English Vocabulary · Grade 8 Live Review Preview

8th Grade Vocabulary Words

Eighth-grade readers move toward high-school-level analysis across literature, argument, research, physical and life science, algebra, economics, history, and civics. This level strengthens precise Tier II and cross-curricular vocabulary while emphasizing context, analogy, word relationships, Greek and Latin roots, multiple meanings, source judgment, and evidence-based communication.

This independently authored 500-word beta curriculum is arranged in twenty pages of twenty-five words each. Words 1–300 include five cloze questions per page; words 301–500 remain fully visible and editable as list pages while the expanded practice layer is developed. Each row includes a subject-field label and an editable word-study note about a transparent affix, compound structure, capitalization, or dictionary base form. The cited Grade 8 resources calibrate difficulty and vocabulary-study skills only; all learner-facing definitions, examples, quizzes, and descriptions are original KSSR copy.

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Page 1: words 1–25

Vocabulary page 1
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1	abet	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: abet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អាបេ	A driver who knowingly helps thieves escape may abet the crime.
2	accord	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: accord is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ការព្រមព្រៀង (សទ្ទានុក្រមសេដ្ឋកិច្ច វិទ្យាស្ថានបណ្ដុះបណ្ដាល និង ស្រាវជ្រាវដើម្បីអភិវឌ្ឍន៍កម្ពុជា បោះពុម្ពនៅខែតុលា ២០០៦	The two councils reached an accord after weeks of negotiation.
3	allot	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: allot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បែងចែក	The schedule will allot twenty minutes to each presentation.
4	amiss	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: amiss is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	នឹក	When the alarm stayed silent during the drill, the custodian knew something was amiss.
5	apprehend	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: apprehend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ចាប់	Investigators used the security footage to apprehend the suspect.
6	assail	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: assail is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	វាយលុក	Opponents assail the proposal for ignoring the cost of repairs.
7	atrocity	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	អំពើឃោរឃៅ	Survivor testimony documented the wartime atrocity.
8	avail	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: avail is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	មានប្រយោជន៍	The crew pulled at the jammed door to no avail.
9	avid	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: avid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អាវីដ	An avid birder can recognize many species by their calls.
10	awry	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: awry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អាសូរ	The expedition went awry when floodwater erased the trail.
11	balmy	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: balmy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បាមី	A balmy breeze made the spring evening comfortable.
12	banter	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: banter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បន្ទរ	The teammates exchanged light banter while waiting for the match.
13	bizarre	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: bizarre is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ចម្លែក	The bizarre sculpture combines a bicycle wheel with a glass umbrella.
14	blasé	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: blasé is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ប្រមាថ	After attending dozens of premieres, the critic seemed blasé about meeting celebrities.
15	bonanza	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: bonanza is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បូណាហ្សា	The discovery of rare minerals created a temporary bonanza for the town.
16	bountiful	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: bountiful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បរិបូរណ៍	Regular rain produced a bountiful apple harvest.
17	cache	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: cache is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ឃ្លាំងសម្ងាត់	Hikers found an emergency cache containing blankets and water.
18	capacious	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	សមត្ថភាព	The capacious auditorium can seat the entire school.
19	citadel	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: citadel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បន្ទាយ	The ancient citadel overlooks the harbor from a rocky hill.
20	clad	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: clad is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ក្លាដ	Workers clad in reflective jackets directed traffic around the sinkhole.
21	commemorate	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: commemorate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	រំលឹក	The mural will commemorate the nurses who served during the epidemic.
22	component	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: component is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ផ្នែក 2. ន័យតា	The battery is a crucial component of the emergency radio.
23	confiscate	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: confiscate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ដកហូតយក	Airport officers may confiscate items that violate safety rules.
24	connoisseur	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: connoisseur is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អ្នកប្រាជ្ញ	A tea connoisseur can distinguish subtle differences in aroma.
25	conservative	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	អភិរក្សនិយម	Engineers used a conservative estimate for the bridge's safe load.

A Bizarre Festival

Reading practice for pages 1–3. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

At a bizarre film festival, several directors reach an accord to share equipment. Their cooperation does not abet cheating; every entry remains independent. Reviewers who once seemed blasé become excited when ticket sales create a bonanza for the town library.

Khmer translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What agreement do the directors reach?

They reach an accord to share equipment.

2. Does sharing equipment abet cheating?

No, each entry remains independent.

3. Who benefits from the bonanza?

The town library benefits.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ sculpture combines a bicycle wheel with a glass umbrella.

Answer: bizarre

2. A driver who knowingly helps thieves escape may ___ the crime.

Answer: abet

3. After attending dozens of premieres, the critic seemed ___ about meeting celebrities.

Answer: blasé

4. The two councils reached an ___ after weeks of negotiation.

Answer: accord

5. The discovery of rare minerals created a temporary ___ for the town.

Answer: bonanza

Page 2: words 26–50

Vocabulary page 2
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
26	crusade	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: crusade is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	សង្គ្រាមសាសនា ការប្រកាសដំណឹងល្អទ្រង់ទ្រាយធំ	Her crusade against food waste persuaded several restaurants to donate leftovers.
27	deceptive	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	បោកបញ្ឆោត	The calm surface was deceptive because a strong current flowed underneath.
28	decipher	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: decipher is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ឌិគ្រីប	A linguist helped decipher the faded symbols on the tablet.
29	decree	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: decree is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	រាជក្រឹត្យ រាជក្រម	The royal decree opened the port to foreign merchants.
30	deface	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: deface is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ផាត់មុខ	Vandals tried to deface the memorial with paint.
31	defect	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: defect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ពិការភាព	A tiny defect in the seal allowed water to enter the container.
32	deplore	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: deplore is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ពេញចិត្ត	Community leaders deplore the destruction of the historic theater.
33	deploy	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: deploy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ដាក់ពង្រាយ	Firefighters deploy portable pumps along the flooded street.
34	desist	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: desist is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បោះបង់ចោល	The referee ordered the players to desist from arguing.
35	deter	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: deter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ឃាត់	Bright lighting can deter theft near the station.
36	dialect	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: dialect is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ប្រាក្រឹត 2. គ្រាមភាសា 3. គ្រាមភាសា	The novel preserves the coastal dialect in its dialogue.
37	dire	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: dire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ធ្ងន់ធ្ងរ	The clinic faced a dire shortage of clean water.
38	disgruntled	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: disgruntled is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	មិនសប្បាយចិត្ត	Disgruntled customers demanded refunds after the concert was canceled.
39	dispatch	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: dispatch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បញ្ជូន	The control center will dispatch a repair crew before dawn.
40	disposition	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ការតាំងចិត្ត	Her patient disposition makes nervous animals feel safe.
41	doctrine	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: doctrine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. លទ្ធិ 2. គោលលទ្ធិ	The movement's doctrine emphasized nonviolent resistance.
42	dub	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: dub is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បញ្ចូលសំឡេង	Reporters dub the rescued owl “Lucky” after its recovery.
43	elite	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: elite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	វរជន	Only the elite of the sport qualify for the final race.
44	embargo	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: embargo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	និន្និវារណ៍	The embargo prevented companies from exporting weapons to the regime.
45	embark	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: embark is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ជិះ	The researchers embark on a five-year study of coastal erosion.
46	endeavor	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: endeavor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ព្យាយាម; ខិតខំ; ប្រឹងប្រែង (កិ.); ការព្យាយាម; ការខិតខំ; ការប្រឹងប្រែង (ន.)	Restoring the wetland became a shared endeavor among residents and scientists.
47	enigma	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: enigma is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. បណ្ដៅ 2. ប្រស្នា	The source of the mysterious radio signal remains an enigma.
48	epoch	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: epoch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. យុគ 2. កាល	The invention of movable type began a new epoch in communication.
49	eventful	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: eventful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ព្រឹត្តិការណ៍	The eventful voyage included a storm, a rescue, and an unexpected discovery.
50	exceptional	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: exceptional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ពិសេស	Her exceptional memory allowed her to recite the entire speech.

Page 2 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 2.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ customers demanded refunds after the concert was canceled.

