English Vocabulary · Grade 5 Live Review Preview

5th Grade Vocabulary Words

Fifth-grade readers use increasingly precise vocabulary to compare sources, explain evidence, interpret literature, and learn independently across science, mathematics, and social studies. The curriculum emphasizes context clues, meaningful word parts, parts of speech, and language that strengthens both discussion and writing.

This independently authored 500-word beta curriculum is arranged in twenty pages of twenty-five words each. Words 1–300 include five cloze questions per page; words 301–500 remain fully visible and editable as list pages while the expanded practice layer is developed. References calibrated level and coverage only; all learner-facing definitions and sample sentences are original KSSR copy.

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Complete text list

All 500 words are included below as ordinary HTML. This view does not require JavaScript.

Page 1: words 1–25

Vocabulary page 1
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
1	accomplish	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. заверша́ть 2. заверши́ть 3. довести́ до конец	Careful planning helped the volunteers accomplish their goal before sunset.
2	achievement	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. достижение 2. ачивка	Finishing her first long novel was a proud achievement for Lena.
3	adapt	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. приспоса́бливаться 2. приспосо́биться 3. адапти́роваться	Desert plants adapt to dry conditions by storing water.
4	adequate	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. адеква́тный 2. доста́точный 3. подходя́щий	The hikers carried an adequate supply of water for the afternoon.
5	allocate	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. выделя́ть 2. вы́делить 3. назнача́ть	The council will allocate part of the budget to playground repairs.
6	alternate	verbGrade 5 academic word	чередоваться	We alternate between reading silently and discussing the chapter.
7	anticipate	verbGrade 5 academic word	предви́деть	Farmers anticipate frost when the temperature drops sharply.
8	appeal	nounGrade 5 academic word	привлека́тельность	The mystery's unexpected ending added to its appeal.
9	assign	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. назна́чить 2. назнача́ть	The director will assign each actor a role in the play.
10	category	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. катего́рия 2. категория	Place each rock in a category based on how it formed.
11	combine	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. комбини́ровать 2. скомбини́ровать 3. объединя́ть	We combine flour and water to make the dough.
12	complex	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. сло́жный 2. тру́дный 3. составно́й	The complex machine uses dozens of gears to keep time.
13	concept	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. конце́пция 2. поня́тие 3. представле́ние	The model helped us understand the concept of gravity.
14	consequence	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. ито́г 2. последствие	One consequence of the drought was a smaller wheat harvest.
15	construct	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. составля́ть 2. соста́вить 3. стро́ить	The engineers will construct a footbridge across the creek.
16	contrast	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. противопоста́вить 2. противопоставля́ть	The essay will contrast life in a village with life in a large city.
17	deliberate	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. наме́ренный 2. преднаме́ренный 3. умы́шленный	Her deliberate choice of strong evidence improved the argument.
18	dependable	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	надёжный	The dependable bus arrives at the same time each morning.
19	determine	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. определи́ть 2. определя́ть	The test will determine whether the water is safe to drink.
20	distinguish	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. различа́ть 2. различи́ть	The field guide helps readers distinguish hawks from falcons.
21	diverse	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. разнообра́зный 2. ра́зный	A diverse forest contains plants of many sizes and species.
22	efficient	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. эффекти́вный 2. эффективный	The efficient oven uses less electricity while cooking food evenly.
23	elaborate	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. доскона́льный 2. тща́тельно сде́ланный 3. скрупулёзный	The parade featured an elaborate float covered with paper flowers.
24	encounter	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. встре́тить 2. столкну́ться 3. встре́титься	Hikers may encounter deer near the meadow at dawn.
25	establish	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. установить 2. показать 3. продемонстрировать	Residents hope to establish a weekly farmers' market.

Building a Rain Garden

Reading practice for pages 1–3. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

The garden club studies the concept of collecting rainwater. Members construct a shallow basin beside the playground and plant grasses in it. If they accomplish their plan, less water will flood the path. That consequence will make their achievement useful to the whole school.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What concept does the club study?

The club studies collecting rainwater.

2. What do members construct?

They construct a shallow planted basin.

3. What consequence do they expect?

They expect less water to flood the path.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The model helped us understand the ___ of gravity.

Answer: concept

2. Careful planning helped the volunteers ___ their goal before sunset.

Answer: accomplish

3. One ___ of the drought was a smaller wheat harvest.

Answer: consequence

4. Finishing her first long novel was a proud ___ for Lena.

Answer: achievement

5. The engineers will ___ a footbridge across the creek.

Answer: construct

Page 2: words 26–50

Vocabulary page 2
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
26	evaluate	verbGrade 5 academic word	вычислить	The judges evaluate each design for strength and originality.
27	expand	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. растя́гивать 2. расширя́ть 3. растя́гиваться	The writer will expand the final paragraph with another example.
28	expectation	nounGrade 5 academic word	ожида́ние	Our expectation of clear skies changed when thunder began.
29	factor	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. фактор 2. причи́на	Daily sunlight is an important factor in plant growth.
30	function	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. фу́нкция 2. функция	The roots' main function is to absorb water and anchor the plant.
31	illustrate	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. иллюстри́ровать 2. поясня́ть 3. приводи́ть приме́ры	The diagram will illustrate how water moves through the cycle.
32	infer	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. заключи́ть 2. сде́лать заключе́ние 3. сде́лать вы́вод	From the wet paw prints, we infer that the dog entered through the kitchen.
33	interpret	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. объясня́ть 2. объясни́ть 3. толкова́ть	Students interpret the graph by comparing the heights of its bars.
34	majority	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. большинство́ 2. большинство	A majority of the class voted for the outdoor activity.
35	motivate	verbGrade 5 academic word	мотиви́ровать	A clear goal can motivate a team to keep practicing.
36	perspective	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. перспекти́ва 2. вид 3. обзо́р	The diary presents the voyage from a young sailor's perspective.
37	procedure	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. процеду́ра 2. проце́сс	Follow the safety procedure before starting the experiment.
38	reaction	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. реа́кция 2. реакция	Maya's surprised reaction showed that she had not expected the gift.
39	refer	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. ссыла́ться 2. сосла́ться 3. относи́ть	The directions refer readers to the map on the next page.
40	sequence	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. после́довательность 2. ряд 3. очерёдность	Put the pictures in sequence from seed to flowering plant.
41	significant	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	значи́тельный	The discovery was significant because it changed what scientists understood.
42	sufficient	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. достаточно 2. доста́точный 3. достаточный	One flashlight provided sufficient light for the small tent.
43	supportive	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. благоприя́тный 2. благоскло́нный 3. забо́тливый	Her supportive teammates cheered after every attempt.
44	surroundings	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. око́лица 2. окре́стности 3. окру́га	The owl's brown feathers blend with its woodland surroundings.
45	tendency	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. тенде́нция 2. скло́нность	The river has a tendency to rise after several days of rain.
46	approximate	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. приблизи́тельный 2. приме́рный 3. прибли́женный	The approximate distance to the lake is three kilometers.
47	confident	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	уве́ренный	After rehearsing, Amir felt confident about giving his speech.
48	reliable	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	надёжный	We used a reliable weather source before planning the trip.
49	require	verbGrade 5 academic word	нужда́ться	The recipe will require two cups of chopped apples.
50	strategy	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. страте́гия 2. стратегия	Checking headings first is a useful reading strategy.

Page 2 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 2.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Maya's surprised ___ showed that she had not expected the gift.

