English Vocabulary · Grade 5 Live Review Preview

5th Grade Vocabulary Words

Fifth-grade readers use increasingly precise vocabulary to compare sources, explain evidence, interpret literature, and learn independently across science, mathematics, and social studies. The curriculum emphasizes context clues, meaningful word parts, parts of speech, and language that strengthens both discussion and writing.

This independently authored 500-word beta curriculum is arranged in twenty pages of twenty-five words each. Words 1–300 include five cloze questions per page; words 301–500 remain fully visible and editable as list pages while the expanded practice layer is developed. References calibrated level and coverage only; all learner-facing definitions and sample sentences are original KSSR copy.

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Complete text list

All 500 words are included below as ordinary HTML. This view does not require JavaScript.

Page 1: words 1–25

Vocabulary page 1
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
1	accomplish	verbGrade 5 academic word	to complete something successfully	Careful planning helped the volunteers accomplish their goal before sunset.
2	achievement	nounGrade 5 academic word	something important completed through effort or skill	Finishing her first long novel was a proud achievement for Lena.
3	adapt	verbGrade 5 academic word	to change in order to suit new conditions	Desert plants adapt to dry conditions by storing water.
4	adequate	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	enough for a particular need or purpose	The hikers carried an adequate supply of water for the afternoon.
5	allocate	verbGrade 5 academic word	to set aside something for a particular purpose	The council will allocate part of the budget to playground repairs.
6	alternate	verbGrade 5 academic word	to change repeatedly between two choices or states	We alternate between reading silently and discussing the chapter.
7	anticipate	verbGrade 5 academic word	to expect something and prepare for it	Farmers anticipate frost when the temperature drops sharply.
8	appeal	nounGrade 5 academic word	a quality that makes something interesting or attractive	The mystery's unexpected ending added to its appeal.
9	assign	verbGrade 5 academic word	to give someone a particular job or responsibility	The director will assign each actor a role in the play.
10	category	nounGrade 5 academic word	a group whose members share important features	Place each rock in a category based on how it formed.
11	combine	verbGrade 5 academic word	to join two or more things together	We combine flour and water to make the dough.
12	complex	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	having many connected parts and not simple	The complex machine uses dozens of gears to keep time.
13	concept	nounGrade 5 academic word	a general idea used to understand something	The model helped us understand the concept of gravity.
14	consequence	nounGrade 5 academic word	a result that follows an action or event	One consequence of the drought was a smaller wheat harvest.
15	construct	verbGrade 5 academic word	to build or put something together	The engineers will construct a footbridge across the creek.
16	contrast	verbGrade 5 academic word	to examine how two things differ	The essay will contrast life in a village with life in a large city.
17	deliberate	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	done intentionally and with careful thought	Her deliberate choice of strong evidence improved the argument.
18	dependable	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	able to be trusted to do what is expected	The dependable bus arrives at the same time each morning.
19	determine	verbGrade 5 academic word	to find out or decide after careful thought	The test will determine whether the water is safe to drink.
20	distinguish	verbGrade 5 academic word	to recognize or explain the difference between things	The field guide helps readers distinguish hawks from falcons.
21	diverse	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	including many different kinds of people or things	A diverse forest contains plants of many sizes and species.
22	efficient	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	working well without wasting time or materials	The efficient oven uses less electricity while cooking food evenly.
23	elaborate	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	containing many carefully arranged details	The parade featured an elaborate float covered with paper flowers.
24	encounter	verbGrade 5 academic word	to meet or experience unexpectedly	Hikers may encounter deer near the meadow at dawn.
25	establish	verbGrade 5 academic word	to create something intended to continue	Residents hope to establish a weekly farmers' market.

Building a Rain Garden

Reading practice for pages 1–3. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

The garden club studies the concept of collecting rainwater. Members construct a shallow basin beside the playground and plant grasses in it. If they accomplish their plan, less water will flood the path. That consequence will make their achievement useful to the whole school.

Reading comprehension

1. What concept does the club study?

The club studies collecting rainwater.

2. What do members construct?

They construct a shallow planted basin.

3. What consequence do they expect?

They expect less water to flood the path.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The model helped us understand the ___ of gravity.

Answer: concept

2. Careful planning helped the volunteers ___ their goal before sunset.

Answer: accomplish

3. One ___ of the drought was a smaller wheat harvest.

Answer: consequence

4. Finishing her first long novel was a proud ___ for Lena.

Answer: achievement

5. The engineers will ___ a footbridge across the creek.

Answer: construct

Page 2: words 26–50

Vocabulary page 2
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
26	evaluate	verbGrade 5 academic word	to judge quality or value using evidence	The judges evaluate each design for strength and originality.
27	expand	verbGrade 5 academic word	to become or make larger in size, amount, or detail	The writer will expand the final paragraph with another example.
28	expectation	nounGrade 5 academic word	a belief about what will probably happen	Our expectation of clear skies changed when thunder began.
29	factor	nounGrade 5 academic word	one of several things that helps cause a result	Daily sunlight is an important factor in plant growth.
30	function	nounGrade 5 academic word	the purpose or job of something	The roots' main function is to absorb water and anchor the plant.
31	illustrate	verbGrade 5 academic word	to explain or show by using examples or pictures	The diagram will illustrate how water moves through the cycle.
32	infer	verbGrade 5 academic word	to form a reasonable idea from evidence	From the wet paw prints, we infer that the dog entered through the kitchen.
33	interpret	verbGrade 5 academic word	to explain the meaning of information or an event	Students interpret the graph by comparing the heights of its bars.
34	majority	nounGrade 5 academic word	more than half of a group	A majority of the class voted for the outdoor activity.
35	motivate	verbGrade 5 academic word	to give someone a reason or desire to act	A clear goal can motivate a team to keep practicing.
36	perspective	nounGrade 5 academic word	a particular way of viewing a subject or situation	The diary presents the voyage from a young sailor's perspective.
37	procedure	nounGrade 5 academic word	a set order of steps for doing something	Follow the safety procedure before starting the experiment.
38	reaction	nounGrade 5 academic word	an action or feeling caused by something	Maya's surprised reaction showed that she had not expected the gift.
39	refer	verbGrade 5 academic word	to direct someone to a source for information	The directions refer readers to the map on the next page.
40	sequence	nounGrade 5 academic word	a set of events or items arranged in order	Put the pictures in sequence from seed to flowering plant.
41	significant	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	important or large enough to be noticed	The discovery was significant because it changed what scientists understood.
42	sufficient	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	enough to meet a need or purpose	One flashlight provided sufficient light for the small tent.
43	supportive	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	giving help, approval, or encouragement	Her supportive teammates cheered after every attempt.
44	surroundings	nounGrade 5 academic word	the people, places, and things around someone	The owl's brown feathers blend with its woodland surroundings.
45	tendency	nounGrade 5 academic word	a usual pattern of behavior or change	The river has a tendency to rise after several days of rain.
46	approximate	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	close to the exact amount but not exact	The approximate distance to the lake is three kilometers.
47	confident	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	sure of your ability or judgment	After rehearsing, Amir felt confident about giving his speech.
48	reliable	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	consistently accurate or able to be trusted	We used a reliable weather source before planning the trip.
49	require	verbGrade 5 academic word	to make something necessary	The recipe will require two cups of chopped apples.
50	strategy	nounGrade 5 academic word	a carefully planned method for reaching a goal	Checking headings first is a useful reading strategy.

Page 2 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 2.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Maya's surprised ___ showed that she had not expected the gift.