Answer: disgruntled

2. Her ___ against food waste persuaded several restaurants to donate leftovers.

Answer: crusade

3. The control center will ___ a repair crew before dawn.

Answer: dispatch

4. The calm surface was ___ because a strong current flowed underneath.

Answer: deceptive

5. Her patient ___ makes nervous animals feel safe.

Answer: disposition

Page 3: words 51–75

Vocabulary page 3
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
51	excruciating	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: excruciating is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	រំភើបចិត្ត	The runner stopped when an excruciating pain spread through his ankle.
52	fastidious	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	ឆោតល្ងង់	The fastidious conservator removed dust from the painting one grain at a time.
53	fend	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: fend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ហ្វេន	Thick bark helps the tree fend off insects.
54	ferret	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: ferret is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Ferret	The auditor will ferret out errors in the complicated accounts.
55	flair	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: flair is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ភាពប៉ិនប្រសប់	Mina has a flair for explaining difficult equations with simple diagrams.
56	flustered	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: flustered is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ច្របូកច្របល់	The unexpected question left the speaker flustered for a moment.
57	foreboding	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: foreboding is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ការគិតទុកជាមុន	Dark clouds filled the sailors with foreboding.
58	forfeit	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: forfeit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បោះបង់ចោល	A team that uses an ineligible player may forfeit the match.
59	fortify	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	ពង្រឹង	Sandbags fortify the riverbank before the storm.
60	foster	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: foster is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ចិញ្ចឹម	The exchange program aims to foster respect between the two communities.
61	gaunt	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: gaunt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Gaunt	After weeks without enough food, the abandoned dog looked gaunt.
62	gingerly	adverb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	ខ្ញី	She stepped gingerly across the icy porch.
63	glut	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: glut is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Glut	A glut of tomatoes caused prices at the market to fall.
64	grapple	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: grapple is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ច្របាច់	City planners grapple with how to add housing without removing parks.
65	grope	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: grope is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Grope	In the dark tent, Leo had to grope for the flashlight.
66	gullible	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	ឆោត	A gullible reader may trust the fake advertisement.
67	haggard	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: haggard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ហត់	The haggard rescue workers finally rested after the overnight search.
68	haven	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: haven is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ឋានសួគ៌	The sheltered bay became a haven for boats during the storm.
69	heritage	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: heritage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បេតិកភណ្ឌ	The festival celebrates the region's musical heritage.
70	hindrance	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	ឧបសគ្គ	A broken compass became a serious hindrance in the fog.
71	humane	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: humane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	មនុស្សធម៌	The shelter follows humane practices when caring for injured wildlife.
72	incense	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: incense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ធូប	The decision to close the clinic will incense many residents.
73	infinite	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: infinite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អានន្ត	A mathematical line extends an infinite distance in both directions.
74	instill	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: instill is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បញ្ចូល	Daily practice can instill confidence in a new musician.
75	institute	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: institute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ដាក់បញ្ចូល	The school will institute a recycling policy next term.

Page 3 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 3.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The runner stopped when an ___ pain spread through his ankle.

Answer: excruciating

2. City planners ___ with how to add housing without removing parks.

Answer: grapple

3. The ___ conservator removed dust from the painting one grain at a time.

Answer: fastidious

4. In the dark tent, Leo had to ___ for the flashlight.

Answer: grope

5. Thick bark helps the tree ___ off insects.

Answer: fend

Page 4: words 76–100

Vocabulary page 4
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
76	intervene	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: intervene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អន្តរាគមន៍	A mediator may intervene before the disagreement becomes violent.
77	languish	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: languish is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ងងុយគេង	The unfinished bill may languish in committee for months.
78	legendary	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: legendary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	រឿងព្រេងនិទាន	The goalkeeper's legendary save is still discussed decades later.
79	luminous	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	ភ្លឺ	Luminous paint marks the emergency exit in darkness.
80	mien	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: mien is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	មៀន	Despite the tense hearing, the witness maintained a calm mien.
81	millennium	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: millennium is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	សហស្សវត្សរ៍	The temple has stood for nearly a millennium.
82	minimize	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	បង្រួមអប្បបរមា	Protective covers minimize damage from dust and sunlight.
83	muster	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: muster is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អ្នកប្រមូល	The exhausted climber had to muster enough strength for the final ascent.
84	onslaught	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: onslaught is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ការវាយលុក	The seawall absorbed the first onslaught of storm waves.
85	ornate	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: ornate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	លម្អ	An ornate border of vines surrounds the manuscript.
86	ovation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: ovation is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ការបញ្ចេញពងអូវុល	The orchestra received a standing ovation after the final movement.
87	overt	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: overt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	លើស	The policy faced overt resistance from several council members.
88	panorama	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: panorama is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ទេសភាព	From the summit, hikers saw a panorama of lakes and forests.
89	phenomenon	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: phenomenon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. បាតុភូត 2. ឧប្បាទធម៌	Bioluminescence is a natural phenomenon in which organisms produce light.
90	pioneer	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: pioneer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អ្នកត្រួសត្រាយផ្លូវ	The engineer became a pioneer in low-cost water purification.
91	pivotal	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: pivotal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ចំណុចសំខាន់	The witness's photograph played a pivotal role in the investigation.
92	plunder	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: plunder is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ប្លន់	Invading soldiers tried to plunder the town's stores.
93	porous	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: porous is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Porous	Porous rock absorbs water more readily than solid granite.
94	preposterous	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	បុព្វេសន្និវាស	The rumor that the moon had disappeared was preposterous.
95	prodigy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: prodigy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អួត	The piano prodigy composed her first concerto at age twelve.
96	proficient	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: proficient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ស្ទាត់ជំនាញ	A proficient coder can identify the source of the error quickly.
97	pseudonym	noun Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: pseudonym is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	រហស្សនាម(នាមសម្ងាត់របស់អ្នកនិពន្ធ)	The novelist published the mystery under a pseudonym.
98	pungent	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: pungent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ពុល	The pungent smoke from the burning rubber made our eyes water.
99	rankle	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: rankle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់	The unfair accusation continued to rankle him years later.
100	rebuke	verb Study Field: Grade 8 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: rebuke is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ស្តីបន្ទោស	The judge will rebuke any lawyer who ignores the court's rules.

The Legendary Wetland

Reading practice for pages 4–6. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A pioneer ecologist records a rare migration phenomenon in a wetland that later begins to languish. Her legendary notebooks show where birds once nested. Conservationists intervene by restoring water flow and native plants.

Khmer translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What did the pioneer record?

She recorded a migration phenomenon.

2. What happens to the wetland?

The wetland begins to languish.

3. How do conservationists intervene?

They restore water flow and native plants.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A mediator may ___ before the disagreement becomes violent.

Answer: intervene

2. Bioluminescence is a natural ___ in which organisms produce light.

Answer: phenomenon

3. The unfinished bill may ___ in committee for months.

Answer: languish

4. The engineer became a ___ in low-cost water purification.

Answer: pioneer

5. The goalkeeper's ___ save is still discussed decades later.

Answer: legendary

Page 5: words 101–125

Vocabulary page 5
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
101	argumentation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	អំណះអំណាង	Effective argumentation connects each reason to reliable evidence.
102	substantiation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ការបញ្ជាក់	The editor requested substantiation for the article's surprising statistic.
103	interpretive	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	ការបកស្រាយ	Her interpretive essay examines how the storm symbolizes fear.
104	analytical	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: analytical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	វិភាគ	An analytical reader compares the author's claim with the supporting data.
105	intertextuality	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	អន្តរអត្ថបទ	The novel's allusion to an ancient myth creates intertextuality.
106	apostrophe	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: apostrophe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Apostrophe	The poet uses apostrophe when she speaks directly to the moon.
107	metonymy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: metonymy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Metonymy	In the phrase “the crown announced,” crown is metonymy for the monarch.
108	synecdoche	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: synecdoche is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Synecdoche	Calling workers “hired hands” uses synecdoche because hands represent people.
109	foreshadowing	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: foreshadowing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ការព្យាករណ៍	The cracked compass provides foreshadowing of the travelers' coming trouble.
110	foil	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: foil is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Foil	The cautious brother serves as a foil to the reckless hero.
111	revision	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ការពិនិត្យឡើងវិញ	During revision, Lila moved her strongest evidence closer to the claim.
112	editing	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: editing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	កែសម្រួល	Careful editing removed three sentence fragments from the report.
113	colloquialism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	សមូហភាពនិយម	The dialogue includes the colloquialism “no big deal” to sound natural.
114	morphology	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. សណ្ឋានវិទ្យា 2. រូបវិទូ 3. រូបសាស្ត្រ	Morphology helps readers connect predict, prediction, and predictable.
115	semantics	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: semantics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. និឃណ្ដសាស្ត្រ 2. និឃណ្តសាស្ត្រ (ការសិក្សាអំពីអត្តន័យនៅក្នុងភាសា)	A lesson in semantics showed how context changes the meaning of light.
116	phonology	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. សូរវិទ្យា 2. សទ្ទវិទ្យា	Phonology explains why certain sound combinations are common in English.
117	lexicography	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	វចនលេខន៍	Modern lexicography uses large language collections to track word usage.
118	homophone	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: homophone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. សូរដូច 2. កល្បសព្ទ	Flour is a homophone of flower.
119	homograph	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: homograph is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	កល្បលេខន៍	The word bow is a homograph because it can name a ribbon or an act of bending.
120	inflection	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	វិភត្ដិ	Adding -ed is an inflection that marks past tense in walked.
121	derivation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	វិធីកម្លាយ	The derivation of happiness adds a suffix to happy.
122	repetition	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	បុនរុត្តិវិធី	The speech uses repetition to make its central promise memorable.
123	inversion	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. បញ្ច្រាស 2. វិលោមត្តវិធី	The line “Bright was the moon” uses inversion.
124	rhetorical-question	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: rhetorical + question. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	វោហាសាស្ត្រ – សំណួរ	“Who would choose polluted water?” is a rhetorical-question that challenges the audience.
125	call-to-action	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: call + to + action. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ការអំពាវនាវឱ្យធ្វើសកម្មភាព	The final paragraph includes a call-to-action asking readers to conserve water.

Page 5 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 5.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ helps readers connect predict, prediction, and predictable.

Answer: morphology

2. The editor requested ___ for the article's surprising statistic.

Answer: substantiation

3. A lesson in ___ showed how context changes the meaning of light.

Answer: semantics

4. Her ___ essay examines how the storm symbolizes fear.

Answer: interpretive

5. ___ explains why certain sound combinations are common in English.