Answer: reaction

2. The judges ___ each design for strength and originality.

Answer: evaluate

3. The directions ___ readers to the map on the next page.

Answer: refer

4. The writer will ___ the final paragraph with another example.

Answer: expand

5. Put the pictures in ___ from seed to flowering plant.

Answer: sequence

Page 3: words 51–75

Vocabulary page 3
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
51	abolish	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. отменя́ть 2. отмени́ть 3. упраздня́ть	The town voted to abolish the outdated parking rule.
52	absurd	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. неле́пый 2. абсу́рдный 3. абсурдный	The absurd rumor claimed that the tiny pond contained a whale.
53	access	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. получить доступ 2. доступ	A library card gives residents access to online books.
54	aggressive	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. агресси́вный 2. вои́нственный 3. агрессивный	The aggressive goose hissed and charged toward the fence.
55	altitude	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. высота́ 2. высота́ над уровень 3. альтиту́да	The air becomes thinner as altitude increases.
56	antagonist	nounGrade 5 academic word	антагонист	In the novel, the dishonest captain is the antagonist.
57	antonym	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. анто́ним 2. антоним	The word “scarce” is an antonym of “abundant.”
58	anxious	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. озабо́ченный 2. беспоко́ящийся 3. встрево́женный	Dev felt anxious while waiting for news about the missing dog.
59	aroma	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. арома́т 2. благоуха́ние	The warm bread filled the kitchen with a sweet aroma.
60	astound	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. изуми́ть 2. изумля́ть 3. поража́ть	The magician's final illusion will astound the audience.
61	avalanche	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. лави́на 2. лавина	The avalanche blocked the road through the mountain pass.
62	banquet	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. банке́т 2. пир 3. пи́ршество	The community held a banquet to honor the rescue workers.
63	beverage	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. напи́ток 2. питьё 3. по́йло	Tea was the warm beverage served after the winter walk.
64	bland	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. скучный 2. неинтере́сный 3. безвку́сный	The soup tasted bland until we added herbs.
65	blizzard	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. бура́н 2. пурга́ 3. вью́га	The blizzard buried the road beneath deep snow.
66	bungle	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. напорта́чить 2. порта́чить 3. схалту́рить	Rushing may cause us to bungle the final measurements.
67	cautiously	adverbGrade 5 academic word	1. аккура́тно 2. осторо́жно	The fox stepped cautiously onto the frozen pond.
68	companion	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. това́рищ 2. компаньо́н 3. компаньо́нка	The guide's faithful dog was his companion on every hike.
69	compassion	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. сострада́ние 2. сочу́вствие 3. сопережива́ние	Neighbors showed compassion by bringing meals to the injured family.
70	compensate	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. компенси́ровать 2. возмеща́ть 3. возмести́ть	The store will compensate customers for the damaged goods.
71	comply	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. подчиня́ться 2. соглаша́ться	Cyclists must comply with the trail's safety signs.
72	compose	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. собира́ться 2. собра́ться	Jada will compose a short melody for the school play.
73	convert	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. обраща́ть 2. обрати́ть 3. преобразо́вывать	Solar panels convert sunlight into electrical energy.
74	courteous	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. любе́зный 2. ве́жливый 3. обходи́тельный	The courteous visitor waited until the speaker finished.
75	debate	nounGrade 5 academic word	диску́ссия	The class held a debate about protecting the empty lot.

Page 3 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 3.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The town voted to ___ the outdated parking rule.

Answer: abolish

2. The soup tasted ___ until we added herbs.

Answer: bland

3. The ___ rumor claimed that the tiny pond contained a whale.

Answer: absurd

4. The ___ buried the road beneath deep snow.

Answer: blizzard

5. A library card gives residents ___ to online books.

Answer: access

Page 4: words 76–100

Vocabulary page 4
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
76	decline	verbGrade 5 academic word	ослабевать	The frog population may decline if the pond dries up.
77	dedicate	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. открыва́ть 2. откры́ть	The volunteers dedicate each Saturday to restoring the trail.
78	deprive	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. лиша́ть 2. лиши́ть 3. отнима́ть	Clouds can deprive young plants of necessary sunlight.
79	detect	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. обнару́живать 2. обнару́жить 3. выявля́ть	The alarm can detect smoke before flames appear.
80	dictate	verbGrade 5 academic word	диктова́ть	The reporter will dictate notes to an assistant by phone.
81	document	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. документи́ровать 2. документировать	Scientists document each bird sighting in a field journal.
82	duplicate	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. де́лать дублика́т 2. де́лать ко́пию 3. размножа́ть	The printer can duplicate the photograph in seconds.
83	edible	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. съедо́бный 2. го́дный в пи́щу	Only some of the berries in this forest are edible.
84	escalate	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. обостря́ть 2. углубля́ть	A small disagreement can escalate when no one listens.
85	evade	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. избега́ть 2. избежа́ть	The quick rabbit tried to evade the circling hawk.
86	exasperate	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. серди́ть 2. раздража́ть 3. возмущать	Repeated interruptions can exasperate a patient speaker.
87	excavate	verbGrade 5 academic word	копать	Archaeologists excavate the site with small tools and brushes.
88	exert	verbGrade 5 academic word	использовать	Climbers must exert extra force on the steep slope.
89	exhibit	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. экспози́ция 2. вы́ставка	The museum will exhibit tools from the early settlement.
90	exult	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. ликова́ть 2. торжествова́ть	Fans began to exult when the final goal secured the victory.
91	feeble	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. сла́бый 2. хи́лый 3. не́мощный	A feeble beam of light shone through the dusty window.
92	frigid	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. о́чень холо́дный 2. моро́зный	Frigid air froze the puddles overnight.
93	gigantic	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. гига́нтский 2. грома́дный 3. огро́мный	A gigantic whale surfaced beside the research boat.
94	gorge	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. уще́лье 2. лощи́на 3. яр	The river flows through a rocky gorge.
95	guardian	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. опеку́н 2. кура́тор 3. попечи́тель	Her guardian signed the permission form for the trip.
96	hazy	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	волна	The distant hills looked hazy through the morning fog.
97	hearty	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	1. оби́льный 2. сы́тный	The hikers ate a hearty stew after the long climb.
98	homonym	nounGrade 5 academic word	1. омо́ним 2. омоним	“Bat” is a homonym because it can name an animal or a piece of sports equipment.
99	identical	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	тожде́ственный	The two keys looked identical, but only one opened the door.
100	illuminate	verbGrade 5 academic word	1. освеща́ть 2. освети́ть 3. подсвети́ть	A lantern will illuminate the dark path.

The Museum Exhibit

Reading practice for pages 4–6. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Volunteers dedicate a new exhibit to the town’s musicians. Ticket sales decline during a snowy week, but the curator refuses to deprive families of a final viewing day. The volunteers exult when the museum fills on Saturday.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. To whom is the exhibit dedicated?

The exhibit is dedicated to the town's musicians.

2. Why do ticket sales decline?

Snowy weather causes ticket sales to decline.

3. When do volunteers exult?

They exult when the museum fills.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The frog population may ___ if the pond dries up.