Answer: reaction

2. The judges ___ each design for strength and originality.

Answer: evaluate

3. The directions ___ readers to the map on the next page.

Answer: refer

4. The writer will ___ the final paragraph with another example.

Answer: expand

5. Put the pictures in ___ from seed to flowering plant.

Answer: sequence

Page 3: words 51–75

Vocabulary page 3
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
51	abolish	verbGrade 5 academic word	to officially end a law, rule, or system	The town voted to abolish the outdated parking rule.
52	absurd	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	clearly unreasonable or impossible	The absurd rumor claimed that the tiny pond contained a whale.
53	access	nounGrade 5 academic word	the ability or right to enter, use, or obtain something	A library card gives residents access to online books.
54	aggressive	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	ready to attack or forcefully pursue a goal	The aggressive goose hissed and charged toward the fence.
55	altitude	nounGrade 5 academic word	height above sea level	The air becomes thinner as altitude increases.
56	antagonist	nounGrade 5 academic word	a character or force that opposes the main character	In the novel, the dishonest captain is the antagonist.
57	antonym	nounGrade 5 academic word	a word with a meaning opposite to another word	The word “scarce” is an antonym of “abundant.”
58	anxious	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	worried or uneasy about what may happen	Dev felt anxious while waiting for news about the missing dog.
59	aroma	nounGrade 5 academic word	a noticeable and usually pleasant smell	The warm bread filled the kitchen with a sweet aroma.
60	astound	verbGrade 5 academic word	to surprise someone greatly	The magician's final illusion will astound the audience.
61	avalanche	nounGrade 5 academic word	a large mass of snow and ice rushing down a mountain	The avalanche blocked the road through the mountain pass.
62	banquet	nounGrade 5 academic word	a large formal meal for many people	The community held a banquet to honor the rescue workers.
63	beverage	nounGrade 5 academic word	a drink of any kind	Tea was the warm beverage served after the winter walk.
64	bland	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	lacking a strong flavor or interesting quality	The soup tasted bland until we added herbs.
65	blizzard	nounGrade 5 academic word	a severe snowstorm with strong winds	The blizzard buried the road beneath deep snow.
66	bungle	verbGrade 5 academic word	to do something badly through carelessness	Rushing may cause us to bungle the final measurements.
67	cautiously	adverbGrade 5 academic word	in a careful way that avoids danger or mistakes	The fox stepped cautiously onto the frozen pond.
68	companion	nounGrade 5 academic word	a person or animal who spends time with another	The guide's faithful dog was his companion on every hike.
69	compassion	nounGrade 5 academic word	concern for someone who is suffering, with a desire to help	Neighbors showed compassion by bringing meals to the injured family.
70	compensate	verbGrade 5 academic word	to make up for a loss, difficulty, or unfair situation	The store will compensate customers for the damaged goods.
71	comply	verbGrade 5 academic word	to act according to a request, rule, or order	Cyclists must comply with the trail's safety signs.
72	compose	verbGrade 5 academic word	to create a piece of writing, art, or music	Jada will compose a short melody for the school play.
73	convert	verbGrade 5 academic word	to change something into a different form or purpose	Solar panels convert sunlight into electrical energy.
74	courteous	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	polite and respectful toward others	The courteous visitor waited until the speaker finished.
75	debate	nounGrade 5 academic word	a formal discussion in which opposing views are presented	The class held a debate about protecting the empty lot.

Page 3 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 3.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The town voted to ___ the outdated parking rule.

Answer: abolish

2. The soup tasted ___ until we added herbs.

Answer: bland

3. The ___ rumor claimed that the tiny pond contained a whale.

Answer: absurd

4. The ___ buried the road beneath deep snow.

Answer: blizzard

5. A library card gives residents ___ to online books.

Answer: access

Page 4: words 76–100

Vocabulary page 4
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
76	decline	verbGrade 5 academic word	to become smaller, weaker, or fewer	The frog population may decline if the pond dries up.
77	dedicate	verbGrade 5 academic word	to give time or effort to a purpose	The volunteers dedicate each Saturday to restoring the trail.
78	deprive	verbGrade 5 academic word	to prevent someone from having something needed	Clouds can deprive young plants of necessary sunlight.
79	detect	verbGrade 5 academic word	to discover or notice something difficult to see	The alarm can detect smoke before flames appear.
80	dictate	verbGrade 5 academic word	to say words aloud for someone else to write	The reporter will dictate notes to an assistant by phone.
81	document	verbGrade 5 academic word	to record information as evidence or for future use	Scientists document each bird sighting in a field journal.
82	duplicate	verbGrade 5 academic word	to make an exact copy of something	The printer can duplicate the photograph in seconds.
83	edible	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	safe and suitable to eat	Only some of the berries in this forest are edible.
84	escalate	verbGrade 5 academic word	to become or make more serious or intense	A small disagreement can escalate when no one listens.
85	evade	verbGrade 5 academic word	to avoid or escape from someone or something	The quick rabbit tried to evade the circling hawk.
86	exasperate	verbGrade 5 academic word	to make someone extremely annoyed	Repeated interruptions can exasperate a patient speaker.
87	excavate	verbGrade 5 academic word	to dig carefully in order to uncover something	Archaeologists excavate the site with small tools and brushes.
88	exert	verbGrade 5 academic word	to use strength, effort, or influence	Climbers must exert extra force on the steep slope.
89	exhibit	verbGrade 5 academic word	to show a quality, feeling, or object clearly	The museum will exhibit tools from the early settlement.
90	exult	verbGrade 5 academic word	to show great happiness because of a success	Fans began to exult when the final goal secured the victory.
91	feeble	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	very weak or lacking strength	A feeble beam of light shone through the dusty window.
92	frigid	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	extremely cold	Frigid air froze the puddles overnight.
93	gigantic	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	extremely large	A gigantic whale surfaced beside the research boat.
94	gorge	nounGrade 5 academic word	a deep, narrow valley with steep sides	The river flows through a rocky gorge.
95	guardian	nounGrade 5 academic word	a person legally or personally responsible for protecting someone	Her guardian signed the permission form for the trip.
96	hazy	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	slightly unclear because of mist, smoke, or uncertainty	The distant hills looked hazy through the morning fog.
97	hearty	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	large, nourishing, and satisfying	The hikers ate a hearty stew after the long climb.
98	homonym	nounGrade 5 academic word	a word that shares its spelling or sound with another word but has a different meaning	“Bat” is a homonym because it can name an animal or a piece of sports equipment.
99	identical	adjectiveGrade 5 academic word	exactly the same in every detail	The two keys looked identical, but only one opened the door.
100	illuminate	verbGrade 5 academic word	to light something up or make an idea clearer	A lantern will illuminate the dark path.

The Museum Exhibit

Reading practice for pages 4–6. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Volunteers dedicate a new exhibit to the town’s musicians. Ticket sales decline during a snowy week, but the curator refuses to deprive families of a final viewing day. The volunteers exult when the museum fills on Saturday.

Reading comprehension

1. To whom is the exhibit dedicated?

The exhibit is dedicated to the town's musicians.

2. Why do ticket sales decline?

Snowy weather causes ticket sales to decline.

3. When do volunteers exult?

They exult when the museum fills.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The frog population may ___ if the pond dries up.

