English Vocabulary · Grade 6 Live Review Preview

6th Grade Vocabulary Words

Sixth-grade readers move beyond recognizing important words to examining how precise language shapes evidence, argument, literature, science, mathematics, history, and civic discussion. This level emphasizes context clues, Greek and Latin word parts, multiple meanings, source evaluation, and vocabulary that supports clear analytical speaking and writing.

This independently authored 500-word beta curriculum is arranged in twenty pages of twenty-five words each. Words 1–300 include five cloze questions per page; words 301–500 remain fully visible and editable as list pages while the expanded practice layer is developed. Each row includes a subject-field label and an editable word-study note about a transparent affix, compound structure, capitalization, or dictionary base form. References calibrated level and coverage only; all learner-facing definitions and sample sentences are original KSSR copy.

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Page 1: words 1–25

Vocabulary page 1
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1	accumulate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: accumulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. копи́ться 2. нака́пливаться 3. накопи́ться	Dust can accumulate on a shelf that is rarely cleaned.
2	acknowledge	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: acknowledge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. признава́ть 2. призна́ть 3. подтверди́ть	The report should acknowledge evidence that challenges its conclusion.
3	alternative	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: alternative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. альтернати́ва 2. альтернатива	Taking the train is a practical alternative to driving.
4	anecdote	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: anecdote is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. анекдо́т 2. забавный 3. заба́вная исто́рия	The speaker began with an anecdote about her first day at sea.
5	assert	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: assert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отста́ивать 2. отстоя́ть 3. утверди́ть	The author will assert that clean water is a basic human need.
6	assess	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: assess is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. определи́ть 2. определя́ть 3. оце́нивать	Engineers assess the bridge before recommending repairs.
7	assumption	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Успение Богородицы	The experiment tested our assumption that all seeds need direct sunlight.
8	attribute	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: attribute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. относи́ть 2. припи́сывать	Researchers attribute the decline in fish to warmer water.
9	authentic	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: authentic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	достове́рный	The museum displayed an authentic letter signed by the explorer.
10	bias	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: bias is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. предубежде́ние 2. предвзя́тость	A fair survey avoids bias by asking neutral questions.
11	cite	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: cite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	цитировать	Writers cite the article after using its data.
12	clarify	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. проясня́ть 2. проясни́ть	A labeled diagram can clarify how the machine works.
13	coherent	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: coherent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. свя́зный 2. после́довательный	Transitions made the explanation coherent from beginning to end.
14	credible	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	достоверный	The eyewitness gave a credible account supported by photographs.
15	criterion	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: criterion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. крите́рий 2. мери́ло 3. критерий	Safety is the most important criterion in choosing a campsite.
16	deduce	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: deduce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. де́лать вы́вод 2. сде́лать вы́вод	From the tracks and feathers, we can deduce that a hawk visited.
17	substantiate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: substantiate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	засвидетельствовать	The dated photographs substantiate the witness's account.
18	dispute	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: dispute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. спор 2. ди́спут 3. поле́мика	Several historians dispute the traditional account of the voyage.
19	evidence	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. доказа́тельство 2. свиде́тельство 3. ули́ка	The broken branch was evidence that a large animal had passed.
20	explicit	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: explicit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. чёткий 2. я́вный 3. я́сный	The recipe gives explicit instructions for handling the hot pan.
21	implicit	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: implicit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. прису́щий 2. сво́йственный	Her smile gave implicit approval even though she said nothing.
22	signify	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. означа́ть 2. зна́чить	A flashing red light may signify that the battery is low.
23	justify	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	1. вы́ровнять 2. выра́внивать	The committee must justify its decision to close the trail.
24	logic	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: logic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ло́гика 2. логика	The detective used logic to eliminate impossible explanations.
25	methodology	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. методоло́гия 2. мето́дика	The report explains its methodology so other researchers can repeat the work.

A Credible Investigation

Reading practice for pages 1–3. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Dust can accumulate on an unused air filter. To make a credible claim about indoor air, Noor sets one criterion: every room must be measured in the same way. Her report presents a coherent explanation, and its authors acknowledge that open windows may affect the results.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What can accumulate on the filter?

Dust can accumulate on the filter.

2. What criterion does Noor set?

Every room must be measured in the same way.

3. What limitation do the authors acknowledge?

They acknowledge that open windows may affect results.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Transitions made the explanation ___ from beginning to end.

Answer: coherent

2. Dust can ___ on a shelf that is rarely cleaned.

Answer: accumulate

3. The eyewitness gave a ___ account supported by photographs.

Answer: credible

4. The report should ___ evidence that challenges its conclusion.

Answer: acknowledge

5. Safety is the most important ___ in choosing a campsite.

Answer: criterion

Page 2: words 26–50

Vocabulary page 2
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
26	objective	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. объекти́вный 2. объективный	An objective review discusses both the strengths and weaknesses of the book.
27	paraphrase	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: paraphrase is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. парафрази́ровать 2. переска́зывать 3. пересказа́ть	Students paraphrase the paragraph instead of copying it.
28	relevant	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: relevant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. соотве́тствующий 2. уме́стный 3. релева́нтный	Include only relevant details in the summary.
29	reference	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. ссы́лка 2. отсы́лка 3. исто́чник	The atlas is a useful reference when studying regional geography.
30	verify	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: verify is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. заве́рить 2. заверя́ть 3. подтверди́ть	We verify the quotation by finding it in the original speech.
31	abstract	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: abstract is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. абстра́ктный 2. отвлечённый 3. абстрактный	Justice is an abstract concept that societies define in different ways.
32	scrutinize	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. тща́тельно проверя́ть 2. тща́тельно иссле́довать	Editors scrutinize every figure before publishing the report.
33	correlate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: correlate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. коррели́ровать 2. соотнести́сь 3. соотноси́ться	The study may correlate regular exercise with improved sleep.
34	derive	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: derive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. произойти́ 2. происходи́ть	Many English words derive from Latin and Greek roots.
35	empirical	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: empirical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	эмпири́ческий	The team collected empirical data by measuring the plants each day.
36	hypothesis	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: hypothesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гипо́теза 2. предположе́ние	Our hypothesis predicts that warmer water will dissolve sugar faster.
37	inquiry	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: inquiry is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дозна́ние 2. запро́с 3. рассле́дование	The class began an inquiry into the river's changing water level.
38	interrogate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: interrogate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. допра́шивать 2. допроси́ть 3. спра́шивать	Critical readers interrogate the article's assumptions and missing evidence.
39	qualitative	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. ка́чественный 2. качественный	The interview provided qualitative information about residents' experiences.
40	quantitative	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. коли́чественный 2. количественный	The graph presents quantitative data from five years of rainfall.
41	ascertain	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: ascertain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. удостоверя́ться 2. удостове́риться 3. убежда́ться	The inspector tested the alarm to ascertain whether it worked.
42	consistent	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: consistent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. после́довательный 2. совмести́мый	Her measurements were consistent across all three trials.
43	contradict	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: contradict is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. перечить 2. противоре́чить	The new fossil may contradict the earlier timeline.
44	distort	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: distort is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. изгиба́ть 2. изогну́ть 3. искажа́ть	A misleading scale can distort the differences shown on a graph.
45	generalize	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. обобща́ть 2. обобщи́ть	It is risky to generalize about an entire region after visiting one town.
46	misconception	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	заблужде́ние	The lesson corrected the misconception that seasons result from Earth's distance from the sun.
47	nuance	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: nuance is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. нюа́нс 2. отте́нок	The actor's quiet pause added nuance to the character's apology.
48	plausible	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. правдоподо́бный 2. вероя́тный 3. похо́жий на правда	The detective considered each plausible explanation for the missing key.
49	preliminary	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: preliminary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. предвари́тельный 2. подготови́тельный	Preliminary results suggest that the treatment may be effective.
50	valid	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: valid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. действи́тельный 2. корректный 3. правильный	The experiment needs a control group to produce a valid comparison.

Page 2 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 2.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Critical readers ___ the article's assumptions and missing evidence.