Answer: decline

2. The museum will ___ tools from the early settlement.

Answer: exhibit

3. The volunteers ___ each Saturday to restoring the trail.

Answer: dedicate

4. Fans began to ___ when the final goal secured the victory.

Answer: exult

5. Clouds can ___ young plants of necessary sunlight.

Answer: deprive

Page 5: words 101–125

Vocabulary page 5
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
101	independent	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. незави́симый 2. самостоя́тельный 3. свобо́дный	The independent researcher planned and completed her own investigation.
102	industrious	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. приле́жный 2. работя́щий 3. трудолюби́вый	The industrious ants carried food back to their nest.
103	intense	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. си́льный 2. интенси́вный	The intense heat forced the runners to shorten their practice.
104	intercept	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. заде́рживать 2. задержа́ть 3. перехва́тывать	The defender managed to intercept the pass.
105	jubilation	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	ликова́ние	Jubilation filled the stadium after the unexpected victory.
106	kin	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. ро́дичи 2. ро́дственники 3. соро́дичи	The young wolf remained close to its kin.
107	luxurious	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. роско́шный 2. роскошный	The hotel offered a luxurious room overlooking the harbor.
108	major	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	мажо́рный	Repairing the bridge was a major project for the town.
109	miniature	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	миниатю́рный	The exhibit included a miniature model of the castle.
110	minor	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. второстепе́нный 2. незначи́тельный	A minor scratch did not affect how the machine worked.
111	mischief	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. озорство́ 2. ша́лость 3. вред	The puppy's mischief left muddy paw prints across the floor.
112	monarch	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. мона́рх 2. монарх	The monarch addressed the nation from the palace.
113	moral	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. мора́льный 2. нравоучи́тельный 3. назида́тельный	The fable's moral warns readers not to be greedy.
114	myth	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	миф	The ancient myth tells how the stars reached the sky.
115	narrator	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. расска́зчик 2. расска́зчица 3. повествова́тель	The narrator knows what every character is thinking.
116	navigate	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	вести	Sailors use charts and stars to navigate across the ocean.
117	negative	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. отрица́тельный 2. негати́вный 3. негативный	The critic gave a negative review of the confusing performance.
118	nonchalant	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. невозмути́мый 2. беспе́чный 3. небре́жный	Ravi sounded nonchalant even though the contest result mattered to him.
119	obsolete	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. устаре́вший 2. устаревший	The old machine became obsolete after digital equipment arrived.
120	occasion	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. возмо́жность 2. собы́тие 3. по́вод	The family saved the decorated dishes for a special occasion.
121	overthrow	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. све́ргнуть 2. сверга́ть	The rebels hoped to overthrow the cruel ruler.
122	pardon	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. ми́ловать 2. поми́ловать	The governor may pardon a prisoner after reviewing the case.
123	pasture	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. па́стбище 2. вы́пас 3. вы́гон	The horses grazed peacefully in the pasture.
124	pedestrian	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. пешехо́д 2. пе́шая 3. пе́ший	The driver stopped to let a pedestrian cross the street.
125	perish	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. ги́бнуть 2. погиба́ть 3. поги́бнуть	Young seedlings may perish without water.

Page 5 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 5.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ancient ___ tells how the stars reached the sky.

Answer: myth

2. The ___ ants carried food back to their nest.

Answer: industrious

3. The ___ knows what every character is thinking.

Answer: narrator

4. The ___ heat forced the runners to shorten their practice.

Answer: intense

5. Sailors use charts and stars to ___ across the ocean.

Answer: navigate

Page 6: words 126–150

Vocabulary page 6
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
126	petrify	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. камене́ть 2. окамене́ть	The sudden growl seemed to petrify the campers.
127	portable	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	портативный	We used a portable stove to cook at the campsite.
128	prefix	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. приста́вка 2. пре́фикс 3. приставка	The prefix “un-” changes “certain” to “uncertain.”
129	preserve	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. защища́ть 2. защити́ть 3. оберега́ть	The archive works to preserve letters from the town's founders.
130	protagonist	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. гла́вный геро́й 2. главный 3. протагони́ст	The protagonist must choose between safety and helping a friend.
131	provide	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. обеспе́чивать 2. обеспе́чить	Tall trees provide shade beside the playground.
132	purchase	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	покупать	The club will purchase new art supplies with the fundraiser money.
133	realistic	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	реалисти́чный	The artist painted a realistic portrait of the old fisherman.
134	reassure	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. заве́рить 2. заверя́ть 3. уве́рить	The guide tried to reassure us that the trail was safe.
135	reign	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. правле́ние 2. ца́рствование	The palace was expanded during the queen's reign.
136	resemble	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. походи́ть 2. напомина́ть 3. быть похожий	The cloud seemed to resemble a sailing ship.
137	retain	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. храни́ть 2. сохраня́ть 3. сохрани́ть	Dark soil can retain water longer than sand.
138	retire	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. выходи́ть на пе́нсию 2. выходи́ть в отста́вку	The librarian plans to retire after forty years of service.
139	revert	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	вернуться	Without maintenance, the garden may revert to an overgrown field.
140	route	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. путь 2. курс 3. доро́га	The map shows the safest route across the mountains.
141	saunter	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. прогу́лка 2. прогу́ливаться 3. проха́живаться	We watched the peacock saunter across the courtyard.
142	seldom	adverbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. и́зредка 2. ре́дко	Snow seldom falls in this warm coastal town.
143	senseless	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	бессмы́сленный	Damaging the new playground would be a senseless act.
144	sever	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. отреза́ть 2. отре́зать 3. разрыва́ть	The storm may sever weak branches from the tree.
145	slither	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	всунуть	A green snake began to slither through the grass.
146	sluggish	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. вялый 2. заторможенный 3. инертный	The lizard seemed sluggish in the cool morning air.
147	soar	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. взлета́ть 2. взлете́ть 3. взмыва́ть	The eagle began to soar above the canyon.
148	solitary	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. отше́льник 2. затво́рник 3. одиночный	A solitary lighthouse stood on the rocky island.
149	solo	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	со́ло	Mina practiced her violin solo for the concert.
150	sparse	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	ре́дкий	Only sparse grass grew on the dry hillside.

Page 6 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 6.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Without maintenance, the garden may ___ to an overgrown field.

Answer: revert

2. We used a ___ stove to cook at the campsite.

Answer: portable

3. The map shows the safest ___ across the mountains.

Answer: route

4. The ___ “un-” changes “certain” to “uncertain.”

Answer: prefix

5. We watched the peacock ___ across the courtyard.

Answer: saunter

Page 7: words 151–175

Vocabulary page 7
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
151	spurt	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. вы́бросить струёй 2. выбра́сывать струёй 3. заби́ть струёй	Water began to spurt from the cracked pipe.
152	suffix	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. су́ффикс 2. по́стфикс 3. суффикс	The suffix “-less” changes “hope” into “hopeless.”
153	suffocate	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. души́ть 2. задуши́ть 3. удуши́ть	Smoke can suffocate people inside a closed room.
154	summit	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. пик 2. верши́на 3. верху́шка	The climbers reached the summit before noon.
155	suspend	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. подве́шивать 2. подве́сить 3. ве́шать	Workers suspend the bridge deck from thick steel cables.
156	synonym	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. сино́ним 2. синоним	“Rapid” is a synonym for “quick.”
157	talon	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	ко́готь	The hawk gripped the branch with each curved talon.
158	taunt	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. ко́лкость 2. насмеха́ться	It is unkind to taunt a player who misses a shot.
159	thrifty	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. бережли́вый 2. хозя́йственный 3. эконо́мный	The thrifty cook turned leftover vegetables into soup.
160	translate	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. переводи́ть 2. перевести́ 3. переводить	Students will translate the short message from French into English.
161	tropical	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. тропи́ческий 2. тропический	Colorful parrots live in the tropical forest.
162	visible	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. ви́димый 2. видимый	The lighthouse became visible when the fog lifted.
163	visual	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. зри́тельный 2. визуа́льный	A visual chart made the instructions easier to follow.
164	vivid	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. живо́й 2. я́сный	The author used vivid details to describe the storm.
165	wilderness	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. дикий 2. нетронутый 3. целина́	The protected wilderness contains forests, rivers, and mountains.
166	withdraw	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. брать наза́д 2. забира́ть 3. забра́ть	The injured runner had to withdraw from the race.
167	crucial	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. реша́ющий 2. ключево́й	Clean water is crucial to every community's health.
168	emerge	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. всплыва́ть 2. всплыть	A butterfly will emerge from the chrysalis.
169	overcome	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. преодоле́ть 2. преодолева́ть	With practice, Jayla began to overcome her fear of speaking.
170	perplex	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. озадачивать 2. запутывать	The puzzle's missing clue continued to perplex the detectives.
171	beckon	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	подзыва́ть	The guide raised one hand to beckon us toward the entrance.
172	bestow	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. дари́ть 2. подари́ть 3. дарова́ть	The mayor will bestow a medal on the brave rescuer.
173	intently	adverbGrade 5 language and literature word	внимательно	The fox watched intently as the mouse crossed the field.
174	solemn	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	серьёзный	The crowd remained solemn during the memorial ceremony.
175	culture	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. культу́ра 2. культура	Music and food are important parts of a community's culture.

A Summit in the Wilderness

Reading practice for pages 7–9. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

On a wilderness hike, Priya notices that the word fearless has a suffix. At the summit, smoke drifts from a distant fire. Because smoke can suffocate people, the guide decides to withdraw the group to a lower, clearer trail.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What word part does Priya notice?

Priya notices a suffix.

2. What appears near the summit?

Smoke from a distant fire appears.

3. Why does the guide withdraw the group?

The guide withdraws them because smoke can suffocate people.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ “-less” changes “hope” into “hopeless.”