Answer: phonology

Page 6: words 126–150

Vocabulary page 6
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
126	audience	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	ទស្សនិកជន	The writer defines technical terms because the audience includes beginners.
127	purpose	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: purpose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	គោលបំណង	The article's purpose is to explain how vaccines train the immune system.
128	format	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: format is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ធ្វើទ្រង់ទ្រាយ 2. ទ្រង់ទ្រាយ	A timeline is an effective format for showing a sequence of events.
129	structure	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: structure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. គ្រោង 2. រចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ	The essay's compare-and-contrast structure makes the differences easy to follow.
130	organization	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	អង្គការ	Clear organization guides readers from the problem to the proposed solution.
131	classification	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់	The classification of rocks depends on how they formed.
132	counterargument	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	ការប្រឆាំង	The essay answers the counterargument that the project costs too much.
133	warrant	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: warrant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ដីកា	The writer's warrant connects lower emissions with improved public health.
134	relevance	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	ភាពពាក់ព័ន្ធ	The judge questioned the relevance of testimony about an unrelated event.
135	publication	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ការបោះពុម្ពផ្សាយ	The scientific publication requires every study to describe its methods.
136	manuscript	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: manuscript is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. សាត្រាស្លឹករឹត 2. សាស្ត្រា 3. គម្ពីរ	The author sent the completed manuscript to her editor.
137	editorial	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: editorial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	វិចារណកថា	The newspaper's editorial argues for safer bicycle lanes.
138	anthology	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	អក្សរសាស្ត្រ	Our anthology includes folktales from twelve regions.
139	précis	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: précis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ព្រេស៊ីស	His précis reduces the lengthy report to one accurate paragraph.
140	synopsis	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: synopsis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	សង្ខេប	The program provides a synopsis of the play before the performance.
141	bildungsroman	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: bildungsroman is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ប្រលោមលោកអំពីការលូតលាស់ទៅជាមនុស្សពេញវ័យ	The bildungsroman traces how its young narrator develops courage and judgment.
142	epistolary	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: epistolary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	រោគរាតត្បាត	The epistolary novel reveals the mystery through a series of emails.
143	historical-fiction	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: historical + fiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ប្រឌិតប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ	The historical-fiction novel places its heroine in a wartime hospital.
144	speculative-fiction	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: speculative + fiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ប្រឌិត-ប្រឌិត	The speculative-fiction story asks what might happen if memories could be traded.
145	magical-realism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: magical + realism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	វេទមន្ត-ប្រាកដនិយម	In the magical-realism tale, the family accepts a floating house without surprise.
146	stream-of-consciousness	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: stream + of + consciousness. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ចរន្តនៃស្មារតី	The stream-of-consciousness passage shifts rapidly among memories, sounds, and worries.
147	interior-monologue	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: interior + monologue. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ផ្នែកខាងក្នុង – monologue	The interior-monologue reveals doubts that the character never speaks aloud.
148	free-verse	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: free + verse. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ខគម្ពីរឥតគិតថ្លៃ	The free-verse poem varies its line lengths to imitate ocean waves.
149	blank-verse	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: blank + verse. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ឃ្លាទទេ	The dramatist uses blank-verse for the ruler's serious speech.
150	sonnet	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: sonnet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	សឺនណេត	The sonnet turns from loss to hope in its final lines.

Page 6 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 6.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. His ___ reduces the lengthy report to one accurate paragraph.

Answer: précis

2. The article's ___ is to explain how vaccines train the immune system.

Answer: purpose

3. The program provides a ___ of the play before the performance.

Answer: synopsis

4. A timeline is an effective ___ for showing a sequence of events.

Answer: format

5. The ___ traces how its young narrator develops courage and judgment.

Answer: bildungsroman

Page 7: words 151–175

Vocabulary page 7
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
151	ode	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: ode is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អូដេ	The poet wrote an ode celebrating the endurance of an old oak tree.
152	elegy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: elegy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អេលីជី	The elegy remembers the fisher and the coast he loved.
153	ballad	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: ballad is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បាឡាដ	The traditional ballad recounts a sailor's dangerous voyage.
154	haiku	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: haiku is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ហៃគូ	Her haiku describes one raindrop trembling on a leaf.
155	limerick	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: limerick is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	កំបោរ	The limerick ends with a playful rhyme about a confused chef.
156	lyric	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: lyric is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ទំនុកច្រៀង	The lyric explores the speaker's longing for home.
157	narrative-poem	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: narrative + poem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	narrative-កំណាព្យ	The narrative-poem follows a messenger across a frozen mountain.
158	dramatic-monologue	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: dramatic + monologue. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ល្ខោន – monologue	The dramatic-monologue exposes the mayor's pride through his own words.
159	persona	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: persona is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បុគ្គល	The poet creates a curious child's persona to describe the museum.
160	enjambment	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	ការរារាំង	The poet uses enjambment to pull the reader quickly into the next line.
161	caesura	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: caesura is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	សេសារ៉ា	A dash creates a caesura that interrupts the speaker's confident rhythm.
162	scansion	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ស្កេន	Through scansion, the students identified the line's repeating beat.
163	iamb	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: iamb is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អ៊ីមប៊ី	The word awake can illustrate an iamb.
164	trochee	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: trochee is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ពានរង្វាន់	The word garden can illustrate a trochee.
165	anapest	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: anapest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អាណាប៉ែស	The phrase in the dark can form an anapest when read with the final word stressed.
166	dactyl	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: dactyl is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ដាកទីល។	The word merrily begins with the pattern of a dactyl.
167	pentameter	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: pentameter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Pentameter	Many of the play's speeches are written in iambic pentameter.
168	rhyme-scheme	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: rhyme + scheme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	rhyme-គ្រោងការណ៍	The stanza's rhyme-scheme is ABAB.
169	cacophony	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: cacophony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	កាកូហ្វូនី	Clashing consonants create a cacophony during the battle scene.
170	euphony	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: euphony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	សូរសម្រួល	Long vowels and gentle consonants give the lullaby its euphony.
171	plotline	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: plotline is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	គ្រោង	The missing map begins the adventure plotline.
172	internal-conflict	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: internal + conflict. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ជម្លោះផ្ទៃក្នុង	Her internal-conflict grows as she must choose between loyalty and honesty.
173	external-conflict	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: external + conflict. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ជម្លោះខាងក្រៅ	The climber's external-conflict is the approaching blizzard.
174	rising-action	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: rising + action. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	សកម្មភាពកើនឡើង	During the rising-action, each clue brings the detective closer to danger.
175	falling-action	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: falling + action. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	សកម្មភាពធ្លាក់ចុះ	The falling-action explains how the village rebuilds after the flood.

Rhythm in a Ballad

Reading practice for pages 7–9. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

The poetry club compares a narrative ballad with a brief haiku and a mournful elegy. Students clap an anapest, which rises toward its stressed syllable, then a dactyl, which begins with one. Hearing both patterns clarifies how meter shapes mood.

Khmer translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Which poem tells a narrative?

The ballad tells a narrative.

2. Which poem is mournful?

The elegy is mournful.

3. Why do students clap the meters?

Clapping helps them hear the rhythmic patterns.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ remembers the fisher and the coast he loved.