Answer: decline

2. The museum will ___ tools from the early settlement.

Answer: exhibit

3. The volunteers ___ each Saturday to restoring the trail.

Answer: dedicate

4. Fans began to ___ when the final goal secured the victory.

Answer: exult

5. Clouds can ___ young plants of necessary sunlight.

Answer: deprive

Page 5: words 101–125

Vocabulary page 5
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
101	independent	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	able to work or act without being controlled by others	The independent researcher planned and completed her own investigation.
102	industrious	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	hardworking and steadily busy	The industrious ants carried food back to their nest.
103	intense	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	very strong or extreme	The intense heat forced the runners to shorten their practice.
104	intercept	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to stop or catch something before it reaches its destination	The defender managed to intercept the pass.
105	jubilation	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a feeling or display of great joy	Jubilation filled the stadium after the unexpected victory.
106	kin	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	people related to one another by family	The young wolf remained close to its kin.
107	luxurious	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	very comfortable, expensive, or pleasant	The hotel offered a luxurious room overlooking the harbor.
108	major	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	important, serious, or large in degree	Repairing the bridge was a major project for the town.
109	miniature	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	much smaller than the usual size	The exhibit included a miniature model of the castle.
110	minor	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	less important or serious	A minor scratch did not affect how the machine worked.
111	mischief	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	playful behavior that causes annoyance or small trouble	The puppy's mischief left muddy paw prints across the floor.
112	monarch	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a king or queen who rules a country	The monarch addressed the nation from the palace.
113	moral	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a lesson about right and wrong taught by a story or event	The fable's moral warns readers not to be greedy.
114	myth	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a traditional story that explains beliefs, events, or natural features	The ancient myth tells how the stars reached the sky.
115	narrator	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	the voice or character who tells a story	The narrator knows what every character is thinking.
116	navigate	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to plan and follow a route from one place to another	Sailors use charts and stars to navigate across the ocean.
117	negative	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	expressing refusal, disagreement, or an undesirable quality	The critic gave a negative review of the confusing performance.
118	nonchalant	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	appearing calm and unconcerned	Ravi sounded nonchalant even though the contest result mattered to him.
119	obsolete	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	no longer used because something newer has replaced it	The old machine became obsolete after digital equipment arrived.
120	occasion	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a particular event or time	The family saved the decorated dishes for a special occasion.
121	overthrow	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to remove a ruler or government from power	The rebels hoped to overthrow the cruel ruler.
122	pardon	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to forgive someone officially for an offense	The governor may pardon a prisoner after reviewing the case.
123	pasture	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	land covered with grass where animals feed	The horses grazed peacefully in the pasture.
124	pedestrian	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a person traveling on foot	The driver stopped to let a pedestrian cross the street.
125	perish	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to die or be completely destroyed	Young seedlings may perish without water.

Page 5 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 5.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ancient ___ tells how the stars reached the sky.

Answer: myth

2. The ___ ants carried food back to their nest.

Answer: industrious

3. The ___ knows what every character is thinking.

Answer: narrator

4. The ___ heat forced the runners to shorten their practice.

Answer: intense

5. Sailors use charts and stars to ___ across the ocean.

Answer: navigate

Page 6: words 126–150

Vocabulary page 6
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
126	petrify	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to make someone so frightened that they cannot move	The sudden growl seemed to petrify the campers.
127	portable	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	easy to carry or move	We used a portable stove to cook at the campsite.
128	prefix	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a word part added to the beginning of a base word	The prefix “un-” changes “certain” to “uncertain.”
129	preserve	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to protect something from harm, decay, or change	The archive works to preserve letters from the town's founders.
130	protagonist	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	the main character in a story	The protagonist must choose between safety and helping a friend.
131	provide	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to supply something that is needed	Tall trees provide shade beside the playground.
132	purchase	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to buy something	The club will purchase new art supplies with the fundraiser money.
133	realistic	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	showing things in a believable or accurate way	The artist painted a realistic portrait of the old fisherman.
134	reassure	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to help someone feel less worried	The guide tried to reassure us that the trail was safe.
135	reign	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	the period when a monarch rules	The palace was expanded during the queen's reign.
136	resemble	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to look or seem like someone or something else	The cloud seemed to resemble a sailing ship.
137	retain	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to keep or continue to have something	Dark soil can retain water longer than sand.
138	retire	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to stop working permanently, usually because of age	The librarian plans to retire after forty years of service.
139	revert	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to return to an earlier condition or habit	Without maintenance, the garden may revert to an overgrown field.
140	route	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a planned path from one place to another	The map shows the safest route across the mountains.
141	saunter	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to walk in a slow and relaxed way	We watched the peacock saunter across the courtyard.
142	seldom	adverbGrade 5 language and literature word	not often	Snow seldom falls in this warm coastal town.
143	senseless	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	having no reasonable purpose or meaning	Damaging the new playground would be a senseless act.
144	sever	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to cut or break something apart completely	The storm may sever weak branches from the tree.
145	slither	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to move smoothly with a twisting motion	A green snake began to slither through the grass.
146	sluggish	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	moving or responding more slowly than usual	The lizard seemed sluggish in the cool morning air.
147	soar	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to fly or rise high in the air	The eagle began to soar above the canyon.
148	solitary	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	alone or without companions	A solitary lighthouse stood on the rocky island.
149	solo	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a performance by one person	Mina practiced her violin solo for the concert.
150	sparse	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	thinly scattered or not plentiful	Only sparse grass grew on the dry hillside.

Page 6 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 6.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Without maintenance, the garden may ___ to an overgrown field.

Answer: revert

2. We used a ___ stove to cook at the campsite.

Answer: portable

3. The map shows the safest ___ across the mountains.

Answer: route

4. The ___ “un-” changes “certain” to “uncertain.”

Answer: prefix

5. We watched the peacock ___ across the courtyard.

Answer: saunter

Page 7: words 151–175

Vocabulary page 7
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
151	spurt	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to rush out suddenly in a short burst	Water began to spurt from the cracked pipe.
152	suffix	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a word part added to the end of a base word	The suffix “-less” changes “hope” into “hopeless.”
153	suffocate	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to be unable to breathe because air is blocked	Smoke can suffocate people inside a closed room.
154	summit	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	the highest point of a hill or mountain	The climbers reached the summit before noon.
155	suspend	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to hang something so it does not touch the ground	Workers suspend the bridge deck from thick steel cables.
156	synonym	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a word with the same or a similar meaning as another word	“Rapid” is a synonym for “quick.”
157	talon	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a sharp claw on a bird of prey	The hawk gripped the branch with each curved talon.
158	taunt	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to insult or challenge someone with cruel remarks	It is unkind to taunt a player who misses a shot.
159	thrifty	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	careful about spending money or using supplies	The thrifty cook turned leftover vegetables into soup.
160	translate	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to express words in a different language	Students will translate the short message from French into English.
161	tropical	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	relating to the hot regions near the equator	Colorful parrots live in the tropical forest.
162	visible	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	able to be seen	The lighthouse became visible when the fog lifted.
163	visual	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	relating to sight or pictures	A visual chart made the instructions easier to follow.
164	vivid	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	producing strong, clear images or impressions	The author used vivid details to describe the storm.
165	wilderness	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a natural area where few people live	The protected wilderness contains forests, rivers, and mountains.
166	withdraw	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to move back, remove something, or stop taking part	The injured runner had to withdraw from the race.
167	crucial	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	extremely important to a result	Clean water is crucial to every community's health.
168	emerge	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to come into view or become known	A butterfly will emerge from the chrysalis.
169	overcome	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to succeed in dealing with a problem or difficulty	With practice, Jayla began to overcome her fear of speaking.
170	perplex	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to make someone feel confused	The puzzle's missing clue continued to perplex the detectives.
171	beckon	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to signal for someone to come closer or follow	The guide raised one hand to beckon us toward the entrance.
172	bestow	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to give an honor, title, or gift formally	The mayor will bestow a medal on the brave rescuer.
173	intently	adverbGrade 5 language and literature word	with complete attention	The fox watched intently as the mouse crossed the field.
174	solemn	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	serious and formal	The crowd remained solemn during the memorial ceremony.
175	culture	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	the beliefs, customs, arts, and ways of life shared by a group	Music and food are important parts of a community's culture.

A Summit in the Wilderness

Reading practice for pages 7–9. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

On a wilderness hike, Priya notices that the word fearless has a suffix. At the summit, smoke drifts from a distant fire. Because smoke can suffocate people, the guide decides to withdraw the group to a lower, clearer trail.

Reading comprehension

1. What word part does Priya notice?

Priya notices a suffix.

2. What appears near the summit?

Smoke from a distant fire appears.

3. Why does the guide withdraw the group?

The guide withdraws them because smoke can suffocate people.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ “-less” changes “hope” into “hopeless.”

