English Vocabulary · Grade 11 Live Review Preview

11th Grade Vocabulary Words

Eleventh-grade readers work across complex arguments, literary forms, scientific models, quantitative reasoning, civic institutions, social analysis, and precise academic prose. This level emphasizes disciplinary meanings, source evaluation, rhetorical and linguistic analysis, transparent morphology, and the careful use of context and reference tools when a word has several possible senses.

This independently authored 800-word beta curriculum is arranged in twenty-three pages of up to thirty-five words. Pages containing words 1–500 include five cloze questions drawn only from that enhanced range; words 501–800 remain fully visible and editable as list pages while expanded practice is developed. Every row includes an editable subject-field label and a conservative word-study note about transparent affixes, compound structure, capitalization, or dictionary base forms. The cited sources calibrate range and difficulty only; all learner-facing definitions, examples, quizzes, and descriptions are original KSSR copy.

Please note: the vocabulary lists for grades 9~11 have been selected to ensure no overlap with the previous grade level. If the words are too specialized or difficult for you, please go back to grade levels 4~8 and review the words on those pages.

Return to interactive study tools

Complete text list

All 800 words are included below as ordinary HTML. This view does not require JavaScript.

Page 1: words 1–35

Vocabulary page 1
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1	replicability	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The second laboratory tested the finding's replicability with new participants.
2	research synthesis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: research + synthesis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The research synthesis revealed agreement across twelve climate surveys.
3	literature review	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: literature + review. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Her literature review identified a gap in studies of rural transit.
4	scoping review	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: scoping + review. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The scoping review catalogued research on adolescent sleep without estimating one combined effect.
5	attrition bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: attrition + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Attrition bias may exaggerate improvement if struggling patients leave the trial.
6	recall bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: recall + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Recall bias affected interviews about meals eaten several months earlier.
7	survivorship bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: survivorship + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Survivorship bias made risky start-ups appear more reliable than they were.
8	observer bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: observer + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Blinded scoring reduced observer bias in the behavior study.
9	detection bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: detection + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	More frequent scans created detection bias in the comparison.
10	reporting bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: reporting + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Reporting bias hid several measurements that did not support the claim.
11	p-hacking	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: p + hacking. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The audit found p-hacking after researchers tried dozens of unplanned comparisons.
12	data dredging	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + dredging. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Data dredging produced a striking correlation that vanished in a new sample.
13	cherry-picking	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: cherry + picking. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Cherry-picking two unusually warm days cannot establish a yearly trend.
14	operationalization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The study's operationalization of loneliness combined survey responses and contact frequency.
15	abductive	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The detective used abductive reasoning to explain several clues with one hypothesis.
16	Bayesian	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: Bayesian is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A Bayesian model revised the forecast after each new measurement.
17	frequentist	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: frequentist is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The frequentist analysis estimated how often the procedure would err over many samples.
18	posterior probability	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: posterior + probability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The positive test raised the posterior probability of infection.
19	prior probability	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: prior + probability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Local prevalence informed the prior probability used in the diagnosis model.
20	likelihood	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: likelihood is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The model chose the estimate with the greatest likelihood.
21	credible interval	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: credible + interval. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The credible interval placed the treatment effect between two and six points.
22	model specification	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: model + specification. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Poor model specification omitted the seasonal factor driving sales.
23	overfitting	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: overfitting is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Overfitting made the complex forecast accurate only for past years.
24	underfitting	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: underfitting is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Underfitting occurred when a straight line represented a curved trend.
25	cross-validation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: cross + validation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Cross-validation showed that the simpler classifier generalized better.
26	sensitivity analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: sensitivity + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The sensitivity analysis repeated the estimate under three definitions of poverty.
27	robustness check	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: robustness + check. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A robustness check confirmed the pattern after extreme values were removed.
28	proxy variable	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: proxy + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Nighttime light served as a proxy variable for local economic activity.
29	instrumental variable	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: instrumental + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Rainfall acted as an instrumental variable in the irrigation study.
30	natural experiment	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: natural + experiment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The sudden policy boundary created a natural experiment in school funding.
31	quasi-experiment	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: quasi + experiment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The district comparison was a quasi-experiment because families chose their schools.
32	field experiment	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: field + experiment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The field experiment changed store signs and measured actual purchases.
33	laboratory experiment	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: laboratory + experiment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The laboratory experiment isolated the effect of noise on memory.
34	mixed methods	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: mixed + methods. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The mixed methods study paired survey statistics with detailed interviews.
35	narrative inquiry	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: narrative + inquiry. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Narrative inquiry examined how refugees described rebuilding a sense of home.

Making a Result Reproducible

Reading practice for pages 1–3. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A second laboratory tests a finding’s replicability with new participants. Clear operationalization lets both teams measure attention in the same way. A robustness check asks whether reasonable analytical changes alter the result, while sensitivity analysis examines which assumptions matter most. Reporting all outcomes prevents cherry-picking only the evidence that supports the preferred conclusion.

Cantonese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What supports replicability between laboratories?

Clear operationalization supports replicability.

2. What does sensitivity analysis examine?

It examines which assumptions affect the result.

3. Why report all outcomes?

Reporting all outcomes prevents cherry-picking.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ two unusually warm days cannot establish a yearly trend.

Answer: cherry-picking

2. The ___ repeated the estimate under three definitions of poverty.

Answer: sensitivity analysis

3. The second laboratory tested the finding's ___ with new participants.

Answer: replicability

4. The study's ___ of loneliness combined survey responses and contact frequency.

Answer: operationalization

5. A ___ confirmed the pattern after extreme values were removed.

Answer: robustness check

Page 2: words 36–70

Vocabulary page 2
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
36	purposive sampling	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: purposive + sampling. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Purposive sampling recruited nurses who had worked during the outbreak.
37	snowball sampling	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: snowball + sampling. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Snowball sampling helped researchers contact undocumented workers.
38	saturation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Interviews continued until saturation, when no new concerns appeared.
39	reflexivity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The ethnographer used reflexivity to question her interpretation of silence.
40	positionality	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The author explained how her positionality influenced access to the community.
41	transferability	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Detailed setting descriptions help readers judge a study's transferability.
42	intersubjectivity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Independent coders discussed disagreements to strengthen intersubjectivity.
43	methodological pluralism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: methodological + pluralism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Methodological pluralism allowed the team to combine experiments, archives, and interviews.
44	registered report	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: registered + report. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The journal approved the registered report before data collection began.
45	preprint	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: preprint is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The authors labeled the preprint clearly so readers knew review was incomplete.
46	corrigendum	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: corrigendum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The journal issued a corrigendum replacing the mislabeled figure.
47	editorial review	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: editorial + review. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Editorial review rejected the article because it fell outside the journal's scope.
48	peer reviewer	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: peer + reviewer. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The peer reviewer requested clearer evidence for the causal claim.
49	deidentification	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Deidentification replaced patient names and exact addresses before analysis.
50	anonymization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Strong anonymization made the public dataset unsuitable for tracking one respondent.
51	pseudonymization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Pseudonymization let authorized staff reconnect records when follow-up was necessary.
52	data minimization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + minimization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Data minimization kept the survey from requesting irrelevant birth dates.
53	primary evidence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: primary + evidence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The original ship log provided primary evidence of the voyage.
54	secondary evidence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: secondary + evidence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The historian compared secondary evidence from three scholarly books.
55	provenance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The museum verified the painting's provenance before accepting it.
56	contextualization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Contextualization showed that the speech responded to a recent strike.
57	historiography	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Her historiography traces changing explanations of the revolution.
58	archival record	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: archival + record. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	An archival record confirmed the council's vote in 1912.
59	textual evidence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: textual + evidence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The essay cites textual evidence for the narrator's growing distrust.
60	quantitative literacy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: quantitative + literacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Quantitative literacy helped readers notice that the graph lacked a zero baseline.
61	qualitative evidence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: qualitative + evidence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Interview excerpts supplied qualitative evidence about workplace stress.
62	claim-evidence-reasoning	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: claim + evidence + reasoning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Her claim-evidence-reasoning paragraph explains why the measurements support the model.
63	null result	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: null + result. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The null result suggested that the supplement did not improve memory.
64	confidence distribution	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: confidence + distribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The confidence distribution displayed uncertainty around the estimated rate.
65	data repository	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + repository. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The team deposited its cleaned files in a public data repository.
66	open access	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: open + access. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Open access allowed community organizers to read the health study.
67	predatory journal	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: predatory + journal. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The researcher avoided a predatory journal that promised acceptance within one day.
68	citation network	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: citation + network. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The citation network revealed two largely separate research communities.
69	bibliometrics	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: bibliometrics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Bibliometrics showed rapid growth in battery-recycling research.
70	altmetrics	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: altmetrics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Altmetrics indicated public interest but did not prove research quality.

Page 2 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 2.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Interviews continued until ___, when no new concerns appeared.

Answer: saturation

2. ___ let authorized staff reconnect records when follow-up was necessary.

Answer: pseudonymization

3. The ___ displayed uncertainty around the estimated rate.

Answer: confidence distribution

4. The ethnographer used ___ to question her interpretation of silence.

Answer: reflexivity

5. ___ kept the survey from requesting irrelevant birth dates.