Answer: elegy

2. The phrase in the dark can form an ___ when read with the final word stressed.

Answer: anapest

3. The traditional ___ recounts a sailor's dangerous voyage.

Answer: ballad

4. The word merrily begins with the pattern of a ___.

Answer: dactyl

5. Her ___ describes one raindrop trembling on a leaf.

Answer: haiku

Page 8: words 176–200

Vocabulary page 8
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
176	inciting-incident	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: inciting + incident. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ញុះញង់ – ឧប្បត្តិហេតុ	The theft of the compass is the inciting-incident that starts the search.
177	antihero	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: antihero is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ប្រឆាំងវីរបុរស	The reluctant smuggler is an antihero who sometimes acts selfishly.
178	round-character	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: round + character. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	តួអក្សរជុំ	The captain is a round-character whose courage exists beside pride and fear.
179	flat-character	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: flat + character. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	តួអក្សរផ្ទះល្វែង	The boastful guard remains a flat-character with little inner development.
180	dynamic-character	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: dynamic + character. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	តួអក្សរថាមវន្ត	The selfish prince becomes a dynamic-character when he learns to serve others.
181	static-character	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: static + character. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	តួអក្សរឋិតិវន្ត	The loyal gardener is a static-character whose values stay steady.
182	tragic-hero	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: tragic + hero. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	សោកនាដកម្ម – វីរៈបុរស	The general becomes a tragic-hero when ambition destroys his judgment.
183	comic-relief	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: comic + relief. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	កំប្លែង – សង្គ្រោះ	The nervous cook provides comic-relief before the final battle.
184	allegorical	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: allegorical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Allegorical	The allegorical journey represents a society's struggle for justice.
185	narrative-arc	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: narrative + arc. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	narrative-ធ្នូ	The narrative-arc moves from isolation to friendship.
186	frame-story	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: frame + story. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	រឿងស៊ុម	In the frame-story, travelers exchange tales during a storm.
187	unreliable-narrator	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: unreliable + narrator. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	មិនគួរឱ្យទុកចិត្ត – អ្នកនិទានរឿង	Contradictory details reveal that the speaker is an unreliable-narrator.
188	dramatic-irony	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: dramatic + irony. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. ភាពចំអកនាដកម្ម 2. ស្ថានភាពដែលទស្សនិកជនដឹងច្រើនជាងតួអង្គ	Dramatic-irony builds tension because viewers see the hidden key before the hero does.
189	situational-irony	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: situational + irony. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ស្ថានភាព – ហួសចិត្ត	The fire station flooding during a drought creates situational-irony.
190	verbal-irony	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: verbal + irony. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ពាក្យសម្ដី – ហួសចិត្ត	Saying “perfect timing” after missing the bus is verbal-irony.
191	stock-character	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: stock + character. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	តួអក្សរភាគហ៊ុន	The boastful rival begins as a stock-character but later gains complexity.
192	quest-narrative	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: quest + narrative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ការនិទានកថា – ដំណើរស្វែងរក	The quest-narrative sends three friends in search of a healing spring.
193	coming-of-age	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: coming + of + age. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ការមកដល់នៃអាយុ	The coming-of-age novel follows a teenager learning to accept responsibility.
194	epigraph	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: epigraph is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Epigraph	The chapter's epigraph hints that freedom will be its central concern.
195	epilogue	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: epilogue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អវសានកថា អវសានបទ	The epilogue shows the characters ten years after the voyage.
196	prologue	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: prologue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បុរេកថា	The prologue recounts the legend that motivates the hero.
197	stage-direction	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: stage + direction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ទិសដៅ – ដំណាក់កាល	The stage-direction tells the actor to whisper from behind the door.
198	screenplay	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: screenplay is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	នាដកថា	The screenplay indicates each scene's setting and camera-visible action.
199	tableau	noun Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: tableau is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	តារាង	The actors formed a tableau of the signing ceremony.
200	archetypal	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: archetypal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Archetypal	The mentor's guidance is an archetypal feature of many hero stories.

Page 8 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 8.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The reluctant smuggler is an ___ who sometimes acts selfishly.

Answer: antihero

2. Saying “perfect timing” after missing the bus is ___.

Answer: verbal-irony

3. The captain is a ___ whose courage exists beside pride and fear.

Answer: round-character

4. The boastful rival begins as a ___ but later gains complexity.

Answer: stock-character

5. The boastful guard remains a ___ with little inner development.

Answer: flat-character

Page 9: words 201–225

Vocabulary page 9
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
201	kinetic-energy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: kinetic + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	kinetic-ថាមពល	The rolling ball gains kinetic-energy as it speeds down the ramp.
202	protein-synthesis	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: protein + synthesis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ការសំយោគប្រូតេអ៊ីន	During protein-synthesis, ribosomes join amino acids in a specified order.
203	thermal-energy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: thermal + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ថាមពលកំដៅ	Heating the water increases its thermal-energy.
204	mechanical-energy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: mechanical + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	មេកានិច – ថាមពល	At the top of its swing, the pendulum's mechanical-energy is mostly stored.
205	chemical-energy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: chemical + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	គីមី – ថាមពល	A battery converts chemical-energy into electrical energy.
206	electrical-energy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: electrical + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	អគ្គិសនី – ថាមពល	The solar panels supply electrical-energy to the building.
207	electromagnetic	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: electromagnetic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អេឡិចត្រូម៉ាញ៉េទិច	Visible light is one type of electromagnetic radiation.
208	diffraction	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ការបង្វែរ	Diffraction causes water waves to fan out after passing through a narrow gap.
209	interference	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. អន្តរាគមន៍ 2. ការជ្រៀតជ្រែក	Interference creates alternating bright and dark bands on the screen.
210	resonance	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	សន្ទុះ	Resonance made the tuning fork vibrate more intensely.
211	photon	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: photon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ភារាណូ	A photon of visible light can be absorbed by a plant pigment.
212	centripetal	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: centripetal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	កណ្តាល	Centripetal force keeps the ball moving in a circle on its string.
213	centrifugal	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: centrifugal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	កណ្តាល	Passengers sense a centrifugal effect when a car turns sharply.
214	torque	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: torque is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	កម្លាំងបង្វិលជុំ	A longer wrench can produce more torque on a tight bolt.
215	conductivity	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	ចរន្តអគ្គិសនី	Copper's high conductivity makes it useful in electrical wiring.
216	series-circuit	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: series + circuit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	សៀគ្វីស៊េរី	One broken bulb can interrupt an entire series-circuit.
217	parallel-circuit	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: parallel + circuit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	សៀគ្វីប៉ារ៉ាឡែល	In a parallel-circuit, one lamp can stay lit when another fails.
218	ion	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: ion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. យាត្រាណូ 2. ចរាណូ 3. អ៊ីយ៉ុង	A sodium atom becomes a positive ion after losing an electron.
219	proton	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: proton is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. មូលាណូ 2. ប្រូតុង	The proton count determines which element an atom is.
220	neutron	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: neutron is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. អព្យាកតាណូ 2. ណឺត្រុង	A neutron adds mass to an atom without adding electric charge.
221	electron	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: electron is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. អសន្យាណូ 2. អេឡិចត្រុង	An electron may move to a higher energy level after absorbing energy.
222	valence	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: valence is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	វ៉ាឡង់	Carbon's valence allows it to form four covalent bonds.
223	covalent	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: covalent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	កូវ៉ាឡេន	Two hydrogen atoms form a covalent bond by sharing electrons.
224	ionic	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: ionic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អ៊ីយ៉ុង	Table salt is an ionic compound made from sodium and chloride ions.
225	acidity	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	អាស៊ីត	A pH test can compare the acidity of lemon juice and water.

Page 9 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 9.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Copper's high ___ makes it useful in electrical wiring.

Answer: conductivity

2. Heating the water increases its ___.

Answer: thermal-energy

3. One broken bulb can interrupt an entire ___.

Answer: series-circuit

4. At the top of its swing, the pendulum's ___ is mostly stored.

Answer: mechanical-energy

5. In a ___, one lamp can stay lit when another fails.

Answer: parallel-circuit

Page 10: words 226–250

Vocabulary page 10
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
226	alkalinity	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	អាល់កាឡាំង	Limestone can increase a lake's alkalinity.
227	oxidation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	អុកស៊ីតកម្ម	Rust forms through oxidation of iron.
228	reduction	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ការកាត់បន្ថយ	During reduction, copper ions gain electrons and become copper atoms.
229	combustion	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ការដុត	Complete combustion of the fuel produces carbon dioxide and water.
230	endothermic	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: endothermic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	កំដៅចុង	The endothermic reaction made the container feel cold.
231	exothermic	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: exothermic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ដែលបញ្ចេញកម្តៅ	The exothermic reaction warmed the solution.
232	cell-membrane	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: cell + membrane. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	កោសិកា-ភ្នាស	The cell-membrane allows some substances to pass while blocking others.
233	mitochondrion	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: mitochondrion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. មីតូកុងទ្រី 2. មីតូកុងឌ្រី	A muscle cell contains many mitochondria, and each mitochondrion helps supply energy.
234	chloroplast	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: chloroplast is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ក្លរ៉ូប្លាស 2. សរីរាង្គកោសិការុក្ខជាតិសម្រាប់រស្មីសំយោគ	Chlorophyll inside each chloroplast absorbs light.
235	ribosome	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: ribosome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	រីបូសូម	A ribosome links amino acids in the order specified by genetic instructions.
236	genotype	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: genotype is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ហ្សែន	The plant's genotype includes one allele for tall growth and one for short growth.
237	phenotype	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: phenotype is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ផេណូទីប 2. លក្ខណៈដែលអាចសង្កេតបាន	Sunlight can influence the color phenotype of some plants.
238	meiosis	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: meiosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ម៉ីអូស៊ីស	Meiosis creates genetic variation in eggs and sperm.
239	mitosis	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: mitosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	មីតូស	Skin cells multiply through mitosis as a cut heals.
240	natural-selection	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: natural + selection. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ការជ្រើសរើសធម្មជាតិ	Natural-selection favored moths whose coloring hid them from predators.
241	speciation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ការបញ្ជាក់	Long isolation on separate islands can lead to speciation.
242	transcription	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. អក្សរសព្ទ 2. ការបកសំឡេង 3. ការចម្លងសំឡេង	During transcription, a cell produces an RNA copy of a gene.
243	succession	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ការបន្តពូជ	After the lava cools, ecological succession begins with lichens.
244	hormone	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: hormone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អរម៉ូន	The hormone insulin helps regulate blood glucose.
245	antibiotic	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Prefix focus: anti- means against or opposed to.	អង់ទីប៊ីយ៉ូទិក	A doctor may prescribe an antibiotic for a confirmed bacterial infection.
246	tectonic-plate	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: tectonic + plate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	បន្ទះ tectonic	The Pacific tectonic-plate meets several other plates along active boundaries.
247	codon	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: codon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ក្រមាណូ	Each codon in messenger RNA directs one step in protein assembly.
248	subduction	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. ភូគព្ភវិទ្យា 2. ទន្លាក់ចុះ	Subduction can produce deep ocean trenches and volcanic arcs.
249	convection-current	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: convection + current. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	convection – បច្ចុប្បន្ន	A convection-current forms in the heated water.
250	fault-line	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: fault + line. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	បន្ទាត់កំហុស	The earthquake began near a mapped fault-line.

