數 3. 度	The polynomial 2x⁴ – x has degree four.
364	like-terms	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: like + terms. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	类似术语	The like-terms 3x and 8x combine to make 11x.
365	business-cycle	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: business + cycle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	商业周期	Employment often rises during the expansion phase of a business-cycle.
366	commutative-property	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: commutative + property. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	交换律	The commutative-property shows that 7 + 2 equals 2 + 7.
367	associative-property	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: associative + property. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	关联属性	The associative-property allows (2 × 3) × 5 to be regrouped as 2 × (3 × 5).
368	zero-product-property	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: zero + product + property. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	零积性质	The zero-product-property solves (x – 2)(x + 4) = 0.
369	angle-bisector	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: angle + bisector. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	角平分线	The angle-bisector divides the 60-degree angle into two 30-degree angles.
370	perpendicular-bisector	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: perpendicular + bisector. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	垂直平分线	Every point on the perpendicular-bisector is equally distant from the segment's endpoints.
371	midpoint	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: midpoint is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	中点	The midpoint of the segment from (0, 0) to (6, 4) is (3, 2).
372	distance-formula	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: distance + formula. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	距离公式	The distance-formula is based on the Pythagorean theorem.
373	pythagorean-triple	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: pythagorean + triple. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	毕达哥拉斯三重	The numbers 5, 12, and 13 form a pythagorean-triple.
374	scale-factor	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: scale + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	比例因子	A scale-factor of two doubles every side length.
375	rigid-motion	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: rigid + motion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	刚性运动	A reflection is a rigid-motion because the image remains congruent to the original.

Page 16: words 376–400

Vocabulary page 16
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
376	preimage	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: preimage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	原像	Triangle ABC is the preimage of the translated triangle A′B′C′.
377	orientation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	新生訓練	A reflection reverses a polygon's orientation.
378	two-way-table	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: two + way + table. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	双向表	The two-way-table compares transportation choice with grade level.
379	relative-frequency	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: relative + frequency. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	相对频率	Dividing each count by the total gives its relative-frequency.
380	bivariate-data	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: bivariate + data. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	双变量数据	The bivariate-data record each student's height and arm span.
381	univariate-data	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: univariate + data. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	单变量数据	The list of daily temperatures is univariate-data.
382	cluster	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: cluster is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 串 2. 叢 3. 簇	A cluster near the upper right appears in the scatter plot.
383	skewed	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: skewed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	倾斜的	Household-income data are often skewed toward higher values.
384	variability	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	變率	A larger spread in scores indicates greater variability.
385	standard-deviation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: standard + deviation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	标准差	The consistent measurements have a small standard-deviation.
386	sampling-error	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: sampling + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	抽样误差	A larger random sample can reduce sampling-error.
387	margin-of-error	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: margin + of + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	误差幅度	The poll reports a margin-of-error of three percentage points.
388	economic-system	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: economic + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	经济体系	An economic-system determines who makes major production decisions.
389	command-economy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: command + economy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	指令经济	In a command-economy, the government sets many output targets.
390	mixed-economy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: mixed + economy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	混合经济	A mixed-economy allows private firms while regulating public utilities.
391	market-economy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: market + economy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	市场经济	Competition influences what companies produce in a market-economy.
392	traditional-economy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: traditional + economy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	传统经济	Fishing methods may pass through generations in a traditional-economy.
393	fiscal-policy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: fiscal + policy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	财政政策	The legislature changed fiscal-policy by increasing infrastructure spending.
394	monetary-policy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: monetary + policy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	货币政策	The central bank tightened monetary-policy to slow inflation.
395	central-bank	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: central + bank. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	中央银行	The central-bank raised its benchmark interest rate.
396	commercial-bank	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: commercial + bank. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	商业银行	The commercial-bank approved a loan for the bakery.
397	interest-rate	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: interest + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	利率	A lower interest-rate reduces the monthly cost of a loan.
398	compound-interest	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: compound + interest. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	复利	Compound-interest causes long-term savings to grow more quickly.
399	simple-interest	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: simple + interest. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	简单利益	The loan uses simple-interest based on its starting principal.
400	net-worth	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: net + worth. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	净资产	Subtracting liabilities from assets gives net-worth.