Answer: suffix

2. The protected ___ contains forests, rivers, and mountains.

Answer: wilderness

3. Smoke can ___ people inside a closed room.

Answer: suffocate

4. The injured runner had to ___ from the race.

Answer: withdraw

5. The climbers reached the ___ before noon.

Answer: summit

Page 8: words 176–200

Vocabulary page 8
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
176	infuriate	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	злить	Cheating in the final match would infuriate the other players.
177	population	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. населе́ние 2. население	The island's seabird population increased after nesting areas were protected.
178	resource	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. запа́с 2. изобрета́тельность 3. нахо́дчивость	The encyclopedia is a valuable resource for the research project.
179	thrive	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. процветать 2. благоденствовать 3. преуспевать	Tomato plants thrive in warm sunlight.
180	assure	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. обнадёживать 2. обнадёжить	The coach tried to assure the team that their preparation was strong.
181	comprehend	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. понима́ть 2. постигать 3. осознать	The timeline helped us comprehend the order of historical events.
182	exaggerate	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. преувели́чивать 2. преувели́чить 3. утри́ровать	Do not exaggerate the size of the fish you caught.
183	ignorant	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. тёмный 2. неве́жественный 3. негра́мотный	We were ignorant of the trail closure until we saw the sign.
184	trial	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. испыта́ние 2. неприя́тность 3. суд	Surviving three nights in the storm was a severe trial.
185	summon	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. звать 2. позва́ть 3. вызыва́ть	The captain will summon the crew when the ship is ready.
186	tolerate	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. вы́терпеть 2. допуска́ть 3. допусти́ть	These plants can tolerate a few nights of cold weather.
187	vague	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. нея́сный 2. нечёткий 3. неопределённый	The vague directions did not explain which road to take.
188	blurt	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. сболтну́ть 2. вы́палить 3. прогова́риваться	Nina tried not to blurt the surprise before the party.
189	criticize	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. критикова́ть 2. раскритикова́ть	A helpful reviewer can criticize the argument without insulting the writer.
190	flimsy	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. хлипкий 2. хру́пкий	The flimsy box collapsed under the heavy books.
191	favorable	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	выгодный	Favorable winds carried the sailboat toward the harbor.
192	mimic	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	имити́ровать	The parrot can mimic the sound of a ringing phone.
193	ridicule	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. высме́ивать 2. вы́смеять 3. насмеха́ться	No student should ridicule another person's accent.
194	trait	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. осо́бенность 2. прису́щее 3. черта́	Patience is a useful trait for a careful scientist.
195	utter	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. говори́ть 2. сказа́ть 3. поговори́ть	The startled child could barely utter a word.
196	adjust	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. настра́ивать 2. настро́ить 3. отрегули́ровать	Please adjust the microscope until the image is clear.
197	approve	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. утвержда́ть 2. утверди́ть 3. одобря́ть	The committee must approve the plan before construction begins.
198	conduct	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. поведе́ние 2. вести 3. руководи́ть	Researchers will conduct a survey about recycling habits.
199	conflict	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. конфли́кт 2. столкнове́ние 3. конфликт	The characters resolve their conflict by speaking honestly.
200	equivalent	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. равноце́нный 2. эквивале́нтный	Two quarters are equivalent to one half.

Page 8 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 8.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The island's seabird ___ increased after nesting areas were protected.

Answer: population

2. The ___ box collapsed under the heavy books.

Answer: flimsy

3. The encyclopedia is a valuable ___ for the research project.

Answer: resource

4. ___ winds carried the sailboat toward the harbor.

Answer: favorable

5. Tomato plants ___ in warm sunlight.

Answer: thrive

Page 9: words 201–225

Vocabulary page 9
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
201	likely	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. вероя́тный 2. возмо́жный	Dark clouds make rain likely this afternoon.
202	vital	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. жи́зненно ва́жный 2. насу́щный 3. жи́зненно необходи́мый	Oxygen is vital for human survival.
203	claim	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. заявле́ние 2. объявле́ние 3. утвержде́ние	The writer supports each claim with facts from reliable sources.
204	context	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. конте́кст 2. контекст	The context shows that “bank” refers to the side of a river.
205	debris	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. обло́мки 2. разва́лины 3. развалина	Workers cleared storm debris from the road.
206	eerie	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. жу́ткий 2. пуга́ющий 3. злове́щий	An eerie howl echoed through the empty valley.
207	graphic	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. рису́нок 2. чертёж 3. карти́нка	The graphic novel combines dialogue with illustrated panels.
208	investigate	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. рассле́довать 2. изуча́ть 3. изучи́ть	Detectives investigate the footprints beside the broken window.
209	irregular	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. непра́вильный 2. неправильный	The stone has an irregular shape with five uneven sides.
210	rustle	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. шелесте́ть 2. шурша́ть	A rabbit made the grass rustle beside the path.
211	scrawny	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. то́щий 2. костля́вый	The scrawny kitten grew stronger after several weeks of care.
212	wage	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. за́работная пла́та 2. зарпла́та 3. за́работок	The farm pays each worker an hourly wage.
213	affect	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	поража́ть	A long drought can affect the price of vegetables.
214	despair	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. отча́яние 2. безнадёжность 3. тлен	The stranded sailors felt despair when the radio stopped working.
215	external	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. вне́шний 2. нару́жный	The turtle's external shell protects its body.
216	gleam	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. луч 2. (сла́бый) свет	Wet stones gleam in the morning sun.
217	internal	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	вну́тренний	The mechanic inspected the engine's internal parts.
218	peril	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. опа́сность 2. риск 3. угро́за	The climbers faced peril when the ice began to crack.
219	restrict	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. ограни́чивать 2. ограни́чить	Park rules restrict campfires during dry weather.
220	secure	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	надёжный	Use strong rope to secure the canoe to the dock.
221	summary	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. итог 2. краткий 3. кра́ткое изложе́ние	Her summary included the article's central point and key evidence.
222	coax	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. угова́ривать 2. уговори́ть 3. увещева́ть	We used a treat to coax the frightened dog out from under the porch.
223	enhance	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. улучша́ть 2. улу́чшить	A labeled map can enhance the report.
224	familiar	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	знако́мый	The familiar song reminded him of summer camp.
225	ferocious	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. свире́пый 2. жесто́кий	Ferocious winds tore branches from the trees.

Page 9 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 9.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The turtle's ___ shell protects its body.