Answer: interrogate

2. An ___ review discusses both the strengths and weaknesses of the book.

Answer: objective

3. The interview provided ___ information about residents' experiences.

Answer: qualitative

4. Students ___ the paragraph instead of copying it.

Answer: paraphrase

5. The graph presents ___ data from five years of rainfall.

Answer: quantitative

Page 3: words 51–75

Vocabulary page 3
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
51	aggregate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: aggregate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. масса 2. совокупность	The website can aggregate rainfall records from many weather stations.
52	compile	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: compile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. собирать 2. компили́ровать 3. откомпили́ровать	Students compile their field notes into a shared report.
53	dataset	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: dataset is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	набор данных	The dataset contains daily temperatures from twenty cities.
54	record	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: record is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	за́пись	The ship's log provides a record of the entire voyage.
55	framework	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: framework is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. инфраструкту́ра 2. систе́ма взгля́дов 3. то́чка отсчёта	The outline provides a framework for the research paper.
56	protocol	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: protocol is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. протоко́л 2. протокол	The laboratory protocol requires goggles and closed shoes.
57	subset	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: subset is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	подмно́жество	The survey examined a subset of the town's households.
58	simulate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: simulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	симули́ровать	The computer model can simulate the movement of a hurricane.
59	synthesize	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	синтези́ровать	The final paragraph should synthesize evidence from all three articles.
60	parameter	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: parameter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пара́метр 2. параметр	The program lets users change each parameter in the model.
61	approximation	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	приближе́ние	Rounding 398 to 400 gives a useful approximation.
62	calibrate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: calibrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	калибри́ровать	Technicians calibrate the scale before weighing the samples.
63	dimension	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. измере́ние 2. измерение	Measure each dimension of the box before designing its cover.
64	extrapolate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: extrapolate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	экстраполи́ровать	Scientists extrapolate future sea levels from the measured trend.
65	margin	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: margin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. край 2. кро́мка	The team won by a margin of three points.
66	precision	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. то́чность 2. точность	Building the model requires precision because each piece must fit.
67	proportional relationship	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Term structure: proportional + relationship. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	пропорциональное соотношение	The table shows a proportional relationship because every ticket costs the same amount.
68	magnitude	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: magnitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. величина́ 2. разме́р	The magnitude of the earthquake was recorded by several stations.
69	variance	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. разногла́сие 2. противоре́чие	Low variance means the repeated measurements stayed close together.
70	unit	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: unit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. едини́ца 2. единица	The meter is a unit used to measure length.
71	confer	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: confer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. обсужда́ть 2. обгова́ривать 3. вечева́ть	The judges confer privately before announcing the winner.
72	consensus	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: consensus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. консе́нсус 2. согла́сие 3. единоду́шие	After a long discussion, the council reached a consensus.
73	convey	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: convey is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. передава́ть 2. переда́ть 3. донести́	The photograph can convey the scale of the flood.
74	discourse	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: discourse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ди́скурс 2. диску́рс	The debate encouraged respectful discourse about public transportation.
75	emphasize	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. подчёркивать 2. подчеркну́ть	Bold type can emphasize the report's main finding.

Page 3 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 3.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The website can ___ rainfall records from many weather stations.

Answer: aggregate

2. Scientists ___ future sea levels from the measured trend.

Answer: extrapolate

3. Students ___ their field notes into a shared report.

Answer: compile

4. The team won by a ___ of three points.

Answer: margin

5. The ___ contains daily temperatures from twenty cities.

Answer: dataset

Page 4: words 76–100

Vocabulary page 4
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
76	mediate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: mediate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	посредничать	A counselor agreed to mediate the dispute between the teams.
77	negotiate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: negotiate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вести́ перегово́ры 2. провести́ перегово́ры	The two groups will negotiate how to share the meeting space.
78	rebut	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: rebut is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	опровергать	The scientist used new evidence to rebut the claim.
79	summarize	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. обобща́ть 2. обобщи́ть 3. подвести́ ито́г	At the end, summarize the article in two or three sentences.
80	tone	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: tone is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. интона́ция 2. тон	The letter's respectful tone made the criticism easier to accept.
81	affix	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: affix is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. а́ффикс 2. аффикс	The suffix “-ful” is an affix that can turn a noun into an adjective.
82	cognate	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: cognate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. однокоренной 2. родственный 3. когна́т	The English word “family” is a cognate of the Spanish word “familia.”
83	connotation	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. подте́кст 2. коннота́ция 3. созначе́ние	The word “home” often has a warm connotation.
84	denotation	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	значение	The denotation of “dove” is a type of bird.
85	etymology	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. этимоло́гия 2. этимология	The etymology of “telephone” connects Greek roots meaning “far” and “sound.”
86	idiom	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: idiom is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. идио́ма 2. идиомати́ческий оборо́т 3. идиомати́ческое выраже́ние	“Break the ice” is an idiom about making people feel more comfortable.
87	morpheme	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: morpheme is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. морфе́ма 2. морфема	The plural “-s” is a morpheme in the word “cats.”
88	diction	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: diction is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ди́кция 2. дикция	The poet's formal diction creates a serious mood.
89	root	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: root is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ко́рень 2. ко́рни 3. коре́нья	The root “spect” relates to looking or seeing.
90	syntax	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: syntax is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. си́нтаксис 2. синтаксис	Changing the syntax can place more emphasis on the final idea.
91	alliteration	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. аллитера́ция 2. аллитерация	“Silver snakes slide” uses alliteration to create a hissing sound.
92	analogy	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: analogy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. анало́гия 2. схо́дство 3. подо́бие	The teacher used an analogy between the heart and a pump.
93	aside	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: aside is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. в сто́рону 2. в стороне́ 3. поо́даль	In an aside, the actor revealed the villain's secret plan.
94	foreshadow	verb Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: foreshadow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. предви́деть 2. предвосхи́тить 3. предвосхити́ть	The cracked compass may foreshadow trouble during the voyage.
95	imagery	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: imagery is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	воображение	The poem's imagery makes readers hear the rain on the roof.
96	irony	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: irony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. иро́ния 2. ирония	There is irony in a fire station winning a prize for its flooded garden.
97	extended metaphor	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Term structure: extended + metaphor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	развёрнутая мета́фора	The poem's extended metaphor compares a difficult journey with sailing through a storm.
98	motif	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Base-form focus: motif is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	моти́в	The recurring moon is a motif that appears whenever the hero feels lonely.
99	anthropomorphism	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. антропоморфи́зм 2. антропоморфизм	The talking fox in the fable is an example of anthropomorphism.
100	symbolism	noun Study Field: Grade 6 academic reasoning word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. симво́лика 2. символи́зм	The broken chain provides symbolism for freedom.

Finding the Root of a Dispute

Reading practice for pages 4–6. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Two editors disagree about a sentence’s syntax. Their teacher helps mediate the discussion and asks them to identify the root of the confusion. Each editor may rebut an idea with evidence, then they negotiate a revision that preserves the meaning.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What causes the disagreement?

The editors disagree about syntax.

2. Who helps mediate?

Their teacher helps mediate.

3. How do they settle the dispute?

They negotiate an evidence-based revision.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A counselor agreed to ___ the dispute between the teams.

