English Vocabulary · Grade 7 Live Review Preview

7th Grade Vocabulary Words

Seventh-grade readers are expected to move confidently among literary analysis, argument, research, science, mathematics, history, and civic discussion. This level develops precise Tier II and cross-curricular language while reinforcing context clues, word relationships, roots and affixes, multiple meanings, source evaluation, and evidence-based speaking and writing.

This independently authored 500-word beta curriculum is arranged in twenty pages of twenty-five words each. Words 1–300 include five cloze questions per page; words 301–500 remain fully visible and editable as list pages while the expanded practice layer is developed. Each row includes a subject-field label and an editable word-study note about a transparent affix, compound structure, capitalization, or dictionary base form. The supplied Grade 7 workbook calibrated difficulty and vocabulary-study skills only; all learner-facing definitions, examples, quizzes, and descriptions are original KSSR copy.

Return to interactive study tools

Complete text list

All 500 words are included below as ordinary HTML. This view does not require JavaScript.

Page 1: words 1–25

Vocabulary page 1
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1	specify	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	определять	The directions specify which measurements belong in the final table.
2	divulge	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: divulge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. разглаша́ть 2. оглаша́ть	The journalist refused to divulge the confidential source's name.
3	align	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: align is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. выра́внивать 2. вы́ровнять 3. выстра́ивать в ли́нию	The revised budget must align with the council's stated priorities.
4	speculation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. спекули́рование 2. спекуля́ция	The rumor remains speculation until a reliable witness confirms it.
5	vary	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: vary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	варьировать	Daily temperatures vary more in the desert than near the ocean.
6	conviction	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. убеждённость 2. убежде́ние	Her conviction that every child deserves books inspired the donation drive.
7	perplexity	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. расте́рянность 2. замеша́тельство	The contradictory clues left the investigators in perplexity.
8	versatile	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: versatile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. многофункциона́льный 2. разносторо́нний	A versatile tool can cut wire, tighten screws, and open packages.
9	oppose	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: oppose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	противопоставить	Several residents oppose the highway because it would divide the wetland.
10	noncommittal	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Prefix focus: non- means not or without.	негарантированно	The director gave a noncommittal reply while the proposal was still under review.
11	unabridged	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: unabridged is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. по́лный 2. несокращённый	The library owns an unabridged edition containing every chapter of the novel.
12	irrational	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: irrational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	иррациона́льный	It is irrational to reject the experiment before examining its results.
13	gauge	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: gauge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	измеря́ть	The survey helps researchers gauge public support for the park.
14	preview	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: preview is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	предосмо́тр	The museum offered a preview of the new exhibit to local teachers.
15	status	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: status is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. положе́ние 2. состоя́ние 3. ста́тус	The tracking page shows the delivery status of each package.
16	prerequisite	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: prerequisite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	предусловие	Basic algebra is a prerequisite for the advanced robotics course.
17	presume	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: presume is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. предполага́ть 2. предположи́ть	We should not presume that the quietest participant has no ideas.
18	preconceived	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: preconceived is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	предвзятый	The interview challenged her preconceived view of the neighborhood.
19	documentation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. документа́ция 2. документация	The application requires documentation of the volunteer hours.
20	version	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: version is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ве́рсия 2. вариа́нт	The director chose a shorter version of the play for the festival.
21	academic	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: academic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	академический	The article uses academic language but explains each specialized term.
22	precise	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: precise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. то́чный 2. точный	A precise description allowed the technician to locate the fault quickly.
23	competent	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: competent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	компете́нтный	A competent editor checks facts as well as grammar.
24	inquisitive	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. любозна́тельный 2. пытли́вый 3. любопы́тный	The inquisitive visitor examined every label in the science gallery.
25	principle	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: principle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. при́нцип 2. принцип	Fairness is the principle behind giving each speaker equal time.

Previewing the Water Report

Reading practice for pages 1–3. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Before officials divulge a river report, scientists preview its charts. The figures gauge water quality and specify where pollution increased. A colored symbol shows the status of each testing site, making the findings easier to interpret.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What do scientists preview?

They preview the river report's charts.

2. What do the figures gauge?

They gauge water quality.

3. What does each symbol show?

Each symbol shows a testing site's status.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The survey helps researchers ___ public support for the park.

Answer: gauge

2. The directions ___ which measurements belong in the final table.

Answer: specify

3. The museum offered a ___ of the new exhibit to local teachers.

Answer: preview

4. The journalist refused to ___ the confidential source's name.

Answer: divulge

5. The tracking page shows the delivery ___ of each package.

Answer: status

Page 2: words 26–50

Vocabulary page 2
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
26	modify	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: modify is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. изменя́ть 2. модифици́ровать	Engineers will modify the design so the ramp is less steep.
27	itemize	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	делить	The receipt will itemize every material purchased for the repair.
28	compare	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: compare is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сра́внивать 2. сравни́ть 3. сравнить	Readers compare the two accounts before deciding where they agree.
29	categorize	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. категоризи́ровать 2. классифици́ровать	Researchers categorize the shells by shape, color, and texture.
30	validate	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: validate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. подтверди́ть пра́вильность 2. подтвержда́ть пра́вильность 3. провести́ валидация	A second trial can validate the surprising result.
31	differentiate	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: differentiate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. различать 2. отличать	The key helps students differentiate harmless insects from harmful ones.
32	critique	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: critique is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. критикова́ть 2. рецензи́ровать	Partners critique each proposal using the same three criteria.
33	outline	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: outline is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обрисо́вывать 2. обрисова́ть 3. опи́сывать	Before drafting, Mina will outline the reasons for protecting the marsh.
34	proofread	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: proofread is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. корректи́ровать 2. вычитывать	Please proofread the report after making the final revisions.
35	organize	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. организо́вывать 2. организова́ть	Color-coded folders organize the records by month.
36	prioritize	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	приоритизи́ровать	Emergency crews prioritize people who need immediate medical help.
37	monitor	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: monitor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отсле́живать 2. отследи́ть 3. следи́ть	Sensors monitor the bridge for unusual movement.
38	integrate	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: integrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	встро́ить	The presentation will integrate maps, quotations, and survey data.
39	transfer	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: transfer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. переноси́ть 2. перенести́	The cable can transfer the photographs to a computer.
40	define	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: define is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. опи́сывать 2. описа́ть 3. определять	The opening paragraph should define the problem before proposing a solution.
41	describe	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: describe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. опи́сывать 2. описа́ть	The witness could describe the missing bicycle in detail.
42	respond	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: respond is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отве́тить 2. отвеча́ть	The essay must respond directly to the prompt's central question.
43	participate	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: participate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. уча́ствовать 2. принима́ть уча́стие 3. приня́ть уча́стие	Every student may participate in the discussion by speaking or writing.
44	facilitate	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: facilitate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. спосо́бствовать 2. поспосо́бствовать 3. помога́ть	Clear labels facilitate the safe use of laboratory equipment.
45	persuade	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: persuade is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. убеди́ть 2. убежда́ть 3. угова́ривать	Strong evidence may persuade the board to restore the bus route.
46	recommend	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: recommend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рекомендова́ть 2. порекомендова́ть 3. сове́товать	The committee will recommend the safest location for the crossing.
47	propose	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: propose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. предлага́ть 2. предложи́ть	The students propose turning the vacant lot into a community garden.
48	inquire	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: inquire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. спра́шивать 2. справля́ться	Visitors can inquire about accessible tours at the front desk.
49	consult	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: consult is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	консульти́роваться	The builders consult an engineer before altering the support beam.
50	resolve	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: resolve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. реша́ть 2. реши́ть	A neutral mediator helped the neighbors resolve the boundary dispute.

Page 2 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 2.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The presentation will ___ maps, quotations, and survey data.