Evidence of Change

Reading practice for pages 10–12. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

During transcription, a cell copies genetic information into RNA. Over generations, natural-selection can favor useful variations, and isolated populations may undergo speciation. These biological processes differ from combustion, a chemical reaction involving oxygen, and from a simple reduction in population size.

Khmer translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What happens during transcription?

Genetic information is copied into RNA.

2. What may happen to isolated populations?

They may undergo speciation.

3. Is combustion a biological process?

No, combustion is a chemical reaction.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ favored moths whose coloring hid them from predators.

Answer: natural-selection

2. During ___, copper ions gain electrons and become copper atoms.

Answer: reduction

3. Long isolation on separate islands can lead to ___.

Answer: speciation

4. Complete ___ of the fuel produces carbon dioxide and water.

Answer: combustion

5. During ___, a cell produces an RNA copy of a gene.

Answer: transcription

Page 11: words 251–275

Vocabulary page 11
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
251	seismic-wave	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: seismic + wave. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	រលករញ្ជួយ	A seismic-wave reached the distant station several minutes after the quake.
252	rock-cycle	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: rock + cycle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	វដ្តរ៉ុក	Melting, cooling, erosion, and pressure drive the rock-cycle.
253	greenhouse-effect	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: greenhouse + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ផលប៉ះពាល់ផ្ទះកញ្ចក់	Without the natural greenhouse-effect, Earth's average temperature would be much lower.
254	carbon-cycle	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: carbon + cycle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	វដ្តកាបូន	Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the air as part of the carbon-cycle.
255	ocean-current	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: ocean + current. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	មហាសមុទ្របច្ចុប្បន្ន	A warm ocean-current can raise winter temperatures along a coast.
256	programming	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: programming is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ផ្រូក្រាមមីង	Programming the robot required a loop that repeated the movement.
257	bandwidth	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: bandwidth is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	កម្រិតបញ្ជូន	Streaming several videos at once uses considerable bandwidth.
258	binary	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: binary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	គោលពីរ	Computers store many kinds of information in binary form using zeros and ones.
259	nanotechnology	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	រស្សបច្ចេកវិទ្យា	Nanotechnology can create coatings that resist water and stains.
260	telemetry	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -metry relates to measuring.	តេឡេម៉ែត្រ	Satellite telemetry reported the spacecraft's temperature and speed.
261	microprocessor	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Prefix focus: micro- means small.	មីក្រូដំណើរការ	The washing machine's microprocessor controls each cycle.
262	hardware	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: hardware is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ផ្នែករឹង 2. ផ្នែករឹង	The keyboard and monitor are computer hardware.
263	concave	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: concave is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ផត	A concave mirror can focus parallel light rays.
264	convex	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: convex is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ប៉ោង	A convex lens can bring light rays together.
265	focal-point	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: focal + point. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ចំណុចប្រសព្វ	The paper began to warm when sunlight converged at the focal-point.
266	lens	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: lens is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	កែវ	The microscope's objective lens magnifies the specimen.
267	polarization	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	បន្ទាត់រាងប៉ូល។	Polarization helps sunglasses reduce reflected glare.
268	ultraviolet	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: ultraviolet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ស្វាយអ៊ុលត្រា 2. អ៊ុលត្រាវីយូឡេ	Ultraviolet radiation can damage unprotected skin.
269	infrared	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: infrared is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អ៊ីនហ្វ្រារ៉េដ	A thermal camera detects infrared radiation from warm objects.
270	x-ray	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: x + ray. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	កាំរស្មីអ៊ិច	An x-ray revealed a small fracture in the bone.
271	gamma-ray	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: gamma + ray. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	កាំរស្មីហ្គាម៉ា	A gamma-ray can pass through materials that block visible light.
272	radio-wave	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: radio + wave. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	រលកវិទ្យុ	The antenna transmits a radio-wave carrying the audio signal.
273	microwave	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: microwave is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	រលកខ្លីហួសកំរិត	A microwave in radar can reflect from an approaching storm.
274	visible-light	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: visible + light. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ពន្លឺដែលអាចមើលឃើញ	A prism separates visible-light into a band of colors.
275	sound-wave	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: sound + wave. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	រលកសំឡេង	The sound-wave traveled through air from the speaker to the microphone.

Page 11 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 11.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Without the natural ___, Earth's average temperature would be much lower.

Answer: greenhouse-effect

2. The microscope's objective ___ magnifies the specimen.

Answer: lens

3. Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the air as part of the ___.

Answer: carbon-cycle

4. ___ helps sunglasses reduce reflected glare.

Answer: polarization

5. A warm ___ can raise winter temperatures along a coast.

Answer: ocean-current

Page 12: words 276–300

Vocabulary page 12
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
276	pitch	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: pitch is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	កម្ពស់សម្លេង	A faster vibration produces a higher pitch.
277	decibel	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: decibel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ដេស៊ីបែល	A whisper has a much lower decibel level than a siren.
278	echo	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: echo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ប្រតិនិន្នាទ 2. សូរខ្ទ័រ	The shout returned as an echo from the canyon wall.
279	gear-ratio	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: gear + ratio. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	សមាមាត្រឧបករណ៍	Changing the gear-ratio increased the bicycle wheel's turning force.
280	power	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: power is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ថាមពល 2. ស្វ័យគុណ	The motor's power tells how quickly it can perform work.
281	horsepower	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: horsepower is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ហយពល 2. អស្វឫទ្ធិ	The larger engine produces greater horsepower.
282	periodic-table	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: periodic + table. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	តារាងតាមកាលកំណត់	The periodic-table places elements with similar behaviors in the same column.
283	atomic-number	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: atomic + number. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	លេខអាតូមិច	Oxygen has an atomic-number of eight.
284	atomic-mass	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: atomic + mass. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ម៉ាស់អាតូម	The periodic table lists chlorine's atomic-mass as about 35.45.
285	chemical-symbol	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: chemical + symbol. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	និមិត្តសញ្ញាគីមី	Fe is the chemical-symbol for iron.
286	electron-shell	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: electron + shell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	សែលអេឡិចត្រុង	The first electron-shell can hold two electrons.
287	aqueous	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	ទឹក	The label aq indicates that the substance is in an aqueous solution.
288	colloid	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: colloid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ខូឡូអ៊ីត	Fog is a colloid of liquid droplets dispersed in air.
289	saturated	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: saturated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ឆ្អែត	No more sugar dissolved once the solution became saturated.
290	unsaturated	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: unsaturated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	មិនឆ្អែត	The unsaturated solution accepted another spoonful of salt.
291	supersaturated	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: supersaturated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ឆ្អែតលើស	A seed crystal caused the supersaturated solution to crystallize rapidly.
292	dominant	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: dominant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. លប់ 2. លើសលប់ គុ	A dominant allele can mask the effect of a recessive allele.
293	recessive	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	អន់ថយ	A recessive trait may appear when an organism inherits two recessive alleles.
294	homozygous	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	ដូចគ្នា	A homozygous plant carries two matching alleles for seed color.
295	heterozygous	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. ហេតេរ៉ូស៊ីហ្គូស 2. ដែលមានអាឡែលពីរខុសគ្នា	A heterozygous organism can pass either allele to its offspring.
296	sex-linked	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: sex + linked. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ទាក់ទងផ្លូវភេទ	Red-green color blindness is often taught as a sex-linked trait.
297	pedigree	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Base-form focus: pedigree is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ពូជពង្ស	The pedigree suggests that the trait is recessive.
298	genetic-code	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Term structure: genetic + code. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	កូដហ្សែន	Nearly all organisms use the same basic genetic-code.
299	DNA	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Capitalization focus: DNA is an abbreviation or initialism; preserve its capital letters.	ឌីអិនអេ	A DNA sequence contains information that cells can copy.
300	RNA	noun Study Field: Grade 8 science and technology word Word study: Capitalization focus: RNA is an abbreviation or initialism; preserve its capital letters.	អា.រ.ន.	Messenger RNA carries a gene's instructions to a ribosome.

Page 12 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 12.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The shout returned as an ___ from the canyon wall.