Answer: mediate

2. The ___ “spect” relates to looking or seeing.

Answer: root

3. The two groups will ___ how to share the meeting space.

Answer: negotiate

4. Changing the ___ can place more emphasis on the final idea.

Answer: syntax

5. The scientist used new evidence to ___ the claim.

Answer: rebut

Page 5: words 101–125

Vocabulary page 5
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
101	archetype	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: archetype is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. архети́п 2. образе́ц 3. оригина́л	The wise guide is an archetype in myths from many cultures.
102	climax	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: climax is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. кульмина́ция 2. разга́р	The climax occurs when the climber must choose whether to turn back.
103	confidant	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: confidant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. доверенный 2. напе́рсник 3. дове́ренное лицо́	The princess tells her loyal attendant everything because he is her confidant.
104	dilemma	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: dilemma is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. диле́мма 2. дилемма	The character faces a dilemma when honesty may hurt her friend.
105	dynamic	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: dynamic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. изме́нчивый 2. динамичный	The selfish prince is a dynamic character who learns generosity.
106	exposition	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. вы́ставка 2. экспози́ция	The exposition explains why the family moved to the island.
107	flashback	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: flashback is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. флэшбэ́к 2. ретроспекти́ва 3. обра́тный кадр	A flashback reveals how the two rivals first met.
108	resolution	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ана́лиз	In the resolution, the neighbors rebuild the damaged garden together.
109	static	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: static is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	стати́чный	The stubborn mayor is a static character who ignores every warning.
110	suspense	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: suspense is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. напряже́ние 2. напряжённое ожида́ние 3. саспе́нс	The ticking clock creates suspense during the rescue scene.
111	antithesis	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Prefix focus: anti- means against or opposed to.	1. антите́за 2. антите́зис 3. противополо́жность	The speech presents courage as the antithesis of surrender.
112	hyperbole	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: hyperbole is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гипе́рбола 2. преувеличе́ние	“I waited a thousand years” is hyperbole, not a literal claim.
113	onomatopoeia	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: onomatopoeia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. звукоподража́ние 2. ономатопе́я	“Buzz” is onomatopoeia because it sounds like the noise of a bee.
114	oxymoron	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: oxymoron is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. окси́морон 2. оксю́морон	“Deafening silence” is an oxymoron.
115	paradox	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: paradox is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	парадокс	“Less is more” is a paradox about the power of simplicity.
116	pun	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: pun is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. каламбу́р 2. игра́ слов	The bakery sign's bread joke is a pun.
117	satire	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: satire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сати́ра 2. сатира	The play uses satire to expose the mayor's vanity.
118	comparison	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: comparison is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сравне́ние 2. сравнение	The essay makes a comparison between two creation myths.
119	understatement	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	преуменьше́ние	Calling a hurricane “a little wind” is an understatement.
120	wordplay	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: wordplay is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	игра слов	The riddle depends on wordplay involving “sole” and “soul.”
121	chronological	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: chronological is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	хронологический	The biography presents the inventor's life in chronological order.
122	digression	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. отступле́ние 2. отклоне́ние	The paragraph about lunch is a digression from the essay's argument.
123	excerpt	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: excerpt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отры́вок 2. вы́держка	We read an excerpt from the explorer's journal.
124	pace	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: pace is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. задава́ть темп 2. шаг	Short sentences quicken the pace of the chase scene.
125	analogous	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. аналоги́чный 2. подо́бный 3. схо́дный	The two plots are analogous because each follows a child searching for home.

Page 5 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 5.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. “Deafening silence” is an ___.

Answer: oxymoron

2. The ___ occurs when the climber must choose whether to turn back.

Answer: climax

3. “Less is more” is a ___ about the power of simplicity.

Answer: paradox

4. The princess tells her loyal attendant everything because he is her ___.

Answer: confidant

5. The bakery sign's bread joke is a ___.

Answer: pun

Page 6: words 126–150

Vocabulary page 6
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
126	subplot	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: subplot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	кладка	A subplot follows the cook's attempt to solve the same mystery.
127	transition	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	перехо́д	The transition “in contrast” signals that the next idea will differ.
128	turning point	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: turning + point. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. поворо́тный моме́нт 2. поворо́тный пункт 3. перело́мный моме́нт	Finding the hidden letter is the turning point of the mystery.
129	unity	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: unity is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. еди́нство 2. едине́ние 3. сплочённость	Repeated images of water give the poem unity.
130	viewpoint	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: viewpoint is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ракурс	The novel shows the conflict from each sibling's viewpoint.
131	annotate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: annotate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	аннотировать	Readers annotate the article by marking claims and unfamiliar terms.
132	caption	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: caption is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. заста́вка 2. на́дпись	The caption identifies the people in the historical photograph.
133	heading	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: heading is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. заголо́вок 2. загла́вие 3. ру́брика	The heading tells readers that the next section concerns migration.
134	index	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: index is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. указа́тель 2. и́ндекс	Use the index to locate every page that discusses volcanoes.
135	sidebar	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: sidebar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	боковая панель	The sidebar explains how the photographer captured the image.
136	subheading	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: subheading is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	подзаголо́вок	A subheading introduces the paragraph about renewable energy.
137	text feature	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: text + feature. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	текстовая функция	A timeline is a text feature that shows events in order.
138	thesis	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: thesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. те́зис 2. положе́ние	The essay's thesis argues that the wetland should be protected.
139	topic sentence	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: topic + sentence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	тематическое предложение	The topic sentence announces that bees support many food crops.
140	visualize	verb Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	воображать	Sensory details help readers visualize the crowded harbor.
141	cohesion	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	сраста́ние	Pronouns and transitions give the paragraph cohesion.
142	concision	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	краткость	Removing repeated phrases improved the report's concision.
143	draft	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: draft is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	чернови́к	Her first draft contains strong ideas but needs clearer organization.
144	edit	verb Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: edit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. изменя́ть 2. редакти́ровать 3. пра́вить	Partners edit each other's explanations for clarity.
145	fluency	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: fluency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	свобо́дное владе́ние	Daily practice improved his reading fluency.
146	revise	verb Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: revise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. повтори́ть 2. повторя́ть	Writers revise the introduction after receiving feedback.
147	style	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: style is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. стиль 2. мане́ра	The author's style combines short dialogue with vivid description.
148	narrative voice	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: narrative + voice. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	повествовательный голос	The playful narrative voice makes the serious topic approachable.
149	word choice	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: word + choice. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	выбор слова	Precise word choice helps readers picture the rough coastline.
150	workshop	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: workshop is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. цех 2. ателье́ 3. мастерска́я	During the writing workshop, students shared their revised leads.

Page 6 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 6.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ announces that bees support many food crops.

Answer: topic sentence

2. The ___ “in contrast” signals that the next idea will differ.

Answer: transition

3. Sensory details help readers ___ the crowded harbor.

Answer: visualize

4. Finding the hidden letter is the ___ of the mystery.

Answer: turning point

5. Pronouns and transitions give the paragraph ___.

Answer: cohesion

Page 7: words 151–175

Vocabulary page 7
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
151	clause	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: clause is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	предложе́ние	The sentence begins with a dependent clause.
152	complex sentence	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: complex + sentence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	сло́жное предложе́ние	“Although rain fell, we continued” is a complex sentence.
153	conditional	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: conditional is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	усло́вный	The conditional sentence explains what will happen if the temperature falls.
154	modifier	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: modifier is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	определе́ние	The modifier “ancient” tells readers more about the temple.
155	parallelism	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	параллелизм	The speech uses parallelism in “to learn, to serve, and to lead.”
156	phrase	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: phrase is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. словосочета́ние 2. оборо́т ре́чи 3. фра́за	“Across the bridge” is a prepositional phrase.
157	predicate	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: predicate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сказу́емое 2. предика́т 3. сказуемое	In “The river flooded,” “flooded” is the predicate.
158	pronoun antecedent	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: pronoun + antecedent. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	местоимение антецедент	In “Lena found her keys,” “Lena” is the pronoun antecedent of “her.”
159	sentence fragment	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: sentence + fragment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	фрагмент предложения	“After the final bell” is a sentence fragment.
160	verb tense	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: verb + tense. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	время глагола	The writer keeps the verb tense in the past throughout the narrative.
161	alienate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: alienate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. отврати́ть 2. отвраща́ть 3. отдали́ть	Mocking a teammate can alienate the rest of the group.
162	apprehensive	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. боязли́вый 2. встрево́женный 3. насторо́женный	Nora felt apprehensive before speaking to the large audience.
163	composure	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: composure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вы́держка 2. самооблада́ние 3. споко́йствие	The goalkeeper kept her composure after the opposing team scored.
164	conscientious	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. добросо́вестный 2. созна́тельный 3. че́стный	The conscientious volunteer checked every name on the list.
165	perspective-taking	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: perspective + taking. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	перспектива	Perspective-taking helped the two friends recognize why each felt hurt.
166	impulsive	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	импульси́вный	His impulsive decision to jump from the boat created danger.
167	probity	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	честность	The treasurer's probity earned the community's trust.
168	resilient	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: resilient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ги́бкий 2. эласти́чный 3. упру́гий	The resilient community rebuilt homes after the storm.
169	self-reliant	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: self + reliant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. уве́ренный в свой 2. свои́х сила 3. си́лах	The self-reliant camper knew how to cook and repair a torn tent.
170	vulnerable	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. уязви́мый 2. рани́мый	Young turtles are vulnerable to predators on the beach.
171	allegiance	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. ве́рность 2. пре́данность	The knight promised allegiance to the new queen.
172	boycott	verb Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: boycott is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бойкоти́ровать 2. бойкотировать	Residents may boycott the store until it changes its unfair policy.
173	campaign	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: campaign is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. кампа́ния 2. похо́д 3. кампания	The recycling campaign reduced waste at the stadium.
174	civic	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: civic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	гражда́нский	Voting is one form of civic participation.
175	constituent	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: constituent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	избира́тель	Each constituent may write to the senator about the proposed law.

A Complex Choice

Reading practice for pages 7–9. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

The drama club studies perspective-taking before choosing a lead actor. A conditional rule says auditions will continue if scores are tied. Instead of making an impulsive choice, judges write a complex sentence about each performance, adding a precise modifier to explain every rating.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What skill does the club study?