Answer: integrate

2. Engineers will ___ the design so the ramp is less steep.

Answer: modify

3. The cable can ___ the photographs to a computer.

Answer: transfer

4. The receipt will ___ every material purchased for the repair.

Answer: itemize

5. The opening paragraph should ___ the problem before proposing a solution.

Answer: define

Page 3: words 51–75

Vocabulary page 3
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
51	refine	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: refine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	соверше́нствоваться	Repeated testing will refine the team’s model.
52	transform	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: transform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. преобража́ть 2. преобрази́ть 3. трансформи́ровать	New lighting can transform the unused warehouse into a theater.
53	contract	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: contract is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сжать 2. сжима́ть 3. сократи́ть	Metal may contract when its temperature drops.
54	distribute	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: distribute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. распределя́ть 2. распредели́ть	Volunteers distribute clean water after the storm.
55	separate	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: separate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	разделя́ться	A mesh screen can separate large stones from fine soil.
56	generate	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: generate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	генери́ровать	The rooftop panels generate electricity on sunny days.
57	reinforce	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: reinforce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. подкрепля́ть 2. подкрепи́ть 3. укрепля́ть	Steel beams reinforce the old building during earthquakes.
58	highlight	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: highlight is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. све́тлый уча́сток 2. подчёркивать 3. вы́двинуть на пе́рвый план	The conclusion should highlight the strongest evidence.
59	perceive	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: perceive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. воспринима́ть 2. восприня́ть	Bats perceive their surroundings through reflected sound.
60	apply	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: apply is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. испо́льзовать 2. применя́ть 3. примени́ть	Students apply the formula to a new set of measurements.
61	rehearse	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: rehearse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. репети́ровать 2. репетировать	The actors rehearse the final scene until every movement is clear.
62	memorize	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. запомина́ть 2. запо́мнить 3. выу́чивать	Instead of trying to memorize every line, understand the argument's structure.
63	review	verb Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: review is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обозре́ние 2. обзо́р 3. реце́нзия	Niko will review his notes before writing the summary.
64	credibility	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	достове́рность	Citations and transparent methods increase a report's credibility.
65	counterclaim	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Prefix focus: counter- means against, opposing, or responding to.	встречный иск	The essay answers the counterclaim with evidence from two studies.
66	reasoning	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: reasoning is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рассужде́ние 2. аргумента́ция	The answer is correct, but its reasoning needs clearer steps.
67	inference	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. рассужде́ние 2. умозаключе́ние	The muddy footprints support the inference that someone entered from outside.
68	analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: analysis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ана́лиз 2. разложе́ние 3. анализ	Her analysis explains how the poem's repeated image develops its theme.
69	quotation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. расце́нивание 2. расце́нка	The quotation supports the paragraph because it states the witness's observation.
70	citation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. объявле́ние благодарность 2. благода́рности	Each borrowed statistic needs a citation.
71	glossary	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: glossary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. глосса́рий 2. слова́рь	The glossary defines unfamiliar words used in the ecology chapter.
72	appendix	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: appendix is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. приложе́ние 2. дополне́ние	The report's appendix contains the complete survey questions.
73	bibliography	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	1. библиогра́фия 2. библиография	The bibliography identifies every book, interview, and website in the project.
74	propaganda	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: propaganda is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пропага́нда 2. агита́ция 3. пропаганда	The poster used propaganda to portray every critic as an enemy.
75	disinformation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. дезинформа́ция 2. де́за	Officials corrected the disinformation with verified public records.

Page 3 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 3.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Repeated testing will ___ the team’s model.

Answer: refine

2. Citations and transparent methods increase a report's ___.

Answer: credibility

3. New lighting can ___ the unused warehouse into a theater.

Answer: transform

4. The essay answers the ___ with evidence from two studies.

Answer: counterclaim

5. Metal may ___ when its temperature drops.

Answer: contract

Page 4: words 76–100

Vocabulary page 4
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
76	stereotype	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: stereotype is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. стереоти́п 2. клише́	The documentary challenges the stereotype with varied personal accounts.
77	interpretation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. интерпрета́ция 2. перево́д 3. толкова́ние	Her interpretation of the ending depends on the final image of the open gate.
78	continuity	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. непреры́вность 2. непрерывность	Shared symbols create continuity between the novel's three sections.
79	nonfiction	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	документа́льная литерату́ра	The nonfiction book explains the expedition using maps and journal entries.
80	narrative	noun Study Field: Grade 7 academic reading and reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: narrative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. изложе́ние факт 2. наррати́в 3. изложе́ние фактов	The oral history presents a personal narrative of migration.
81	fiction	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: fiction is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. фи́кция 2. вы́думка 3. вы́мысел	The fiction blends an invented family with an accurately researched setting.
82	legend	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: legend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. леге́нда 2. пове́рье 3. сказа́ние	According to the local legend, a hidden bell rings before a storm.
83	mythology	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. мифоло́гия 2. мифология	The course compares sea deities in Greek and Polynesian mythology.
84	fable	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: fable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. небыли́ца 2. вы́думка 3. ба́йка	The fable uses a proud crow to warn against empty flattery.
85	memoir	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: memoir is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мемуа́ры 2. воспомина́ния 3. воспоминание	In her memoir, the pilot recalls learning to navigate by the stars.
86	biography	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: biography is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. биогра́фия 2. жизнеописа́ние 3. биография	The biography traces the scientist's work from childhood experiments to major discoveries.
87	autobiography	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	1. автобиогра́фия 2. автобиография	The musician's autobiography describes both failures and successes.
88	drama	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: drama is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дра́ма 2. пье́са 3. драма	The drama reveals its conflict through dialogue and stage directions.
89	comedy	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: comedy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. коме́дия 2. комедия	The comedy turns a series of mistaken identities into a joyful reunion.
90	tragedy	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: tragedy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. траге́дия 2. трагедия	The tragedy shows how the ruler's pride harms the entire city.
91	fantasy	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: fantasy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. фанта́зия 2. воображе́ние 3. вы́мысел	The fantasy imagines a library whose books can speak.
92	mystery	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: mystery is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	мисте́рия	The mystery provides enough clues for careful readers to identify the thief.
93	adventure	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: adventure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. приключе́ние 2. авантю́ра 3. похожде́ние	The adventure follows two friends across an unmapped island.
94	romance	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: romance is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рома́нс 2. рома́нтика 3. романтический	The historical romance develops alongside the struggle to save the family farm.
95	realism	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. реали́зм 2. реализм	The novel's realism appears in its detailed portrayal of factory work.
96	dystopia	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: dystopia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. антиуто́пия 2. дисто́пия 3. дистопи́я	The dystopia warns readers about a government that erases personal memories.
97	allegory	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: allegory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. аллего́рия 2. иносказа́ние 3. аллегория	The journey is an allegory about the search for knowledge.
98	narration	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. повествова́ние 2. изложе́ние 3. расска́з	First-person narration limits the reader to one character's knowledge.
99	setting	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: setting is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обстано́вка 2. настройка 3. контекст	The isolated lighthouse provides a tense setting for the mystery.
100	plot	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: plot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сюже́т 2. фа́була	The plot changes direction when the missing map is discovered.

Comedy and Stereotype

Reading practice for pages 4–6. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A theater group compares comedy with tragedy. Their interpretation avoids using a harmful stereotype merely for laughter. To preserve continuity, the same actor carries one character’s choices from the first scene to the last.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What two forms does the group compare?

The group compares comedy and tragedy.

2. What does their interpretation avoid?

It avoids a harmful stereotype.

3. How do they preserve continuity?

One actor maintains the character's choices throughout.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The documentary challenges the ___ with varied personal accounts.