Answer: echo

2. A seed crystal caused the ___ solution to crystallize rapidly.

Answer: supersaturated

3. Changing the ___ increased the bicycle wheel's turning force.

Answer: gear-ratio

4. A ___ allele can mask the effect of a recessive allele.

Answer: dominant

5. The motor's ___ tells how quickly it can perform work.

Answer: power

Page 13: words 301–325

Vocabulary page 13
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
301	linear-equation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: linear + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	សមីការលីនេអ៊ែរ	The linear-equation y = 3x + 2 has a slope of three.
302	y-intercept	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: y + intercept. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	y-ស្ទាក់ចាប់	The line's y-intercept is (0, 4).
303	x-intercept	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: x + intercept. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	x-ស្ទាក់ចាប់	The graph has an x-intercept at (-2, 0).
304	fixed-cost	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: fixed + cost. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	តម្លៃថេរ	Monthly rent remains a fixed-cost whether the bakery sells ten loaves or a thousand.
305	variable-cost	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: variable + cost. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ថ្លៃដើមអថេរ	Flour is a variable-cost because the bakery buys more when it makes more bread.
306	line-of-best-fit	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: line + of + best + fit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	បន្ទាត់នៃ-សមល្អបំផុត	The line-of-best-fit shows that study time and test scores generally rise together.
307	association	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	សមាគម; ការសេពគប់	The scatter plot suggests a positive association between temperature and ice-cream sales.
308	sales-tax	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: sales + tax. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ពន្ធលើការលក់	The receipt lists sales-tax separately from the item's price.
309	direct-variation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: direct + variation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	បំរែបំរួលផ្ទាល់	The distance traveled shows direct-variation with time when speed remains constant.
310	inverse-variation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: inverse + variation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	បំរែបំរួលបញ្ច្រាស	For a fixed distance, travel time shows inverse-variation with speed.
311	rate-of-change	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: rate + of + change. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	អត្រានៃការផ្លាស់ប្តូរ	The graph's rate-of-change is five kilometers per hour.
312	property-tax	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: property + tax. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ពន្ធលើអចលនទ្រព្យ	The town uses property-tax revenue to support schools and fire services.
313	scientific-notation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: scientific + notation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	កំណត់សំគាល់វិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ	The distance 150,000,000 kilometers is 1.5 × 10⁸ in scientific-notation.
314	square-root	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: square + root. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ឫសការ៉េ	The principal square-root of 81 is 9.
315	cube-root	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: cube + root. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	គូប – ឫស	The cube-root of 125 is 5.
316	irrational-number	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: irrational + number. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	លេខមិនសមហេតុផល	The number π is an irrational-number with a nonrepeating decimal.
317	rational-number	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: rational + number. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	លេខសនិទាន	The decimal 0.75 is a rational-number because it equals 3/4.
318	payroll-tax	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: payroll + tax. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ប្រាក់បៀវត្សរ៍ – ពន្ធ	The pay stub shows the payroll-tax withheld from the worker's earnings.
319	pythagorean-theorem	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: pythagorean + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ទ្រឹស្តីបទ pythagorean	The pythagorean-theorem confirms that a triangle with sides 3, 4, and 5 is right.
320	hypotenuse	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: hypotenuse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	អ៊ីប៉ូតេនុស	The hypotenuse is the longest side of a right triangle.
321	congruence	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	ភាពស្របគ្នា។	A sequence of rigid motions can demonstrate the triangles' congruence.
322	transformation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. ការបម្លែង 2. ការប្លែង 3. ការប្លែងភាព	A rotation is a transformation that turns a figure around a fixed point.
323	alternate-interior-angles	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: alternate + interior + angles. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	មុំឆ្លាស់គ្នា – ខាងក្នុង	When parallel lines are cut by a transversal, alternate-interior-angles are congruent.
324	corresponding-angles	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: corresponding + angles. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	មុំដែលត្រូវគ្នា។	Equal corresponding-angles indicate that the two lines are parallel.
325	vertical-angles	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: vertical + angles. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	មុំបញ្ឈរ	Vertical-angles always have equal measures.

The Theater's Costs

Reading practice for pages 13–15. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A theater models ticket sales with a linear-equation. Its fixed-cost includes the stage rental, while each printed program adds a variable-cost. On the graph, the y-intercept represents the starting expense, and the x-intercept shows when revenue finally balances cost.

Khmer translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What is one fixed cost?

The stage rental is a fixed cost.

2. What adds a variable cost?

Each printed program adds a variable cost.

3. What does the x-intercept show?

It shows when revenue balances cost.

Page 14: words 326–350

Vocabulary page 14
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
326	frequency-table	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: frequency + table. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	តារាងប្រេកង់	The frequency-table shows that blue was selected eight times.
327	box-plot	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: box + plot. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ប្រអប់-គ្រោង	The box-plot makes the two classes' medians easy to compare.
328	interquartile-range	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: interquartile + range. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ជួរ interquartile	The interquartile-range measures the spread of the middle half of the data.
329	sample-space	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: sample + space. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ចន្លោះគំរូ	A coin toss has the sample-space {heads, tails}.
330	independent-event	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: independent + event. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ព្រឹត្តិការណ៍ឯករាជ្យ	Rolling a die is an independent-event from flipping a coin.
331	dependent-event	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: dependent + event. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ព្រឹត្តិការណ៍អាស្រ័យ	Drawing a second card without replacement is a dependent-event.
332	compound-event	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: compound + event. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ព្រឹត្តិការណ៍ផ្សំ	Rolling an even number and then a six is a compound-event.
333	random-sample	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: random + sample. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	គំរូចៃដន្យ	The researcher used a random-sample to reduce selection bias.
334	biased-sample	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: biased + sample. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	គំរូលំអៀង	Surveying only basketball players creates a biased-sample of student sports preferences.
335	opportunity-cost	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: opportunity + cost. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	តម្លៃឱកាស	The opportunity-cost of attending the concert is the shift Maya cannot work.
336	price	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: price is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. តម្លៃ 2. ថ្លៃ	A shortage of oranges caused the price of juice to rise.
337	services	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: services is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	សេវាកម្ម	Haircuts and legal advice are services.
338	productivity	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	ផលិតភាព	New equipment increased the factory's productivity without extending work hours.
339	monopoly	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: monopoly is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ឯកាធិកម្ម 2. ឯកាធិភាព	Regulators investigated whether the merger would create a monopoly.
340	gross-domestic-product	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: gross + domestic + product. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ផលិតផលសរុបក្នុងស្រុក	Economists use gross-domestic-product to estimate the size of a national economy.
341	quota	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: quota is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	កូតា	The fishing quota protects the population from excessive harvesting.
342	exchange-rate	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: exchange + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	អត្រាប្តូរប្រាក់	A changing exchange-rate altered the cost of imported bicycles.
343	loss	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: loss is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ការបាត់បង់ ន	The shop reported a loss after repairs cost more than monthly sales.
344	subsidy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: subsidy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ប្រាក់ឧបត្ថម្ភ	A transit subsidy reduced fares for low-income riders.
345	banking	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: banking is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ធនាគារ	Online banking allows customers to transfer funds without visiting a branch.
346	stock	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: stock is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ភាគហ៊ុន	Buying one stock gives an investor a small ownership stake in the company.
347	bond	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: bond is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ប័ណ្ណបំណុល, សញ្ញាប័ណ្ណ	The city issued a bond to finance a new water system.
348	salary	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: salary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ប្រាក់ខែ 2. បរិលាភ 3. ទិនិកា	The job offer includes an annual salary and health benefits.
349	insurance	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. ការរ៉ាប់រង 2. ការធានា	Home insurance helped pay for repairs after the storm.
350	mortgage	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: mortgage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	និក្ខេប	The family compared interest rates before choosing a mortgage.

Page 15: words 351–375

Vocabulary page 15
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
351	lease	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: lease is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បង់រំលស់	The apartment lease lasts twelve months.
352	collateral	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: collateral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ប្រាតិភោគ 2. ទ្រព្យធានា	The farmer used equipment as collateral for the business loan.
353	bankruptcy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: bankruptcy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ធនក្ស័យ	Bankruptcy allowed the company to reorganize what it owed.
354	system-of-equations	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: system + of + equations. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ប្រព័ន្ធនៃសមីការ	The system-of-equations intersects at the point that satisfies both equations.
355	elimination	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ការលុបបំបាត់	Using elimination, Rae added the equations to remove y.
356	substitution	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	អាទេសកម្ម ការជំនួស	Through substitution, we replaced y with 2x + 1.
357	solution-set	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: solution + set. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	សំណុំដំណោះស្រាយ	The inequality x > 4 has a solution-set containing every number greater than four.
358	linear-model	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: linear + model. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ម៉ូដែលលីនេអ៊ែរ	The scientist used a linear-model to estimate future water use.
359	polynomial	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Prefix focus: poly- means many.	ពហុធា	The expression 3x² – 2x + 7 is a polynomial.
360	monomial	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: monomial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	មនោរម្យ	The expression 6x³ is a monomial.
361	binomial	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: binomial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ទ្វិធា 2. ទ្វេធា	The expression x + 5 is a binomial.
362	trinomial	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: trinomial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ត្រីធា	The expression x² + 4x + 4 is a trinomial.
363	degree	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: degree is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	កម្រិត	The polynomial 2x⁴ – x has degree four.
364	like-terms	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: like + terms. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	លក្ខខណ្ឌស្រដៀងគ្នា	The like-terms 3x and 8x combine to make 11x.
365	business-cycle	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: business + cycle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	វដ្តអាជីវកម្ម	Employment often rises during the expansion phase of a business-cycle.
366	commutative-property	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: commutative + property. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	អចលនទ្រព្យ – ផ្លាស់ប្តូរ	The commutative-property shows that 7 + 2 equals 2 + 7.
367	associative-property	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: associative + property. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ទ្រព្យសម្បត្តិរួម	The associative-property allows (2 × 3) × 5 to be regrouped as 2 × (3 × 5).
368	zero-product-property	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: zero + product + property. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	សូន្យ-ផលិតផល-ទ្រព្យសម្បត្តិ	The zero-product-property solves (x – 2)(x + 4) = 0.
369	angle-bisector	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: angle + bisector. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	មុំ- bisector	The angle-bisector divides the 60-degree angle into two 30-degree angles.
370	perpendicular-bisector	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: perpendicular + bisector. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	កាត់កែង- bisector	Every point on the perpendicular-bisector is equally distant from the segment's endpoints.
371	midpoint	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: midpoint is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ចំណុចកណ្តាល	The midpoint of the segment from (0, 0) to (6, 4) is (3, 2).
372	distance-formula	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: distance + formula. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	រូបមន្តចម្ងាយ	The distance-formula is based on the Pythagorean theorem.
373	pythagorean-triple	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: pythagorean + triple. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pythagorean-បីដង	The numbers 5, 12, and 13 form a pythagorean-triple.
374	scale-factor	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: scale + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	កត្តាមាត្រដ្ឋាន	A scale-factor of two doubles every side length.
375	rigid-motion	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: rigid + motion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ចលនារឹង	A reflection is a rigid-motion because the image remains congruent to the original.