Answer: data minimization

Page 3: words 71–105

Vocabulary page 3
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
71	impact factor	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: impact + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The committee refused to treat impact factor as a score for each researcher.
72	h-index	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: h + index. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Her h-index rose after several older papers received new attention.
73	scholarly consensus	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: scholarly + consensus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Scholarly consensus formed after many independent studies reached similar conclusions.
74	academic integrity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: academic + integrity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Academic integrity requires acknowledging both quoted and paraphrased sources.
75	self-plagiarism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: self + plagiarism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The policy treats undisclosed duplication of a published paragraph as self-plagiarism.
76	vertical reading	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: vertical + reading. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Vertical reading found that the article provided no evidence for its headline.
77	coverage error	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: coverage + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	An outdated address list created coverage error in the household survey.
78	attrition rate	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: attrition + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The yearlong trial reported an attrition rate of eighteen percent.
79	preregistered analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: preregistered + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The preregistered analysis limited opportunities to change outcomes after seeing the data.
80	exploratory analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: exploratory + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Exploratory analysis suggested a possible link requiring a new study.
81	confirmatory analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: confirmatory + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The confirmatory analysis used the outcome named before enrollment.
82	data visualization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + visualization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The data visualization made the regional trend visible without hiding uncertainty.
83	model fit	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: model + fit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Residual plots exposed poor model fit at high temperatures.
84	practical significance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: practical + significance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A one-second improvement lacked practical significance for emergency response.
85	confidence coefficient	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: confidence + coefficient. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A 0.95 confidence coefficient describes the procedure, not one interval's probability.
86	data dictionary	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + dictionary. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The data dictionary explains that 999 represents a missing measurement.
87	variable coding	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: variable + coding. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Variable coding represented yes as one and no as zero.
88	measurement invariance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: measurement + invariance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Measurement invariance was checked before comparing the two language groups.
89	intercoder reliability	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: intercoder + reliability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Training improved intercoder reliability for the interview themes.
90	citation bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: citation + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Citation bias made positive trials appear more common in later reviews.
91	file-drawer effect	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: file + drawer + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The file-drawer effect may inflate the apparent success of an intervention.
92	protocol deviation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: protocol + deviation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A missed follow-up visit was recorded as a protocol deviation.
93	research protocol	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: research + protocol. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The ethics board reviewed the research protocol before recruitment.
94	analysis plan	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: analysis + plan. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The analysis plan named the primary outcome and planned comparisons.
95	data management plan	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + management + plan. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The grant required a data management plan with backup and access rules.
96	code availability	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: code + availability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Code availability allowed another team to reproduce every figure.
97	materials availability	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: materials + availability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Materials availability made the classroom experiment easier to replicate.
98	selective reporting	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: selective + reporting. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Selective reporting made the treatment appear more consistent than the full results showed.
99	multisite study	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: multisite + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A multisite study tested whether the therapy worked in urban and rural clinics.
100	blind analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: blind + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Blind analysis prevented the physicists from tuning cuts toward an expected signal.
101	metanarrative	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: metanarrative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The novel questions the metanarrative that technological progress always improves society.
102	ekphrasis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: ekphrasis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The poet uses ekphrasis to imagine the lives beyond the painted doorway.
103	gothic	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: gothic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The gothic setting turns the abandoned house into a source of fear.
104	transcendentalism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Transcendentalism shaped the essay's call for independent thought in nature.
105	spondee	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: spondee is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The phrase “heartbreak” can sound like a spondee when both beats receive stress.

Page 3 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 3.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ found that the article provided no evidence for its headline.

Answer: vertical reading

2. Training improved ___ for the interview themes.

Answer: intercoder reliability

3. The poet uses ___ to imagine the lives beyond the painted doorway.

Answer: ekphrasis

4. An outdated address list created ___ in the household survey.

Answer: coverage error

5. ___ made positive trials appear more common in later reviews.

Answer: citation bias

Page 4: words 106–140

Vocabulary page 4
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
106	polemic	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: polemic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Her polemic condemns censorship but gives little space to opposing arguments.
107	eulogy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: eulogy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The eulogy remembered the doctor through stories of quiet generosity.
108	jeremiad	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: jeremiad is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The editorial becomes a jeremiad about the supposed loss of public manners.
109	epigram	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: epigram is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The chapter ends with an epigram contrasting wealth with freedom.
110	juxtaposition	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The film's juxtaposition of celebration and ruin creates unease.
111	ambiguity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The final image preserves ambiguity about whether the traveler returns.
112	diglossia	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: diglossia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	In a diglossia, one variety may dominate formal writing while another guides conversation.
113	prosody	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: prosody is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The actor's prosody makes the same sentence sound sincere rather than sarcastic.
114	pragmatics	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: pragmatics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Pragmatics explains why “Can you open the window?” usually functions as a request.
115	diegesis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: diegesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Music from a character's radio belongs to the film's diegesis.
116	mimesis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: mimesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The critic studies how the play's mimesis creates a believable courtroom.
117	sjuzhet	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: sjuzhet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The sjuzhet reveals the ending first and then returns to the cause.
118	homodiegetic narrator	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: homodiegetic + narrator. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The homodiegetic narrator admits that he misunderstood the argument he witnessed.
119	heterodiegetic narrator	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: heterodiegetic + narrator. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A heterodiegetic narrator describes the family from outside its world.
120	extradiegetic narrator	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: extradiegetic + narrator. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The extradiegetic narrator introduces the traveler who will tell the inner tale.
121	intradiegetic narrator	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: intradiegetic + narrator. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	At the inn, an intradiegetic narrator recounts the shipwreck.
122	narratee	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: narratee is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Repeated appeals to “my dear sister” identify the letter's narratee.
123	implied author	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: implied + author. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The implied author seems more skeptical than the confident narrator.
124	implied reader	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: implied + reader. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Unexplained legal terms suggest an implied reader familiar with court procedure.
125	narrative duration	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: narrative + duration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A whole decade occupies one sentence, creating compressed narrative duration.
126	narrative frequency	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: narrative + frequency. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The repeated account of one accident alters the novel's narrative frequency.
127	embedded narrative	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: embedded + narrative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The sailor's journal forms an embedded narrative inside the detective plot.
128	historiographic metafiction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: historiographic + metafiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The novel uses historiographic metafiction to expose gaps in the official archive.
129	psychological realism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: psychological + realism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Psychological realism makes the protagonist's changing loyalties feel credible.
130	regionalism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The story's regionalism preserves coastal vocabulary and fishing traditions.
131	local color	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: local + color. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Descriptions of market calls and monsoon streets provide local color.
132	Southern Gothic	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: Southern + Gothic. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The decaying estate in the Southern Gothic story conceals a history of exploitation.
133	climate fiction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: climate + fiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The climate fiction novel follows families displaced by rising seas.
134	creative nonfiction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: creative + nonfiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Her creative nonfiction combines verified interviews with vivid scene construction.
135	lyric essay	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: lyric + essay. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The lyric essay links fragments of memory through recurring images of water.
136	flash fiction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: flash + fiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The flash fiction story implies an entire separation through one unopened letter.
137	microfiction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The microfiction creates a turning point in only three sentences.
138	hagiography	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The biography becomes hagiography when it ignores every documented failure.
139	Künstlerroman	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: Künstlerroman is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The Künstlerroman follows a violinist from imitation toward an original style.
140	roman à clef	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: roman + à + clef. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Readers treated the roman à clef as a disguised account of the campaign.

Narrative Distance and Identity

Reading practice for pages 4–6. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A Künstlerroman traces an artist’s development, while a roman à clef disguises recognizable real people as fictional characters. Within the diegesis, an embedded narrative can challenge the main storyteller’s account. Pragmatics helps readers interpret what characters imply through context, social relationship, and tone rather than through literal wording alone.

Cantonese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What does a Künstlerroman trace?

It traces an artist's development.

2. What can an embedded narrative do?

It can challenge the main storyteller's account.

3. What does pragmatics help readers interpret?

It helps readers interpret implied meaning in context.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ follows a violinist from imitation toward an original style.

Answer: Künstlerroman

2. ___ explains why “Can you open the window?” usually functions as a request.