Answer: stereotype

2. The ___ turns a series of mistaken identities into a joyful reunion.

Answer: comedy

3. Her ___ of the ending depends on the final image of the open gate.

Answer: interpretation

4. The ___ shows how the ruler's pride harms the entire city.

Answer: tragedy

5. Shared symbols create ___ between the novel's three sections.

Answer: continuity

Page 5: words 101–125

Vocabulary page 5
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
101	complication	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	осложне́ние	A sudden flood creates a complication in the travelers' plan.
102	tension	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: tension is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	натяже́ние	The locked door increases the tension as footsteps approach.
103	theme	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: theme is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. те́ма 2. моти́в	The theme of responsibility develops through each character's choices.
104	character	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: character is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. персона́ж 2. геро́й 3. герои́ня	The youngest character notices the clue that every adult missed.
105	characterization	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. характери́стика 2. характеризация	The author uses dialogue and actions for indirect characterization.
106	dialogue	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: dialogue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. диало́г 2. разгово́р 3. бесе́да	The dialogue reveals that the sisters remember the event differently.
107	monologue	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Prefix focus: mono- means one or single.	1. моноло́г 2. монолог	In the monologue, the captain explains why she abandoned the voyage.
108	soliloquy	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: soliloquy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. моноло́г 2. солило́квий	The prince's soliloquy exposes his fear of making the wrong decision.
109	stagecraft	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: stagecraft is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сценическое искусство	Effective stagecraft turns simple fabric and light into an ocean storm.
110	scene	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: scene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сце́на	The courtroom scene brings the two opposing witnesses together.
111	act	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: act is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. акт 2. де́йствие	The conflict becomes unavoidable at the end of the second act.
112	stanza	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: stanza is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. строфа́ 2. станс	Each stanza describes the river during a different season.
113	verse	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: verse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. купле́т 2. строфа́	The ballad tells the sailor's story in verse.
114	prose	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: prose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. про́за 2. проза	The author shifts from verse to prose when the formal ceremony ends.
115	couplet	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: couplet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. купле́т 2. двусти́шие	The poem closes with a rhyming couplet.
116	quatrain	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: quatrain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. четверости́шие 2. катре́н	The first quatrain introduces the image of an empty road.
117	meter	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: meter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. разме́р 2. ритм	The steady meter resembles the beat of marching feet.
118	rhythm	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: rhythm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ритм 2. такт	Short repeated phrases give the speech a memorable rhythm.
119	rhyme	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: rhyme is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ри́фма 2. рифма	The poet avoids perfect rhyme to create an uneasy effect.
120	cadence	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: cadence is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	пониже́ние	The sentence's slow cadence matches the character's exhaustion.
121	chorus	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: chorus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	хор	The chorus comments on events that the main characters cannot see.
122	assonance	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	ассона́нс	The phrase “low road home” uses assonance to slow the line.
123	consonance	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. созву́чие 2. консона́нс	The repeated final t sound creates consonance in the short verse.
124	mood	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: mood is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	атмосфе́ра	Rain and empty streets establish a lonely mood.
125	first-person	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Term structure: first + person. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	от первого лица	The first-person account reveals the explorer's doubts directly.

Page 5 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 5.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The author shifts from verse to ___ when the formal ceremony ends.

Answer: prose

2. The locked door increases the ___ as footsteps approach.

Answer: tension

3. The poem closes with a rhyming ___.

Answer: couplet

4. The ___ of responsibility develops through each character's choices.

Answer: theme

5. The first ___ introduces the image of an empty road.

Answer: quatrain

Page 6: words 126–150

Vocabulary page 6
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
126	third-person	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Term structure: third + person. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	третье лицо	The third-person narrator follows several members of the family.
127	episodic	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: episodic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эпизоди́ческий 2. эпизоди́чный	The episodic novel visits a different town in each chapter.
128	genre	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: genre is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	жанр	Readers recognize the detective genre by its clues and investigation.
129	convention	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. конве́нция 2. догово́р 3. соглаше́ние	A hidden clue is a common convention of mystery stories.
130	trope	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: trope is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	троп	The reluctant hero is a trope that writers can use or challenge.
131	inscription	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	на́дпись	The weathered inscription names the bridge's original builder.
132	premonition	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	предчу́вствие	Her uneasy premonition foreshadows the storm.
133	posterity	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	пото́мство	The archivist preserved the letters for posterity.
134	postscript	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: postscript is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	постскри́птум	The postscript adds one final clue about the missing key.
135	sentimental	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: sentimental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сентимента́льный	The worn toy has sentimental value because it belonged to her grandmother.
136	somberly	adverb Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Suffix focus: -ly commonly forms an adverb describing how an action occurs.	мрачно	The narrator speaks somberly after describing the village's destruction.
137	mock	verb Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: mock is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. имити́ровать 2. подража́ть	The bullies mock the new student's accent until a friend intervenes.
138	jest	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: jest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. насме́шка 2. остро́та	His jest eased the tension without insulting anyone.
139	regal	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: regal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	короле́вский	The actor's regal posture makes the queen immediately recognizable.
140	glee	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: glee is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ликова́ние 2. весе́лье 3. ра́дость	The children shouted with glee when the curtain rose.
141	camouflage	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: camouflage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. камуфляж 2. маскировка 3. переряжение	The costume designer used leaf-patterned camouflage for the forest spirits.
142	alter	verb Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: alter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. изменя́ть 2. измени́ть 3. меня́ть	The director will alter the ending to fit the shorter performance.
143	idol	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: idol is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. и́дол 2. куми́р	The novel questions whether a famous athlete should become an unquestioned idol.
144	heir	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: heir is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. насле́дник 2. насле́дница	The missing heir returns just before the estate is sold.
145	principal	noun Study Field: Grade 7 literature and composition word Word study: Base-form focus: principal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дире́ктор 2. директри́са 3. ре́ктор	The principal character must decide whether to reveal the secret.
146	biome	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: biome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	биом	The tundra biome supports mosses, lichens, and cold-adapted animals.
147	variation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	вариа́ция	Color variation helps some beetles blend into different backgrounds.
148	genetics	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: genetics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гене́тика 2. генетика	Genetics can help explain why related plants share certain features.
149	gene	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: gene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ген	A gene may influence the color of a flower.
150	allele	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: allele is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	алле́ль	An offspring receives one allele for the trait from each parent.

Page 6 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 6.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The actor's ___ posture makes the queen immediately recognizable.

Answer: regal

2. The ___ novel visits a different town in each chapter.

Answer: episodic

3. The children shouted with ___ when the curtain rose.

Answer: glee

4. Readers recognize the detective ___ by its clues and investigation.

Answer: genre

5. The costume designer used leaf-patterned ___ for the forest spirits.

Answer: camouflage

Page 7: words 151–175

Vocabulary page 7
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
151	mutation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. мута́ция 2. мутация	A mutation may be harmful, helpful, or have no visible effect.
152	selection	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. вы́бор 2. отбо́р 3. селе́кция	Natural selection favors traits that improve survival and reproduction.
153	evolution	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. эволю́ция 2. разви́тие 3. эволюция	Fossils provide evidence of evolution over long periods.
154	parasitism	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	тунеядство	A tick feeding on a deer is an example of parasitism.
155	mutualism	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	мутуализм	Bees and flowering plants often participate in mutualism.
156	commensalism	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	комменсализм	A bird nesting in a tree may illustrate commensalism.
157	nucleus	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: nucleus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ядро́ 2. ядро	The nucleus directs many activities of a eukaryotic cell.
158	cytoplasm	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: cytoplasm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. цитопла́зма 2. цитоплазма	Chemical reactions occur throughout the cytoplasm.
159	skeletal	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: skeletal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	остовный	The skeletal system protects organs and provides support.
160	muscular	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: muscular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мы́шечный 2. му́скульный 3. мышечный	The muscular system pulls on bones to create movement.
161	digestive	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	пищевари́тельный	The digestive system begins processing food in the mouth.
162	endocrine	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: endocrine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	эндокри́нный	The endocrine system helps regulate growth and metabolism.
163	immune	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: immune is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	свободный	An immune response targets a harmful pathogen.
164	bacterium	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: bacterium is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бакте́рия 2. бактерия	One bacterium can reproduce quickly under favorable conditions.
165	nutrition	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. пита́ние 2. питание	Balanced nutrition supplies energy and essential nutrients.
166	puberty	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: puberty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. полова́я зре́лость 2. полово́е созрева́ние	Hormones cause many physical changes during puberty.
167	embryo	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: embryo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эмбрио́н 2. заро́дыш	The plant embryo is protected inside the seed.
168	ecology	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: ecology is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эколо́гия 2. экология	Ecology examines how water quality affects an entire food web.
169	contamination	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	контамина́ция	Testing revealed bacterial contamination in the well.
170	crystal	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: crystal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. криста́лл 2. кристалл	Each salt crystal has a regular cubic shape.
171	epicenter	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: epicenter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	эпицентр	Shaking was strongest near the earthquake's epicenter.
172	seismic	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: seismic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сейсми́ческий	Seismic waves allow scientists to study Earth's interior.
173	tsunami	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: tsunami is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. цуна́ми 2. цунами	The offshore earthquake triggered a tsunami warning.
174	troposphere	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: troposphere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. тропосфе́ра 2. тропосфера	Clouds and storms form mainly in the troposphere.
175	stratosphere	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: stratosphere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. стратосфе́ра 2. стратосфера	Weather balloons can rise into the stratosphere.