The club studies perspective-taking.

2. When will auditions continue?

Auditions will continue if scores are tied.

3. How do judges avoid an impulsive choice?

They write precise explanations for their ratings.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. “Although rain fell, we continued” is a ___.

Answer: complex sentence

2. ___ helped the two friends recognize why each felt hurt.

Answer: perspective-taking

3. The ___ sentence explains what will happen if the temperature falls.

Answer: conditional

4. His ___ decision to jump from the boat created danger.

Answer: impulsive

5. The ___ “ancient” tells readers more about the temple.

Answer: modifier

Page 8: words 176–200

Vocabulary page 8
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
176	representative democracy	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: representative + democracy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	представи́тельная демокра́тия	In a representative democracy, voters can replace lawmakers at an election.
177	dissent	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: dissent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. несогла́сие 2. инакомы́слие	The judge wrote a dissent explaining why she opposed the ruling.
178	legislation	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	зако́н	The new legislation requires safer drinking water.
179	petition	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. пети́ция 2. хода́тайство 3. проше́ние	The petition asked the town to preserve the old theater.
180	referendum	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: referendum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рефере́ндум 2. референдум	The tax plan will be decided by referendum.
181	amend	verb Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: amend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. улучша́ть 2. соверше́нствовать 3. исправля́ть	Lawmakers voted to amend the bill before the final vote.
182	cabinet	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: cabinet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	кабине́т	The president met with the cabinet to discuss the emergency.
183	coalition	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. коали́ция 2. коалиция	Several parties formed a coalition to pass the reform.
184	delegate	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: delegate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. делега́т 2. делега́тка 3. представи́тель	Each school sent a delegate to the youth council.
185	national	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: national is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. национа́льный 2. наро́дный 3. госуда́рственный	The national government manages relations with other countries.
186	jurisdiction	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	юрисди́кция	The city court has jurisdiction over local traffic cases.
187	local governance	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: local + governance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	местное самоуправление	Local governance determines how neighborhood parks are maintained.
188	regulation	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. уста́в 2. пра́вило 3. регла́мент	The safety regulation requires workers to wear helmets.
189	representative	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: representative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. представи́тель 2. представи́тельница 3. делега́т	Our representative presented the neighborhood's concerns at the meeting.
190	sovereignty	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: sovereignty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. суверените́т 2. суверенитет	The treaty recognized the island nation's sovereignty.
191	commodity	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. това́р 2. бла́го 3. добро́	Coffee is an important commodity in global trade.
192	purchaser	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: purchaser is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. покупа́тель 2. покупа́тельница	The purchaser checked the bicycle before completing the sale.
193	market demand	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: market + demand. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	рыночный спрос	Market demand for umbrellas rose during the rainy month.
194	innovator	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: innovator is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	нова́тор	The innovator designed a low-cost filter for remote villages.
195	earnings	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: earnings is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. за́работок 2. дохо́д 3. при́быль	She saved part of her weekly earnings for a new laptop.
196	inflation	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. инфля́ция 2. инфляция	Inflation made the same basket of groceries more expensive.
197	workforce	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: workforce is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рабо́чая си́ла 2. трудовы́е ресу́рсы 3. штат	The factory expanded its workforce when orders increased.
198	resource shortage	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Term structure: resource + shortage. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	нехватка ресурсов	The resource shortage forced hospitals to share oxygen tanks.
199	inventory	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: inventory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. инвента́рь 2. запа́сы 3. запас	The manager counted the inventory before ordering more paper.
200	tariff	noun Study Field: Grade 6 language and literature word Word study: Base-form focus: tariff is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. по́шлина 2. тари́ф	The tariff increased the price of imported steel.

Page 8 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 8.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The judge wrote a ___ explaining why she opposed the ruling.

Answer: dissent

2. The treaty recognized the island nation's ___.

Answer: sovereignty

3. The new ___ requires safer drinking water.

Answer: legislation

4. Coffee is an important ___ in global trade.

Answer: commodity

5. The ___ asked the town to preserve the old theater.

Answer: petition

Page 9: words 201–225

Vocabulary page 9
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
201	borderland	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: borderland is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. окра́ина 2. пограни́чье	The borderland blended languages and traditions from both nations.
202	cartography	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	1. картогра́фия 2. картография	Modern cartography uses satellite images to show changing coastlines.
203	hemisphere	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: hemisphere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. полуша́рие 2. гемисфе́ра 3. полушарие	Australia lies mainly in the Southern Hemisphere.
204	latitude	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: latitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. широта́ 2. широта	Places at high latitude often have cold winters.
205	longitude	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: longitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. долгота́ 2. долгота	Sailors use longitude with latitude to locate a position.
206	metropolitan	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: metropolitan is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. городско́й 2. метрополитенский 3. столи́чный	The metropolitan rail system connects downtown with nearby suburbs.
207	region	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: region is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. край 2. о́бласть	Heavy rainfall is common throughout the coastal region.
208	topography	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	1. топогра́фия 2. релье́ф	The steep topography made road construction difficult.
209	tributary	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: tributary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. прито́к 2. приток	The creek is a tributary of the main river.
210	watershed	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: watershed is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. водоразде́л 2. водораздел	Pollution anywhere in the watershed can reach the reservoir.
211	artifact	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: artifact is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. артефа́кт 2. артефакт	The clay bowl is an artifact from the ancient settlement.
212	chronicle	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: chronicle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ле́топись 2. хро́ника	The monk's chronicle describes several years of drought.
213	civilization	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. цивилиза́ция 2. культу́ра	The river supported a civilization of farmers and traders.
214	dynasty	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: dynasty is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дина́стия 2. династия	The dynasty governed the kingdom for nearly two centuries.
215	empire	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: empire is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	импе́рия	Roads helped the empire move soldiers and messages quickly.
216	legacy	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: legacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	насле́дство	The scientist's legacy includes both discoveries and trained students.
217	oral history	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: oral + history. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	у́стная исто́рия	The museum preserves oral history from former factory workers.
218	primary source	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: primary + source. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	первоисто́чник	A soldier's letter is a primary source about the battle.
219	secondary source	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: secondary + source. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	вторичный источник	A modern textbook is a secondary source about the revolution.
220	society	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: society is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. о́бщество 2. со́циум 3. общество	Trade shaped the society that developed around the harbor.
221	annex	verb Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: annex is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. аннекси́ровать 2. присоединя́ть 3. присоедини́ть	The city voted to annex the land beside the highway.
222	colonial	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: colonial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	колониа́льный	The museum restored a colonial house built by early settlers.
223	conquest	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: conquest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. покоре́ние 2. преодоле́ние	The conquest changed the region's government and language.
224	diplomacy	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: diplomacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. диплома́тия 2. дипломатия	Diplomacy prevented the border dispute from becoming a war.
225	displace	verb Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: displace is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	возместить	The reservoir project may displace several farming families.

Page 9 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 9.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Roads helped the ___ move soldiers and messages quickly.