Answer: pragmatics

3. The sailor's journal forms an ___ inside the detective plot.

Answer: embedded narrative

4. Readers treated the ___ as a disguised account of the campaign.

Answer: roman à clef

5. Music from a character's radio belongs to the film's ___.

Answer: diegesis

Page 5: words 141–175

Vocabulary page 5
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
141	closet drama	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: closet + drama. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The closet drama uses scenes too vast for an ordinary stage.
142	comedy of manners	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: comedy + of + manners. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The comedy of manners exposes hypocrisy through elegant dinner conversation.
143	revenge tragedy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: revenge + tragedy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	In the revenge tragedy, each act of vengeance creates another victim.
144	tragicomedy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: tragicomedy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The tragicomedy moves from a threatened execution to an awkward reunion.
145	melodrama	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: melodrama is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The rescue scene becomes melodrama when the villain announces every cruel intention.
146	addressee	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: addressee is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The poem's addressee is an absent friend who never answers.
147	masculine rhyme	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: masculine + rhyme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	“Defend” and “amend” create a masculine rhyme.
148	feminine rhyme	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: feminine + rhyme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	“Duty” and “beauty” form a feminine rhyme.
149	metrical foot	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: metrical + foot. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The line's metrical foot alternates an unstressed syllable with a stressed one.
150	tetrameter	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: tetrameter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The ballad's tetrameter gives each long line four strong beats.
151	trimeter	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: trimeter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The shorter trimeter line quickens the stanza.
152	hexameter	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: hexameter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The epic's hexameter gives the narration a broad, formal rhythm.
153	alexandrine	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: alexandrine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The closing alexandrine slows the poem with a central pause.
154	accentual verse	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: accentual + verse. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The accentual verse keeps four beats even when line length changes.
155	syllabic verse	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: syllabic + verse. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Each line of the syllabic verse contains exactly seven syllables.
156	accentual-syllabic verse	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: accentual + syllabic + verse. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The sonnet's accentual-syllabic verse follows a regular sequence of ten syllables.
157	nonce form	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: nonce + form. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The poet created a nonce form with nine lines and an original rhyme pattern.
158	prosopopoeia	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: prosopopoeia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Through prosopopoeia, the ruined city addresses its former residents.
159	aposiopesis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: aposiopesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The dash marks aposiopesis when the witness cannot finish the threat.
160	polyptoton	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: polyptoton is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	“The judge must judge justly” uses polyptoton.
161	isocolon	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: isocolon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The slogan's isocolon balances “we came to learn” with “we stayed to serve.”
162	parataxis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: parataxis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Parataxis gives the passage a blunt rhythm: “Rain fell. Roads closed. We waited.”
163	hypotaxis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: hypotaxis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Hypotaxis lets the sentence distinguish causes, conditions, and consequences.
164	appositive	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: appositive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	In “Mae Jemison, an engineer and astronaut, spoke,” the appositive adds information.
165	syntactic inversion	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: syntactic + inversion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	“Into the harbor sailed the ship” uses syntactic inversion.
166	paralipsis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: paralipsis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	“I will not discuss his three missed deadlines” is paralipsis.
167	discourse community	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: discourse + community. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Medical researchers form a discourse community with established genres and terms.
168	presupposition	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	“She stopped commuting” carries the presupposition that she once commuted.
169	implicature	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: implicature is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	“Some essays were clear” may carry the implicature that others were not.
170	corpus linguistics	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: corpus + linguistics. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Corpus linguistics showed that the phrase became common after 1990.
171	lingua franca	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: lingua + franca. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Swahili serves as a lingua franca across several East African communities.
172	pidgin	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: pidgin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A trade pidgin emerged among sailors who lacked a common language.
173	creole	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: creole is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Children acquired the creole as a complete first language.
174	etymon	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: etymon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The Latin etymon helps explain the English word's spelling.
175	loanword	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: loanword is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	“Piano” entered English as a loanword from Italian.

Page 5 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 5.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The epic's ___ gives the narration a broad, formal rhythm.

Answer: hexameter

2. “Into the harbor sailed the ship” uses ___.

Answer: syntactic inversion

3. The closing ___ slows the poem with a central pause.

Answer: alexandrine

4. “I will not discuss his three missed deadlines” is ___.

Answer: paralipsis

5. The ___ uses scenes too vast for an ordinary stage.

Answer: closet drama

Page 6: words 176–210

Vocabulary page 6
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
176	calque	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: calque is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	“Flea market” has produced a calque in several languages.
177	bathos	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: bathos is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The heroic speech ends in bathos when the warrior complains about his lunch.
178	heteroglossia	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: heteroglossia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The novel's heteroglossia brings official, regional, and rebellious speech into conflict.
179	dialogism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Dialogism prevents the novel from granting one character final authority.
180	carnivalesque	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: carnivalesque is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The carnivalesque festival lets servants mock their masters.
181	liminality	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The journey creates liminality as the initiate leaves childhood but has not entered adulthood.
182	paratext	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: paratext is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The title and cover form a paratext that frames the novel as a mystery.
183	peritext	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: peritext is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The preface and footnotes belong to the book's peritext.
184	epitext	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: epitext is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	An author's interview can function as epitext for readers of the novel.
185	textual apparatus	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: textual + apparatus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The textual apparatus explains why the editor chose one manuscript reading.
186	variorum	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: variorum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The variorum lists alternate lines from every surviving draft.
187	emendation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The emendation restores a word blurred in the earliest printing.
188	recension	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The northern recension includes a chapter absent from other manuscripts.
189	metalepsis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: metalepsis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Metalepsis occurs when the author suddenly argues with her own character.
190	chronotope	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: chronotope is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The road chronotope makes travel the setting for meetings and change.
191	polyphony	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: polyphony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The novel's polyphony allows each sibling to challenge the family history.
192	monoglossia	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: monoglossia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The decree's monoglossia permits no alternative account of the event.
193	intermediality	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The production's intermediality combines live theater, film, and projected text.
194	ecocriticism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Ecocriticism reveals how the poem treats the river as more than scenery.
195	postcolonialism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Postcolonialism guides the essay's analysis of imposed place names.
196	reader-response criticism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: reader + response + criticism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Reader-response criticism compares how two communities interpret the ending.
197	new historicism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: new + historicism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	New historicism places the play beside court records and travel accounts.
198	poststructuralism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Poststructuralism draws attention to contradictions within the category of “civilized.”
199	semiotics	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: semiotics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Semiotics examines how color and clothing signal authority in the film.
200	signifier	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: signifier is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The red light is a signifier whose meaning depends on the traffic system.
201	anatomical position	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: anatomical + position. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	In anatomical position, the palms face forward and the feet point ahead.
202	sagittal plane	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: sagittal + plane. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A sagittal plane passes from the front of the body to the back.
203	coronal plane	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: coronal + plane. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The coronal plane separates anterior structures from posterior ones.
204	transverse plane	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: transverse + plane. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The scan shows a transverse plane through the abdomen.
205	proximal	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: proximal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
206	distal	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: distal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The fingers are distal to the shoulder.
207	medial	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: medial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The sternum is medial to the ribs.
208	lateral	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: lateral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The lungs are lateral to the heart.
209	ventral	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: ventral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The ventral surface of the human body includes the chest.
210	dorsal	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: dorsal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The spinal cord lies within the dorsal body cavity.

Page 6 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 6.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The heroic speech ends in ___ when the warrior complains about his lunch.

Answer: bathos

2. The road ___ makes travel the setting for meetings and change.

Answer: chronotope

3. The ___ separates anterior structures from posterior ones.

Answer: coronal plane

4. The novel's ___ brings official, regional, and rebellious speech into conflict.

Answer: heteroglossia

5. The novel's ___ allows each sibling to challenge the family history.

Answer: polyphony

Page 7: words 211–245

Vocabulary page 7
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
211	cranial	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: cranial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The chest is cranial to the abdomen.
212	caudal	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: caudal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The pelvis is caudal to the stomach.
213	endocytosis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: endocytosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A white blood cell uses endocytosis to engulf a bacterium.
214	exocytosis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: exocytosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The neuron releases transmitter molecules through exocytosis.
215	membrane potential	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: membrane + potential. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Ion movement changes the neuron's membrane potential.
216	depolarization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Sodium entry causes rapid depolarization of the neuron.
217	repolarization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Potassium leaving the cell contributes to repolarization.
218	receptor	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: receptor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Insulin binds to a receptor on the target cell.
219	agonist	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -ist often names a person associated with a field, belief, or practice.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The drug acts as an agonist at the pain-control receptor.
220	thalamus	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: thalamus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The thalamus directs visual signals toward the occipital cortex.
221	hippocampus	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: hippocampus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Damage to the hippocampus can impair new long-term memories.
222	amygdala	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: amygdala is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The amygdala responds strongly to a suddenly fearful face.
223	corpus callosum	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: corpus + callosum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The corpus callosum carries information between left and right cortical areas.
224	myelin	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: myelin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Myelin helps electrical signals travel rapidly along an axon.
225	endocrine system	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: endocrine + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The endocrine system helps coordinate growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
226	feedback loop	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: feedback + loop. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A feedback loop adjusts hormone release when blood levels change.
227	epidemiology	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Epidemiology linked contaminated water to the neighborhood outbreak.
228	prevalence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The survey estimated diabetes prevalence among adults in the region.
229	morbidity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Vaccination reduced severe morbidity during the outbreak.
230	mortality	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Improved trauma care lowered mortality after road accidents.
231	epidemic	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: epidemic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The city declared an epidemic after measles cases rose sharply.
232	pandemic	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: pandemic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	International surveillance tracked the pandemic across several regions.
233	reservoir	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: reservoir is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Wild birds can serve as a reservoir for some influenza viruses.
234	zoonosis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: zoonosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Rabies is a zoonosis that can spread through an infected bite.
235	risk factor	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: risk + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer.
236	protective factor	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: protective + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Reliable adult support can be a protective factor during adolescence.
237	public health surveillance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: public + health + surveillance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Public health surveillance detected an unusual cluster of foodborne illness.
238	randomized controlled trial	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: randomized + controlled + trial. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The randomized controlled trial compared the new therapy with standard care.
239	clinical trial	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: clinical + trial. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The clinical trial monitored both benefits and harmful effects.
240	prognosis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: prognosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Early treatment improved the patient's prognosis.
241	etiology	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: etiology is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Testing established a viral etiology for the fever.
242	pathology	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The biopsy revealed pathology consistent with chronic inflammation.
243	syndrome	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: syndrome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The syndrome includes fatigue, fever, and a distinctive rash.
244	comorbidity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Hypertension is a common comorbidity in patients with diabetes.
245	contraindication	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A severe allergy is a contraindication for that medication.