Changes in a Pond

Reading practice for pages 7–9. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A pond study follows frogs from tadpoles through puberty. Good nutrition supports their growth, while parasitism can weaken them. Across many generations, natural selection influences evolution by favoring traits that help frogs survive local conditions.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What supports frog growth?

Good nutrition supports frog growth.

2. What can weaken frogs?

Parasitism can weaken frogs.

3. How does selection influence evolution?

It favors traits that help organisms survive.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Natural ___ favors traits that improve survival and reproduction.

Answer: selection

2. Balanced ___ supplies energy and essential nutrients.

Answer: nutrition

3. Fossils provide evidence of ___ over long periods.

Answer: evolution

4. Hormones cause many physical changes during ___.

Answer: puberty

5. A tick feeding on a deer is an example of ___.

Answer: parasitism

Page 8: words 176–200

Vocabulary page 8
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
176	weather	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: weather is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пого́да 2. погода 3. нена́стье	Today's weather includes strong wind and scattered rain.
177	drought	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: drought is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. за́суха 2. засу́шливость 3. сушь	The drought lowered reservoirs and damaged crops.
178	cyclone	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: cyclone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. цикло́н 2. циклон	The satellite image shows the cyclone turning over warm water.
179	hurricane	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: hurricane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. урага́н 2. ураган	The hurricane strengthened before reaching the coast.
180	tornado	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: tornado is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. смерч 2. торна́до	The tornado damaged a narrow path through the town.
181	tide	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: tide is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. прили́в 2. отли́в	The falling tide exposed pools among the rocks.
182	weight	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: weight is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вес 2. тяжесть	An astronaut's weight changes with gravity, but her mass does not.
183	buoyancy	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: buoyancy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. подъёмная си́ла 2. выта́лкивающая си́ла	Buoyancy keeps the empty bottle floating.
184	pressure	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: pressure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. давле́ние 2. нажи́м 3. давление	Air pressure decreases as elevation increases.
185	potential	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: potential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. потенциа́л 2. зада́тки	The raised book has gravitational potential because it can fall.
186	thermal	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: thermal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. теплово́й 2. терма́льный 3. терми́ческий	A thermal camera detects differences in surface temperature.
187	electrical	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: electrical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	электрический	The electrical circuit opens when the switch is lifted.
188	nuclear	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: nuclear is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	я́дерный	A nuclear reaction changes an atom's nucleus.
189	radiant	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: radiant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. светя́щийся 2. лучеза́рный 3. сия́ющий	The Sun provides radiant energy to Earth.
190	sound	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: sound is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	звук	Sound travels faster through water than through air.
191	amplitude	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: amplitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. амплиту́да 2. амплитуда	Greater amplitude usually makes a sound seem louder.
192	absorption	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. вса́сывание 2. впи́тывание 3. поглоще́ние	Dark fabric has greater absorption of visible light than white fabric.
193	conduction	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. проводи́мость 2. конду́кция	The metal spoon warms by conduction.
194	radiation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. излуче́ние 2. излучение	Solar radiation can travel through empty space.
195	voltage	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: voltage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. напряже́ние 2. вольта́ж	Increasing the voltage made the bulb glow brighter.
196	solvent	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: solvent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. раствори́тель 2. растворитель	Water acts as the solvent in a sugar solution.
197	acid	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: acid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. кислота́ 2. кисля́тина 3. кислота	Lemon juice contains an acid called citric acid.
198	neutralization	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	нейтрализа́ция	The neutralization produced water and a salt.
199	periodic	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: periodic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. периоди́ческий 2. периодический	A swinging pendulum has periodic motion.
200	laboratory	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: laboratory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. лаборато́рия 2. лаборатория	The samples remained sealed until they reached the laboratory.

Page 8 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 8.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ lowered reservoirs and damaged crops.

Answer: drought

2. ___ travels faster through water than through air.

Answer: sound

3. The satellite image shows the ___ turning over warm water.

Answer: cyclone

4. Greater ___ usually makes a sound seem louder.

Answer: amplitude

5. The ___ strengthened before reaching the coast.

Answer: hurricane

Page 9: words 201–225

Vocabulary page 9
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
201	apparatus	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: apparatus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. аппара́т 2. аппарату́ра 3. обору́дование	The filtration apparatus includes a funnel, paper, and collection flask.
202	control	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: control is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. власть 2. контро́ль	The untreated plant served as the control.
203	constant	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: constant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. постоя́нный 2. конста́нта 3. постоя́нная	Water volume was a constant in every trial.
204	measurement	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. измере́ние 2. обме́р	Record each measurement to the nearest millimeter.
205	accuracy	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: accuracy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. то́чность 2. точность	Calibration improved the thermometer's accuracy.
206	error	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: error is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. оши́бка 2. ошибка	Reading the scale from an angle can introduce error.
207	hazard	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: hazard is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. шанс 2. слу́чай 3. опа́сность	Loose wires create an electrical hazard.
208	toxic	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: toxic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. токси́чный 2. ядови́тый	The label warns that the liquid is toxic if swallowed.
209	corrosive	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	коррозийный	Technicians wear gloves when handling the corrosive acid.
210	flammable	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. легковоспламеня́ющийся 2. огнеопа́сный	Store the flammable solvent away from sparks.
211	microscope	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Prefix focus: micro- means small.	1. микроско́п 2. микроскоп	The microscope revealed cell walls in the onion tissue.
212	specimen	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: specimen is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. образе́ц 2. экземпля́р	The rock specimen contains visible quartz crystals.
213	dissection	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. диссе́кция 2. рассече́ние 3. разреза́ние	The flower dissection revealed its reproductive parts.
214	model	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: model is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. моде́ль 2. маке́т	The globe is a model of Earth, not an exact copy.
215	simulation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. симуля́ция 2. притво́рство	The computer simulation predicts how traffic may flow.
216	engineering	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: engineering is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. те́хника 2. инжене́рия 3. разрабо́тка	Bridge engineering balances strength, cost, and safety.
217	optimization	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	оптимиза́ция	Route optimization reduced both travel time and fuel use.
218	machine	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: machine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. маши́на 2. механи́зм 3. аппара́т	The simple machine lets one person lift the heavy crate.
219	lever	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: lever is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рыча́г 2. рычаг	The crowbar acts as a lever when lifting the lid.
220	pulley	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: pulley is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. блок 2. шкив	A pulley helped raise the flag.
221	gear	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: gear is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	снаряже́ние	The smaller gear turns faster than the larger gear.
222	axle	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: axle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ось 2. вал 3. шпи́ндель	The bicycle wheel rotates around its axle.
223	wedge	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: wedge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	клин	The blade is a wedge that pushes material apart.
224	efficiency	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: efficiency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эффекти́вность 2. эффективность	Lubrication increased the motor's efficiency.
225	code	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: code is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	код	The code tells the sensor when to activate the alarm.

Page 9 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 9.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The computer ___ predicts how traffic may flow.