Answer: empire

2. Australia lies mainly in the Southern ___.

Answer: hemisphere

3. The scientist's ___ includes both discoveries and trained students.

Answer: legacy

4. Places at high ___ often have cold winters.

Answer: latitude

5. The museum preserves ___ from former factory workers.

Answer: oral history

Page 10: words 226–250

Vocabulary page 10
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
226	imperialism	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. империали́зм 2. империализм	Imperialism allowed powerful states to seize distant resources.
227	indigenous	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. коренно́й 2. абориге́нный 3. ме́стный	The exhibit honors indigenous knowledge of local plants.
228	reform	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: reform is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рефо́рма 2. преобразова́ние 3. реформа	The education reform provided books to rural schools.
229	resistance	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. сопротивле́ние 2. сопротивление	Local resistance delayed the invading army.
230	urbanization	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. урбаниза́ция 2. урбанизация	Rapid urbanization created a need for more housing and transit.
231	inherited trait	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: inherited + trait. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	унаследованная черта	Eye color is an inherited trait in humans.
232	biodiversity	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. биоразнообра́зие 2. биоразнообразие	The rainforest supports extraordinary biodiversity.
233	biotic	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: biotic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	биотический	Plants, animals, and fungi are biotic factors in a forest.
234	carrying capacity	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: carrying + capacity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	подъёмная сила	A drought can lower the carrying capacity of a grassland.
235	biological community	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: biological + community. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	биологическое сообщество	The biological community of a pond includes fish, algae, insects, and frogs.
236	interspecific competition	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: interspecific + competition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	межвидовая конкуренция	Interspecific competition occurs when weeds and crops seek the same sunlight.
237	ecological	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: ecological is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. экологи́ческий 2. экологический	The oil spill caused serious ecological damage along the coast.
238	niche	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: niche is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ни́ша 2. ниша	A bee's niche includes pollinating flowers while gathering nectar.
239	population density	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: population + density. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	пло́тность населе́ния	The city's population density is greater downtown than in the suburbs.
240	symbiosis	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: symbiosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. симбио́з 2. симбиоз	The partnership between coral and algae is a form of symbiosis.
241	cellular	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: cellular is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. кле́точный 2. клеточный	The microscope revealed damage at the cellular level.
242	chromosome	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: chromosome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. хромосо́ма 2. хромосома	Each chromosome contains many genes.
243	diffusion	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. диффу́зия 2. диффузия	The scent spread through the room by diffusion.
244	enzyme	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: enzyme is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ферме́нт 2. энзи́м 3. энзим	A digestive enzyme helps break food into smaller molecules.
245	heredity	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	насле́дственность	Heredity explains why young plants may resemble their parents.
246	membrane	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: membrane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мембра́на 2. мембрана	The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell.
247	metabolism	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. метаболи́зм 2. обме́н веще́ств 3. метаболизм	Exercise causes the body's metabolism to use energy more quickly.
248	organelle	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: organelle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. органе́лла 2. органо́ид	A mitochondrion is an organelle that helps release energy.
249	life-form	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: life + form. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	форма жизни	The probe searches for any microbial life-form beneath the ice.
250	carbon fixation	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: carbon + fixation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	фотосинтез	Plants begin carbon fixation while using light energy to make sugar.

Life Inside a Cell

Reading practice for pages 10–12. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A science team models cellular life with a clear gel. A string represents a chromosome, while beads show helpful microbes living in symbiosis with a host. The students reform the model after learning that antibiotic resistance can spread between bacteria.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What does the string represent?

The string represents a chromosome.

2. What relationship do the microbes show?

They show symbiosis.

3. Why do students reform the model?

They learn that resistance can spread between bacteria.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The partnership between coral and algae is a form of ___.

Answer: symbiosis

2. The education ___ provided books to rural schools.

Answer: reform

3. The microscope revealed damage at the ___ level.

Answer: cellular

4. Local ___ delayed the invading army.

Answer: resistance

5. Each ___ contains many genes.

Answer: chromosome

Page 11: words 251–275

Vocabulary page 11
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
251	habitat protection	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: habitat + protection. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	защита среды обитания	Habitat protection helped the sea turtles return to the beach.
252	deforestation	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. обезле́сение 2. вы́рубка лес 3. ле́са	Deforestation can destroy habitats and increase soil erosion.
253	ecosystem service	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: ecosystem + service. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	экосистемная услуга	Pollination is an ecosystem service provided by insects.
254	emission	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. излуче́ние 2. выброс	The factory installed filters to reduce each harmful emission.
255	invasive	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	инвазивный	The invasive vine covered trees and blocked sunlight.
256	finite resource	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: finite + resource. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ограниченный ресурс	Petroleum is a finite resource that forms extremely slowly.
257	pollutant	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: pollutant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. загрязнять 2. загрязня́ющее вещество́ 3. загрязни́тель	Mercury is a pollutant that can accumulate in fish.
258	regenerative	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	регенеративный	Regenerative farming practices rebuild soil instead of exhausting it.
259	sustainability	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	усто́йчивость	The farm improved sustainability by rebuilding the soil.
260	watershed management	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: watershed + management. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	управление водоразделом	Watershed management reduced erosion near the reservoir.
261	continental drift	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: continental + drift. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	дрейф материко́в	Continental drift explains why matching fossils occur on distant shores.
262	lithosphere	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: lithosphere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	литосфе́ра	The lithosphere is divided into moving tectonic plates.
263	abrasion	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. истира́ние 2. тре́ние	Windblown sand causes abrasion on exposed rock.
264	rupture	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: rupture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	разры́в	The earthquake began with a rupture deep beneath the valley.
265	geologic	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: geologic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	геологи́ческий	Fossils reveal changes across geologic time.
266	mantle	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: mantle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ма́нтия	Slow movement in the mantle helps drive plate motion.
267	crystalline solid	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: crystalline + solid. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	кристаллическое твердое вещество	Salt is a crystalline solid with cube-shaped crystals.
268	plate tectonics	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: plate + tectonics. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	текто́ника плит	Plate tectonics explains many earthquakes and volcanoes.
269	deposition	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. отложе́ние 2. осажде́ние	River deposition formed a sandbar near the bend.
270	chemical weathering	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: chemical + weathering. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	химическое выветривание	Acidic water causes chemical weathering in limestone.
271	air mass	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: air + mass. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	масса воздуха	A cold air mass moved south across the plains.
272	barometer	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: barometer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. баро́метр 2. барометр	The falling barometer warned sailors of an approaching storm.
273	cloud formation	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: cloud + formation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	образование облаков	Cloud formation begins when rising air cools.
274	convection	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	конве́кция	Convection carries warm air upward and cool air downward.
275	boundary	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: boundary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. грани́ца 2. межа́ 3. границы	Storms formed near the boundary between warm and cold air.

Page 11 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 11.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Pollination is an ___ provided by insects.

Answer: ecosystem service

2. Slow movement in the ___ helps drive plate motion.

Answer: mantle

3. The factory installed filters to reduce each harmful ___.

Answer: emission

4. Salt is a ___ with cube-shaped crystals.

Answer: crystalline solid

5. The ___ vine covered trees and blocked sunlight.

Answer: invasive

Page 12: words 276–300

Vocabulary page 12
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
276	moisture content	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: moisture + content. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	содержание влаги	The air's moisture content increased before the rain.
277	rainfall	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: rainfall is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. коли́чество осадки 2. дождь 3. оса́дки	Annual rainfall is much lower in the desert.
278	pressure system	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: pressure + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	система давления	A low-pressure system often brings clouds and rain.
279	water cycle	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: water + cycle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. гидрологи́ческий цикл 2. круговоро́т воды́ в приро́де	The water cycle includes evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.
280	weather forecast	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: weather + forecast. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. прогно́з пого́ды 2. прогноз погоды	The weather forecast calls for snow after midnight.
281	asteroid	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: asteroid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. астеро́ид 2. ма́лая плане́та 3. астероид	The probe photographed an asteroid between Mars and Jupiter.
282	cosmic	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: cosmic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. косми́ческий 2. космический	The detector measures cosmic radiation from space.
283	eclipse	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: eclipse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. затме́ние 2. затмение	During a solar eclipse, the moon passes between Earth and the sun.
284	galaxy	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: galaxy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гала́ктика 2. галактика	Our solar system lies within the Milky Way galaxy.
285	gravitational	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: gravitational is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гравитацио́нный 2. гравитационный	The moon's gravitational pull contributes to ocean tides.
286	light-year	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: light + year. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	световой год	A light-year is a distance of nearly 9.5 trillion kilometers.
287	lunar	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: lunar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. лу́нный 2. лунный	A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon.
288	orbit	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: orbit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. орби́та 2. орбита	The satellite completes one orbit every ninety minutes.
289	rotation	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	враще́ние	Earth's rotation causes day and night.
290	solar system	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: solar + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. со́лнечная систе́ма 2. солнечная система	Eight planets travel through our solar system.
291	acceleration	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. ускоре́ние 2. ускорение	The bicycle's acceleration increased as the rider pedaled harder.
292	air resistance	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: air + resistance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	сопротивле́ние во́здуха	Air resistance becomes stronger as the cyclist speeds up.
293	inertia	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: inertia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ине́рция 2. инерция	Because of inertia, passengers move forward when a bus stops suddenly.
294	momentum	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Base-form focus: momentum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. и́мпульс 2. коли́чество движе́ния 3. дви́жущая си́ла	The heavy cart had enough momentum to roll up the small hill.
295	net force	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: net + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	чистая сила	A zero net force means the object's motion will not change.
296	potential energy	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: potential + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	потенциа́льная эне́ргия	The raised weight has potential energy.
297	unit rate	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: unit + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ставка за единицу	The train's unit rate was ninety kilometers per hour.
298	velocity	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. ско́рость 2. быстрота́	The boat's velocity changed when it turned east.
299	energy transfer	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: energy + transfer. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	передача энергии	Heating the pan causes energy transfer from the stove.
300	mechanical advantage	noun Study Field: Grade 6 civics and social studies word Word study: Term structure: mechanical + advantage. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	механическое преимущество	A long lever provides greater mechanical advantage.