Answer: suffix

2. The protected ___ contains forests, rivers, and mountains.

Answer: wilderness

3. Smoke can ___ people inside a closed room.

Answer: suffocate

4. The injured runner had to ___ from the race.

Answer: withdraw

5. The climbers reached the ___ before noon.

Answer: summit

Page 8: words 176–200

Vocabulary page 8
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
176	infuriate	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to make someone extremely angry	Cheating in the final match would infuriate the other players.
177	population	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	all the people or organisms living in a particular area	The island's seabird population increased after nesting areas were protected.
178	resource	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a useful supply, source of help, or piece of information	The encyclopedia is a valuable resource for the research project.
179	thrive	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to grow, develop, or succeed strongly	Tomato plants thrive in warm sunlight.
180	assure	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to tell someone confidently that something is true	The coach tried to assure the team that their preparation was strong.
181	comprehend	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to understand something fully	The timeline helped us comprehend the order of historical events.
182	exaggerate	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to describe something as larger or more extreme than it is	Do not exaggerate the size of the fish you caught.
183	ignorant	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	lacking knowledge about a particular subject	We were ignorant of the trail closure until we saw the sign.
184	trial	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a difficult experience that tests strength or patience	Surviving three nights in the storm was a severe trial.
185	summon	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to call for someone to come	The captain will summon the crew when the ship is ready.
186	tolerate	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to accept or endure something unpleasant	These plants can tolerate a few nights of cold weather.
187	vague	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	not clearly expressed or understood	The vague directions did not explain which road to take.
188	blurt	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to say something suddenly without thinking	Nina tried not to blurt the surprise before the party.
189	criticize	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to point out faults or express disapproval	A helpful reviewer can criticize the argument without insulting the writer.
190	flimsy	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	weak, thin, or poorly made	The flimsy box collapsed under the heavy books.
191	favorable	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	helpful, approving, or likely to bring success	Favorable winds carried the sailboat toward the harbor.
192	mimic	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to copy someone's actions, voice, or appearance	The parrot can mimic the sound of a ringing phone.
193	ridicule	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to make someone seem foolish through cruel jokes	No student should ridicule another person's accent.
194	trait	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a particular quality of a person or living thing	Patience is a useful trait for a careful scientist.
195	utter	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to speak or make a sound	The startled child could barely utter a word.
196	adjust	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to change something slightly so that it works or fits better	Please adjust the microscope until the image is clear.
197	approve	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to officially accept or agree to something	The committee must approve the plan before construction begins.
198	conduct	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to organize and carry out an activity	Researchers will conduct a survey about recycling habits.
199	conflict	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a serious disagreement or struggle	The characters resolve their conflict by speaking honestly.
200	equivalent	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	equal in value, meaning, or amount	Two quarters are equivalent to one half.

Page 8 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 8.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The island's seabird ___ increased after nesting areas were protected.

Answer: population

2. The ___ box collapsed under the heavy books.

Answer: flimsy

3. The encyclopedia is a valuable ___ for the research project.

Answer: resource

4. ___ winds carried the sailboat toward the harbor.

Answer: favorable

5. Tomato plants ___ in warm sunlight.

Answer: thrive

Page 9: words 201–225

Vocabulary page 9
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
201	likely	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	expected or probable	Dark clouds make rain likely this afternoon.
202	vital	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	necessary for life or extremely important	Oxygen is vital for human survival.
203	claim	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a statement that someone says is true	The writer supports each claim with facts from reliable sources.
204	context	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	the words or situation surrounding something that clarify its meaning	The context shows that “bank” refers to the side of a river.
205	debris	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	scattered pieces left after something is damaged or destroyed	Workers cleared storm debris from the road.
206	eerie	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	strange and frightening	An eerie howl echoed through the empty valley.
207	graphic	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	shown or explained clearly through pictures or strong detail	The graphic novel combines dialogue with illustrated panels.
208	investigate	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to examine carefully in order to discover facts	Detectives investigate the footprints beside the broken window.
209	irregular	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	not following the usual shape, pattern, or rule	The stone has an irregular shape with five uneven sides.
210	rustle	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to make a soft sound as dry leaves or paper move	A rabbit made the grass rustle beside the path.
211	scrawny	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	unusually thin and weak-looking	The scrawny kitten grew stronger after several weeks of care.
212	wage	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	money paid to a worker for work done	The farm pays each worker an hourly wage.
213	affect	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to cause a change in someone or something	A long drought can affect the price of vegetables.
214	despair	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a complete loss of hope	The stranded sailors felt despair when the radio stopped working.
215	external	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	located on or coming from the outside	The turtle's external shell protects its body.
216	gleam	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to shine with a small, clear light	Wet stones gleam in the morning sun.
217	internal	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	located or happening inside something	The mechanic inspected the engine's internal parts.
218	peril	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	serious and immediate danger	The climbers faced peril when the ice began to crack.
219	restrict	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to limit an action, amount, or movement	Park rules restrict campfires during dry weather.
220	secure	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to fasten or protect something so it is safe	Use strong rope to secure the canoe to the dock.
221	summary	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a short statement of the main ideas	Her summary included the article's central point and key evidence.
222	coax	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to gently persuade someone to do something	We used a treat to coax the frightened dog out from under the porch.
223	enhance	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to improve the quality, value, or appearance of something	A labeled map can enhance the report.
224	familiar	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	recognized because it has been seen, heard, or experienced before	The familiar song reminded him of summer camp.
225	ferocious	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	fierce, violent, or extremely intense	Ferocious winds tore branches from the trees.

Page 9 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 9.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The turtle's ___ shell protects its body.

Answer: external

2. The writer supports each ___ with facts from reliable sources.

Answer: claim

3. Wet stones ___ in the morning sun.

Answer: gleam

4. The ___ shows that “bank” refers to the side of a river.

Answer: context

5. The mechanic inspected the engine's ___ parts.

Answer: internal

Page 10: words 226–250

Vocabulary page 10
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
226	murky	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	dark, cloudy, or difficult to understand	The pond water became murky after the storm.
227	restrain	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to hold back or keep under control	A leash helps restrain a dog near a busy road.
228	sorrowful	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	feeling or showing deep sadness	The sorrowful ending left many readers in tears.
229	sympathy	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	understanding and concern for someone else's suffering	We expressed sympathy to the family after their loss.
230	grim	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	serious, unpleasant, or without hope	The rescue team faced grim conditions in the flooded valley.
231	erupt	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to burst out suddenly or violently	A volcano may erupt after pressure builds below the surface.
232	insist	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to say firmly that something must be true or happen	The guide will insist that everyone wear a helmet.
233	sneer	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to smile or speak in a scornful way	The villain began to sneer at the hero's simple plan.
234	tuft	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	a small bunch of hair, grass, feathers, or threads	A white tuft of fur clung to the fence.
235	unravel	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to separate tangled threads or solve something confusing	The detective used the diary to unravel the mystery.
236	envious	adjectiveGrade 5 language and literature word	wanting something that belongs to someone else	Leo felt envious of his friend's new bicycle.
237	influence	nounGrade 5 language and literature word	the power to affect choices, actions, or events	The coach's encouragement had a positive influence on the team.
238	prohibit	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to officially forbid something	The signs prohibit swimming near the waterfall.
239	pry	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to pull something open or ask rudely about private matters	We used a flat tool to pry the lid from the paint can.
240	regret	verbGrade 5 language and literature word	to feel sorry about a past action or choice	I regret leaving the seedlings outside during the frost.
241	wring	verbGrade 5 social-emotional word	to twist and squeeze something to remove liquid	Wring the wet cloth over the sink before hanging it.
242	confide	verbGrade 5 social-emotional word	to share private thoughts with someone trusted	Mara chose to confide her worry to a close friend.
243	dread	verbGrade 5 social-emotional word	to feel great fear or worry about something expected	Some passengers dread flying during storms.
244	glimpse	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	a quick or incomplete look	We caught a glimpse of the fox before it vanished.
245	glisten	verbGrade 5 social-emotional word	to shine as if wet or polished	Drops of rain glisten on the spiderweb.
246	isolate	verbGrade 5 social-emotional word	to separate someone or something from others	Scientists isolate the sick plant to protect the healthy ones.
247	option	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	one choice among two or more possibilities	Taking the bus is an option when the road is icy.
248	smirk	verbGrade 5 social-emotional word	to smile in a proud or unkind way	The bully began to smirk after hiding the missing notebook.
249	affection	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	a warm feeling of love or fondness	The dog showed affection by resting its head on Mina's knee.
250	empathy	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	the ability to understand another person's feelings	Reading the refugee's diary helped students develop empathy.