Answer: simulation

2. Water volume was a ___ in every trial.

Answer: constant

3. Bridge ___ balances strength, cost, and safety.

Answer: engineering

4. Record each ___ to the nearest millimeter.

Answer: measurement

5. Route ___ reduced both travel time and fuel use.

Answer: optimization

Page 10: words 226–250

Vocabulary page 10
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
226	input	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: input is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вводи́ть 2. ввести́ 3. вклад	The microphone converts sound input into an electrical signal.
227	output	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: output is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. произво́дство 2. проду́кция 3. вы́работка	The screen displays the sensor's output as a graph.
228	sensor	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: sensor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. се́нсор 2. датчик	A light sensor turns the lamp on at dusk.
229	robotics	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: robotics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	робототе́хника	Robotics combines programming, mechanics, and electronics.
230	automation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. автоматиза́ция 2. автоматизация	Automation allows the greenhouse to adjust watering overnight.
231	hydroelectric	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: hydroelectric is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	гидроэлектри́ческий	The hydroelectric station uses falling water to turn turbines.
232	solar	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: solar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. со́лнечный 2. солнечный	A solar cooker concentrates sunlight to heat food.
233	geothermal	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: geothermal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	геотерма́льный	The town uses geothermal energy from underground hot water.
234	turbine	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: turbine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. турби́на 2. турбина	Steam spins the turbine inside the power plant.
235	generator	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: generator is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. генера́тор 2. генератор	The bicycle generator powers the headlamp.
236	antidote	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: antidote is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. противоя́дие 2. антидо́т	Doctors administered the antidote soon after identifying the toxin.
237	malfunction	noun Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	поло́мка	A sensor malfunction caused the false alarm.
238	auditory	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: auditory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	слухово́й	The auditory nerve carries signals from the inner ear.
239	inaudible	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. неслы́шный 2. неслышный	The bat's highest calls are inaudible to human ears.
240	propel	verb Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: propel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дви́гать 2. продвига́ть	Expelled air can propel the balloon across the room.
241	saturate	verb Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: saturate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. насыща́ть 2. насы́тить	Continued rain will saturate the soil.
242	lethal	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 science and engineering word Word study: Base-form focus: lethal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. смерте́льный 2. смертоно́сный 3. лета́льный	Even a small dose of the chemical can be lethal to fish.
243	rational	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: rational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рациона́льный 2. рациональный	The decimal 0.75 is rational because it equals three fourths.
244	positive	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. положи́тельный 2. позитивный	A positive number appears to the right of zero on a number line.
245	term	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: term is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. срок 2. срок полномочие 3. полномо́чий	The expression has three terms, and each term is separated by a plus sign.
246	substitute	verb Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: substitute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. заме́на 2. замени́ть 3. заменя́ть	Substitute six for x before simplifying the expression.
247	difference	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. ра́зность 2. ра́зница	The difference between twenty and thirteen is seven.
248	percent	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: percent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. проце́нт 2. процент	Twenty-five percent is equivalent to one fourth.
249	theoretical	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: theoretical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. академи́чный 2. теорети́ческий 3. теоретический	The theoretical probability of rolling a six is one sixth.
250	experimental	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: experimental is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. о́пытный 2. эксперимента́льный	Our experimental probability changed as we repeated the toss.

A Rescue Robot

Reading practice for pages 10–12. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

The robotics team designs a machine for flooded buildings. A water sensor warns when soaked floors begin to saturate its wheels. Small fans propel the robot around obstacles so rescuers can inspect a room without entering a potentially lethal space.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What does the sensor detect?

The sensor detects water.

2. What can saturate the wheels?

Floodwater can saturate the wheels.

3. Why might the robot enter first?

It can inspect a potentially lethal space safely.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Expelled air can ___ the balloon across the room.

Answer: propel

2. A light ___ turns the lamp on at dusk.

Answer: sensor

3. Continued rain will ___ the soil.

Answer: saturate

4. ___ combines programming, mechanics, and electronics.

Answer: robotics

5. Even a small dose of the chemical can be ___ to fish.

Answer: lethal

Page 11: words 251–275

Vocabulary page 11
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
251	statistics	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: statistics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. стати́стика 2. статистика	Statistics can reveal patterns that individual values do not show.
252	random	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: random is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. неуме́стный 2. пе́рвый попа́вшийся 3. произво́льный	A random sample reduces the influence of personal choice.
253	biased	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: biased is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отклонённый 2. предубеждённый 3. пристра́стный	A biased question can distort survey results.
254	percentile	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: percentile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. перцентиль 2. процентиль 3. центиль	A score in the eightieth percentile equals or exceeds eighty percent of scores.
255	distribution	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	распростране́ние	The distribution has two clusters and one distant outlier.
256	histogram	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: histogram is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	гистогра́мма	The histogram groups heights into five-centimeter intervals.
257	scatterplot	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: scatterplot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	диаграмма рассеяния	The scatterplot suggests that study time and scores rise together.
258	correlation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. корреля́ция 2. корреляция 3. взаимозависимость	A correlation does not by itself prove that one variable causes the other.
259	trend	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: trend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. тенде́нция 2. тренд 3. направле́ние	The graph shows an upward trend in average temperature.
260	slope	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: slope is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. укло́н 2. накло́н	The line's slope is two because y rises two units for every unit of x.
261	linear	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: linear is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. лине́йный 2. линейный	A linear relationship adds the same amount at each step.
262	nonlinear	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Prefix focus: non- means not or without.	нелине́йный	The curved graph represents a nonlinear relationship.
263	dependent	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: dependent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. иждиве́нец 2. иждиве́нка 3. подчинённый	Plant height is the dependent variable in the experiment.
264	domain	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: domain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. о́бласть определение 2. определе́ния	Negative numbers are outside the domain when x represents elapsed time.
265	geometry	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: geometry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. геоме́трия 2. геометрия	Geometry helps architects calculate angles and areas.
266	point	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: point is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ме́сто 2. пункт 3. то́чка	Label the point where the two lines intersect.
267	plane	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: plane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пло́скость 2. плоскость	Three noncollinear points determine a plane.
268	segment	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: segment is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отре́зок 2. сегме́нт	Measure the segment from A to B.
269	ray	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: ray is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. луч 2. полупряма́я	Each side of an angle is a ray extending from the vertex.
270	obtuse	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: obtuse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. тупо́й 2. тупой	The open book forms an obtuse angle.
271	complementary	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: complementary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	дополняющий	Angles of thirty and sixty degrees are complementary.
272	supplementary	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: supplementary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. доба́вочный 2. дополни́тельный	The adjacent angles on a straight line are supplementary.
273	vertical	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: vertical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вертика́льный 2. отве́сный	Vertical angles always have equal measures.
274	transversal	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Prefix focus: trans- means across, through, or beyond.	трансверсаль	The transversal creates corresponding angles at both intersections.
275	congruent	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: congruent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. совпада́ющий 2. соотве́тствующий	The two triangles are congruent because all corresponding sides and angles match.

Page 11 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 11.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A ___ question can distort survey results.

Answer: biased

2. Label the ___ where the two lines intersect.

Answer: point

3. A score in the eightieth ___ equals or exceeds eighty percent of scores.

Answer: percentile

4. Three noncollinear points determine a ___.

Answer: plane

5. The ___ has two clusters and one distant outlier.

Answer: distribution

Page 12: words 276–300

Vocabulary page 12
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
276	similar	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: similar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	подо́бный	The similar rectangles have different sizes but equal angle measures.
277	translation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. перевод 2. перево́д	The translation moves the triangle four units to the right.
278	dilation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	дилатация	A dilation with a factor of two doubles every length.
279	quadrilateral	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: quadrilateral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. четырёхуго́льник 2. четырёхугольник	A kite is a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent equal sides.
280	square	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: square is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	прямоуго́льный	The square has both rectangle and rhombus properties.
281	parallelogram	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: parallelogram is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. параллелогра́мм 2. параллелограмм	Opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.
282	pentagon	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: pentagon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пятиуго́льник 2. пятиугольник	The irregular pentagon still has exactly five sides.
283	hexagon	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: hexagon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	шестиугольник	A regular hexagon can be divided into six equilateral triangles.
284	octagon	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: octagon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. восьмиуго́льник 2. восьмиугольник	The stop sign has the shape of a regular octagon.
285	circle	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: circle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. окру́жность 2. круг	Every radius of the circle has the same length.
286	pi	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: pi is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	пи	Use pi to calculate the circumference from the diameter.
287	prism	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: prism is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. при́зма 2. призма	The triangular prism has two triangular bases.
288	pyramid	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: pyramid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пирами́да 2. пирамида	The square pyramid has four triangular side faces.
289	cylinder	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: cylinder is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. цили́ндр 2. цилиндр	The can is approximately a cylinder.
290	cone	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: cone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ко́нус 2. конус	The traffic cone has a circular base.
291	sphere	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: sphere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. шар 2. сфе́ра 3. сфера	A basketball approximates a sphere.
292	theorem	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: theorem is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. теоре́ма 2. теорема	The Pythagorean theorem relates the sides of a right triangle.
293	postulate	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: postulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. постула́т 2. постулат	The postulate states that exactly one line passes through two points.
294	deduction	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. умозаключе́ние 2. заключе́ние 3. вы́вод	Her deduction follows from the angle-sum theorem.
295	induction	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	инду́кция	Induction suggests the pattern, but a proof must confirm it.
296	counterexample	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Prefix focus: counter- means against, opposing, or responding to.	контрприме́р	The fraction one half is a counterexample to the claim that all numbers below one are negative.
297	calculation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. вычисле́ние 2. исчисле́ние 3. расчёт	Check the calculation by estimating the result first.
298	mixed	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: mixed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сме́шанный	The mixed number two and one third equals seven thirds.
299	improper	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: improper is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ло́жный 2. непра́вильный 3. оши́бочный	The improper fraction nine fourths is greater than one.
300	terminating	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: terminating is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	прекращение	One eighth has the terminating decimal 0.125.