Page 12 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 12.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A low-___ often brings clouds and rain.

Answer: pressure system

2. The bicycle's ___ increased as the rider pedaled harder.

Answer: acceleration

3. The ___ includes evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.

Answer: water cycle

4. ___ becomes stronger as the cyclist speeds up.

Answer: air resistance

5. The ___ calls for snow after midnight.

Answer: weather forecast

Page 13: words 301–325

Vocabulary page 13
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
301	subatomic particle	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: subatomic + particle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	субатомная части́ца	An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle.
302	chemical compound	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: chemical + compound. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. хими́ческое соедине́ние 2. сло́жное вещество́	Water is a chemical compound made of hydrogen and oxygen.
303	concentration	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. концентра́ция 2. концентрация	Evaporation increased the salt concentration in the remaining water.
304	chemical element	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: chemical + element. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. хими́ческий элеме́нт 2. химический элемент	Gold is a chemical element represented by the symbol Au.
305	suspension	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. взвесь 2. суспе́нзия	Muddy water is a suspension because soil particles eventually sink.
306	chemical bond	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: chemical + bond. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	химическая связь	A chemical bond joins the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water.
307	physical change	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: physical + change. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	физическое изменение	Melting ice is a physical change.
308	reactant	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: reactant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. реаге́нт 2. реакти́в	Oxygen is a reactant when wood burns.
309	homogeneous mixture	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: homogeneous + mixture. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	однородная смесь	Salt water is a homogeneous mixture when the salt dissolves completely.
310	solute	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: solute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	растворённый	Sugar is the solute in sweetened tea.
311	constraint	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: constraint is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ограниче́ние	Cost was a constraint when the team chose building materials.
312	prototype	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: prototype is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. моде́ль 2. проо́браз 3. прототи́п	The engineers tested a cardboard prototype before using metal.
313	iteration	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	итера́ция	Each iteration of the bridge held more weight.
314	mechanism	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. механи́зм 2. механизм	A spring mechanism closes the door automatically.
315	optimize	verb Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	оптимизи́ровать	The team will optimize the blade angle to capture more wind.
316	specification	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	специфика́ция	The ramp must meet the safety specification for maximum slope.
317	integrated system	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: integrated + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	интегрированная система	The greenhouse uses an integrated system for heating, watering, and ventilation.
318	technology	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	1. те́хника 2. технология	Solar technology converts sunlight into useful electricity.
319	trade-off	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: trade + off. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	компроми́сс	Using stronger metal created a trade-off between strength and cost.
320	troubleshoot	verb Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: troubleshoot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	изучать	The technician will troubleshoot the circuit one connection at a time.
321	coefficient	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: coefficient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. коэффицие́нт 2. фа́ктор	In 5x, the number 5 is the coefficient.
322	coordinate plane	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: coordinate + plane. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	координатная плоскость	Plot the point at (3, 2) on the coordinate plane.
323	multiplicative inverse	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: multiplicative + inverse. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	мультипликативный обратный	One-fourth is the multiplicative inverse of four.
324	distributive property	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: distributive + property. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	распределительное свойство	The distributive property changes 3(4 + 2) into 12 + 6.
325	algebraic equation	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: algebraic + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	алгебраи́ческое уравне́ние	The algebraic equation x + 4 = 9 has the solution x = 5.

Mixing Matter

Reading practice for pages 13–15. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A copper wire is made from a chemical element, while salt is a chemical compound. Each substance contains more than one kind of subatomic particle. In another beaker, soil forms a suspension in water. Adding more soil raises its concentration.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Which material is a chemical element?

Copper is a chemical element.

2. What forms a suspension?

Soil forms a suspension in water.

3. What raises the concentration?

Adding more soil raises the concentration.

Page 14: words 326–350

Vocabulary page 14
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
326	algebraic expression	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: algebraic + expression. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	алгебраическое выражение	The algebraic expression 2n + 3 does not contain an equals sign.
327	inequality	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	нера́венство	The inequality x > 7 represents all numbers greater than seven.
328	dividend	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: dividend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дели́мое 2. делимое	In 20 ÷ 4, twenty is the dividend.
329	ordered pair	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: ordered + pair. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. па́ра 2. упоря́доченная па́ра	The ordered pair (2, 5) names one point on the graph.
330	variable expression	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: variable + expression. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	выражение переменной	The variable expression 4m represents four times a number.
331	absolute value	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: absolute + value. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. абсолю́тная величина́ 2. мо́дуль	The absolute value of negative six is six.
332	composite number	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: composite + number. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	составное число	Twelve is a composite number because it has several factor pairs.
333	integer	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: integer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. це́лое число́ 2. це́лое	Negative three is an integer.
334	least common multiple	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: least + common + multiple. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. наиме́ньшее о́бщее кра́тное 2. НОК	Twelve is the least common multiple of three and four.
335	arithmetic average	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: arithmetic + average. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	среднее арифметическое	The arithmetic average of 4, 6, and 8 is 6.
336	quartile	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: quartile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	квартиль	The lower quartile marks the point below which one-fourth of the data fall.
337	frequency distribution	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: frequency + distribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	частотное распределение	The frequency distribution shows that most journeys lasted ten to fifteen minutes.
338	prime number	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: prime + number. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. просто́е число́ 2. простое число	Thirteen is a prime number.
339	data spread	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: data + spread. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	распространение данных	The data spread is small because all measurements are close together.
340	statistical	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: statistical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. статисти́ческий 2. статистический	The survey revealed a statistical pattern in commuting times.
341	antibody	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: antibody is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. антите́ло 2. антитело	Each antibody can attach to a particular target on a pathogen.
342	circulatory	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: circulatory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	кровообращения	The circulatory system delivers oxygen throughout the body.
343	diagnosis	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: diagnosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. диа́гноз 2. диагно́стика	The doctor confirmed the diagnosis after reviewing the test results.
344	immune response	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: immune + response. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	иммунный отве́т	The immune response produces cells that attack the virus.
345	micronutrient	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Prefix focus: micro- means small.	микроэлемент	Iron is a micronutrient needed to carry oxygen in the blood.
346	pathogen	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: pathogen is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	патоге́н	Washing hands helps prevent a pathogen from spreading.
347	respiratory	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: respiratory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. дыха́тельный 2. респирато́рный	Smoke can irritate the respiratory system.
348	transmission	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. коро́бка переда́ч 2. коро́бка переключе́ния переда́ч 3. трансми́ссия	Clean water systems reduce the transmission of several diseases.
349	immunization	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. иммуниза́ция 2. иммунизация	The clinic provides immunization against several childhood illnesses.
350	wellness	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	здравствование	Regular movement and sufficient sleep support overall wellness.

Page 15: words 351–375

Vocabulary page 15
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
351	balanced diet	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: balanced + diet. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	сбалансированная диета	A balanced diet includes varied sources of protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals.
352	dehydration	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	дегидрата́ция	The runner stopped to prevent dehydration in the intense heat.
353	digestive process	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: digestive + process. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	пищеварительный процесс	Chewing is the first step in the digestive process.
354	endurance	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. выно́сливость 2. сто́йкость	Swimming regularly improved her endurance.
355	flexibility	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ibility forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. ги́бкость 2. гибкость	Gentle stretching can improve flexibility.
356	mental health	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: mental + health. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. душе́вное здоро́вье 2. психи́ческое здоро́вье	Rest and supportive relationships can protect mental health.
357	posture	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: posture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. по́за 2. оса́нка	Good posture keeps the screen near eye level and the shoulders relaxed.
358	reflex	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: reflex is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. рефле́кс 2. рефлекс	Pulling a hand from a hot surface is a protective reflex.
359	stress response	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: stress + response. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	реакция на стресс	Slow breathing can calm the stress response before a speech.
360	warning sign	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: warning + sign. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	предупреждающий знак	A persistent cough can be a warning sign of respiratory illness.
361	algorithm	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: algorithm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. алгори́тм 2. алгоритм	The search engine uses an algorithm to rank results.
362	archive	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: archive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. архи́в 2. архив	The digital archive contains scanned newspapers from the last century.
363	cybersecurity	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. кибербезопа́сность 2. кибербе́з	Strong passwords are one part of good cybersecurity.
364	database	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: database is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ба́за да́нных 2. база данных	The library database lets readers find books by subject.
365	encryption	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. шифро́вка 2. шифрова́ние	The messaging service uses encryption to protect private conversations.
366	interface	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: interface is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	интерфе́йс	The app's interface uses clear labels and large buttons.
367	metadata	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: metadata is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	метада́нные	A photograph's metadata may include its date and file size.
368	network	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: network is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сеть	The school network links classroom computers to shared printers.
369	privacy	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: privacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пра́йвеси 2. прива́тность	Check the privacy settings before sharing a photograph.
370	software	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: software is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. програ́ммное обеспече́ние 2. софтве́р 3. со́фтвер	The designer updated the software to fix a security problem.
371	attribution	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	исток	The image requires attribution to its photographer.
372	copyright	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: copyright is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. а́вторское пра́во 2. авторское право	Copyright prevents others from republishing the novel without permission.
373	digital footprint	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: digital + footprint. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. цифрово́й след 2. цифрово́й отпеча́ток	A thoughtful user considers how each post affects a digital footprint.
374	misinformation	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	дезинформация	The correction stopped the misinformation from spreading further.
375	plagiarism	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. плагиа́т 2. плагиат	Copying a paragraph without credit is plagiarism.