Answer: external

2. The writer supports each ___ with facts from reliable sources.

Answer: claim

3. Wet stones ___ in the morning sun.

Answer: gleam

4. The ___ shows that “bank” refers to the side of a river.

Answer: context

5. The mechanic inspected the engine's ___ parts.

Answer: internal

Page 10: words 226–250

Vocabulary page 10
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
226	murky	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. гря́зный 2. тёмный	The pond water became murky after the storm.
227	restrain	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. сде́рживать 2. сдержа́ть 3. обу́здывать	A leash helps restrain a dog near a busy road.
228	sorrowful	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. гру́стный 2. печа́льный 3. ско́рбный	The sorrowful ending left many readers in tears.
229	sympathy	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. сочу́вствие 2. сострада́ние	We expressed sympathy to the family after their loss.
230	grim	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	мра́чный	The rescue team faced grim conditions in the flooded valley.
231	erupt	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. изверга́ть 2. изверга́ться	A volcano may erupt after pressure builds below the surface.
232	insist	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. наста́ивать 2. настоя́ть	The guide will insist that everyone wear a helmet.
233	sneer	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	ухмылка	The villain began to sneer at the hero's simple plan.
234	tuft	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	пучо́к	A white tuft of fur clung to the fence.
235	unravel	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. распу́тывать 2. распу́тать	The detective used the diary to unravel the mystery.
236	envious	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	1. зави́стливый 2. завистливый	Leo felt envious of his friend's new bicycle.
237	influence	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	1. влия́ние 2. влия́тельность 3. возде́йствие	The coach's encouragement had a positive influence on the team.
238	prohibit	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. запреща́ть 2. запрети́ть	The signs prohibit swimming near the waterfall.
239	pry	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. выве́дывать 2. подсма́тривать 3. следи́ть	We used a flat tool to pry the lid from the paint can.
240	regret	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	1. сожале́ть 2. жале́ть	I regret leaving the seedlings outside during the frost.
241	wring	verbGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. выжима́ть 2. вы́жать 3. выкру́чивать	Wring the wet cloth over the sink before hanging it.
242	confide	verbGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. доверя́ться 2. дове́риться	Mara chose to confide her worry to a close friend.
243	dread	verbGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. страх 2. боя́знь 3. опаса́ться	Some passengers dread flying during storms.
244	glimpse	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	бе́глый взгляд	We caught a glimpse of the fox before it vanished.
245	glisten	verbGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. блесну́ть 2. блесте́ть 3. сверка́ть	Drops of rain glisten on the spiderweb.
246	isolate	verbGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. изоли́ровать 2. обособля́ть 3. обосо́бить	Scientists isolate the sick plant to protect the healthy ones.
247	option	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. о́пция 2. вы́бор 3. вариа́нт	Taking the bus is an option when the road is icy.
248	smirk	verbGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. ухмыля́ться 2. ухмыльну́ться	The bully began to smirk after hiding the missing notebook.
249	affection	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. любо́вь 2. привя́занность 3. эмоция	The dog showed affection by resting its head on Mina's knee.
250	empathy	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. сочу́вствие 2. сопережива́ние 3. эмпа́тия	Reading the refugee's diary helped students develop empathy.

An Honest Apology

Reading practice for pages 10–12. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

After spilling paint on a friend’s poster, Luis feels deep regret. He begins to wring the stained paper, but that only tears it. Looking sorrowful, he chooses to confide in his teacher. She shows sympathy and helps both students make a repair.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Why does Luis feel regret?

Luis spilled paint on a friend's poster.

2. Why should he not wring the paper?

Wringing the paper tears it.

3. In whom does Luis confide?

Luis confides in his teacher.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. I ___ leaving the seedlings outside during the frost.

Answer: regret

2. The ___ ending left many readers in tears.

Answer: sorrowful

3. ___ the wet cloth over the sink before hanging it.

Answer: wring

4. We expressed ___ to the family after their loss.

Answer: sympathy

5. Mara chose to ___ her worry to a close friend.

Answer: confide

Page 11: words 251–275

Vocabulary page 11
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
251	integrity	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	це́лостность	Returning the extra change showed Carlos's integrity.
252	patience	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. терпе́ние 2. терпели́вость 3. терпение	Growing a garden requires patience because seeds develop slowly.
253	responsibility	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. отве́тственность 2. обя́занность	Feeding the class fish is Hana's responsibility this week.
254	cooperation	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. сотру́дничество 2. коопера́ция	The heavy table was moved safely through cooperation.
255	determination	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	реше́ние	Her determination helped her finish the steep climb.
256	curiosity	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. курьёз 2. дико́вина 3. ре́дкость	Curiosity led the children to examine the unusual shell.
257	fairness	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. беспристра́стие 2. справедли́вость	The referee's fairness earned respect from both teams.
258	loyalty	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. ве́рность 2. лоя́льность	The guide praised the dog's loyalty to its owner.
259	gratitude	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. благода́рность 2. призна́тельность	We wrote notes of gratitude to the volunteers.
260	tolerance	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	терпе́ние	A respectful community practices tolerance toward different traditions.
261	perseverance	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. насто́йчивость 2. сто́йкость 3. упо́рство	Solving the complicated puzzle required perseverance.
262	frustration	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. разочарова́ние 2. неудовлетворённость 3. расстро́йство	Repeated computer errors caused understandable frustration.
263	disappointment	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. разочарова́ние 2. неприя́тность 3. разочарование	The canceled trip brought disappointment to the campers.
264	enthusiasm	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. энтузиа́зм 2. воодушевле́ние 3. запа́л	Her enthusiasm for astronomy inspired the whole club.
265	embarrassment	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. стыд 2. смуще́ние 3. стесне́ние	He laughed at his embarrassment after realizing his shirt was backward.
266	hesitation	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	нереши́тельность	After a moment of hesitation, Priya stepped onto the stage.
267	jealousy	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. за́висть 2. ре́вность 3. ревность	Jealousy made the character ignore her friend's success.
268	loneliness	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. одино́чество 2. одиночество	Joining the club helped ease his loneliness.
269	relief	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	облегче́ние	We felt relief when the lost hikers returned safely.
270	resentment	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. негодова́ние 2. возмуще́ние	Unequal chores created resentment between the roommates.
271	satisfaction	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. удовлетворе́ние 2. удовлетворение	Completing the mural gave the artists great satisfaction.
272	considerate	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	проду́манный	It was considerate of Mae to lower her voice near the sleeping baby.
273	courageous	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. отва́жный 2. сме́лый 3. хра́брый	The courageous witness told the truth despite feeling afraid.
274	deceitful	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	лжи́вый	The deceitful merchant hid the crack beneath a label.
275	determined	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	реши́тельный	The determined runner continued through the heavy rain.

Page 11 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 11.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Feeding the class fish is Hana's ___ this week.

Answer: responsibility

2. After a moment of ___, Priya stepped onto the stage.

Answer: hesitation

3. The heavy table was moved safely through ___.

Answer: cooperation

4. ___ made the character ignore her friend's success.

Answer: jealousy

5. Her ___ helped her finish the steep climb.

Answer: determination

Page 12: words 276–300

Vocabulary page 12
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
276	dishonest	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. нече́стный 2. бесче́стный	The dishonest player secretly changed the score.
277	enthusiastic	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. восто́рженный 2. по́лный энтузиа́зма 3. стра́стный	The enthusiastic volunteers arrived early with extra supplies.
278	impatient	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	нетерпели́вый	The impatient customer kept checking the clock.
279	respectful	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. почти́тельный 2. уважи́тельный	A respectful listener does not interrupt.
280	selfish	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	эгоисти́чный	The selfish character kept all the food for himself.
281	thoughtful	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	вду́мчивый	Her thoughtful question helped the speaker explain the issue.
282	cautious	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. осторо́жный 2. внима́тельный 3. осмотри́тельный	The cautious climber tested each handhold.
283	cooperative	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. гото́вый к сотрудничество 2. совме́стный 3. объединённый	The cooperative group divided the research tasks fairly.
284	decisive	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	решающий	The decisive captain changed course before the storm arrived.
285	devoted	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	посвящённый	The devoted nurse checked on every patient.
286	embarrassed	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. стыдли́вый 2. смущённый 3. расте́рянный	Kai felt embarrassed after calling the teacher by the wrong name.
287	encouraging	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. обнадёживающий 2. ободри́тельный 3. ободря́ющий	The coach's encouraging words helped the team recover.
288	forgiving	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. проща́ющий 2. снисходи́тельный	Her forgiving response allowed the friends to begin again.
289	resourceful	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. находчивый 2. изобретательный	The resourceful campers repaired the strap with cord and tape.
290	selfless	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. бескоры́стный 2. самоотве́рженный	The selfless volunteer gave her seat to the tired passenger.
291	trustworthy	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. надёжный 2. благонадёжный 3. ве́рный	A trustworthy guide admits when a route is uncertain.
292	polite	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. ве́жливый 2. учти́вый	The polite guest thanked the host before leaving.
293	arrogant	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. высокоме́рный 2. гордели́вый 3. зано́счивый	The arrogant champion refused to congratulate the other team.
294	compassionate	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. сострада́ющий 2. сочу́вствующий	The compassionate doctor listened carefully to the frightened child.
295	demanding	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. тре́бующий уси́лий 2. напряжённый	Training for the long race was demanding.
296	gloomy	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. мра́чный 2. угрю́мый 3. хму́рый	The gray sky gave the empty street a gloomy appearance.
297	guilty	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. вино́вный 2. винова́тый	The guilty child admitted breaking the vase.
298	jealous	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. ревни́вый 2. ревну́ющий 3. ревнивый	Nia felt jealous when her friend won the solo.
299	miserable	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. бе́дный 2. несча́стный	The soaked hikers felt miserable in the cold wind.
300	optimistic	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. оптимисти́ческий 2. оптимисти́чный 3. оптимистический	The optimistic gardener believed the damaged plants would recover.