Page 12 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 12.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A ___ with a factor of two doubles every length.

Answer: dilation

2. A basketball approximates a ___.

Answer: sphere

3. A kite is a ___ with two pairs of adjacent equal sides.

Answer: quadrilateral

4. The Pythagorean ___ relates the sides of a right triangle.

Answer: theorem

5. The ___ has both rectangle and rhombus properties.

Answer: square

Page 13: words 301–325

Vocabulary page 13
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
301	repeating	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: repeating is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	период	One third has the repeating decimal 0.333.
302	conversion	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	превраще́ние	The conversion from meters to centimeters multiplies the value by one hundred.
303	metric	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: metric is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	метри́ческий	The metric unit for liquid volume is the liter.
304	customary	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: customary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обы́чный 2. привы́чный	In the customary system, twelve inches equal one foot.
305	formula	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: formula is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. фо́рмула 2. формула	The formula gives the area of a triangle.
306	computation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	вычисле́ние	A calculator can speed the computation but cannot choose the correct method.
307	arithmetic	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: arithmetic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. арифме́тика 2. арифметика	Mental arithmetic helps estimate a grocery total.
308	algebra	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: algebra is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. алгебра 2. а́лгебра	Algebra can express the same pattern for any input.
309	statistic	noun Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: statistic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	статистический	The median is a statistic describing the center of a dataset.
310	mathematical	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 mathematics and data word Word study: Base-form focus: mathematical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. математи́ческий 2. математический	The puzzle requires mathematical reasoning rather than guessing.
311	belief	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: belief is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ве́ра 2. дове́рие 3. убежде́ние	Freedom of conscience protects each person's belief.
312	norm	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: norm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	норма	Greeting visitors politely is a social norm in many communities.
313	institution	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. учрежде́ние 2. заведе́ние 3. организа́ция	A court is an institution that applies and interprets law.
314	religion	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: religion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рели́гия 2. ве́ра 3. вероиспове́дание	The constitution protects a person's right to practice a religion.
315	language	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: language is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. язы́к 2. речь 3. язык	Migration can bring a new language into a region.
316	art	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: art is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. иску́сство 2. искусство	Public art can preserve community memory.
317	surplus	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: surplus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	профици́т	A food surplus allowed some workers to specialize in other trades.
318	specialization	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	специализа́ция	Craft specialization increased as ancient cities grew.
319	artisan	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: artisan is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. реме́сленник 2. реме́сленница 3. ма́стер	The artisan shaped clay into durable storage jars.
320	merchant	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: merchant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. торго́вец 2. купе́ц	The merchant carried spices between coastal ports.
321	barter	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: barter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. проводи́ть ба́ртерные сде́лки 2. ба́ртер 3. менова́я торго́вля	Through barter, a farmer traded grain for tools.
322	entrepreneurship	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: entrepreneurship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	предпринима́тельство	Her entrepreneurship turned a repair idea into a small company.
323	revenue	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: revenue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дохо́д 2. поступле́ние 3. вы́ручка	Ticket revenue pays for museum conservation.
324	debt	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: debt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. долг 2. задо́лженность	The city repaid its construction debt over twenty years.
325	credit	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: credit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. креди́т 2. срок	Responsible use of credit requires a plan for repayment.

Converting Measurements

Reading practice for pages 13–15. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A recipe uses customary cups, but the laboratory scale uses metric units. Imani applies a conversion formula and sees a repeating decimal on her calculator. She rounds only after checking how much precision the experiment requires.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Which units does the recipe use?

The recipe uses customary units.

2. Which units does the scale use?

The scale uses metric units.

3. Why does Imani use a formula?

She uses it for unit conversion.

Page 14: words 326–350

Vocabulary page 14
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
326	interest	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: interest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. проце́нт 2. ставка	The loan's interest increases its total cost.
327	recession	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. спад 2. реце́ссия	During the recession, many businesses reduced hiring.
328	unemployment	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. безрабо́тица 2. неза́нятость 3. безработица	The factory closure caused unemployment to rise.
329	manufacturing	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: manufacturing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. произво́дство 2. изготовле́ние	Automobile manufacturing supports many related industries.
330	investment	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. инвести́ция 2. вклад 3. вложе́ние	The railway was a major public investment.
331	wealth	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: wealth is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бога́тство 2. благосостоя́ние 3. богатство	Trade created wealth for the port but did not benefit every resident equally.
332	poverty	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: poverty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. недоста́ток 2. нехва́тка 3. ску́дность	The relief program seeks to reduce childhood poverty.
333	public	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: public is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. публи́чный 2. обще́ственный	The public library is supported by local taxes.
334	private	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: private is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ча́стный 2. прива́тный 3. ли́чный	The farm is private property, although a public path crosses it.
335	monarchy	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: monarchy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мона́рхия 2. монархия	The monarchy became largely ceremonial after constitutional reforms.
336	dictatorship	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: dictatorship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. диктату́ра 2. диктатура	The dictatorship censored newspapers and arrested opponents.
337	oligarchy	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -archy relates to rule, rank, or a governing system.	1. олига́рхия 2. олигархия	Wealthy families dominated the ancient oligarchy.
338	theocracy	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -cracy relates to rule or a system of government.	1. теокра́тия 2. церко́вное госуда́рство 3. теократия	In a theocracy, religious leadership also controls political authority.
339	judiciary	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: judiciary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	суде́бная власть	An independent judiciary can limit abuses of power.
340	liberty	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: liberty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. свобо́да 2. свобода	The charter promises liberty of expression.
341	equality	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. ра́венство 2. равенство	The amendment advanced legal equality.
342	nationalism	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. национали́зм 2. национализм	Nationalism helped unite the region but also heightened rivalries.
343	patriotism	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. патриоти́зм 2. патриотизм	Her patriotism included criticizing policies she believed were unjust.
344	protest	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: protest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. проте́ст 2. протест	The peaceful protest called for safer working conditions.
345	strike	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: strike is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. забасто́вка 2. ста́чка 3. забастовка	The strike ended after employers agreed to negotiate.
346	suffrage	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: suffrage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. избира́тельное пра́во 2. пра́во го́лоса	Activists campaigned for universal suffrage.
347	party	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: party is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	гру́ппа	The new party focused its campaign on housing reform.
348	minority	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	несовершенноле́тие	The constitution protects minority rights against majority abuse.
349	representation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	представитель	Residents demanded fair representation on the regional council.
350	district	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: district is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. райо́н 2. уча́сток 3. о́бласть	Each district elects one council member.

Page 15: words 351–375

Vocabulary page 15
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
351	census	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: census is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пе́репись населе́ния 2. пе́репись	The census records population changes every ten years.
352	ordinance	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. постановле́ние 2. ука́з 3. распоряже́ние	The city ordinance limits noise after midnight.
353	war	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: war is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. война́ 2. война	The war displaced millions of civilians.
354	peace	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: peace is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мир 2. покой	The treaty created a fragile peace.
355	truce	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: truce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	переми́рие	Both sides accepted a truce to evacuate the wounded.
356	armistice	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: armistice is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. прекраще́ние огня́ 2. переми́рие	The armistice ended the fighting before a final treaty was signed.
357	migration	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	мигра́ция	Seasonal jobs encouraged migration toward the coast.
358	immigration	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. иммигра́ция 2. переселе́ние 3. иммиграция	Immigration changed the city's languages, foods, and industries.
359	emigration	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. эмигра́ция 2. эмиграция	Political persecution caused widespread emigration.
360	refugee	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: refugee is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бе́женец 2. бе́женка	The refugee applied for protection after crossing the border.
361	diaspora	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: diaspora is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. диа́спора 2. диаспора	Letters connected members of the diaspora across several continents.
362	urban	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: urban is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. городско́й 2. городской	Urban planners proposed more parks near apartment buildings.
363	rural	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: rural is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. се́льский 2. дереве́нский	The rural clinic serves farms spread across a large county.
364	suburban	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: suburban is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. при́городный 2. за́городный	A new rail line connected the suburban community to downtown.
365	geography	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: geography is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. геогра́фия 2. география	Geography explains how rivers shaped the settlement pattern.
366	equator	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: equator is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эква́тор 2. экватор	The equator passes through parts of South America, Africa, and Asia.
367	meridian	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: meridian is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. меридиа́н 2. меридиан	The prime meridian is assigned zero degrees longitude.
368	projection	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	проекция	Every map projection distorts some combination of area, shape, or distance.
369	elevation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	подъём	The mountain town has an elevation of two thousand meters.
370	assimilation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. ассимиля́ция 2. ассимиляция	Forced assimilation policies suppressed Indigenous languages.
371	acculturation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	аккультурация	Acculturation can involve exchange without complete loss of identity.
372	diversity	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. разнообра́зие 2. разнообразие	Linguistic diversity reflects the region's migration history.
373	ethnicity	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. этнический 2. этни́ческая принадле́жность 3. наро́дность	The census asks about ethnicity separately from citizenship.
374	gender	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: gender is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. род 2. гендер	Ideas about gender roles vary across societies and time.
375	identity	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. тожде́ственность 2. иденти́чность	Language became an important part of the community's identity.