Page 16: words 376–400

Vocabulary page 16
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
376	preimage	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: preimage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ជាមុន	Triangle ABC is the preimage of the translated triangle A′B′C′.
377	orientation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ទិស	A reflection reverses a polygon's orientation.
378	two-way-table	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: two + way + table. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	តារាងពីរផ្លូវ	The two-way-table compares transportation choice with grade level.
379	relative-frequency	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: relative + frequency. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ប្រេកង់ដែលទាក់ទង	Dividing each count by the total gives its relative-frequency.
380	bivariate-data	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: bivariate + data. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bivariate-ទិន្នន័យ	The bivariate-data record each student's height and arm span.
381	univariate-data	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: univariate + data. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	univariate-ទិន្នន័យ	The list of daily temperatures is univariate-data.
382	cluster	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: cluster is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ចង្កោម	A cluster near the upper right appears in the scatter plot.
383	skewed	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Base-form focus: skewed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បត់	Household-income data are often skewed toward higher values.
384	variability	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	ជីវវិទ្យា) នានាភាព	A larger spread in scores indicates greater variability.
385	standard-deviation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: standard + deviation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	គម្លាតស្តង់ដារ	The consistent measurements have a small standard-deviation.
386	sampling-error	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: sampling + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	កំហុសគំរូ	A larger random sample can reduce sampling-error.
387	margin-of-error	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: margin + of + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	រឹមនៃកំហុស	The poll reports a margin-of-error of three percentage points.
388	economic-system	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: economic + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ប្រព័ន្ធសេដ្ឋកិច្ច	An economic-system determines who makes major production decisions.
389	command-economy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: command + economy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	សេដ្ឋកិច្ចបញ្ជា	In a command-economy, the government sets many output targets.
390	mixed-economy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: mixed + economy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	សេដ្ឋកិច្ចចម្រុះ	A mixed-economy allows private firms while regulating public utilities.
391	market-economy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: market + economy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ទីផ្សារ-សេដ្ឋកិច្ច	Competition influences what companies produce in a market-economy.
392	traditional-economy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: traditional + economy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	សេដ្ឋកិច្ចប្រពៃណី	Fishing methods may pass through generations in a traditional-economy.
393	fiscal-policy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: fiscal + policy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	គោលនយោបាយសារពើពន្ធ	The legislature changed fiscal-policy by increasing infrastructure spending.
394	monetary-policy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: monetary + policy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	គោលនយោបាយរូបិយវត្ថុ	The central bank tightened monetary-policy to slow inflation.
395	central-bank	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: central + bank. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ធនាគារកណ្តាល	The central-bank raised its benchmark interest rate.
396	commercial-bank	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: commercial + bank. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ធនាគារពាណិជ្ជ	The commercial-bank approved a loan for the bakery.
397	interest-rate	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: interest + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	អត្រាការប្រាក់	A lower interest-rate reduces the monthly cost of a loan.
398	compound-interest	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: compound + interest. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ការប្រាក់រួម	Compound-interest causes long-term savings to grow more quickly.
399	simple-interest	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: simple + interest. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ចំណាប់អារម្មណ៍សាមញ្ញ	The loan uses simple-interest based on its starting principal.
400	net-worth	noun Study Field: Grade 8 mathematics and economics word Word study: Term structure: net + worth. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	តម្លៃសុទ្ធ	Subtracting liabilities from assets gives net-worth.

Turning a Figure

Reading practice for pages 16–18. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

In geometry, Elena rotates a preimage and checks the new figure’s orientation. Later, she studies bivariate-data about study time and quiz scores. A two-way-table organizes the categories, while relative-frequency helps her compare groups of different sizes.

Khmer translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What does Elena rotate?

Elena rotates a preimage.

2. What data does she study?

She studies study time and quiz scores.

3. Why does she use relative frequency?

It helps compare groups of different sizes.

Page 17: words 401–425

Vocabulary page 17
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
401	mercantilism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	ពាណិជ្ជកម្មនិយម	European mercantilism encouraged colonies to supply raw materials to the ruling country.
402	triangular-trade	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: triangular + trade. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ត្រីកោណ – ពាណិជ្ជកម្ម	The triangular-trade carried manufactured goods, enslaved people, and colonial products along different routes.
403	transatlantic	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Prefix focus: trans- means across, through, or beyond.	ឆ្លងអាត្លង់ទិក	The transatlantic voyage took several weeks under sail.
404	declaration	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	សេចក្តីប្រកាស	The delegates issued a declaration explaining their decision to seek independence.
405	federalism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	សហព័ន្ធនិយម	Under federalism, national and state governments exercise different powers.
406	separation-of-powers	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: separation + of + powers. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ការបំបែកអំណាច	Separation-of-powers prevents one branch from performing every government function.
407	checks-and-balances	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: checks + and + balances. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ការត្រួតពិនិត្យ និងសមតុល្យ	A presidential veto is part of the checks-and-balances system.
408	ratification	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ការផ្តល់សច្ចាប័ន	The treaty required ratification by the legislature.
409	tyranny	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: tyranny is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ប្រជាហឹង្សា	The pamphlet warned that unchecked authority could become tyranny.
410	judicial-review	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: judicial + review. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ការពិនិត្យឡើងវិញរបស់តុលាការ	Through judicial-review, a court may invalidate an unconstitutional law.
411	due-process	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: due + process. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ដំណើរការកំណត់	Due-process requires notice and a meaningful opportunity to be heard.
412	equal-protection	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: equal + protection. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ការការពារស្មើគ្នា	The plaintiffs argued that the policy violated equal-protection.
413	civil-liberty	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: civil + liberty. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	សេរីភាពស៊ីវិល	Freedom of speech is a civil-liberty.
414	civil-right	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: civil + right. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	សិទ្ធិស៊ីវិល	The right to vote without racial discrimination is a civil-right.
415	abolitionism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	ការលុបបំបាត់លទ្ធិនិយម	Abolitionism grew through speeches, newspapers, petitions, and resistance.
416	Manifest Destiny	proper noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: Manifest + Destiny. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	បង្ហាញវាសនា	Supporters used Manifest Destiny to defend westward territorial expansion.
417	westward-expansion	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: westward + expansion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ការពង្រីកទៅខាងលិច	Westward-expansion displaced many Indigenous communities.
418	annexation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ឧបសម្ព័ន្ធ	The annexation of the region intensified a national dispute.
419	homestead	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: homestead is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ផ្ទះ	The family built a cabin on its prairie homestead.
420	reservation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ការបម្រុងទុក	Federal policy forced many Native communities onto a reservation.
421	removal	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: removal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ការដកយកចេញ	The removal of Indigenous nations caused widespread suffering and death.
422	secession	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	អបគមន៍	The state's secession deepened the constitutional crisis.
423	union	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: union is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	សហភាព	Leaders debated how to preserve the union.
424	confederacy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: confederacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	សហព័ន្ធ	The southern confederacy formed after several states seceded.
425	colonialism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	អាណានិគមនិយម	Colonialism redirected local resources toward the ruling empire.