Reading a Clinical Report

Reading practice for pages 7–9. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A clinical report separates prevalence, the proportion of a population with a condition, from etiology, the condition’s causes. Prognosis concerns the likely course or outcome. In a different section, researchers describe how depolarization changes a neuron’s membrane potential, allowing an electrical signal to travel along the cell.

Cantonese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What does prevalence describe?

Prevalence describes how common a condition is.

2. What does etiology address?

Etiology addresses the causes of a condition.

3. What changes during depolarization?

A neuron's membrane potential changes.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Early treatment improved the patient's ___.

Answer: prognosis

2. Ion movement changes the neuron's ___.

Answer: membrane potential

3. The survey estimated diabetes ___ among adults in the region.

Answer: prevalence

4. Testing established a viral ___ for the fever.

Answer: etiology

5. Sodium entry causes rapid ___ of the neuron.

Answer: depolarization

Page 8: words 246–280

Vocabulary page 8
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
246	dosage	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: dosage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The physician adjusted the dosage according to the child's weight.
247	adverse effect	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: adverse + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Dizziness was the most common adverse effect of the drug.
248	placebo	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: placebo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The control group received a placebo without the active ingredient.
249	nocebo	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: nocebo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Warnings alone can sometimes contribute to a nocebo response.
250	afferent neuron	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: afferent + neuron. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	An afferent neuron carries the pain signal from the finger toward the spinal cord.
251	efferent neuron	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: efferent + neuron. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	An efferent neuron activates the muscle that withdraws the hand.
252	somatic nervous system	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: somatic + nervous + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The somatic nervous system allows a pianist to move each finger deliberately.
253	autonomic nervous system	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: autonomic + nervous + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The autonomic nervous system changes heart rate during stress.
254	glial cell	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: glial + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A glial cell can nourish neurons and stabilize their environment.
255	astrocyte	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: astrocyte is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	An astrocyte helps maintain chemical balance near a synapse.
256	microglia	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: microglia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Microglia remove damaged material after a brain injury.
257	oligodendrocyte	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: oligodendrocyte is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	One oligodendrocyte can insulate portions of several axons.
258	Schwann cell	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: Schwann + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A Schwann cell wraps one segment of a peripheral nerve fiber.
259	axon	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: axon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The impulse traveled down the axon toward the muscle.
260	dendrite	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: dendrite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Each dendrite collects messages from nearby neurons.
261	refractory period	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: refractory + period. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The refractory period helps keep an action potential moving in one direction.
262	saltatory conduction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: saltatory + conduction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Saltatory conduction speeds impulses along myelinated nerves.
263	acetylcholine	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: acetylcholine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Motor neurons release acetylcholine at skeletal muscles.
264	dopamine	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: dopamine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Dopamine signaling helps the brain update expectations after a reward.
265	serotonin	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: serotonin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Serotonin pathways influence sleep and emotional regulation.
266	norepinephrine	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: norepinephrine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Norepinephrine increases arousal during an emergency.
267	GABA	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Capitalization focus: GABA is an abbreviation or initialism; preserve its capital letters.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	GABA reduces the likelihood that a nearby neuron will fire.
268	glutamate	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: glutamate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Glutamate activates receptors important for learning.
269	blood-brain barrier	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: blood + brain + barrier. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The blood-brain barrier blocks many toxins but also some medicines.
270	basal ganglia	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: basal + ganglia. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The basal ganglia help initiate a practiced movement.
271	medulla oblongata	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: medulla + oblongata. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The medulla oblongata helps maintain breathing during sleep.
272	pons	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: pons is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The pons relays information between the cerebellum and the cortex.
273	midbrain	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: midbrain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The midbrain helps turn the eyes toward a sudden flash.
274	reticular formation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: reticular + formation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The reticular formation helps maintain wakefulness.
275	Broca's area	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: Broca's + area. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Damage to Broca's area can make speech slow and effortful.
276	Wernicke's area	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: Wernicke's + area. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Damage to Wernicke's area can impair comprehension of spoken words.
277	lateralization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Language shows partial lateralization toward the left hemisphere in many people.
278	sensory adaptation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: sensory + adaptation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Sensory adaptation makes a room's odor less noticeable after several minutes.
279	proprioception	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Proprioception lets a dancer place a foot without looking down.
280	nociception	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Nociception begins when heat activates receptors in the skin.

Page 8 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 8.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ makes a room's odor less noticeable after several minutes.

Answer: sensory adaptation

2. The ___ changes heart rate during stress.

Answer: autonomic nervous system

3. ___ increases arousal during an emergency.

Answer: norepinephrine

4. ___ lets a dancer place a foot without looking down.

Answer: proprioception

5. A ___ can nourish neurons and stabilize their environment.

Answer: glial cell

Page 9: words 281–315

Vocabulary page 9
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
281	vestibular system	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: vestibular + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The vestibular system helps stabilize vision while the head turns.
282	endocrine axis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: endocrine + axis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The endocrine axis coordinates signals between the brain and thyroid gland.
283	hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: hypothalamic + pituitary + adrenal + axis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Prolonged stress can repeatedly activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
284	cortisol	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: cortisol is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Cortisol levels normally follow a daily rhythm.
285	melatonin	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: melatonin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Darkness stimulates melatonin release in the evening.
286	thyroxine	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: thyroxine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Low thyroxine levels can slow metabolic activity.
287	humoral immunity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: humoral + immunity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Humoral immunity produces antibodies that bind a specific virus.
288	cell-mediated immunity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: cell + mediated + immunity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Cell-mediated immunity can destroy cells infected by a virus.
289	lymphocyte	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: lymphocyte is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Each lymphocyte recognizes particular molecular targets.
290	macrophage	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: macrophage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The macrophage swallowed bacteria at the wound.
291	complement system	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: complement + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The complement system marked the bacterium for destruction.
292	antimicrobial resistance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: antimicrobial + resistance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Unnecessary antibiotic use accelerates antimicrobial resistance.
293	nosocomial infection	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: nosocomial + infection. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Strict hand hygiene reduced nosocomial infection in the ward.
294	case fatality rate	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: case + fatality + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Early treatment lowered the disease's case fatality rate.
295	attack rate	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: attack + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Investigators calculated the attack rate among guests who ate the salad.
296	prevalence ratio	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: prevalence + ratio. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The prevalence ratio showed asthma was twice as common in the exposed group.
297	incidence rate	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: incidence + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The study reported an incidence rate of five cases per thousand person-years.
298	relative risk	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: relative + risk. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A relative risk above one indicated greater illness among exposed workers.
299	odds ratio	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: odds + ratio. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The case-control study used an odds ratio to assess the association.
300	outbreak investigation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: outbreak + investigation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The outbreak investigation traced infections to one cooling tower.
301	kinematics	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: kinematics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Kinematics relates the car's position, velocity, and acceleration over time.
302	dynamics	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: dynamics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Dynamics explains how the applied force changes the cart's motion.
303	rotational kinetic energy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: rotational + kinetic + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The spinning flywheel stores rotational kinetic energy.
304	simple harmonic motion	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: simple + harmonic + motion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A small mass on an ideal spring approximates simple harmonic motion.
305	Hooke's law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: Hooke's + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Hooke's law predicts twice the force for twice the stretch.
306	spring constant	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: spring + constant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The stiffer spring has the larger spring constant.
307	damping	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: damping is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Air resistance provides damping that reduces the pendulum's swing.
308	driven oscillation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: driven + oscillation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The motor creates a driven oscillation in the platform.
309	node	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: node is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The string stays still at each node.
310	antinode	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: antinode is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The string moves most widely at the antinode.
311	fundamental frequency	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: fundamental + frequency. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The long pipe has a lower fundamental frequency than the short pipe.
312	harmonic	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: harmonic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The second harmonic vibrates at twice the fundamental frequency.
313	beat frequency	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: beat + frequency. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Two tones at 440 and 443 hertz create a beat frequency of three hertz.
314	sound intensity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: sound + intensity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Sound intensity decreases as the wave spreads outward.
315	index of refraction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: index + of + refraction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Diamond has a high index of refraction.

Page 9 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 9.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ marked the bacterium for destruction.

Answer: complement system

2. A small mass on an ideal spring approximates ___.

Answer: simple harmonic motion

3. Unnecessary antibiotic use accelerates ___.

Answer: antimicrobial resistance

4. ___ predicts twice the force for twice the stretch.