Page 16: words 376–400

Vocabulary page 16
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
376	archaeology	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. археоло́гия 2. археология	Archaeology revealed workshops beneath the modern marketplace.
377	chronology	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. хроноло́гия 2. хронология	The timeline establishes the chronology of the revolution.
378	era	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: era is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. э́ра 2. эпо́ха 3. эра	The invention marked the beginning of a new era in communication.
379	decade	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: decade is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. десятиле́тие 2. десятиле́тка 3. десятилетие	The city's population doubled within one decade.
380	medieval	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: medieval is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. средневеко́вый 2. средневековый	The medieval manuscript was copied by hand.
381	contemporary	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: contemporary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. совреме́нный 2. современный	Contemporary accounts describe how residents experienced the flood.
382	throne	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: throne is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. трон 2. престо́л	The prince renounced the throne and left the kingdom.
383	feudalism	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. феодали́зм 2. феода́льный строй 3. феодализм	Under feudalism, land and service connected lords and vassals.
384	renaissance	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	возрожде́ние	The Harlem Renaissance transformed American literature, music, and art.
385	reformation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	рефо́рма	The Protestant Reformation divided western Christianity.
386	enlightenment	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. просвеще́ние 2. просветле́ние	Enlightenment thinkers debated the source of government authority.
387	industrialization	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	индустриализа́ция	Industrialization drew workers into rapidly growing cities.
388	colonization	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. колониза́ция 2. заселе́ние	Colonization disrupted existing governments and trade networks.
389	abolition	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. отме́на 2. отмена	The movement demanded the abolition of slavery.
390	emancipation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. эмансипа́ция 2. освобожде́ние	The proclamation made emancipation a central aim of the war.
391	reconstruction	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. возрожде́ние 2. воссозда́ние 3. восстановле́ние	Postwar reconstruction restored roads and created new institutions.
392	communism	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. коммуни́зм 2. коммунизм	Different governments interpreted communism in sharply different ways.
393	capitalism	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. капитали́зм 2. капитализм	In capitalism, businesses usually compete to sell goods and services.
394	socialism	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. социали́зм 2. социализм	The party promoted democratic socialism through elections.
395	fascism	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. фашизм 2. фаши́зм	Fascism gained power by exploiting fear and political violence.
396	totalitarianism	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. тоталитари́зм 2. тоталитаризм	The novel portrays totalitarianism through surveillance and forced loyalty.
397	censorship	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: censorship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. цензу́ра 2. цензура	Government censorship prevented the newspaper from reporting the protest.
398	genocide	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: genocide is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. геноци́д 2. геноцид	The museum documents the genocide through survivor testimony.
399	discrimination	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. дискримина́ция 2. дискриминация	The law prohibits employment discrimination.
400	segregation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. отделе́ние 2. разделе́ние 3. сегрега́ция	Students challenged school segregation in court.

Building a Historical Chronology

Reading practice for pages 16–18. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Evidence from archaeology helps students build a chronology of the town. One coin comes from a medieval era, while a photograph belongs to a much later decade. Placing each object in time reveals how daily life changed.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What helps students build the chronology?

Evidence from archaeology helps them.

2. Which object is medieval?

A coin is from the medieval era.

3. What does the timeline reveal?

It reveals changes in daily life.

Page 17: words 401–425

Vocabulary page 17
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
401	integration	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. интегра́ция 2. интеграция	School integration faced organized resistance.
402	civil	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: civil is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гражда́нский 2. шта́тский 3. циви́льный	The civil rights movement used courts, boycotts, and marches.
403	activism	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. акти́вность 2. активи́зм	Youth activism helped expand access to public transportation.
404	charity	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. благотвори́тельное о́бщество 2. благотвори́тельная организа́ция 3. богаде́льня	The charity supplies meals during emergencies.
405	nonprofit	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Prefix focus: non- means not or without.	некомме́рческая организа́ция	The nonprofit restored the historic theater.
406	transportation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. перево́зка 2. перепра́вка 3. транспортиро́вка	Reliable transportation connects workers with jobs.
407	sanitation	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. санитари́я 2. санитарный 3. санита́рная профила́ктика	Modern sanitation reduced diseases spread by contaminated water.
408	education	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. образова́ние 2. обуче́ние 3. воспита́ние	Public education expanded during the nineteenth century.
409	housing	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: housing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	жильё	Rising rents created a shortage of affordable housing.
410	development	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. разви́тие 2. развитие	The council debated whether the development would damage the wetland.
411	globalization	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	глобализация	Globalization allows products to cross several borders before sale.
412	interdependence	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	взаимозави́симость	Trade creates interdependence among producers, workers, and consumers.
413	media	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Base-form focus: media is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ме́диа	Digital media can spread both verified reports and rumors rapidly.
414	journalism	noun Study Field: Grade 7 history and civics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. журнали́стика 2. журналистика	Responsible journalism separates confirmed facts from speculation.
415	agile	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: agile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ги́бкий 2. ло́вкий 3. подви́жный	The agile goalkeeper changed direction in an instant.
416	trivial	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: trivial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. незначи́тельный 2. ме́лкий 3. ничто́жный	A spelling preference is trivial compared with a factual error.
417	naive	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: naive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. наи́вный 2. простоду́шный	It was naive to believe the advertisement without checking its claims.
418	wholehearted	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: wholehearted is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. чистосерде́чный 2. и́скренний	The proposal received wholehearted support from the volunteers.
419	exotic	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: exotic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. экзоти́ческий 2. экзоти́чный	The greenhouse protects exotic plants from the winter cold.
420	neglected	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: neglected is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. забро́шенный 2. беспризо́рный 3. запу́щенный	Volunteers repaired the neglected playground.
421	resigned	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: resigned is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	смири́вшийся	She sounded resigned after the final appeal was denied.
422	passive	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. пасси́вный 2. безде́ятельный	A passive observer watches the problem without helping to solve it.
423	drab	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: drab is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. однообра́зный 2. ту́склый	Bright murals transformed the drab concrete wall.
424	hardy	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: hardy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. закалённый 2. выно́сливый 3. морозоусто́йчивый	The hardy shrub survives cold winds and poor soil.
425	wily	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: wily is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. изворо́тливый 2. лука́вый 3. проны́рливый	The wily fox circles downwind before approaching.