Turning a Figure

Reading practice for pages 16–18. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

In geometry, Elena rotates a preimage and checks the new figure’s orientation. Later, she studies bivariate-data about study time and quiz scores. A two-way-table organizes the categories, while relative-frequency helps her compare groups of different sizes.

Simplified Chinese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What does Elena rotate?

Elena rotates a preimage.

2. What data does she study?

She studies study time and quiz scores.

3. Why does she use relative frequency?

It helps compare groups of different sizes.

Page 17: words 401–425

Vocabulary page 17
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
401	mercantilism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 重商主義 2. 重商主义	European mercantilism encouraged colonies to supply raw materials to the ruling country.
402	triangular-trade	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: triangular + trade. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	三角贸易	The triangular-trade carried manufactured goods, enslaved people, and colonial products along different routes.
403	transatlantic	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Prefix focus: trans- means across, through, or beyond.	1. 跨大西洋 2. 橫越大西洋 3. 大西洋	The transatlantic voyage took several weeks under sail.
404	declaration	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	宣言	The delegates issued a declaration explaining their decision to seek independence.
405	federalism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 聯邦制 2. 聯邦主義 3. 联邦主义	Under federalism, national and state governments exercise different powers.
406	separation-of-powers	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: separation + of + powers. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	权力分立	Separation-of-powers prevents one branch from performing every government function.
407	checks-and-balances	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: checks + and + balances. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	制衡	A presidential veto is part of the checks-and-balances system.
408	ratification	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	批准	The treaty required ratification by the legislature.
409	tyranny	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: tyranny is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	極權	The pamphlet warned that unchecked authority could become tyranny.
410	judicial-review	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: judicial + review. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	司法复核	Through judicial-review, a court may invalidate an unconstitutional law.
411	due-process	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: due + process. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	正当程序	Due-process requires notice and a meaningful opportunity to be heard.
412	equal-protection	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: equal + protection. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	平等保护	The plaintiffs argued that the policy violated equal-protection.
413	civil-liberty	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: civil + liberty. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	公民自由	Freedom of speech is a civil-liberty.
414	civil-right	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: civil + right. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	公民权利	The right to vote without racial discrimination is a civil-right.
415	abolitionism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	废奴主义	Abolitionism grew through speeches, newspapers, petitions, and resistance.
416	Manifest Destiny	proper noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: Manifest + Destiny. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	昭昭天命	Supporters used Manifest Destiny to defend westward territorial expansion.
417	westward-expansion	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: westward + expansion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	西进	Westward-expansion displaced many Indigenous communities.
418	annexation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 併吞 2. 合併	The annexation of the region intensified a national dispute.
419	homestead	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: homestead is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 家園 2. 家	The family built a cabin on its prairie homestead.
420	reservation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 保留地 2. 預訂	Federal policy forced many Native communities onto a reservation.
421	removal	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: removal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	葬礼	The removal of Indigenous nations caused widespread suffering and death.
422	secession	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	国家分裂	The state's secession deepened the constitutional crisis.
423	union	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: union is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 聯盟 2. 聯合 3. 同盟	Leaders debated how to preserve the union.
424	confederacy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: confederacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	邦聯	The southern confederacy formed after several states seceded.
425	colonialism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 殖民主義 2. 殖民主义	Colonialism redirected local resources toward the ruling empire.