Page 12 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 12.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ customer kept checking the clock.

Answer: impatient

2. A ___ guide admits when a route is uncertain.

Answer: trustworthy

3. A ___ listener does not interrupt.

Answer: respectful

4. The ___ guest thanked the host before leaving.

Answer: polite

5. The ___ character kept all the food for himself.

Answer: selfish

Page 13: words 301–325

Vocabulary page 13
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
301	pessimistic	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	пессимисти́чный	The pessimistic sailor doubted that the wind would improve.
302	reluctant	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	1. неохо́тный 2. нежела́ющий	The reluctant puppy stopped at the edge of the water.
303	sincere	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	и́скренний	Her sincere apology helped repair the friendship.
304	adaptation	nounGrade 5 science word	1. адапта́ция 2. обрабо́тка 3. привыка́ние	A camel's ability to conserve water is an adaptation to desert life.
305	organism	nounGrade 5 science word	1. органи́зм 2. организм	Every organism in the pond depends on water.
306	habitat	nounGrade 5 science word	среда́ обита́ния	The marsh provides a habitat for frogs and herons.
307	ecosystem	nounGrade 5 science word	1. экосисте́ма 2. экосистема	Removing one species can affect the entire ecosystem.
308	species	nounGrade 5 science word	вид	The island supports a rare species of lizard.
309	community	nounGrade 5 science word	1. соо́бщество 2. комму́на 3. комью́нити	The reef community includes coral, fish, and algae.
310	consumer	nounGrade 5 science word	1. потреби́тель 2. потреби́тельница 3. потребитель	A rabbit is a consumer that feeds on plants.
311	decomposer	nounGrade 5 science word	разлагатель	A mushroom acts as a decomposer on the forest floor.
312	producer	nounGrade 5 science word	1. продю́сер 2. производитель	Grass is a producer that uses sunlight to make food.
313	nutrient	nounGrade 5 science word	1. питательный 2. пита́тельное вещество́	Iron is a nutrient that helps blood carry oxygen.
314	photosynthesis	nounGrade 5 science word	1. фотоси́нтез 2. фотосинтез	During photosynthesis, leaves release oxygen.
315	respiration	nounGrade 5 science word	1. дыха́ние 2. дыхание	Cellular respiration provides energy for growth and movement.
316	germination	nounGrade 5 science word	герминация	Warm soil and water encourage germination.
317	pollination	nounGrade 5 science word	1. опыле́ние 2. опыление	Bees help with pollination as they visit flowers.
318	reproduction	nounGrade 5 science word	1. размноже́ние 2. размножение	Flowering plants use seeds for reproduction.
319	inherited	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	наследие	Eye color is an inherited trait.
320	instinct	nounGrade 5 science word	1. инсти́нкт 2. инстинкт	Migration is an instinct in many bird species.
321	behavior	nounGrade 5 science word	поведе́ние	The scientist recorded the penguin's feeding behavior.
322	cell	nounGrade 5 science word	1. кле́тка 2. ячейка 3. клетка	A microscope can reveal the structure of a plant cell.
323	tissue	nounGrade 5 science word	ткань	Muscle tissue contracts to move the body.
324	organ	nounGrade 5 science word	1. о́рган 2. учрежде́ние 3. орган	The heart is an organ that pumps blood.
325	system	nounGrade 5 science word	1. систе́ма 2. система	The digestive system breaks food into usable nutrients.

A Reluctant Scientist

Reading practice for pages 13–15. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Mina is reluctant to present her beetle model because she feels pessimistic about it. Her partner gives sincere encouragement. Together they explain how each adaptation helps the organism survive in a dry habitat.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Why is Mina reluctant to present?

Mina doubts the quality of her model.

2. What does her partner offer?

Her partner offers sincere encouragement.

3. What do the adaptations help the organism do?

They help the organism survive.

Page 14: words 326–350

Vocabulary page 14
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
326	skeleton	nounGrade 5 science word	1. скеле́т 2. о́стов 3. карка́с	A whale's skeleton contains bones shaped like those in other mammals.
327	muscle	nounGrade 5 science word	1. мы́шца 2. му́скул 3. мышца	The heart is a powerful muscle.
328	circulation	nounGrade 5 science word	кровообраще́ние	Exercise can increase blood circulation.
329	digestion	nounGrade 5 science word	1. пищеваре́ние 2. переварива́ние 3. пищеварение	Digestion begins when food is chewed.
330	microorganism	nounGrade 5 science word	1. микрооргани́зм 2. микроорганизм	Some kinds of microorganism help produce yogurt.
331	bacteria	nounGrade 5 science word	бактерии	Helpful bacteria live in healthy soil.
332	virus	nounGrade 5 science word	1. ви́рус 2. вирус	A virus can spread through cough droplets.
333	fungus	nounGrade 5 science word	1. гриб 2. грибо́к	The damp log was covered by a pale fungus.
334	parasite	nounGrade 5 science word	1. парази́т 2. паразит	A tick is a parasite that feeds on an animal's blood.
335	immunity	nounGrade 5 science word	1. иммуните́т 2. иммунитет	Vaccination can help the body develop immunity.
336	vaccine	nounGrade 5 science word	1. вакци́на 2. приви́вка 3. вакцина	The vaccine reduced the spread of the illness.
337	infection	nounGrade 5 science word	1. инфе́кция 2. зара́за 3. инфекция	The doctor treated the cut to prevent infection.
338	symptom	nounGrade 5 science word	1. симпто́м 2. при́знак 3. симптом	A high fever can be a symptom of infection.
339	treatment	nounGrade 5 science word	1. лече́ние 2. терапи́я	Rest was part of the recommended treatment.
340	recover	verbGrade 5 science word	1. выздора́вливать 2. вы́здороветь 3. поправля́ться	The injured bird may recover after several weeks of care.
341	contagious	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	зара́зный	The contagious illness moved quickly through the crowded camp.
342	hygiene	nounGrade 5 science word	1. гигие́на 2. гигиена	Good hand hygiene helps prevent infection.
343	molecule	nounGrade 5 science word	1. моле́кула 2. молекула	A water molecule contains hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
344	atom	nounGrade 5 science word	1. а́том 2. атом	An atom contains a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
345	element	nounGrade 5 science word	1. элеме́нт 2. элемент	Oxygen is an element found in air and water.
346	compound	nounGrade 5 science word	1. соедине́ние 2. соединение	Water is a compound made from hydrogen and oxygen.
347	mixture	nounGrade 5 science word	смесь	Trail mix is a mixture whose ingredients remain separate.
348	dissolve	verbGrade 5 science word	1. растворя́ть 2. раствори́ть	Salt will dissolve more quickly in warm water.
349	chemical	nounGrade 5 science word	1. химика́т 2. хими́ческое соедине́ние	The label identifies each chemical in the cleaning solution.
350	mineral	nounGrade 5 science word	минера́л	Quartz is a common mineral in Earth's crust.