Page 16: words 376–400

Vocabulary page 16
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
376	search query	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: search + query. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	поисковый запрос	A specific search query produced more useful results.
377	source credibility	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: source + credibility. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	достоверность источника	Authorship and evidence both affect source credibility.
378	sponsored content	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: sponsored + content. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	спонсируемый контент	The label identified the article as sponsored content.
379	user agreement	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: user + agreement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	пользовательское соглашение	Read the user agreement before allowing the app to collect location data.
380	verification	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. верифика́ция 2. прове́рка	Image verification showed that the photograph came from an older event.
381	choreography	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	1. хореогра́фия 2. хореография	The choreography placed the dancers in a widening circle.
382	composition	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. составле́ние 2. соедине́ние	The photograph's composition draws attention to the child in the doorway.
383	foreground	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: foreground is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	пере́дний пла́н	A cluster of flowers fills the foreground of the painting.
384	harmony	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: harmony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. гармо́ния 2. созву́чие	The choir added harmony beneath the main melody.
385	hue	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: hue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	отте́нок	The artist mixed blue and green to create a turquoise hue.
386	medium	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: medium is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	среда́	Clay was the sculptor's chosen medium.
387	perspective drawing	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Term structure: perspective + drawing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Перспективный рисунок	The road narrows toward the horizon in the perspective drawing.
388	refrain	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: refrain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. припе́в 2. рефре́н 3. припев	Everyone joined in when the refrain returned.
389	texture	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: texture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. строе́ние 2. структу́ра 3. тексту́ра	Thick brushstrokes give the painting a rough texture.
390	timbre	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: timbre is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	тембр	The cello's dark timbre differs from the violin's brighter sound.
391	accountability	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	компетентность	Public reports create accountability for how the funds are spent.
392	advocacy	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: advocacy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. защи́та 2. засту́пничество	Her advocacy helped the town build safer sidewalks.
393	collaboration	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. сотру́дничество 2. коопера́ция 3. совме́стная рабо́та	The mural required collaboration among artists, students, and residents.
394	compromise	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: compromise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. компроми́сс 2. компромисс	The final schedule was a compromise between the two proposals.
395	confidential	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: confidential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. довери́тельный 2. конфиденциа́льный 3. та́йный	Medical records contain confidential information.
396	ethical	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: ethical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	эти́ческий	Researchers must follow ethical rules when working with volunteers.
397	inclusion	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	включе́ние	The ramp improved inclusion by making the stage accessible.
398	initiative	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: initiative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. инициати́ва 2. почи́н 3. инициатива	The garden initiative turned an empty lot into a source of food.
399	mutual	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: mutual is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	взаи́мный	The teams treated one another with mutual respect.
400	stewardship	noun Study Field: Grade 6 science and mathematics word Word study: Base-form focus: stewardship is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	до́лжность управля́ющего	Forest stewardship balances human use with long-term protection.

Checking an Online Claim

Reading practice for pages 16–18. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Tariq enters a focused search query about a health claim. He checks source credibility and notices that the first result is sponsored content. Before sharing anything, he reads the site’s user agreement and seeks verification from a public health agency.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What does Tariq search for?

Tariq searches for evidence about a health claim.

2. Why does he inspect source credibility?

He wants to know whether the information is trustworthy.

3. Where does he seek verification?

He seeks verification from a public health agency.

Page 17: words 401–425

Vocabulary page 17
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
401	adversity	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. беда́ 2. бедствие 3. неприятность	The neighbors supported one another through adversity.
402	aspiration	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. стремле́ние 2. наде́жда 3. амби́ция	Her aspiration is to design affordable medical equipment.
403	autonomy	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: autonomy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. самостоя́тельность 2. автономия	The project gave students autonomy to choose their research question.
404	discern	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: discern is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. различа́ть 2. различи́ть 3. распозна́ть	Careful readers discern the difference between evidence and opinion.
405	grievance	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	жа́лоба	Workers submitted a grievance about the unsafe equipment.
406	impartial	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: impartial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. беспристра́стный 2. непредвзя́тый 3. непредубеждённый	An impartial referee applies the same rules to both teams.
407	persistence	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. насто́йчивость 2. упо́рство	Solving the complex proof required persistence.
408	reciprocal	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: reciprocal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	обра́тный	The neighboring schools formed a reciprocal agreement to share equipment.
409	obligation	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. долг 2. обя́занность	Owning a pet creates an obligation to provide food and care.
410	solidarity	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. солида́рность 2. солидарность	The march expressed solidarity with families displaced by the flood.
411	descriptive	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	описа́тельный	The descriptive paragraph helps readers imagine the crowded market.
412	expository	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: expository is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	пояснительный	The expository article explains how coral reefs form.
413	informative	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	информати́вный	The museum guide was concise and informative.
414	persuasive	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	убеди́тельный	The advertisement is persuasive because it combines evidence with emotional appeal.
415	reflective	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	отража́тельный	Her reflective journal considers what she learned from the failed trial.
416	rhetorical	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: rhetorical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ритори́ческий 2. риторический	The speaker used a rhetorical question to focus attention.
417	sensory	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: sensory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	чувство	Sensory details describe the bread's warm scent and crisp crust.
418	spatial	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: spatial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	простра́нственный	A floor plan shows the spatial relationship among rooms.
419	technical	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: technical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. техни́ческий 2. технический	The manual gives a technical explanation of the engine.
420	thematic	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: thematic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	темати́ческий	The novel's thematic focus on belonging connects its different episodes.
421	acute	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: acute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. о́стрый 2. то́нкий	The village faced an acute shortage of medicine.
422	adhere	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: adhere is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. прикле́иваться 2. прикле́иться 3. прилипа́ть	The label will adhere better to a clean surface.
423	ample	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: ample is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. оби́льный 2. доста́точный 3. обши́рный	The wide shelf provides ample space for the collection.
424	arid	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: arid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. сухо́й 2. засу́шливый 3. безво́дный	Only drought-resistant shrubs survived in the arid valley.
425	awe	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: awe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. благогове́ние 2. тре́пет	The enormous glacier filled the visitors with awe.