Page 18: words 426–450

Vocabulary page 18
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
426	militarism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	军国主义	European militarism increased tension before the war.
427	role	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: role is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 任務 2. 角	A person's social role can change between home, school, and work.
428	socialization	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	社會化	Family and peers both influence socialization.
429	birth-rate	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: birth + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	出生率	Improved education and health access can affect a country's birth-rate.
430	death-rate	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: death + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	死亡率	A clean-water program lowered the community's death-rate from disease.
431	fertility-rate	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: fertility + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	生育率	Demographers use the fertility-rate to project future population change.
432	life-expectancy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: life + expectancy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	预期寿命	Vaccination and sanitation helped increase life-expectancy.
433	ethnocentrism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 民族優越感 2. 種族中心主義 3. 我族中心主義	Ethnocentrism can cause people to misunderstand unfamiliar customs.
434	cultural-relativism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: cultural + relativism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	文化相对主义	Cultural-relativism asks researchers to understand a ritual before judging it.
435	bureaucracy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -cracy relates to rule or a system of government.	1. 官僚體制 2. 官僚制	The agency's bureaucracy requires applications to pass through several departments.
436	public-policy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: public + policy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	公共政策	The city changed public-policy to reduce lead in drinking water.
437	lobbyist	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ist often names a person associated with a field, belief, or practice.	說客	The environmental lobbyist urged lawmakers to protect the wetland.
438	interest-group	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: interest + group. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	利益集团	A consumer interest-group supported stronger product-safety rules.
439	political-party	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: political + party. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	政党	The political-party published its priorities before the election.
440	platform	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: platform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 政綱 2. 阳台	The candidate's platform includes proposals on housing and transportation.
441	moderate	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: moderate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	溫和派	The moderate sought a compromise acceptable to both sides.
442	radical	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: radical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 激进分子 2. 急進派 3. 部首	The radical argued that reform was insufficient and demanded a new system.
443	statute	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: statute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 法規 2. 法令 3. 法	The statute requires factories to report hazardous spills.
444	plaintiff	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: plaintiff is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	原告	The plaintiff sought payment for damage to her property.
445	defendant	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: defendant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	被告	The defendant entered a plea at the hearing.
446	prosecution	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	迫害	The prosecution introduced evidence connecting the suspect to the theft.
447	defense	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: defense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 防禦 2. 防守	The defense questioned whether the witness could see clearly.
448	jury	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: jury is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 陪審團 2. 摊位	The jury examined the evidence before reaching a verdict.
449	subpoena	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: subpoena is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 傳票 2. 傳訊 3. 传票	The court issued a subpoena for the missing financial records.
450	civic-duty	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: civic + duty. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	公民义务	Serving on a jury is a civic-duty.

Page 19: words 451–475

Vocabulary page 19
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
451	common-good	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: common + good. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	共同利益	The council argued that clean public parks serve the common-good.
452	rule-of-law	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: rule + of + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	法治	An independent court helps protect the rule-of-law.
453	natural-rights	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: natural + rights. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	自然权利	Enlightenment thinkers described life and liberty as natural-rights.
454	popular-sovereignty	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: popular + sovereignty. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	人民主权	Elections are one way citizens exercise popular-sovereignty.
455	limited-government	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: limited + government. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	有限政府	A bill of rights supports limited-government by protecting individual freedoms.
456	representative-government	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: representative + government. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	代议制政府	In a representative-government, citizens hold elected officials accountable.
457	direct-democracy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: direct + democracy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	直接民主	A local referendum is an example of direct-democracy.
458	constitutional-monarchy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: constitutional + monarchy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	君主立宪制	In a constitutional-monarchy, the monarch does not govern with unlimited authority.
459	autocracy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -cracy relates to rule or a system of government.	独裁	The autocracy censored newspapers that criticized the ruler.
460	charter	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: charter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 憲章 2. 卡	The royal charter authorized the colony's government.
461	covenant	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: covenant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	协定	The communities signed a covenant promising to share water during droughts.
462	commonwealth	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: commonwealth is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	聯邦	The constitution described the state as a commonwealth.
463	confederation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	邦聯	The early confederation struggled to collect national revenue.
464	federation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	联邦	The provinces joined a federation while retaining local legislatures.
465	bicameral	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: bicameral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 兩院制的 2. 有兩個議院的	The national parliament is bicameral, with an upper and a lower house.
466	unicameral	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: unicameral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	一院制的	The region uses a unicameral legislature.
467	veto	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: veto is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	否决权	The governor used a veto to block the bill.
468	override	verb Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: override is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	重写	A sufficient legislative majority can override the veto.
469	impeachment	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 彈劾 2. 弹劾	The constitution assigns the lower chamber responsibility for impeachment.
470	agency	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: agency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	办	The environmental agency monitors air pollution.
471	department	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 省 2. 部门	The health department opened a vaccination clinic.
472	administration	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 機關 2. 政府 3. 行政	The administration proposed a revised national budget.
473	Electoral College	proper noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: Electoral + College. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	选举学院	Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College.
474	primary-election	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: primary + election. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	初选	Voters selected the nominee during the primary-election.
475	general-election	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: general + election. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	大选	The winning candidate took office after the general-election.