Page 15: words 351–375

Vocabulary page 15
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
351	mass	nounGrade 5 science word	1. ма́сса 2. масса	The balance measures the rock's mass in grams.
352	volume	nounGrade 5 science word	объём	We found the box's volume by multiplying its length, width, and height.
353	density	nounGrade 5 science word	1. пло́тность 2. густота́ 3. плотность	Oil floats because its density is lower than water's.
354	energy	nounGrade 5 science word	1. эне́ргия 2. энергия	Food provides energy for the body.
355	force	nounGrade 5 science word	1. си́ла 2. мощь 3. дурь	The force of the kick sent the ball across the field.
356	motion	nounGrade 5 science word	предложе́ние	The camera recorded the cart's motion down the ramp.
357	friction	nounGrade 5 science word	1. си́ла тре́ния 2. трение	Friction between the tires and road helps the bicycle stop.
358	magnetism	nounGrade 5 science word	1. магнети́зм 2. магнетизм	Magnetism pulled the iron paper clips toward the bar.
359	electricity	nounGrade 5 science word	1. электри́чество 2. электричество	The wind turbine generates electricity.
360	circuit	nounGrade 5 science word	цепь	The bulb lights when the circuit is closed.
361	conductor	nounGrade 5 science word	1. проводни́к 2. проводник	Copper is a good conductor of electricity.
362	insulator	nounGrade 5 science word	изоля́тор	Rubber is an insulator used around electric wires.
363	reflection	nounGrade 5 science word	отраже́ние	The mirror formed an image through reflection.
364	refraction	nounGrade 5 science word	1. преломле́ние 2. рефра́кция	Refraction makes the straw appear bent in water.
365	vibration	nounGrade 5 science word	вибра́ция	The string's vibration produces a musical sound.
366	frequency	nounGrade 5 science word	1. частота́ 2. частота	A higher sound frequency produces a higher pitch.
367	wavelength	nounGrade 5 science word	1. длина́ волны́ 2. волна́ 3. длина волны	Red light has a longer wavelength than violet light.
368	spectrum	nounGrade 5 science word	спектр	A prism separates white light into a spectrum.
369	transparent	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	1. прозра́чный 2. прозрачный	The transparent glass revealed the fish inside the tank.
370	translucent	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	1. просве́чивающий 2. полупрозра́чный 3. прозра́чный	The translucent curtain softened the sunlight.
371	opaque	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	1. ма́товый 2. непрозра́чный	The opaque wall blocked all light from the next room.
372	solid	nounGrade 5 science word	твёрдое те́ло	Ice is the solid form of water.
373	liquid	nounGrade 5 science word	1. жи́дкость 2. жидкость	A liquid takes the shape of its container.
374	state	nounGrade 5 science word	1. госуда́рство 2. держа́ва 3. на́ция	Heating can change water from a liquid state to a gas.
375	evaporation	nounGrade 5 science word	1. испаре́ние 2. парообразова́ние	Evaporation slowly dried the puddle.

Page 16: words 376–400

Vocabulary page 16
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
376	condensation	nounGrade 5 science word	1. конденса́ция 2. конденсация	Condensation formed droplets on the cold glass.
377	precipitation	nounGrade 5 science word	1. оса́дки 2. атмосферные осадки	The forecast predicts heavy precipitation overnight.
378	humidity	nounGrade 5 science word	вла́жность	High humidity made the warm day feel uncomfortable.
379	atmosphere	nounGrade 5 science word	1. атмосфе́ра 2. атмосфера	Earth's atmosphere contains the oxygen people breathe.
380	weathering	nounGrade 5 science word	1. выве́тривание 2. выветривание	Repeated freezing and thawing cause weathering.
381	erosion	nounGrade 5 science word	1. эро́зия 2. эрозия	Tree roots can slow erosion on a steep slope.
382	sediment	nounGrade 5 science word	1. отложе́ние 2. оса́док 3. отсто́й	The river left a layer of sediment along its banks.
383	fossil	nounGrade 5 science word	1. ископа́емое 2. окамене́лость 3. фосси́лия	The rock contained a fossil of a small shell.
384	glacier	nounGrade 5 science word	1. ледни́к 2. гле́тчер 3. ледник	The glacier carved a wide valley as it moved.
385	earthquake	nounGrade 5 science word	1. землетрясе́ние 2. землетрясение	The earthquake damaged buildings near the fault.
386	fault	nounGrade 5 science word	1. вина́ 2. вина	Pressure built along the fault before the earthquake.
387	tectonic	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	1. тектони́ческий 2. тектонический	Tectonic plates move only a few centimeters each year.
388	volcano	nounGrade 5 science word	1. вулкан 2. вулка́н	The volcano released steam from its summit.
389	canyon	nounGrade 5 science word	1. каньо́н 2. каньон	The river flows along the bottom of the canyon.
390	plateau	nounGrade 5 science word	1. плато́ 2. плоского́рье 3. плато	The village sits on a plateau above the valley.
391	delta	nounGrade 5 science word	1. де́льта 2. дельта	The river formed a fertile delta beside the sea.
392	basin	nounGrade 5 science word	1. бассе́йн 2. резервуа́р	Rain from the entire basin flows toward the main river.
393	renewable	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	возобновля́емый	Sunlight is a renewable source of energy.
394	nonrenewable	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	невозобновляемый	Coal is a nonrenewable resource.
395	conservation	nounGrade 5 science word	1. сохране́ние 2. охра́на 3. защи́та	Water conservation becomes especially important during drought.
396	pollution	nounGrade 5 science word	1. загрязне́ние 2. загрязнение	Air pollution can make breathing difficult.
397	environment	nounGrade 5 science word	1. окружа́ющая среда́ 2. экосисте́ма	Plastic waste harms the ocean environment.
398	recycle	verbGrade 5 science word	1. рециркули́ровать 2. перераба́тывать 3. перерабо́тать	The factory can recycle old glass into new bottles.
399	biodegradable	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	биоразлага́емый	Leaves are biodegradable and can become compost.
400	sustainable	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	1. жизнеспособный 2. усто́йчивый	The farm uses sustainable methods to protect the soil.

Water in the Air

Reading practice for pages 16–18. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Warm water raises the humidity inside a sealed jar. Water vapor enters the cooler upper atmosphere of the jar, where condensation forms droplets. When the drops fall like precipitation, they strike a sugar cube and slowly model weathering.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What raises the humidity?

Warm water raises the humidity.

2. Where does condensation form?

Condensation forms near the cooler top of the jar.

3. What process does the sugar cube model?

The sugar cube models weathering.

Page 17: words 401–425

Vocabulary page 17
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
401	agriculture	nounGrade 5 science word	1. се́льское хозя́йство 2. земле́делие 3. агрокульту́ра	Agriculture provides food and materials for communities.
402	irrigation	nounGrade 5 science word	1. иррига́ция 2. ороше́ние	Drip irrigation carries water directly to plant roots.
403	fraction	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. часть 2. части́ца 3. дробь	The shaded fraction of the circle is three fourths.
404	decimal	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	десяти́чный	The decimal 0.5 represents one half.
405	percentage	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. процентный 2. проце́нтное отноше́ние 3. проце́нт	The percentage of blue marbles is sixty because sixty out of every hundred are blue.
406	ratio	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	коэффицие́нт	The ratio of red beads to blue beads is two to three.
407	proportion	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. пропо́рция 2. пропорция	We used a proportion to find the missing map distance.
408	numerator	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. числи́тель 2. числитель	In three fifths, three is the numerator.
409	denominator	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. знамена́тель 2. знаменатель	In three fifths, five is the denominator.
410	product	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. произведе́ние 2. произведение	The product of six and seven is forty-two.
411	quotient	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. ча́стное 2. частное	The quotient of forty and eight is five.
412	remainder	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. оста́ток 2. остаток	Seventeen divided by five has a remainder of two.
413	multiple	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. кра́тное 2. кра́тное число́	Thirty is a multiple of both five and six.
414	prime	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	просто́й	Seven is a prime number because only one and seven divide it evenly.
415	composite	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	составно́й	Twelve is a composite number with several factor pairs.
416	divisible	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	дели́мый	Thirty-six is divisible by nine.
417	divisor	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	дели́тель	In twenty divided by four, four is the divisor.
418	exponent	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. сте́пень 2. экспонент	In three squared, the exponent is two.
419	squared	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	1. в кле́тку 2. в кле́точку	Five squared equals twenty-five.
420	cubed	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	в ку́бе	Two cubed equals eight.
421	operation	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. опера́ция 2. де́йствие	Choose the correct operation before solving the problem.
422	expression	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. выраже́ние 2. выражение	The expression six plus four has a value of ten.
423	coordinate	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. координа́та 2. координата	The first coordinate tells how far to move horizontally.
424	axis	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	ось	The horizontal axis shows time in minutes.
425	graph	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	граф	The graph shows how temperature changed during the day.