Answer: Hooke's law

5. Strict hand hygiene reduced ___ in the ward.

Answer: nosocomial infection

Page 10: words 316–350

Vocabulary page 10
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
316	total internal reflection	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: total + internal + reflection. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Optical fibers guide light through total internal reflection.
317	focal length	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: focal + length. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A short focal length gives the camera a wider field of view.
318	real image	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: real + image. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The projector lens forms a real image on the screen.
319	virtual image	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: virtual + image. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A flat mirror produces a virtual image behind its surface.
320	convex lens	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: convex + lens. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A convex lens focuses sunlight to a small point.
321	concave lens	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: concave + lens. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A concave lens spreads the incoming beam.
322	diffraction grating	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: diffraction + grating. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The diffraction grating spreads white light into distinct colors.
323	electric potential	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: electric + potential. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The battery establishes a difference in electric potential.
324	electric current	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: electric + current. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Closing the switch allows electric current through the lamp.
325	Coulomb's law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: Coulomb's + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Coulomb's law predicts weaker force when the charges move farther apart.
326	electric flux	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: electric + flux. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Electric flux through the sphere depends on the enclosed charge.
327	Gauss's law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: Gauss's + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Gauss's law simplifies the field calculation for a charged sphere.
328	magnetic flux	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: magnetic + flux. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Rotating the coil changes its magnetic flux.
329	Faraday's law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: Faraday's + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Faraday's law explains the voltage produced by the generator.
330	Lenz's law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: Lenz's + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Lenz's law predicts the induced field's direction.
331	Kirchhoff's rules	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: Kirchhoff's + rules. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Kirchhoff's rules determine the currents in the branching circuit.
332	Ohm's law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: Ohm's + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Ohm's law gives a current of two amperes through the resistor.
333	resistivity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Copper's low resistivity makes it useful for wires.
334	dielectric	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: dielectric is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The dielectric between capacitor plates increases stored charge.
335	transformer	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: transformer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The transformer lowers transmission voltage for household use.
336	inductor	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: inductor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The inductor resists a rapid change in current.
337	reactance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The inductor's reactance increases with frequency.
338	rms voltage	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: rms + voltage. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The meter reports the outlet's rms voltage.
339	photoelectric effect	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: photoelectric + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The photoelectric effect showed that light transfers energy in discrete amounts.
340	de Broglie wavelength	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: de + Broglie + wavelength. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A faster electron has a shorter de Broglie wavelength.
341	wave-particle duality	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: wave + particle + duality. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Electron diffraction demonstrates wave-particle duality.
342	uncertainty principle	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: uncertainty + principle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The uncertainty principle prevents exact knowledge of both electron position and momentum.
343	atomic spectrum	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: atomic + spectrum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Hydrogen's atomic spectrum contains a distinct set of lines.
344	ground state	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: ground + state. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The electron returns to the ground state by emitting a photon.
345	excited state	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: excited + state. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Absorbed light raises the atom to an excited state.
346	binding energy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: binding + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Nuclear binding energy holds protons and neutrons together.
347	mass defect	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: mass + defect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The mass defect corresponds to nuclear binding energy.
348	nuclear force	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: nuclear + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The nuclear force overcomes electric repulsion at very short distances.
349	chain reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: chain + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Released neutrons sustain the fission chain reaction.
350	critical mass	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: critical + mass. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Below critical mass, too many neutrons escape to maintain fission.

Light, Fields, and Measurement

Reading practice for pages 10–12. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Wave-particle duality explains why light and matter display different behaviors in different experiments. In optics, total internal reflection keeps light inside a medium when conditions are right, while focal length describes how a lens focuses rays. Faraday’s law connects changing magnetic flux to induced voltage. The uncertainty principle sets a fundamental limit on simultaneously knowing certain paired quantities.

Cantonese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What keeps light inside a medium?

Total internal reflection can keep light inside a medium.

2. What does focal length describe?

It describes how a lens focuses rays.

3. What limit does the uncertainty principle set?

It limits simultaneous knowledge of certain paired quantities.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Electron diffraction demonstrates ___.

Answer: wave-particle duality

2. Optical fibers guide light through ___.

Answer: total internal reflection

3. ___ explains the voltage produced by the generator.

Answer: Faraday's law

4. The ___ prevents exact knowledge of both electron position and momentum.

Answer: uncertainty principle

5. A short ___ gives the camera a wider field of view.

Answer: focal length

Page 11: words 351–385

Vocabulary page 11
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
351	fusion reactor	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: fusion + reactor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The experimental fusion reactor confines hot plasma with magnetic fields.
352	luminosity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A blue giant has far greater luminosity than the Sun.
353	apparent magnitude	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: apparent + magnitude. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Distance affects a star's apparent magnitude.
354	absolute magnitude	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: absolute + magnitude. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Absolute magnitude allows fair comparison of stars' intrinsic brightness.
355	spectral class	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: spectral + class. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The Sun belongs to spectral class G.
356	Hertzsprung-Russell diagram	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: Hertzsprung + Russell + diagram. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram places main-sequence stars along a diagonal band.
357	supernova	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: supernova is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The supernova briefly outshone its host galaxy.
358	pulsar	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: pulsar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The pulsar sends a radio pulse past Earth every second.
359	event horizon	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: event + horizon. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Light crossing the event horizon cannot return to a distant observer.
360	escape velocity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: escape + velocity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A rocket must reach Earth's escape velocity to depart permanently.
361	spacetime	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: spacetime is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Mass curves spacetime around a star.
362	gravitational lensing	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: gravitational + lensing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Gravitational lensing produced multiple images of the distant galaxy.
363	dark matter	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: dark + matter. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Galaxy rotation suggests the presence of dark matter.
364	dark energy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: dark + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Measurements of distant supernovae support the existence of dark energy.
365	cosmic inflation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: cosmic + inflation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Cosmic inflation helps explain the universe's large-scale uniformity.
366	blueshift	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: blueshift is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The galaxy's blueshift shows that it is moving toward us.
367	transiting exoplanet	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: transiting + exoplanet. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The transiting exoplanet causes a small periodic dip in starlight.
368	spectroscopy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: spectroscopy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Spectroscopy revealed sodium in the star's atmosphere.
369	climate sensitivity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: climate + sensitivity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Climate sensitivity estimates how strongly warming follows doubled carbon dioxide.
370	carbon sequestration	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: carbon + sequestration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Forest restoration can contribute to carbon sequestration.
371	renewable energy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: renewable + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Wind and sunlight provide renewable energy without burning fuel.
372	grid storage	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: grid + storage. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Battery grid storage saves midday solar power for evening use.
373	photovoltaic cell	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: photovoltaic + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Each photovoltaic cell produces current when sunlight frees charge carriers.
374	wind turbine	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: wind + turbine. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The wind turbine generates more power during steady coastal winds.
375	geothermal energy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: geothermal + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The town uses geothermal energy for district heating.
376	energy density	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: energy + density. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Jet fuel has greater energy density by mass than a typical battery.
377	load-bearing	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: load + bearing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Engineers reinforced the load-bearing column.
378	yield strength	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: yield + strength. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The beam must remain below the steel's yield strength.
379	fatigue	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: fatigue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Microscopic cracks revealed metal fatigue in the wing.
380	ductility	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Copper's ductility allows it to be drawn into thin wire.
381	brittleness	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Cold temperatures increased the alloy's brittleness.
382	stress concentration	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: stress + concentration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A rounded corner reduces stress concentration in the bracket.
383	finite element analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: finite + element + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Finite element analysis predicted where the bridge deck would bend most.
384	reference frame	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: reference + frame. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The ball's velocity differs between the train's reference frame and the platform's.
385	inertial frame	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: inertial + frame. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Newton's first law holds directly in an inertial frame.

Page 11 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 11.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Microscopic cracks revealed metal ___ in the wing.

Answer: fatigue

2. ___ allows fair comparison of stars' intrinsic brightness.