Page 18: words 426–450

Vocabulary page 18
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
426	militarism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	យោធនិយម	European militarism increased tension before the war.
427	role	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: role is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	តួនាទី	A person's social role can change between home, school, and work.
428	socialization	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	សង្គមនិយម	Family and peers both influence socialization.
429	birth-rate	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: birth + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	អត្រាកំណើត	Improved education and health access can affect a country's birth-rate.
430	death-rate	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: death + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	អត្រាមរណភាព	A clean-water program lowered the community's death-rate from disease.
431	fertility-rate	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: fertility + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	អត្រាមានកូន	Demographers use the fertility-rate to project future population change.
432	life-expectancy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: life + expectancy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	អាយុសង្ឃឹមរស់	Vaccination and sanitation helped increase life-expectancy.
433	ethnocentrism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	ប្រកាន់ពូជសាសន៍	Ethnocentrism can cause people to misunderstand unfamiliar customs.
434	cultural-relativism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: cultural + relativism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	វប្បធម៌-ទំនាក់ទំនងនិយម	Cultural-relativism asks researchers to understand a ritual before judging it.
435	bureaucracy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -cracy relates to rule or a system of government.	ការិយាធិបតេយ្យ	The agency's bureaucracy requires applications to pass through several departments.
436	public-policy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: public + policy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	គោលនយោបាយសាធារណៈ	The city changed public-policy to reduce lead in drinking water.
437	lobbyist	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ist often names a person associated with a field, belief, or practice.	អ្នកបញ្ចុះបញ្ចូល	The environmental lobbyist urged lawmakers to protect the wetland.
438	interest-group	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: interest + group. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ក្រុមចំណាប់អារម្មណ៍	A consumer interest-group supported stronger product-safety rules.
439	political-party	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: political + party. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	គណបក្សនយោបាយ	The political-party published its priorities before the election.
440	platform	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: platform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	វេទិកា	The candidate's platform includes proposals on housing and transportation.
441	moderate	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: moderate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	យករួចខ្លួន	The moderate sought a compromise acceptable to both sides.
442	radical	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: radical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ដ៏គំហុក	The radical argued that reform was insufficient and demanded a new system.
443	statute	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: statute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	លក្ខន្តិកៈ	The statute requires factories to report hazardous spills.
444	plaintiff	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: plaintiff is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ដើមចោទ 2. ចោទកៈ	The plaintiff sought payment for damage to her property.
445	defendant	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: defendant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ចុងចោទ	The defendant entered a plea at the hearing.
446	prosecution	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ការកាត់ទោស	The prosecution introduced evidence connecting the suspect to the theft.
447	defense	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: defense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ការពារ	The defense questioned whether the witness could see clearly.
448	jury	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: jury is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	គណៈវិនិច្ឆ័យ	The jury examined the evidence before reaching a verdict.
449	subpoena	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: subpoena is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ដីកា	The court issued a subpoena for the missing financial records.
450	civic-duty	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: civic + duty. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	កាតព្វកិច្ចពលរដ្ឋ	Serving on a jury is a civic-duty.

Page 19: words 451–475

Vocabulary page 19
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
451	common-good	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: common + good. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ទូទៅ – ល្អ។	The council argued that clean public parks serve the common-good.
452	rule-of-law	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: rule + of + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	នីតិរដ្ឋ	An independent court helps protect the rule-of-law.
453	natural-rights	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: natural + rights. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	សិទ្ធិធម្មជាតិ	Enlightenment thinkers described life and liberty as natural-rights.
454	popular-sovereignty	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: popular + sovereignty. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	អធិបតេយ្យភាពប្រជាប្រិយ	Elections are one way citizens exercise popular-sovereignty.
455	limited-government	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: limited + government. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	រដ្ឋាភិបាលមានកំណត់	A bill of rights supports limited-government by protecting individual freedoms.
456	representative-government	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: representative + government. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	តំណាង – រដ្ឋាភិបាល	In a representative-government, citizens hold elected officials accountable.
457	direct-democracy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: direct + democracy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ប្រជាធិបតេយ្យផ្ទាល់	A local referendum is an example of direct-democracy.
458	constitutional-monarchy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: constitutional + monarchy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញ-រាជាធិបតេយ្យ	In a constitutional-monarchy, the monarch does not govern with unlimited authority.
459	autocracy	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -cracy relates to rule or a system of government.	អត្តាធិបតេយ្យ	The autocracy censored newspapers that criticized the ruler.
460	charter	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: charter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ធម្មនុញ្ញ	The royal charter authorized the colony's government.
461	covenant	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: covenant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	សេចក្តីសញ្ញា	The communities signed a covenant promising to share water during droughts.
462	commonwealth	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: commonwealth is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. សហធនរដ្ឋ 2. សហសុខុមាលរដ្ឋ 3. សាមាន្យរដ្ឋ	The constitution described the state as a commonwealth.
463	confederation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	សហពន្ធន៍	The early confederation struggled to collect national revenue.
464	federation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	សហព័ន្ធ	The provinces joined a federation while retaining local legislatures.
465	bicameral	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: bicameral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Bicameral	The national parliament is bicameral, with an upper and a lower house.
466	unicameral	adjective Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: unicameral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Unicameral	The region uses a unicameral legislature.
467	veto	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: veto is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	វេតូ	The governor used a veto to block the bill.
468	override	verb Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: override is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បដិសេធ	A sufficient legislative majority can override the veto.
469	impeachment	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	ការចោទប្រកាន់	The constitution assigns the lower chamber responsibility for impeachment.
470	agency	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: agency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ទីភ្នាក់ងារ	The environmental agency monitors air pollution.
471	department	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. ការិយាល័យ 2. នាយកដ្ឋាន	The health department opened a vaccination clinic.
472	administration	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ការគ្រប់គ្រង	The administration proposed a revised national budget.
473	Electoral College	proper noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: Electoral + College. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	មហាវិទ្យាល័យបោះឆ្នោត	Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College.
474	primary-election	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: primary + election. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ការបោះឆ្នោតបឋម	Voters selected the nominee during the primary-election.
475	general-election	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: general + election. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ការបោះឆ្នោតទូទៅ	The winning candidate took office after the general-election.

Designing a Fair Charter

Reading practice for pages 19–20. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Students draft a town charter based on popular-sovereignty, so authority begins with the people. The charter protects natural-rights and establishes limited-government. It also supports the rule-of-law, requiring leaders and citizens alike to follow rules created for the common-good.

Khmer translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Where does authority begin?

Under popular sovereignty, authority begins with the people.

2. What limits the leaders?

Limited government and the rule of law limit leaders.

3. What should the rules promote?

The rules should promote the common good.

Page 20: words 476–500

Vocabulary page 20
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
476	caucus	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: caucus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Caucus	Local party members debated their priorities at the caucus.
477	precinct	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: precinct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	បរិវេណ	The school gym served as the polling place for our precinct.
478	apportionment	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	ការបែងចែក	The census provides population totals used for apportionment.
479	redistricting	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: redistricting is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ការដាក់ស្រុកឡើងវិញ	Population shifts led the state to begin redistricting.
480	gerrymandering	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: gerrymandering is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Gerrymandering	The oddly shaped map raised concerns about gerrymandering.
481	Columbian Exchange	proper noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: Columbian + Exchange. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ការផ្លាស់ប្តូរកូឡុំប៊ី	The Columbian Exchange brought potatoes to Europe and horses to the Americas.
482	encomienda	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: encomienda is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ប្រព័ន្ធអិនកូមីអេនដា 2. ប្រព័ន្ធ encomienda	The encomienda exploited Indigenous communities for colonial production.
483	indentured-servitude	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: indentured + servitude. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ប្រព័ន្ធពលកម្មតាមកិច្ចសន្យា	Through indentured-servitude, some migrants exchanged years of labor for transportation.
484	Middle Passage	proper noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: Middle + Passage. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ផ្លូវកណ្តាល	Captive people endured brutal conditions during the Middle Passage.
485	abolitionist	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ist often names a person associated with a field, belief, or practice.	អ្នកលុបបំបាត់ចោល	The abolitionist published eyewitness accounts to build opposition to slavery.
486	Underground Railroad	proper noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: Underground + Railroad. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ផ្លូវរថភ្លើងក្រោមដី	Conductors in the Underground Railroad provided shelter and directions.
487	nullification	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ការចាត់ទុកជាមោឃៈ	The nullification crisis tested the balance between state and federal power.
488	states' rights	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: states' + rights. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	សិទ្ធិរបស់រដ្ឋ	The debate over states' rights shaped arguments about federal authority.
489	cotton-gin	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: cotton + gin. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	កប្បាស – ជីន	The cotton-gin increased the speed of cotton processing.
490	plantation	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ចំការ	The plantation produced sugar for overseas markets.
491	sharecropping	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Base-form focus: sharecropping is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ដំណាំចែករំលែក	Sharecropping often trapped families in cycles of debt.
492	tenant-farming	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: tenant + farming. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	អ្នកជួល – កសិកម្ម	Under tenant-farming, the family paid cash rent for its fields.
493	Jim Crow	proper noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: Jim + Crow. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	លោក Jim Crow	Jim Crow denied Black citizens equal access to public facilities.
494	Black Codes	proper noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: Black + Codes. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	កូដខ្មៅ	Black Codes limited movement, work, and civil rights.
495	Freedmen's Bureau	proper noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: Freedmen's + Bureau. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ការិយាល័យសេរីភាព	The Freedmen's Bureau supported schools and helped negotiate labor contracts.
496	transcontinental-railroad	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: transcontinental + railroad. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ផ្លូវដែកឆ្លងទ្វីប	The transcontinental-railroad reduced travel time across the United States.
497	Gold Rush	proper noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: Gold + Rush. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ប្រញាប់ប្រញាល់មាស	The Gold Rush transformed small settlements into crowded towns.
498	manorialism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. ប្រព័ន្ធម៉ាណ័រ 2. ប្រព័ន្ធសេដ្ឋកិច្ចអចលនទ្រព្យមជ្ឈិមសម័យ	Under manorialism, the manor produced much of what its residents used.
499	absolutism	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	សម្បូណ៌ាជ្ញានិយម; ដាច់ខាតនិយម	Royal absolutism weakened representative institutions.
500	divine right	noun Study Field: Grade 8 history, civics, and social science word Word study: Term structure: divine + right. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	សិទ្ធិដ៏ទេវភាព	Supporters of divine right argued that subjects should not challenge the king.

Sources and curriculum references

These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.