An Honest Apology

Reading practice for pages 10–12. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

After spilling paint on a friend’s poster, Luis feels deep regret. He begins to wring the stained paper, but that only tears it. Looking sorrowful, he chooses to confide in his teacher. She shows sympathy and helps both students make a repair.

Reading comprehension

1. Why does Luis feel regret?

Luis spilled paint on a friend's poster.

2. Why should he not wring the paper?

Wringing the paper tears it.

3. In whom does Luis confide?

Luis confides in his teacher.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. I ___ leaving the seedlings outside during the frost.

Answer: regret

2. The ___ ending left many readers in tears.

Answer: sorrowful

3. ___ the wet cloth over the sink before hanging it.

Answer: wring

4. We expressed ___ to the family after their loss.

Answer: sympathy

5. Mara chose to ___ her worry to a close friend.

Answer: confide

Page 11: words 251–275

Vocabulary page 11
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
251	integrity	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	the quality of being honest and following strong moral principles	Returning the extra change showed Carlos's integrity.
252	patience	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	the ability to wait or continue calmly	Growing a garden requires patience because seeds develop slowly.
253	responsibility	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	a duty or task that someone is expected to handle	Feeding the class fish is Hana's responsibility this week.
254	cooperation	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	the act of working together toward a shared goal	The heavy table was moved safely through cooperation.
255	determination	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	a firm decision to continue despite difficulty	Her determination helped her finish the steep climb.
256	curiosity	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	a strong desire to know or learn something	Curiosity led the children to examine the unusual shell.
257	fairness	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	the quality of treating people equally and reasonably	The referee's fairness earned respect from both teams.
258	loyalty	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	steady support for a person, group, or purpose	The guide praised the dog's loyalty to its owner.
259	gratitude	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	a feeling of thankfulness	We wrote notes of gratitude to the volunteers.
260	tolerance	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	willingness to accept differences or endure difficulty	A respectful community practices tolerance toward different traditions.
261	perseverance	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	continued effort despite difficulty or delay	Solving the complicated puzzle required perseverance.
262	frustration	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	annoyance caused by being unable to succeed or change something	Repeated computer errors caused understandable frustration.
263	disappointment	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	sadness when hopes or expectations are not met	The canceled trip brought disappointment to the campers.
264	enthusiasm	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	strong excitement and interest	Her enthusiasm for astronomy inspired the whole club.
265	embarrassment	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	a feeling of shame or awkwardness	He laughed at his embarrassment after realizing his shirt was backward.
266	hesitation	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	a pause caused by uncertainty	After a moment of hesitation, Priya stepped onto the stage.
267	jealousy	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	resentment caused by fearing that someone has an advantage or affection	Jealousy made the character ignore her friend's success.
268	loneliness	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	sadness from feeling alone or disconnected	Joining the club helped ease his loneliness.
269	relief	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	the feeling that follows the end of worry or pain	We felt relief when the lost hikers returned safely.
270	resentment	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	lasting anger about unfair treatment	Unequal chores created resentment between the roommates.
271	satisfaction	nounGrade 5 social-emotional word	a pleased feeling that comes from achieving or receiving something	Completing the mural gave the artists great satisfaction.
272	considerate	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	careful not to inconvenience or hurt others	It was considerate of Mae to lower her voice near the sleeping baby.
273	courageous	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	willing to face danger or difficulty	The courageous witness told the truth despite feeling afraid.
274	deceitful	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	dishonest and intended to mislead	The deceitful merchant hid the crack beneath a label.
275	determined	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	firmly decided and unwilling to give up	The determined runner continued through the heavy rain.

Page 11 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 11.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Feeding the class fish is Hana's ___ this week.

Answer: responsibility

2. After a moment of ___, Priya stepped onto the stage.

Answer: hesitation

3. The heavy table was moved safely through ___.

Answer: cooperation

4. ___ made the character ignore her friend's success.

Answer: jealousy

5. Her ___ helped her finish the steep climb.

Answer: determination

Page 12: words 276–300

Vocabulary page 12
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
276	dishonest	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	not truthful or fair	The dishonest player secretly changed the score.
277	enthusiastic	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	showing strong excitement and interest	The enthusiastic volunteers arrived early with extra supplies.
278	impatient	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	unable to wait calmly	The impatient customer kept checking the clock.
279	respectful	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	showing care and consideration for others	A respectful listener does not interrupt.
280	selfish	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	caring mainly about your own needs or advantage	The selfish character kept all the food for himself.
281	thoughtful	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	showing careful attention to other people or ideas	Her thoughtful question helped the speaker explain the issue.
282	cautious	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	careful to avoid danger or mistakes	The cautious climber tested each handhold.
283	cooperative	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	willing to work helpfully with others	The cooperative group divided the research tasks fairly.
284	decisive	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	able to make choices quickly and confidently	The decisive captain changed course before the storm arrived.
285	devoted	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	giving strong loyalty, love, or effort	The devoted nurse checked on every patient.
286	embarrassed	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	feeling ashamed or awkward	Kai felt embarrassed after calling the teacher by the wrong name.
287	encouraging	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	giving hope, confidence, or support	The coach's encouraging words helped the team recover.
288	forgiving	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	willing to stop feeling angry about a mistake	Her forgiving response allowed the friends to begin again.
289	resourceful	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	skilled at solving problems with what is available	The resourceful campers repaired the strap with cord and tape.
290	selfless	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	caring more about others' needs than your own	The selfless volunteer gave her seat to the tired passenger.
291	trustworthy	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	deserving trust because of honest and dependable behavior	A trustworthy guide admits when a route is uncertain.
292	polite	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	showing good manners and respect	The polite guest thanked the host before leaving.
293	arrogant	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	acting as if you are more important or capable than others	The arrogant champion refused to congratulate the other team.
294	compassionate	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	showing concern and a desire to help someone who suffers	The compassionate doctor listened carefully to the frightened child.
295	demanding	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	requiring much skill, effort, or attention	Training for the long race was demanding.
296	gloomy	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	dark, sad, or without hope	The gray sky gave the empty street a gloomy appearance.
297	guilty	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	responsible for a wrong action or feeling ashamed about it	The guilty child admitted breaking the vase.
298	jealous	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	upset because someone has something you want or may receive affection	Nia felt jealous when her friend won the solo.
299	miserable	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	extremely unhappy or uncomfortable	The soaked hikers felt miserable in the cold wind.
300	optimistic	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	expecting good results in the future	The optimistic gardener believed the damaged plants would recover.

Page 12 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 12.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ customer kept checking the clock.