Page 18: words 426–450

Vocabulary page 18
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
426	barren	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: barren is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. беспло́дный 2. я́ловый	After years without rain, the field became barren.
427	beneficial	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: beneficial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. благотво́рный 2. поле́зный	Regular sleep is beneficial to memory and concentration.
428	boisterous	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. шу́мный 2. бу́рный 3. бу́йный	The boisterous crowd celebrated the championship victory.
429	capacity	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	производи́тельность	The theater has a seating capacity of eight hundred.
430	commend	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: commend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	хвалить	The principal will commend the students who organized the food drive.
431	compact	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: compact is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. компа́ктный 2. пло́тный	The compact toolkit fits beneath the bicycle seat.
432	conspicuous	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	очеви́дный	The bright orange tent was conspicuous against the snow.
433	contaminate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: contaminate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. загрязни́ть 2. загрязня́ть	A leaking tank could contaminate the groundwater.
434	continuous	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	непреры́вный	The machine produced a continuous hum all night.
435	controversy	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: controversy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. спор 2. диску́ссия 3. разногла́сия	The proposal created controversy among residents.
436	cordial	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: cordial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. серде́чный 2. душе́вный	Despite their disagreement, the candidates remained cordial.
437	cumulative	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. кумуляти́вный 2. совоку́пный	The cumulative rainfall for the month reached twenty centimeters.
438	deluge	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: deluge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ли́вень	The afternoon deluge flooded several streets.
439	deplete	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: deplete is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. очища́ть 2. производи́ть кровопуска́ние	Overfishing can deplete a population faster than it recovers.
440	deteriorate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: deteriorate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ухудша́ть 2. уху́дшить	Without repairs, the wooden steps will deteriorate.
441	discretion	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	прозорли́вость	The guide used discretion and canceled the hike as clouds darkened.
442	dominate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: dominate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. госпо́дствовать 2. преоблада́ть 3. домини́ровать	A tall mountain will dominate the western skyline.
443	drastic	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: drastic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. интенсивный 2. реши́тельный 3. радикальный	The drought required drastic limits on water use.
444	eligible	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	1. го́дный 2. приго́дный 3. жела́тельный	Students who complete the course are eligible for the certificate.
445	elude	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: elude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ускользать	The rare bird continued to elude the photographers.
446	evolve	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: evolve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. развива́ться 2. разви́ться	Languages evolve as speakers create and borrow expressions.
447	exploit	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: exploit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. эксплуати́ровать 2. пользоваться	Dishonest employers may exploit workers who lack legal protection.
448	extinct	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: extinct is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	вы́мерший	The dodo has been extinct for centuries.
449	extract	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: extract is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. извле́чь 2. извлека́ть	The machine can extract oil from crushed seeds.
450	futile	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: futile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бесполе́зный 2. тще́тный 3. беспло́дный	Pushing the locked steel door was futile.

Page 19: words 451–475

Vocabulary page 19
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
451	formulate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: formulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. формули́ровать 2. сформули́ровать	The council will formulate a plan after reviewing the evidence.
452	hazardous	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	опасный	Workers wear protective clothing around hazardous chemicals.
453	hoax	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: hoax is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ро́зыгрыш 2. трюк 3. мистифика́ция	The report of a sea monster proved to be a hoax.
454	inept	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: inept is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. неспосо́бный 2. неуме́лый	The inept repair left the faucet leaking worse than before.
455	inevitable	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. неизбе́жный 2. немину́емый 3. неотврати́мый	Some erosion is inevitable when waves strike an unprotected shore.
456	ingenious	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. хитроу́мный 2. оригина́льный	Her ingenious trap caught rainwater without harming wildlife.
457	innovation	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. нововведе́ние 2. иннова́ция 3. но́вшество	The lightweight battery was an important innovation.
458	intimidate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: intimidate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. запу́гивать 2. запуга́ть 3. испуга́ть	The bully tried to intimidate witnesses into silence.
459	jovial	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: jovial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. весёлый 2. жовиальный	The jovial host greeted every guest with a joke.
460	knack	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: knack is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	сноровка	Tariq has a knack for explaining difficult ideas simply.
461	leeway	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: leeway is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	относи́тельная свобо́да де́йствий	The teacher gave each group leeway to choose its own topic.
462	liberate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: liberate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. освобожда́ть 2. освободи́ть 3. вызволя́ть	The rescue team worked to liberate the animal from the net.
463	linger	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: linger is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	протя́гивать	The scent of smoke may linger after the fire is out.
464	exact	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: exact is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	то́чный	The exact meaning of the term depends on its scientific context.
465	loathe	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: loathe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. выносить 2. любить 3. ненави́деть	I loathe wasting food that could have been shared.
466	makeshift	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: makeshift is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. вре́менная заме́на 2. вре́менное приспособле́ние 3. вре́менный	The hikers built a makeshift shelter from branches and a tarp.
467	manipulate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: manipulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. манипули́ровать 2. возде́йствовать 3. влия́ть	The operator can manipulate the robotic arm with a joystick.
468	meager	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: meager is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. бе́дный 2. ми́зерный 3. ску́дный	The meager harvest could not feed the entire village.
469	monotonous	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. моното́нный 2. однообра́зный 3. ску́чный	The monotonous beep continued at the same pitch for hours.
470	omniscient	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: omniscient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. всезна́ющий 2. всеве́дущий	An omniscient narrator can reveal every character's thoughts.
471	onset	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: onset is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ата́ка 2. на́тиск 3. наступле́ние	At the onset of winter, the lake begins to freeze.
472	optimist	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ist often names a person associated with a field, belief, or practice.	1. оптими́ст 2. оптими́стка	The optimist believed the damaged garden would bloom again.
473	painstaking	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: painstaking is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. о́чень осторо́жный 2. аккура́тный 3. кропотли́вый	Painstaking restoration revealed the painting's original colors.
474	persecute	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: persecute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. подверга́ть гонение 2. гоне́ниям 3. пресле́довать	The law must not permit officials to persecute religious minorities.
475	plummet	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: plummet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ре́зко 2. па́дать 3. рухнуть	Temperatures may plummet after the cold front passes.

A Hazardous Hoax

Reading practice for pages 19–20. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

An online hoax claims that a hazardous storm will arrive overnight. Rather than accept its prediction as inevitable, Leila and Omar formulate questions for the weather service. The false post looks inept because it gives no date, author, or evidence.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What does the hoax predict?

The hoax predicts a hazardous storm.

2. Do the students think the storm is inevitable?

No, they check the claim first.

3. Why does the post look inept?

It lacks a date, author, and evidence.

Page 20: words 476–500

Vocabulary page 20
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
476	predicament	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	катего́рия	The broken paddle left the canoeists in a serious predicament.
477	prejudice	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: prejudice is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. предубежде́ние 2. предрассу́док	Education can challenge prejudice by replacing rumors with understanding.
478	prominent	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: prominent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ви́дный 2. выдаю́щийся	A prominent ridge rises above the valley.
479	prosecute	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: prosecute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	пресле́довать	The state may prosecute anyone who deliberately poisons the river.
480	refuge	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: refuge is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. убе́жище 2. укры́тие	The cave offered refuge from the sudden hailstorm.
481	hesitant	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: hesitant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	неуверен	Mira was hesitant to cross the swaying bridge.
482	remorse	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: remorse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. угрызе́ния со́вести 2. раска́яние 3. сожале́ние	He felt remorse after admitting that he had damaged the sculpture.
483	resolute	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: resolute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. непоколеби́мый 2. реши́тельный 3. твёрдый	The resolute climbers continued despite the cold wind.
484	inhibit	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: inhibit is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. подавля́ть 2. подави́ть 3. сде́рживать	Cold temperatures can inhibit the growth of some bacteria.
485	retaliate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: retaliate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. мстить 2. отомсти́ть	The coach warned players not to retaliate after a rough tackle.
486	retrieve	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: retrieve is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. приноси́ть 2. принести́	The dog can retrieve the ball from the shallow pond.
487	rigorous	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. скрупулёзный 2. стро́гий 3. то́чный	The medicine passed a rigorous series of safety tests.
488	sanctuary	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: sanctuary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. убе́жище 2. прибе́жище 3. прию́т	The wetland is a sanctuary for migrating birds.
489	stationary	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: stationary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	неподви́жный	The bicycle remained stationary while its wheel spun.
490	stifle	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: stifle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. души́ть 2. задуши́ть	Fear of criticism can stifle creative ideas.
491	strive	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: strive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. стреми́ться 2. стара́ться 3. боро́ться	The athletes strive to improve their times each week.
492	subordinate	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: subordinate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	подчинённый	The subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
493	subsequent	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: subsequent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. после́дующий 2. сле́дующий 3. дальне́йший	Subsequent experiments confirmed the first result.
494	supplement	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: supplement is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	дополня́ть	The teacher will supplement the article with a short video.
495	tangible	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ible means capable of, suitable for, or able to be affected.	поня́тный	The repaired roof was tangible evidence of the volunteers' work.
496	terminate	verb Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: terminate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. прекраща́ть 2. прекратить 3. расторгать	The agreement allows either side to terminate the contract.
497	terrain	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: terrain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ме́стность 2. релье́ф	The rocky terrain slowed the rescue vehicles.
498	treacherous	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. ненадёжный 2. непро́чный	Black ice made the mountain road treacherous.
499	unanimous	adjective Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. единогла́сный 2. единоду́шный	The jury reached a unanimous decision.
500	verdict	noun Study Field: Grade 6 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: verdict is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. пригово́р 2. реше́ние 3. верди́кт	After considering the evidence, the jury announced its verdict.

Sources and curriculum references

These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.