Page 18: words 426–450

Vocabulary page 18
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
426	illegible	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. неразбо́рчивый 2. нечёткий	Rain made the ink on the label illegible.
427	incompetent	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: incompetent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	некомпете́нтный	An incompetent repair could make the electrical fault more dangerous.
428	disoriented	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: disoriented is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	растерянный	The hiker felt disoriented after fog covered the trail markers.
429	momentary	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: momentary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. момента́льный 2. мину́тный 3. мгнове́нный	A momentary power loss reset the clock.
430	ominous	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. злове́щий 2. зловещий	The sudden silence was an ominous sign of the approaching storm.
431	tranquil	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: tranquil is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. споко́йный 2. уравнове́шенный 3. ми́рный	At dawn, the lake looked tranquil and glassy.
432	exuberant	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: exuberant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пы́шно расти 2. расту́щий 3. бу́йный	The exuberant dancers filled the stage with motion.
433	perilous	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. опа́сный 2. риско́ванный	Icy ledges made the ascent perilous.
434	ravenous	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	изголодавшийся	After the long hike, everyone was ravenous.
435	desolate	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: desolate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	безнадёжный	Abandoned houses made the mining town seem desolate.
436	nimble	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: nimble is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. прово́рный 2. ло́вкий 3. шу́стрый	Her nimble fingers repaired the tiny clockwork mechanism.
437	defiant	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: defiant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. непоко́рный 2. неповину́ющийся 3. вызыва́ющий	The defiant witness refused to repeat the false statement.
438	intimidated	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: intimidated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	запуганный	The new speaker felt intimidated by the enormous audience.
439	grave	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: grave is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. тяжёлый 2. серьёзный	The doctor warned that the infection posed a grave danger.
440	docile	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: docile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. покорный 2. послу́шный	The usually wild horse became docile around its trusted handler.
441	despicable	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. презре́нный 2. жа́лкий 3. никчёмный	Stealing emergency supplies was a despicable act.
442	lamentable	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. плаче́вный 2. приско́рбный	The archive's poor storage was a lamentable failure of planning.
443	lofty	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: lofty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	высо́кий	The organization set a lofty goal of ending local homelessness.
444	distinctive	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. осо́бенный 2. осо́бый 3. типи́чный	The bird's distinctive call begins with three short notes.
445	shrewd	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: shrewd is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. практи́чный 2. расчётливый 3. проница́тельный	The shrewd negotiator recognized which terms mattered most.
446	prosperous	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. благополу́чный 2. преуспева́ющий 3. процвета́ющий	The prosperous port attracted merchants from distant regions.
447	unsightly	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: unsightly is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	непригля́дный	The builders concealed the unsightly pipes behind a panel.
448	offensive	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. оскорби́тельный 2. оби́дный	The editor removed an offensive stereotype from the advertisement.
449	raucous	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. хри́плый 2. бу́йный 3. шумли́вый	A raucous cheer erupted after the final goal.
450	dejected	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: dejected is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. уны́лый 2. пода́вленный 3. мра́чный	The dejected team congratulated its opponents despite the loss.

Page 19: words 451–475

Vocabulary page 19
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
451	symmetrical	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: symmetrical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	симметри́чный	The butterfly's wings form a nearly symmetrical pattern.
452	potent	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: potent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	могущественный	The concentrated cleaner is potent enough to damage paint.
453	uncanny	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: uncanny is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. жу́ткий 2. сверхъесте́ственный	The twins had an uncanny ability to finish each other's sentences.
454	enticing	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: enticing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. зама́нчивый 2. соблазни́тельный	The bakery's warm aroma was enticing.
455	rash	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: rash is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. опроме́тчивый 2. поспе́шный	Crossing the flooded bridge would be a rash decision.
456	hostile	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: hostile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вражде́бный 2. вра́жеский 3. неприя́тельский	Few plants can survive the crater's hostile conditions.
457	tactful	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: tactful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дипломати́чный 2. такти́чный	Her tactful correction focused on the error rather than the writer.
458	abrupt	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: abrupt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бесцеремо́нный 2. ре́зкий	The road ends at an abrupt drop near the cliff.
459	sober	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: sober is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. тверёзый 2. терёзвый 3. тре́звый	The report offers a sober assessment of the recovery costs.
460	cheerful	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: cheerful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	весёлый	His cheerful greeting eased everyone's nervousness.
461	skeptical	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: skeptical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	скепти́ческий	The skeptical reviewer asked to see the original data.
462	doubtful	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: doubtful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сомни́тельный	It is doubtful that the damaged bridge can reopen today.
463	vain	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: vain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. тщесла́вный 2. показно́й	The vain ruler ordered statues of himself in every square.
464	proud	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: proud is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. го́рдый 2. гордый	The volunteers felt proud of the garden they had restored.
465	ashamed	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: ashamed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. присты́женный 2. сты́дно 3. со́вестно	He felt ashamed after admitting that he had lied.
466	remorseful	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: remorseful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	раскаявшийся	The remorseful driver paid for the damaged fence.
467	resentful	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: resentful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. возмущённый 2. негоду́ющий 3. оби́женный	Workers became resentful when only managers received credit.
468	sympathetic	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: sympathetic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сочувствующий	The counselor was sympathetic but still explained the rule.
469	empathetic	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: empathetic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	чуткий	An empathetic response acknowledges why the loss hurts.
470	apathetic	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: apathetic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. апати́чный 2. безразли́чный 3. равноду́шный	Voters remained apathetic because none of the candidates addressed housing.
471	patient	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: patient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. терпели́вый 2. терпеливый	A patient instructor explained the process again.
472	tolerant	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: tolerant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. терпи́мый 2. толера́нтный	A tolerant community protects peaceful disagreement.
473	obedient	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: obedient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. послу́шный 2. поко́рный	The obedient dog waited beside the open gate.
474	rebellious	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. бунта́рский 2. бунту́ющий 3. мяте́жный	The rebellious artist rejected the academy's strict conventions.
475	reckless	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: reckless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. беспе́чный 2. легкомы́сленный 3. безотве́тственный	Reckless driving endangered everyone near the crossing.

An Uncanny Garden

Reading practice for pages 19–20. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

The garden’s perfectly symmetrical paths look almost uncanny at dusk. An enticing scent comes from white flowers, but their sap contains a potent irritant. Visitors should not make a rash decision to touch an unfamiliar plant.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Why do the paths look uncanny?

They are perfectly symmetrical at dusk.

2. What is enticing?

The flowers' scent is enticing.

3. Why should visitors avoid a rash choice?

The sap contains a potent irritant.

Page 20: words 476–500

Vocabulary page 20
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
476	timid	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: timid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. боязли́вый 2. засте́нчивый 3. несме́лый	The timid kitten hid behind the chair.
477	valiant	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: valiant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. до́блестный 2. отва́жный 3. сме́лый	The valiant rescue crew entered the flooded tunnel.
478	persistent	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: persistent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. насто́йчивый 2. постоя́нный	Her persistent questions uncovered the accounting error.
479	idle	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: idle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	лени́вый	The idle factory machinery gathered dust.
480	imaginative	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. вообража́емый 2. мни́мый 3. нереа́льный	The imaginative solution reused rainwater to cool the roof.
481	practical	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: practical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. практи́ческий 2. практический	The committee chose a practical repair it could afford.
482	logical	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: logical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. логи́ческий 2. логический	The final conclusion is logical because each step follows from evidence.
483	sensible	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. разу́мный 2. здравомы́слящий 3. рациона́льный	Bringing extra water was a sensible precaution.
484	probable	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. вероя́тный 2. правдоподо́бный	Heavy clouds make rain probable this afternoon.
485	unlikely	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: unlikely is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	маловероя́тный	It is unlikely that the small pond caused the regional flood.
486	optional	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: optional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. необяза́тельный 2. опциона́льный 3. факультати́вный	The extra research question is optional.
487	voluntary	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: voluntary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. доброво́льный 2. добровольный	Participation in the anonymous survey is voluntary.
488	mandatory	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: mandatory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	обяза́тельный	Safety goggles are mandatory in the laboratory.
489	temporary	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: temporary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вре́менный 2. временный	A temporary bridge will carry pedestrians during repairs.
490	unstable	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	неусто́йчивый	The cracked slope became unstable after heavy rain.
491	uniform	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: uniform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. единообра́зный 2. форма	The machine applies a uniform layer of paint.
492	subtle	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: subtle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. неуловимый 2. то́нкий	A subtle shift in tone makes the apology sound insincere.
493	obvious	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	очеви́дный	The missing wheel was the most obvious problem.
494	audible	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: audible is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. слы́шный 2. слы́шимый	The speaker's final words were barely audible.
495	concrete	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: concrete is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. конкре́тный 2. определённый 3. конкретный	The proposal needs concrete steps, not general promises.
496	durable	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: durable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. про́чный 2. надёжный 3. сто́йкий	The durable fabric survived years of outdoor use.
497	rigid	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: rigid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. жёсткий 2. неги́бкий	A rigid frame keeps the telescope steady.
498	elastic	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: elastic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эласти́чный 2. ги́бкий 3. эластичный	The elastic cord lengthened under the load.
499	rough	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: rough is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гру́бый 2. жёсткий 3. шерохова́тый	The rough stone can scratch polished wood.
500	coarse	adjective Study Field: Grade 7 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: coarse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	кру́пный	The filter catches coarse sand before the water reaches the fine mesh.

Sources and curriculum references

These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.