Answer: impatient

2. A ___ guide admits when a route is uncertain.

Answer: trustworthy

3. A ___ listener does not interrupt.

Answer: respectful

4. The ___ guest thanked the host before leaving.

Answer: polite

5. The ___ character kept all the food for himself.

Answer: selfish

Page 13: words 301–325

Vocabulary page 13
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
301	pessimistic	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	expecting unfavorable results	The pessimistic sailor doubted that the wind would improve.
302	reluctant	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	unwilling or hesitant	The reluctant puppy stopped at the edge of the water.
303	sincere	adjectiveGrade 5 social-emotional word	honest and genuine in feeling or expression	Her sincere apology helped repair the friendship.
304	adaptation	nounGrade 5 science word	a feature or change that helps a living thing survive	A camel's ability to conserve water is an adaptation to desert life.
305	organism	nounGrade 5 science word	an individual living thing	Every organism in the pond depends on water.
306	habitat	nounGrade 5 science word	the natural home of a plant or animal	The marsh provides a habitat for frogs and herons.
307	ecosystem	nounGrade 5 science word	a community of organisms and their physical environment	Removing one species can affect the entire ecosystem.
308	species	nounGrade 5 science word	a group of living things that can reproduce with one another	The island supports a rare species of lizard.
309	community	nounGrade 5 science word	all the populations living together in one area	The reef community includes coral, fish, and algae.
310	consumer	nounGrade 5 science word	an organism that gets energy by eating other organisms	A rabbit is a consumer that feeds on plants.
311	decomposer	nounGrade 5 science word	an organism that breaks down dead material	A mushroom acts as a decomposer on the forest floor.
312	producer	nounGrade 5 science word	an organism that makes its own food	Grass is a producer that uses sunlight to make food.
313	nutrient	nounGrade 5 science word	a substance needed for growth and health	Iron is a nutrient that helps blood carry oxygen.
314	photosynthesis	nounGrade 5 science word	the process plants use to make food from light, water, and carbon dioxide	During photosynthesis, leaves release oxygen.
315	respiration	nounGrade 5 science word	the process of releasing energy from food inside cells	Cellular respiration provides energy for growth and movement.
316	germination	nounGrade 5 science word	the beginning of growth from a seed	Warm soil and water encourage germination.
317	pollination	nounGrade 5 science word	the transfer of pollen that allows plants to produce seeds	Bees help with pollination as they visit flowers.
318	reproduction	nounGrade 5 science word	the process by which living things produce offspring	Flowering plants use seeds for reproduction.
319	inherited	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	passed from parents to offspring through genes	Eye color is an inherited trait.
320	instinct	nounGrade 5 science word	a behavior an animal knows without being taught	Migration is an instinct in many bird species.
321	behavior	nounGrade 5 science word	the way a person or organism acts	The scientist recorded the penguin's feeding behavior.
322	cell	nounGrade 5 science word	the smallest basic unit of a living thing	A microscope can reveal the structure of a plant cell.
323	tissue	nounGrade 5 science word	a group of similar cells working together	Muscle tissue contracts to move the body.
324	organ	nounGrade 5 science word	a body structure made of tissues that performs a particular job	The heart is an organ that pumps blood.
325	system	nounGrade 5 science word	a group of connected parts working together	The digestive system breaks food into usable nutrients.

A Reluctant Scientist

Reading practice for pages 13–15. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Mina is reluctant to present her beetle model because she feels pessimistic about it. Her partner gives sincere encouragement. Together they explain how each adaptation helps the organism survive in a dry habitat.

Reading comprehension

1. Why is Mina reluctant to present?

Mina doubts the quality of her model.

2. What does her partner offer?

Her partner offers sincere encouragement.

3. What do the adaptations help the organism do?

They help the organism survive.

Page 14: words 326–350

Vocabulary page 14
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
326	skeleton	nounGrade 5 science word	the framework of bones supporting an animal's body	A whale's skeleton contains bones shaped like those in other mammals.
327	muscle	nounGrade 5 science word	body tissue that contracts to produce movement	The heart is a powerful muscle.
328	circulation	nounGrade 5 science word	the movement of blood through the body	Exercise can increase blood circulation.
329	digestion	nounGrade 5 science word	the process of breaking food into substances the body can use	Digestion begins when food is chewed.
330	microorganism	nounGrade 5 science word	a living thing too small to see without magnification	Some kinds of microorganism help produce yogurt.
331	bacteria	nounGrade 5 science word	microscopic single-celled organisms, some helpful and some harmful	Helpful bacteria live in healthy soil.
332	virus	nounGrade 5 science word	a tiny infectious agent that reproduces inside living cells	A virus can spread through cough droplets.
333	fungus	nounGrade 5 science word	an organism such as a mushroom, mold, or yeast	The damp log was covered by a pale fungus.
334	parasite	nounGrade 5 science word	an organism that lives on or inside another organism and takes nutrients from it	A tick is a parasite that feeds on an animal's blood.
335	immunity	nounGrade 5 science word	the body's ability to resist a particular infection	Vaccination can help the body develop immunity.
336	vaccine	nounGrade 5 science word	a preparation that trains the immune system to resist a disease	The vaccine reduced the spread of the illness.
337	infection	nounGrade 5 science word	an illness caused when harmful organisms enter the body	The doctor treated the cut to prevent infection.
338	symptom	nounGrade 5 science word	a physical sign or feeling that may indicate illness	A high fever can be a symptom of infection.
339	treatment	nounGrade 5 science word	care or medicine used to improve an illness or injury	Rest was part of the recommended treatment.
340	recover	verbGrade 5 science word	to return to health or a normal condition	The injured bird may recover after several weeks of care.
341	contagious	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	able to spread from one person or organism to another	The contagious illness moved quickly through the crowded camp.
342	hygiene	nounGrade 5 science word	practices that keep people and places clean and healthy	Good hand hygiene helps prevent infection.
343	molecule	nounGrade 5 science word	a group of atoms joined together as the smallest unit of a substance	A water molecule contains hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
344	atom	nounGrade 5 science word	the smallest unit of an element that keeps its properties	An atom contains a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
345	element	nounGrade 5 science word	a pure substance made of one kind of atom	Oxygen is an element found in air and water.
346	compound	nounGrade 5 science word	a substance formed when two or more elements join chemically	Water is a compound made from hydrogen and oxygen.
347	mixture	nounGrade 5 science word	two or more substances combined without forming a new substance	Trail mix is a mixture whose ingredients remain separate.
348	dissolve	verbGrade 5 science word	to mix completely into a liquid	Salt will dissolve more quickly in warm water.
349	chemical	nounGrade 5 science word	a substance with a particular composition and set of properties	The label identifies each chemical in the cleaning solution.
350	mineral	nounGrade 5 science word	a naturally occurring solid with a definite chemical structure	Quartz is a common mineral in Earth's crust.

Page 15: words 351–375

Vocabulary page 15
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
351	mass	nounGrade 5 science word	the amount of matter in an object	The balance measures the rock's mass in grams.
352	volume	nounGrade 5 science word	the amount of space occupied by an object or substance	We found the box's volume by multiplying its length, width, and height.
353	density	nounGrade 5 science word	the amount of mass contained in a given volume	Oil floats because its density is lower than water's.
354	energy	nounGrade 5 science word	the ability to cause change or do work	Food provides energy for the body.
355	force	nounGrade 5 science word	a push or pull that can change motion	The force of the kick sent the ball across the field.
356	motion	nounGrade 5 science word	a change in an object's position over time	The camera recorded the cart's motion down the ramp.
357	friction	nounGrade 5 science word	a force that resists movement between touching surfaces	Friction between the tires and road helps the bicycle stop.
358	magnetism	nounGrade 5 science word	the force by which magnets attract or repel materials	Magnetism pulled the iron paper clips toward the bar.
359	electricity	nounGrade 5 science word	energy caused by the movement or presence of electric charge	The wind turbine generates electricity.
360	circuit	nounGrade 5 science word	a complete path through which electric current flows	The bulb lights when the circuit is closed.
361	conductor	nounGrade 5 science word	a material that allows heat or electricity to pass through easily	Copper is a good conductor of electricity.
362	insulator	nounGrade 5 science word	a material that slows the movement of heat or electricity	Rubber is an insulator used around electric wires.
363	reflection	nounGrade 5 science word	the bouncing back of light, sound, or heat	The mirror formed an image through reflection.
364	refraction	nounGrade 5 science word	the bending of light as it passes between materials	Refraction makes the straw appear bent in water.
365	vibration	nounGrade 5 science word	a rapid back-and-forth movement	The string's vibration produces a musical sound.
366	frequency	nounGrade 5 science word	the number of repeated events or vibrations in a set time	A higher sound frequency produces a higher pitch.
367	wavelength	nounGrade 5 science word	the distance between matching points on successive waves	Red light has a longer wavelength than violet light.
368	spectrum	nounGrade 5 science word	a range of related colors, energies, or values	A prism separates white light into a spectrum.
369	transparent	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	allowing light through so objects can be seen clearly	The transparent glass revealed the fish inside the tank.
370	translucent	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	allowing some light through but not clear images	The translucent curtain softened the sunlight.
371	opaque	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	not allowing light to pass through	The opaque wall blocked all light from the next room.
372	solid	nounGrade 5 science word	a state of matter with a fixed shape and volume	Ice is the solid form of water.
373	liquid	nounGrade 5 science word	a state of matter with a fixed volume but no fixed shape	A liquid takes the shape of its container.
374	state	nounGrade 5 science word	one of the physical forms in which matter can exist	Heating can change water from a liquid state to a gas.
375	evaporation	nounGrade 5 science word	the change of a liquid into a gas at its surface	Evaporation slowly dried the puddle.