Designing a Fair Charter

Reading practice for pages 19–20. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Students draft a town charter based on popular-sovereignty, so authority begins with the people. The charter protects natural-rights and establishes limited-government. It also supports the rule-of-law, requiring leaders and citizens alike to follow rules created for the common-good.

Simplified Chinese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Where does authority begin?

Under popular sovereignty, authority begins with the people.

2. What limits the leaders?

Limited government and the rule of law limit leaders.

3. What should the rules promote?

The rules should promote the common good.

Page 20: words 476–500

Vocabulary page 20
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
476	caucus	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: caucus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 黨團會議 2. 分数	Local party members debated their priorities at the caucus.
477	precinct	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: precinct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	书桌	The school gym served as the polling place for our precinct.
478	apportionment	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	分配	The census provides population totals used for apportionment.
479	redistricting	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: redistricting is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	重新划分选区	Population shifts led the state to begin redistricting.
480	gerrymandering	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: gerrymandering is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	不公正地划分选区	The oddly shaped map raised concerns about gerrymandering.
481	Columbian Exchange	proper noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: Columbian + Exchange. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	哥伦布交换	The Columbian Exchange brought potatoes to Europe and horses to the Americas.
482	encomienda	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: encomienda is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	恩科米恩达	The encomienda exploited Indigenous communities for colonial production.
483	indentured-servitude	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: indentured + servitude. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	契约奴役	Through indentured-servitude, some migrants exchanged years of labor for transportation.
484	Middle Passage	proper noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: Middle + Passage. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	中间通道	Captive people endured brutal conditions during the Middle Passage.
485	abolitionist	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ist often names a person associated with a field, belief, or practice.	1. 廢除主義者 2. 廢奴主義者	The abolitionist published eyewitness accounts to build opposition to slavery.
486	Underground Railroad	proper noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: Underground + Railroad. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	地下铁路	Conductors in the Underground Railroad provided shelter and directions.
487	nullification	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	无效化	The nullification crisis tested the balance between state and federal power.
488	states' rights	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: states' + rights. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	各州的权利	The debate over states' rights shaped arguments about federal authority.
489	cotton-gin	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: cotton + gin. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	轧棉机	The cotton-gin increased the speed of cotton processing.
490	plantation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 種植園 2. 种植业	The plantation produced sugar for overseas markets.
491	sharecropping	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: sharecropping is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	佃农	Sharecropping often trapped families in cycles of debt.
492	tenant-farming	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: tenant + farming. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	佃农	Under tenant-farming, the family paid cash rent for its fields.
493	Jim Crow	proper noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: Jim + Crow. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	吉姆·克劳	Jim Crow denied Black citizens equal access to public facilities.
494	Black Codes	proper noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: Black + Codes. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	黑色代码	Black Codes limited movement, work, and civil rights.
495	Freedmen's Bureau	proper noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: Freedmen's + Bureau. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	自由民局	The Freedmen's Bureau supported schools and helped negotiate labor contracts.
496	transcontinental-railroad	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: transcontinental + railroad. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	横贯大陆铁路	The transcontinental-railroad reduced travel time across the United States.
497	Gold Rush	proper noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: Gold + Rush. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	淘金潮	The Gold Rush transformed small settlements into crowded towns.
498	manorialism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	莊園制	Under manorialism, the manor produced much of what its residents used.
499	absolutism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	独裁政制	Royal absolutism weakened representative institutions.
500	divine right	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: divine + right. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	神圣权利	Supporters of divine right argued that subjects should not challenge the king.

Sources and curriculum references

These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.