Answer: absolute magnitude

3. The ___ causes a small periodic dip in starlight.

Answer: transiting exoplanet

4. Copper's ___ allows it to be drawn into thin wire.

Answer: ductility

5. The Sun belongs to ___ G.

Answer: spectral class

Page 12: words 386–420

Vocabulary page 12
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
386	noninertial frame	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: noninertial + frame. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The turning car is a noninertial frame.
387	static equilibrium	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: static + equilibrium. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The hanging sign stays in static equilibrium.
388	center of mass	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: center + of + mass. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The gymnast shifts her center of mass above the beam.
389	center of gravity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: center + of + gravity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A low center of gravity makes the vehicle harder to tip.
390	conservation of angular momentum	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: conservation + of + angular + momentum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Conservation of angular momentum makes the skater spin faster when her arms move inward.
391	moment of inertia	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: moment + of + inertia. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Moving mass away from the axis increases moment of inertia.
392	damped oscillation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: damped + oscillation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The door closer produces a damped oscillation rather than endless swinging.
393	mechanical wave	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: mechanical + wave. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Sound is a mechanical wave traveling through air.
394	superposition principle	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: superposition + principle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The superposition principle explains the interference pattern.
395	coherent source	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: coherent + source. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A laser provides a coherent source for the interference experiment.
396	electromotive force	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: electromotive + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The battery's electromotive force drives charge around the circuit.
397	terminal voltage	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: terminal + voltage. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Internal resistance makes terminal voltage fall under heavy load.
398	internal resistance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: internal + resistance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The old cell's high internal resistance limits its current.
399	electric power	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: electric + power. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The heater's electric power equals voltage multiplied by current.
400	magnetic force	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: magnetic + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The magnetic force bends the electron beam into a curve.
401	differentiation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Differentiation gives the velocity function from the position function.
402	antiderivative	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: antiderivative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The function x squared is an antiderivative of 2x.
403	fundamental theorem of calculus	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: fundamental + theorem + of + calculus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The fundamental theorem of calculus lets us evaluate the integral using an antiderivative.
404	tangent line	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: tangent + line. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The tangent line approximates the graph near x equals two.
405	secant line	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: secant + line. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The slope of the secant line gives average change over the interval.
406	instantaneous rate	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: instantaneous + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The derivative gives the car's instantaneous rate of change in position.
407	average rate	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: average + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The average rate was sixty kilometers per hour over the full trip.
408	related rates	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: related + rates. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Related rates determine how fast the shadow lengthens as the person walks.
409	chain rule	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: chain + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The chain rule differentiates the square of a sine function.
410	product rule	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: product + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The product rule includes a derivative term for each factor.
411	quotient rule	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: quotient + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The quotient rule differentiates the rational expression.
412	power rule	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: power + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The power rule changes x cubed into 3x squared.
413	implicit differentiation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: implicit + differentiation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Implicit differentiation finds the slope of the circle.
414	definite integral	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: definite + integral. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The definite integral gives net change from time zero to time five.
415	indefinite integral	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: indefinite + integral. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The indefinite integral includes an arbitrary constant.
416	Riemann sum	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: Riemann + sum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The Riemann sum becomes more accurate as the partition narrows.
417	area under the curve	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: area + under + the + curve. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The area under the curve represents total distance when velocity stays positive.
418	differential equation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: differential + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The differential equation models population change over time.
419	initial condition	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: initial + condition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The initial condition states that the tank holds fifty liters at noon.
420	slope field	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: slope + field. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The slope field reveals how solutions bend without solving the equation explicitly.

Page 12 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 12.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ represents total distance when velocity stays positive.

Answer: area under the curve

2. The door closer produces a ___ rather than endless swinging.

Answer: damped oscillation

3. The slope of the ___ gives average change over the interval.

Answer: secant line

4. The ___ models population change over time.

Answer: differential equation

5. Sound is a ___ traveling through air.

Answer: mechanical wave

Page 13: words 421–455

Vocabulary page 13
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
421	inverse function	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: inverse + function. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The logarithm is an inverse function of the exponential.
422	composite function	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: composite + function. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The composite function first squares a number and then takes its sine.
423	piecewise function	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: piecewise + function. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The tax model is a piecewise function with separate income brackets.
424	convergence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The sequence's convergence is clear as its terms approach zero.
425	divergence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The partial sums grow without bound, showing divergence.
426	series	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: series is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The geometric series adds successively smaller powers.
427	infinite series	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: infinite + series. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The infinite series can still converge to a finite number.
428	interval of convergence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: interval + of + convergence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The ratio test helps locate the interval of convergence.
429	covariance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Positive covariance indicates that the two measurements tend to rise together.
430	kurtosis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: kurtosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	High kurtosis makes extreme observations more common than in a normal distribution.
431	packet	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: packet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The router forwards each packet toward its destination.
432	latency	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: latency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	High latency made the video call feel unresponsive.
433	machine learning	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: machine + learning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Machine learning classified the images after training on labeled examples.
434	neural network	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: neural + network. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The neural network learned to recognize handwritten digits.
435	training data	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: training + data. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Biased training data produced unequal error rates.
436	validation data	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: validation + data. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The team selected the model with the best validation data performance.
437	test data	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: test + data. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Test data were opened only after every design choice was fixed.
438	epsilon-delta definition	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: epsilon + delta + definition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The epsilon-delta definition proves that the function approaches three.
439	left-hand limit	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: left + hand + limit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The left-hand limit equals zero at the jump.
440	right-hand limit	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: right + hand + limit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The right-hand limit equals two at the same jump.
441	infinite limit	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: infinite + limit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The vertical asymptote corresponds to an infinite limit.
442	limit at infinity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: limit + at + infinity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The limit at infinity is the horizontal asymptote.
443	removable discontinuity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: removable + discontinuity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The canceled factor leaves a removable discontinuity at x equals four.
444	jump discontinuity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: jump + discontinuity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The step function has a jump discontinuity at the boundary.
445	infinite discontinuity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: infinite + discontinuity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The reciprocal function has an infinite discontinuity at zero.
446	mean value theorem	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: mean + value + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The mean value theorem guarantees one moment when instantaneous speed equaled average speed.
447	Rolle's theorem	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: Rolle's + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Rolle's theorem ensures a horizontal tangent between the matching endpoints.
448	local maximum	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: local + maximum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The graph reaches a local maximum before descending.
449	local minimum	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: local + minimum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The cost curve has a local minimum at the efficient output.
450	critical point	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: critical + point. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Each interior maximum occurs at a critical point.
451	inflection point	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: inflection + point. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The curve switches from bending downward to upward at the inflection point.
452	concavity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A positive second derivative indicates upward concavity.
453	second derivative	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: second + derivative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The second derivative gives acceleration from the position function.
454	derivative test	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: derivative + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The first derivative test confirms a local minimum.
455	L'Hôpital's rule	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: L'Hôpital's + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	L'Hôpital's rule evaluates the zero-over-zero limit.

Interpreting a Difficult Graph

Reading practice for pages 13–15. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A calculus packet asks students to identify a removable discontinuity before evaluating a limit at infinity. For an indeterminate quotient, L’Hôpital’s rule may apply if its conditions are satisfied. A statistics extension then introduces kurtosis as a description of distribution shape, reminding students not to confuse it with the graph’s discontinuity.

Cantonese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What appears in the calculus packet?

A removable discontinuity and a limit at infinity appear.

2. When may L'Hôpital's rule apply?

It may apply to an indeterminate quotient when its conditions hold.

3. What does kurtosis describe?

Kurtosis describes an aspect of distribution shape.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ is the horizontal asymptote.

Answer: limit at infinity

2. ___ evaluates the zero-over-zero limit.

Answer: L'Hôpital's rule

3. High ___ makes extreme observations more common than in a normal distribution.

Answer: kurtosis

4. The canceled factor leaves a ___ at x equals four.

Answer: removable discontinuity

5. The router forwards each ___ toward its destination.

Answer: packet

Page 14: words 456–490

Vocabulary page 14
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
456	u-substitution	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: u + substitution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	U-substitution turns the integral into a simple power.
457	integration by parts	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: integration + by + parts. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Integration by parts handles the product of x and an exponential.
458	improper integral	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: improper + integral. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The improper integral converges even though its interval is infinite.
459	disk method	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: disk + method. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The disk method finds the solid formed by rotating the region around the axis.
460	washer method	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: washer + method. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The washer method subtracts the inner radius from the outer disk.
461	shell method	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: shell + method. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The shell method uses vertical strips around the y-axis.
462	arc length	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: arc + length. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The arc length formula gives the cable's curved length.
463	surface area of revolution	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: surface + area + of + revolution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The surface area of revolution models the outside of the vase.
464	separable equation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: separable + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The growth model is a separable equation.
465	logistic growth model	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: logistic + growth + model. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The logistic growth model levels off near the lake's capacity.
466	Euler's method	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: Euler's + method. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Euler's method estimates the next value from the current slope.
467	Taylor polynomial	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: Taylor + polynomial. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A Taylor polynomial approximates cosine near zero.
468	Maclaurin series	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: Maclaurin + series. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The Maclaurin series represents the exponential as an infinite sum.
469	power series	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: power + series. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Within its radius, the power series defines a function.
470	radius of convergence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: radius + of + convergence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The ratio test gives a radius of convergence of two.
471	absolute convergence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: absolute + convergence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Absolute convergence guarantees convergence of the original series.
472	conditional convergence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: conditional + convergence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The alternating harmonic series has conditional convergence.
473	divergence test	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: divergence + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The divergence test rejects the series because its terms approach one.
474	ratio test	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: ratio + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The ratio test quickly handles the factorial series.
475	root test	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: root + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The root test is useful when each term is raised to the nth power.
476	integral test	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: integral + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The integral test proves that the p-series converges for p greater than one.
477	comparison test	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: comparison + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The comparison test bounds the series by a convergent geometric series.
478	alternating series	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: alternating + series. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The alternating series converges because its term sizes decrease to zero.
479	merge sort	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: merge + sort. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Merge sort combines two ordered halves into one ordered list.
480	quicksort	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: quicksort is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Quicksort places smaller values before the pivot and larger ones after it.
481	greedy algorithm	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: greedy + algorithm. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The greedy algorithm selects the cheapest available edge without reconsidering earlier choices.
482	inheritance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Inheritance lets the bicycle class reuse methods from the vehicle class.
483	encapsulation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Encapsulation protects the account balance behind controlled operations.
484	polymorphism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Polymorphism lets the same draw command work for circles and rectangles.
485	API	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Capitalization focus: API is an abbreviation or initialism; preserve its capital letters.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The weather app uses an API to request forecast data.
486	runtime	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: runtime is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The error appeared only at runtime after the user submitted an empty field.
487	operating system	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: operating + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The operating system schedules processes and controls file access.
488	virtualization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Virtualization lets one server host several isolated machines.
489	containerization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Containerization kept the application consistent across development and production.
490	version control	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: version + control. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Version control preserved the earlier draft and identified who changed each line.