Page 16: words 376–400

Vocabulary page 16
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
376	condensation	nounGrade 5 science word	the change of a gas into a liquid	Condensation formed droplets on the cold glass.
377	precipitation	nounGrade 5 science word	water that falls from clouds as rain, snow, sleet, or hail	The forecast predicts heavy precipitation overnight.
378	humidity	nounGrade 5 science word	the amount of water vapor in the air	High humidity made the warm day feel uncomfortable.
379	atmosphere	nounGrade 5 science word	the layer of gases surrounding a planet	Earth's atmosphere contains the oxygen people breathe.
380	weathering	nounGrade 5 science word	the breaking down of rock at Earth's surface	Repeated freezing and thawing cause weathering.
381	erosion	nounGrade 5 science word	the movement of soil or rock by water, wind, ice, or gravity	Tree roots can slow erosion on a steep slope.
382	sediment	nounGrade 5 science word	small pieces of rock, soil, or organic matter carried and deposited by water or wind	The river left a layer of sediment along its banks.
383	fossil	nounGrade 5 science word	preserved evidence or remains of ancient life	The rock contained a fossil of a small shell.
384	glacier	nounGrade 5 science word	a large, slow-moving mass of ice	The glacier carved a wide valley as it moved.
385	earthquake	nounGrade 5 science word	a sudden shaking of the ground caused by movement in Earth's crust	The earthquake damaged buildings near the fault.
386	fault	nounGrade 5 science word	a crack in Earth's crust where blocks of rock move	Pressure built along the fault before the earthquake.
387	tectonic	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	relating to the movement and structure of Earth's crust	Tectonic plates move only a few centimeters each year.
388	volcano	nounGrade 5 science word	an opening in Earth's crust through which melted rock and gas may escape	The volcano released steam from its summit.
389	canyon	nounGrade 5 science word	a deep valley with steep sides, often carved by a river	The river flows along the bottom of the canyon.
390	plateau	nounGrade 5 science word	a broad area of high, flat land	The village sits on a plateau above the valley.
391	delta	nounGrade 5 science word	an area of deposited sediment where a river divides near its mouth	The river formed a fertile delta beside the sea.
392	basin	nounGrade 5 science word	a low area of land drained by a river and its branches	Rain from the entire basin flows toward the main river.
393	renewable	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	able to be replaced naturally within a useful amount of time	Sunlight is a renewable source of energy.
394	nonrenewable	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	existing in a limited supply that forms very slowly	Coal is a nonrenewable resource.
395	conservation	nounGrade 5 science word	the protection and careful use of natural resources	Water conservation becomes especially important during drought.
396	pollution	nounGrade 5 science word	harmful material introduced into the environment	Air pollution can make breathing difficult.
397	environment	nounGrade 5 science word	the natural and human surroundings in which living things exist	Plastic waste harms the ocean environment.
398	recycle	verbGrade 5 science word	to process used material so it can be used again	The factory can recycle old glass into new bottles.
399	biodegradable	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	able to break down naturally through living organisms	Leaves are biodegradable and can become compost.
400	sustainable	adjectiveGrade 5 science word	able to continue without using resources faster than they are replaced	The farm uses sustainable methods to protect the soil.

Water in the Air

Reading practice for pages 16–18. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Warm water raises the humidity inside a sealed jar. Water vapor enters the cooler upper atmosphere of the jar, where condensation forms droplets. When the drops fall like precipitation, they strike a sugar cube and slowly model weathering.

Reading comprehension

1. What raises the humidity?

Warm water raises the humidity.

2. Where does condensation form?

Condensation forms near the cooler top of the jar.

3. What process does the sugar cube model?

The sugar cube models weathering.

Page 17: words 401–425

Vocabulary page 17
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
401	agriculture	nounGrade 5 science word	the work and science of growing crops and raising animals	Agriculture provides food and materials for communities.
402	irrigation	nounGrade 5 science word	the artificial supply of water to crops or land	Drip irrigation carries water directly to plant roots.
403	fraction	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a number representing part of a whole or group	The shaded fraction of the circle is three fourths.
404	decimal	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a number written using a decimal point to show parts of a whole	The decimal 0.5 represents one half.
405	percentage	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	an amount stated as a number out of one hundred	The percentage of blue marbles is sixty because sixty out of every hundred are blue.
406	ratio	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a comparison of two quantities by division	The ratio of red beads to blue beads is two to three.
407	proportion	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	an equation showing that two ratios are equal	We used a proportion to find the missing map distance.
408	numerator	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	the number above the line in a fraction	In three fifths, three is the numerator.
409	denominator	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	the number below the line in a fraction	In three fifths, five is the denominator.
410	product	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	the result of multiplication	The product of six and seven is forty-two.
411	quotient	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	the result of division	The quotient of forty and eight is five.
412	remainder	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	the amount left after division is completed	Seventeen divided by five has a remainder of two.
413	multiple	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a number produced by multiplying a given number by an integer	Thirty is a multiple of both five and six.
414	prime	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	having exactly two positive whole-number factors	Seven is a prime number because only one and seven divide it evenly.
415	composite	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	having more than two positive whole-number factors	Twelve is a composite number with several factor pairs.
416	divisible	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	able to be divided by a number with no remainder	Thirty-six is divisible by nine.
417	divisor	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	the number by which another number is divided	In twenty divided by four, four is the divisor.
418	exponent	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a small raised number showing repeated multiplication	In three squared, the exponent is two.
419	squared	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	multiplied by itself once	Five squared equals twenty-five.
420	cubed	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	multiplied by itself twice	Two cubed equals eight.
421	operation	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a mathematical process such as addition or division	Choose the correct operation before solving the problem.
422	expression	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a mathematical phrase made of numbers, symbols, or variables	The expression six plus four has a value of ten.
423	coordinate	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a number in an ordered pair that locates a point	The first coordinate tells how far to move horizontally.
424	axis	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a reference line used in a graph or coordinate plane	The horizontal axis shows time in minutes.
425	graph	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a visual display showing relationships among numbers or quantities	The graph shows how temperature changed during the day.