Page 18: words 426–450

Vocabulary page 18
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
426	ordered	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	упорядоченный	An ordered pair lists the horizontal coordinate first.
427	quadrant	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. квадра́нт 2. квадрант	The point is located in the first quadrant.
428	polygon	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. многоуго́льник 2. многоугольник	A hexagon is a polygon with six sides.
429	angle	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. у́гол 2. угол	A right angle measures ninety degrees.
430	vertex	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. верши́на 2. верху́шка	The top vertex joins the triangle's two sloping sides.
431	parallel	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	паралле́льный	Opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel.
432	perpendicular	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	1. перпендикуля́рный 2. перпендикулярный	The vertical post is perpendicular to the ground.
433	triangle	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. треуго́льник 2. треугольник	The triangle has one right angle.
434	rectangle	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. прямоуго́льник 2. прямоугольник	The classroom floor forms a rectangle.
435	rhombus	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	ромб	The tilted tile is a rhombus rather than a square.
436	trapezoid	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	трапециевидный	The bridge support forms a trapezoid.
437	circumference	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. окру́жность 2. пери́метр	We wrapped string around the lid to measure its circumference.
438	diameter	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. диа́метр 2. попере́чник 3. диаметр	The plate's diameter is twice its radius.
439	radius	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. ра́диус 2. радиус	The compass was set to a radius of five centimeters.
440	area	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. пло́щадь 2. площадь	Multiply length by width to find a rectangle's area.
441	perimeter	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. пери́метр 2. периметр	Add all four side lengths to find the garden's perimeter.
442	symmetry	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. симме́трия 2. симметрия	The butterfly's wings show approximate symmetry.
443	median	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. медиа́нный 2. медиа́на	The median of three, five, and nine is five.
444	mode	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	мо́да	The mode of two, three, three, and five is three.
445	range	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. о́бласть 2. мно́жество 3. ассортиме́нт	The range of four, seven, and twelve is eight.
446	data	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. да́нные 2. информа́ция 3. данные	We recorded the rainfall data in a table.
447	sample	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. образе́ц 2. про́ба 3. экземпля́р	The survey used a sample of fifty residents.
448	probability	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	вероя́тность	The probability of rolling an even number is one half.
449	possible	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	1. возмо́жный 2. вероя́тный 3. возможный	Rolling a six is possible with a standard number cube.
450	impossible	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	1. несбыточный 2. недостижи́мый 3. невозможный	It is impossible to roll a seven on a standard six-sided number cube.

Page 19: words 451–475

Vocabulary page 19
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
451	event	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	1. собы́тие 2. событие	Drawing a red marble is the event we are studying.
452	estimate	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	оце́нка	Our estimate placed the crowd at about five hundred people.
453	government	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. прави́тельство 2. правительство	The local government maintains roads and parks.
454	democracy	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. демокра́тия 2. народовла́стие 3. демократия	In a democracy, citizens vote in elections.
455	republic	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. республика 2. респу́блика	The constitution established the nation as a republic.
456	constitution	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. конститу́ция 2. основно́й зако́н 3. конституция	The constitution describes the powers of each branch.
457	citizen	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. граждани́н 2. гражда́нка 3. по́дданный	Every citizen may contact elected representatives.
458	citizenship	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. гражда́нство 2. по́дданство 3. гражданство	Responsible citizenship includes learning about public issues.
459	rights	nounGrade 5 social studies word	права	The law protects the rights of every voter.
460	duty	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. долг 2. обя́занность	Serving on a jury can be a citizen's duty.
461	justice	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. справедли́вость 2. справедливость	The court seeks justice by examining evidence carefully.
462	authority	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. власть 2. авторитет	The city council has authority over local zoning.
463	legislature	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. законода́тельная власть 2. законода́тельный о́рган 3. заксобра́ние	The state legislature debated the education bill.
464	executive	adjectiveGrade 5 social studies word	1. исполнительный 2. исполни́тельная власть	The executive branch enforces federal laws.
465	judicial	adjectiveGrade 5 social studies word	суде́бный	The judicial branch decides how laws apply to cases.
466	congress	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. конгре́сс 2. съе́зд	Congress considered a bill about national parks.
467	court	nounGrade 5 social studies word	суд	The court listened to witnesses before reaching a decision.
468	amendment	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. попра́вка 2. измене́ние	The amendment added a new protection to the constitution.
469	federal	adjectiveGrade 5 social studies word	1. федера́льный 2. федеральный	Federal law applies throughout the country.
470	regional	adjectiveGrade 5 social studies word	региона́льный	The regional train connects several nearby cities.
471	municipal	adjectiveGrade 5 social studies word	1. городско́й 2. муниципа́льный	The municipal library is funded by the city.
472	policy	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. курс 2. ли́ния 3. поли́тика	The school adopted a policy for reducing food waste.
473	economy	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. эконо́мия 2. экономика	Tourism supports the island's economy.
474	economic	adjectiveGrade 5 social studies word	1. экономи́ческий 2. хозя́йственный 3. экономический	The new harbor created economic opportunities.
475	trade	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. обме́н 2. комме́рция 3. торго́вля	River routes allowed trade between distant communities.

Estimating an Election

Reading practice for pages 19–20. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A mock election is the final event in civics week. Students estimate the turnout before voting for representatives. The activity shows how democracy works in a republic, where citizens choose people to serve in government.

Russian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What event ends civics week?

A mock election ends civics week.

2. What do students estimate?

They estimate voter turnout.

3. How are democracy and a republic connected?

Citizens in the republic elect representatives to government.

Page 20: words 476–500

Vocabulary page 20
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
476	commerce	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. торго́вля 2. комме́рция	The port became a center of international commerce.
477	import	verbGrade 5 social studies word	1. импорти́ровать 2. ввози́ть 3. ввезти́	The country must import fruit during the cold season.
478	export	verbGrade 5 social studies word	1. экспорти́ровать 2. вывози́ть 3. вы́везти	Local farms export coffee to markets overseas.
479	supply	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. снабжа́ть 2. снабди́ть 3. поставля́ть	Heavy rain increased the city's water supply.
480	demand	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. спрос 2. потре́бность	Demand for warm coats rises in winter.
481	scarcity	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. нехва́тка 2. ску́дость 3. недоста́ток	Water scarcity forced the town to limit outdoor use.
482	budget	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. бюдже́т 2. бюджет	The club created a budget before ordering supplies.
483	income	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. дохо́д 2. прихо́д 3. при́быль	Part of her summer income went into savings.
484	expense	nounGrade 5 social studies word	расхо́д	Rent was the family's largest monthly expense.
485	profit	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. вы́года 2. дохо́д 3. нажи́ва	The bakery used its profit to buy a larger oven.
486	goods	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. това́р 2. проду́кт 3. добро́	The train carried goods from inland factories to the port.
487	service	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. обслу́живать 2. обслужи́ть 3. серви́з	Bus transportation is a public service.
488	currency	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. валю́та 2. валюта	Travelers exchanged their currency before the trip.
489	tax	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. нало́г 2. сбор 3. по́шлина	The sales tax helps fund local services.
490	labor	nounGrade 5 social studies word	труд	Building the stone wall required many hours of labor.
491	industry	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. промы́шленность 2. инду́стрия 3. индустри́я	Fishing is an important industry in the coastal region.
492	entrepreneur	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. предпринима́тель 2. предпринима́тельница 3. антрепренёр	The young entrepreneur opened a bicycle repair shop.
493	colony	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. коло́ния 2. колония	The distant colony sent raw materials to the ruling nation.
494	colonist	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. колони́ст 2. колони́стка 3. поселе́нец	Each colonist had to build shelter before winter.
495	settlement	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. населённый пункт 2. селение	The settlement grew beside a reliable water source.
496	independence	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. незави́симость 2. самостоя́тельность 3. независимость	The nation declared independence after years of conflict.
497	revolution	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. револю́ция 2. революция	The revolution ended the monarch's rule.
498	treaty	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. догово́р 2. до́говор 3. соглаше́ние	The treaty established a peaceful border.
499	alliance	nounGrade 5 social studies word	1. сою́з 2. алья́нс	The two nations formed an alliance for mutual defense.
500	territory	nounGrade 5 social studies word	террито́рия	The map shows the territory governed by the northern kingdom.

Sources and curriculum references

These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.