Page 14 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 14.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ places smaller values before the pivot and larger ones after it.

Answer: quicksort

2. The ___ represents the exponential as an infinite sum.

Answer: Maclaurin series

3. The ___ selects the cheapest available edge without reconsidering earlier choices.

Answer: greedy algorithm

4. ___ turns the integral into a simple power.

Answer: u-substitution

5. Within its radius, the ___ defines a function.

Answer: power series

Page 15: words 491–525

Vocabulary page 15
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
491	repository	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: repository is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The team reviewed the patch in the shared repository.
492	merge conflict	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: merge + conflict. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Both developers edited the same line, creating a merge conflict.
493	unit test	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: unit + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The unit test verifies that the tax function handles zero income.
494	integration test	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: integration + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The integration test follows a payment from the form to the database.
495	firewall	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: firewall is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The firewall blocked unsolicited connections from the public internet.
496	distributed system	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: distributed + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The distributed system stores copies of data in several regions.
497	concurrency	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: concurrency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Concurrency allows the server to handle many requests without waiting for each to finish.
498	algorithmic efficiency	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: algorithmic + efficiency. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Algorithmic efficiency matters when the dataset expands to millions of records.
499	gradient descent	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: gradient + descent. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Gradient descent adjusted the model weights after each batch.
500	supervised learning	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: supervised + learning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Supervised learning trained the classifier on images labeled by species.
501	incorporation doctrine	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: incorporation + doctrine. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The incorporation doctrine made the speech protection enforceable against the state.
502	strict scrutiny	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: strict + scrutiny. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The court applied strict scrutiny to the law's racial classification.
503	intermediate scrutiny	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: intermediate + scrutiny. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The policy had to survive intermediate scrutiny.
504	rational basis review	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: rational + basis + review. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The economic regulation passed rational basis review.
505	stare decisis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: stare + decisis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Stare decisis gave earlier rulings substantial weight.
506	judicial activism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: judicial + activism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Critics called the broad ruling judicial activism.
507	judicial restraint	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: judicial + restraint. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Judicial restraint led the court to avoid deciding the wider issue.
508	originalism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The justice used originalism to examine eighteenth-century usage.
509	textualism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Textualism directed the judge to the statute's ordinary wording.
510	living Constitution	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: living + Constitution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The living Constitution approach treated privacy doctrine as adaptable to new technology.
511	federal mandate	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: federal + mandate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The federal mandate required every state to meet the emissions standard.
512	unfunded mandate	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: unfunded + mandate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The county objected that the reporting rule was an unfunded mandate.
513	block grant	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: block + grant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The block grant let states choose among several housing programs.
514	categorical grant	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: categorical + grant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The categorical grant paid only for bridge safety inspections.
515	concurrent powers	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: concurrent + powers. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Taxation belongs among the system's concurrent powers.
516	reserved powers	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: reserved + powers. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Local licensing is often treated as one of the states' reserved powers.
517	enumerated powers	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: enumerated + powers. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The power to coin money is among Congress's enumerated powers.
518	implied powers	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: implied + powers. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Creating a national bank was defended through implied powers.
519	necessary and proper clause	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: necessary + and + proper + clause. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Congress invoked the necessary and proper clause to implement its taxing power.
520	commerce clause	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: commerce + clause. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The court considered whether the commerce clause covered the local activity.
521	supremacy clause	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: supremacy + clause. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The supremacy clause invalidated the contradictory state requirement.
522	establishment clause	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: establishment + clause. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The establishment clause prevents the city from declaring an official faith.
523	free exercise clause	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: free + exercise + clause. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The claimant argued that the rule burdened the free exercise clause.
524	writ of habeas corpus	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: writ + of + habeas + corpus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The prisoner sought a writ of habeas corpus challenging his confinement.
525	ex post facto law	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: ex + post + facto + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The constitution prohibits an ex post facto law.

Page 15 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 15.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ verifies that the tax function handles zero income.

Answer: unit test

2. The ___ follows a payment from the form to the database.

Answer: integration test

3. The ___ blocked unsolicited connections from the public internet.

Answer: firewall

4. The ___ stores copies of data in several regions.

Answer: distributed system

5. ___ allows the server to handle many requests without waiting for each to finish.

Answer: concurrency

Page 16: words 526–560

Vocabulary page 16
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
526	bill of attainder	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: bill + of + attainder. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The measure was challenged as a bill of attainder.
527	eminent domain	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: eminent + domain. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The city used eminent domain to acquire land for the rail line.
528	probable cause	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: probable + cause. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The affidavit supplied probable cause for the search.
529	search warrant	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: search + warrant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Officers obtained a search warrant for the warehouse.
530	exclusionary rule	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: exclusionary + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The exclusionary rule kept the unlawfully seized records out of trial.
531	grand jury	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: grand + jury. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The prosecutor presented witnesses to the grand jury.
532	indictment	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The indictment listed three counts of fraud.
533	arraignment	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	At the arraignment, the defendant pleaded not guilty.
534	plea bargain	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: plea + bargain. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The defendant accepted a plea bargain that dismissed one count.
535	tort	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: tort is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The unauthorized disclosure could constitute a privacy tort.
536	negligence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The jury found negligence because the company ignored the damaged railing.
537	malpractice	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: malpractice is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The lawsuit alleged medical malpractice during surgery.
538	contract law	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: contract + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Contract law determines whether the unsigned promise can be enforced.
539	breach of contract	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: breach + of + contract. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Late delivery constituted a breach of contract.
540	trademark	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: trademark is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The company registered its name as a trademark.
541	antitrust	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: antitrust is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Antitrust regulators challenged the merger.
542	oligopoly	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: oligopoly is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The airline route operates as an oligopoly with three major carriers.
543	perfect competition	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: perfect + competition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	In perfect competition, each small firm accepts the market price.
544	monopolistic competition	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: monopolistic + competition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Restaurants often operate under monopolistic competition.
545	market failure	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: market + failure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Pollution creates market failure when its social cost is not priced.
546	public good	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: public + good. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A warning siren is a public good for everyone nearby.
547	common resource	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: common + resource. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	An unregulated fishery is a common resource vulnerable to depletion.
548	asymmetric information	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: asymmetric + information. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Used-car sales may involve asymmetric information about hidden defects.
549	adverse selection	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: adverse + selection. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Adverse selection raised insurance costs when healthier customers left.
550	moral hazard	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: moral + hazard. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Full reimbursement may create moral hazard if firms ignore prevention.
551	price ceiling	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: price + ceiling. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The price ceiling created shortages when set below equilibrium.
552	price floor	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: price + floor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The agricultural price floor kept the market price above equilibrium.
553	minimum wage	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: minimum + wage. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The legislature raised the minimum wage.
554	price elasticity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: price + elasticity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	High price elasticity caused sales to fall sharply after the increase.
555	income elasticity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: income + elasticity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Positive income elasticity indicates that demand rises with income.
556	cross-price elasticity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: cross + price + elasticity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Positive cross-price elasticity suggested the two drinks were substitutes.
557	consumer surplus	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: consumer + surplus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The discount increased consumer surplus for early purchasers.
558	producer surplus	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: producer + surplus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Higher market prices expanded producer surplus.
559	deadweight loss	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: deadweight + loss. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The tax created deadweight loss by preventing mutually beneficial trades.
560	marginal cost	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: marginal + cost. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The factory expanded output while price exceeded marginal cost.

Limits on Government Power

Reading practice for pages 16–18. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A bill of attainder punishes a named person without a judicial trial, so constitutional systems prohibit it. Eminent domain is different: government may acquire property for public use under legal conditions. In criminal procedure, probable cause can support a search warrant, while the exclusionary rule may prevent unlawfully obtained evidence from being used in court.

Cantonese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Why is a bill of attainder prohibited?

It imposes punishment without a judicial trial.

2. What does eminent domain concern?

It concerns government acquisition of property for public use.

3. What can probable cause support?

Probable cause can support a search warrant.