Page 18: words 426–450

Vocabulary page 18
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
426	ordered	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	arranged according to a particular sequence or rule	An ordered pair lists the horizontal coordinate first.
427	quadrant	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	one of four regions formed by the axes on a coordinate plane	The point is located in the first quadrant.
428	polygon	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a closed flat shape made of straight sides	A hexagon is a polygon with six sides.
429	angle	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a figure formed where two rays or line segments meet	A right angle measures ninety degrees.
430	vertex	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a point where lines, edges, or rays meet	The top vertex joins the triangle's two sloping sides.
431	parallel	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	remaining the same distance apart and never meeting	Opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel.
432	perpendicular	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	meeting to form a right angle	The vertical post is perpendicular to the ground.
433	triangle	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a polygon with three sides and three angles	The triangle has one right angle.
434	rectangle	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a four-sided shape with four right angles	The classroom floor forms a rectangle.
435	rhombus	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a four-sided shape whose sides are all equal	The tilted tile is a rhombus rather than a square.
436	trapezoid	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a four-sided shape with at least one pair of parallel sides	The bridge support forms a trapezoid.
437	circumference	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	the distance around a circle	We wrapped string around the lid to measure its circumference.
438	diameter	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a line segment through a circle's center with endpoints on the circle	The plate's diameter is twice its radius.
439	radius	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a line segment from the center of a circle to its edge	The compass was set to a radius of five centimeters.
440	area	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	the amount of surface inside a flat shape	Multiply length by width to find a rectangle's area.
441	perimeter	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	the total distance around a flat shape	Add all four side lengths to find the garden's perimeter.
442	symmetry	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a balanced arrangement in which parts match across a line or point	The butterfly's wings show approximate symmetry.
443	median	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	the middle value in an ordered set of numbers	The median of three, five, and nine is five.
444	mode	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	the value that occurs most often in a data set	The mode of two, three, three, and five is three.
445	range	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	the difference between the greatest and least values in a data set	The range of four, seven, and twelve is eight.
446	data	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	facts, measurements, or observations collected for study	We recorded the rainfall data in a table.
447	sample	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a smaller group studied to learn about a larger group	The survey used a sample of fifty residents.
448	probability	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a measure of how likely an event is to happen	The probability of rolling an even number is one half.
449	possible	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	able to happen or be done	Rolling a six is possible with a standard number cube.
450	impossible	adjectiveGrade 5 mathematics word	unable to happen or be done	It is impossible to roll a seven on a standard six-sided number cube.

Page 19: words 451–475

Vocabulary page 19
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
451	event	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	one possible result in a probability experiment	Drawing a red marble is the event we are studying.
452	estimate	nounGrade 5 mathematics word	a reasonable calculation that is close but not exact	Our estimate placed the crowd at about five hundred people.
453	government	nounGrade 5 social studies word	the system and people responsible for making and enforcing public decisions	The local government maintains roads and parks.
454	democracy	nounGrade 5 social studies word	a system in which people participate in choosing their leaders	In a democracy, citizens vote in elections.
455	republic	nounGrade 5 social studies word	a government in which citizens elect representatives	The constitution established the nation as a republic.
456	constitution	nounGrade 5 social studies word	the basic written principles and laws of a government	The constitution describes the powers of each branch.
457	citizen	nounGrade 5 social studies word	a legal member of a country with rights and responsibilities	Every citizen may contact elected representatives.
458	citizenship	nounGrade 5 social studies word	the status and responsibilities of belonging to a country or community	Responsible citizenship includes learning about public issues.
459	rights	nounGrade 5 social studies word	freedoms and protections people are entitled to have	The law protects the rights of every voter.
460	duty	nounGrade 5 social studies word	a responsibility that someone is expected to fulfill	Serving on a jury can be a citizen's duty.
461	justice	nounGrade 5 social studies word	fair treatment according to law and moral principles	The court seeks justice by examining evidence carefully.
462	authority	nounGrade 5 social studies word	the power or right to make decisions and enforce rules	The city council has authority over local zoning.
463	legislature	nounGrade 5 social studies word	a group of elected people who make laws	The state legislature debated the education bill.
464	executive	adjectiveGrade 5 social studies word	responsible for carrying out laws and managing government	The executive branch enforces federal laws.
465	judicial	adjectiveGrade 5 social studies word	relating to courts and the interpretation of laws	The judicial branch decides how laws apply to cases.
466	congress	nounGrade 5 social studies word	a national lawmaking body made of elected representatives	Congress considered a bill about national parks.
467	court	nounGrade 5 social studies word	a government body where legal cases are heard and decided	The court listened to witnesses before reaching a decision.
468	amendment	nounGrade 5 social studies word	an official change or addition to a law or document	The amendment added a new protection to the constitution.
469	federal	adjectiveGrade 5 social studies word	relating to a national government shared by states or regions	Federal law applies throughout the country.
470	regional	adjectiveGrade 5 social studies word	relating to a particular area of a country or the world	The regional train connects several nearby cities.
471	municipal	adjectiveGrade 5 social studies word	relating to the government of a city or town	The municipal library is funded by the city.
472	policy	nounGrade 5 social studies word	an agreed plan or rule used to guide decisions	The school adopted a policy for reducing food waste.
473	economy	nounGrade 5 social studies word	the system by which goods and services are produced, sold, and used	Tourism supports the island's economy.
474	economic	adjectiveGrade 5 social studies word	relating to money, trade, jobs, or the economy	The new harbor created economic opportunities.
475	trade	nounGrade 5 social studies word	the exchange of goods or services	River routes allowed trade between distant communities.

Estimating an Election

Reading practice for pages 19–20. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A mock election is the final event in civics week. Students estimate the turnout before voting for representatives. The activity shows how democracy works in a republic, where citizens choose people to serve in government.

Reading comprehension

1. What event ends civics week?

A mock election ends civics week.

2. What do students estimate?

They estimate voter turnout.

3. How are democracy and a republic connected?

Citizens in the republic elect representatives to government.

Page 20: words 476–500

Vocabulary page 20
#	Word	Pattern / part of speech	Meaning	Sample sentence
476	commerce	nounGrade 5 social studies word	the activity of buying and selling on a large scale	The port became a center of international commerce.
477	import	verbGrade 5 social studies word	to bring goods into a country for sale	The country must import fruit during the cold season.
478	export	verbGrade 5 social studies word	to send goods to another country for sale	Local farms export coffee to markets overseas.
479	supply	nounGrade 5 social studies word	the amount of something available for use or sale	Heavy rain increased the city's water supply.
480	demand	nounGrade 5 social studies word	the amount of a product or service that people want to buy	Demand for warm coats rises in winter.
481	scarcity	nounGrade 5 social studies word	a condition in which there is not enough of something	Water scarcity forced the town to limit outdoor use.
482	budget	nounGrade 5 social studies word	a plan for how money will be earned and spent	The club created a budget before ordering supplies.
483	income	nounGrade 5 social studies word	money received from work, business, or investments	Part of her summer income went into savings.
484	expense	nounGrade 5 social studies word	a cost that must be paid	Rent was the family's largest monthly expense.
485	profit	nounGrade 5 social studies word	money remaining after all costs are paid	The bakery used its profit to buy a larger oven.
486	goods	nounGrade 5 social studies word	physical items produced or sold	The train carried goods from inland factories to the port.
487	service	nounGrade 5 social studies word	work performed to meet a need rather than produce an object	Bus transportation is a public service.
488	currency	nounGrade 5 social studies word	the money used in a particular country	Travelers exchanged their currency before the trip.
489	tax	nounGrade 5 social studies word	money collected by government to pay for public needs	The sales tax helps fund local services.
490	labor	nounGrade 5 social studies word	physical or mental work, especially work done for pay	Building the stone wall required many hours of labor.
491	industry	nounGrade 5 social studies word	businesses involved in producing a particular kind of good or service	Fishing is an important industry in the coastal region.
492	entrepreneur	nounGrade 5 social studies word	a person who starts and manages a business while taking financial risks	The young entrepreneur opened a bicycle repair shop.
493	colony	nounGrade 5 social studies word	a territory controlled by people or a government from another country	The distant colony sent raw materials to the ruling nation.
494	colonist	nounGrade 5 social studies word	a person who settles in and helps establish a colony	Each colonist had to build shelter before winter.
495	settlement	nounGrade 5 social studies word	a place where people establish a new community	The settlement grew beside a reliable water source.
496	independence	nounGrade 5 social studies word	freedom from outside control	The nation declared independence after years of conflict.
497	revolution	nounGrade 5 social studies word	a major and often sudden change in government or society	The revolution ended the monarch's rule.
498	treaty	nounGrade 5 social studies word	a formal agreement between countries or groups	The treaty established a peaceful border.
499	alliance	nounGrade 5 social studies word	an agreement between groups or countries to support one another	The two nations formed an alliance for mutual defense.
500	territory	nounGrade 5 social studies word	an area of land controlled by a country, group, or animal	The map shows the territory governed by the northern kingdom.

Sources and curriculum references

These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.