Page 17: words 561–595

Vocabulary page 17
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
561	marginal benefit	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: marginal + benefit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The marginal benefit of another study hour eventually declined.
562	absolute advantage	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: absolute + advantage. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The sunny region has an absolute advantage in solar generation.
563	appreciation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Currency appreciation made imported machinery cheaper.
564	labor force participation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: labor + force + participation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Labor force participation fell as more workers stopped searching.
565	real GDP	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: real + GDP. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Real GDP rose, showing growth beyond inflation.
566	nominal GDP	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: nominal + GDP. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Nominal GDP increased partly because prices rose.
567	reserve requirement	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: reserve + requirement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A higher reserve requirement can limit deposit-based lending.
568	open market operations	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: open + market + operations. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The central bank used open market operations to add liquidity.
569	progressive tax	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: progressive + tax. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The progressive tax applies higher rates to higher brackets.
570	regressive tax	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: regressive + tax. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A uniform sales tax can be regressive tax policy.
571	proportional tax	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: proportional + tax. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Under a proportional tax, every household pays ten percent of taxable income.
572	budget deficit	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: budget + deficit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Emergency spending widened the annual budget deficit.
573	national debt	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: national + debt. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Repeated deficits added to the national debt.
574	constitutional convention	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: constitutional + convention. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Delegates debated representation at the constitutional convention.
575	amendment process	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: amendment + process. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The amendment process requires more agreement than ordinary legislation.
576	amicus curiae	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: amicus + curiae. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A medical association filed an amicus curiae brief.
577	appellate jurisdiction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: appellate + jurisdiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The supreme court exercised appellate jurisdiction over the dispute.
578	original jurisdiction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: original + jurisdiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The trial court has original jurisdiction in the lawsuit.
579	judicial standing	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: judicial + standing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The court dismissed the case for lack of judicial standing.
580	mootness	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The student's graduation raised a question of mootness.
581	ripeness	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The challenge lacked ripeness because the rule had not taken effect.
582	class-action lawsuit	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: class + action + lawsuit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Consumers joined a class-action lawsuit over the defective product.
583	injunction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The judge issued an injunction stopping demolition.
584	discovery	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: discovery is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	During discovery, each side produced relevant emails.
585	reasonable doubt	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: reasonable + doubt. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The unexplained timeline created reasonable doubt.
586	preponderance of evidence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: preponderance + of + evidence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The plaintiff proved negligence by a preponderance of evidence.
587	strict liability	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: strict + liability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The statute applies strict liability to sellers of the prohibited chemical.
588	mens rea	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: mens + rea. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The prosecution had to prove mens rea as well as the act.
589	actus reus	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: actus + reus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The court identified the unauthorized transfer as the actus reus.
590	felony	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: felony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The charge was classified as a felony.
591	misdemeanor	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: misdemeanor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The first offense was treated as a misdemeanor.
592	sentencing guideline	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: sentencing + guideline. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The judge considered the sentencing guideline and the defendant's circumstances.
593	parole	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: parole is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The board granted parole after evidence of rehabilitation.
594	probation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Probation required regular reporting and treatment.
595	recidivism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Education programs were associated with lower recidivism.

Page 18: words 596–630

Vocabulary page 18
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
596	restorative justice	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: restorative + justice. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The restorative justice meeting produced restitution and a safety plan.
597	retributive justice	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: retributive + justice. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Retributive justice focuses on what penalty the offense deserves.
598	lobbying	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: lobbying is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Environmental groups used lobbying to support the conservation bill.
599	political action committee	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: political + action + committee. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The political action committee contributed to several candidates.
600	super PAC	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: super + PAC. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The super PAC purchased advertisements but could not direct the campaign.
601	sociological imagination	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: sociological + imagination. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Sociological imagination links one worker's layoff to changes in the regional economy.
602	social structure	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + structure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The social structure shapes who controls land and education.
603	social institution	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + institution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The family is a social institution that varies across cultures.
604	ascribed status	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: ascribed + status. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Age can function as an ascribed status.
605	achieved status	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: achieved + status. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Licensed physician is an achieved status requiring extensive training.
606	role conflict	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: role + conflict. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Role conflict arose when the manager had to evaluate a close friend.
607	role strain	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: role + strain. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The teacher experienced role strain while supporting students and enforcing deadlines.
608	reference group	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: reference + group. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The young musician treated the orchestra as a reference group.
609	in-group	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: in + group. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Team rituals strengthened loyalty to the in-group.
610	out-group	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: out + group. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The campaign unfairly blamed an out-group for complex problems.
611	primary group	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: primary + group. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Her family formed a primary group providing daily emotional support.
612	secondary group	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: secondary + group. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The professional association is a secondary group.
613	rationalization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Rationalization turned the informal workshop into a timed production system.
614	alienation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Repetitive tasks created alienation from the finished product.
615	anomie	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: anomie is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Rapid economic collapse produced anomie as old rules lost authority.
616	deviance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	What counts as deviance differs across communities and eras.
617	social control	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + control. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Praise, ridicule, school rules, and laws all exercise social control.
618	mores	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: mores is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The community's mores condemn deliberate betrayal.
619	folkways	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: folkways is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Greeting practices are folkways that vary by region.
620	taboo	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: taboo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The novel breaks a taboo by discussing the hidden illness openly.
621	cultural diffusion	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: cultural + diffusion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Trade accelerated cultural diffusion of foods and musical instruments.
622	cultural lag	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: cultural + lag. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Privacy law showed cultural lag after facial recognition spread.
623	subculture	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: subculture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Skateboarders formed a subculture with their own vocabulary and style.
624	counterculture	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: counterculture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The counterculture challenged conventional ideas about work and consumption.
625	pluralism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Religious pluralism permits different communities to practice openly.
626	multiculturalism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The curriculum's multiculturalism includes histories from several communities.
627	stratification	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Property ownership contributed to long-term stratification.
628	social mobility	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + mobility. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Expanded schooling increased some students' social mobility.
629	intergenerational mobility	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: intergenerational + mobility. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The survey measured intergenerational mobility by comparing parents' and children's incomes.
630	intragenerational mobility	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: intragenerational + mobility. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Her move from apprentice to company director shows intragenerational mobility.

Page 19: words 631–665

Vocabulary page 19
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
631	meritocracy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -cracy relates to rule or a system of government.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A true meritocracy would require fair access to preparation.
632	socioeconomic status	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: socioeconomic + status. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Socioeconomic status influenced access to stable housing.
633	cultural capital	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: cultural + capital. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Familiarity with academic conventions served as cultural capital.
634	social capital	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + capital. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Neighbors used social capital to organize childcare after the storm.
635	intersectionality	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Intersectionality explains why one policy affects women differently across class and race.
636	institutional discrimination	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: institutional + discrimination. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The inaccessible application process created institutional discrimination against disabled applicants.
637	implicit bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: implicit + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Blind review reduced implicit bias linked to applicants' names.
638	stereotype threat	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: stereotype + threat. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Stereotype threat reduced scores when identity was emphasized before the test.
639	self-fulfilling prophecy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: self + fulfilling + prophecy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Low expectations became a self-fulfilling prophecy when students received fewer opportunities.
640	labeling theory	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: labeling + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Labeling theory examines how being called delinquent changes later treatment.
641	conflict theory	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: conflict + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Conflict theory asks who benefits from the housing policy.
642	functionalism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Functionalism studies how schools transmit shared norms.
643	symbolic interactionism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: symbolic + interactionism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Symbolic interactionism examines how a uniform signals authority.
644	feminist theory	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: feminist + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Feminist theory revealed unpaid care work missing from the economic model.
645	critical race theory	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: critical + race + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Critical race theory analyzes the long-term effects of housing rules.
646	social construction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + construction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The meaning of childhood is partly a social construction that changes over time.
647	collective behavior	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: collective + behavior. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The sudden crowd response was a form of collective behavior.
648	social movement	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + movement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The social movement built support for disability access.
649	resource mobilization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: resource + mobilization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Resource mobilization allowed the campaign to open regional offices.
650	framing process	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: framing + process. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The framing process presented clean water as a public-health right.
651	diffusion of responsibility	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: diffusion + of + responsibility. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Diffusion of responsibility made each witness wait for someone else to call.
652	bystander effect	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: bystander + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The bystander effect weakened when one person directly requested assistance.
653	groupthink	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: groupthink is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Groupthink prevented the committee from testing its favored plan.
654	persuasion	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The campaign's persuasion relied on credible evidence and trusted messengers.
655	moral reasoning	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: moral + reasoning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Her moral reasoning weighed fairness against the risk of harm.
656	moral relativism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: moral + relativism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Moral relativism questions whether one society's customs provide a universal standard.
657	moral absolutism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: moral + absolutism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Moral absolutism led him to reject lying even to prevent embarrassment.
658	beneficence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Beneficence supported offering treatment after the trial.
659	nonmaleficence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Nonmaleficence required stopping the procedure when risk increased.
660	cultivation theory	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: cultivation + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Cultivation theory predicts that constant crime dramas may exaggerate perceived danger.
661	spiral of silence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: spiral + of + silence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A spiral of silence formed when dissenters feared public ridicule.
662	algorithmic bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: algorithmic + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Algorithmic bias caused the screening tool to reject qualified applicants unevenly.
663	surveillance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Workplace surveillance recorded every keyboard pause.
664	dramaturgical analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: dramaturgical + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Dramaturgical analysis compares the employee's formal meeting behavior with backstage conversation.
665	presentation of self	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: presentation + of + self. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Her careful presentation of self emphasized competence during the interview.

Opportunity and Social Resources

Reading practice for pages 19–21. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A meritocracy claims that achievement follows talent and effort, but access to opportunity is uneven. Socioeconomic status shapes material resources; cultural capital includes valued knowledge and habits; and social capital grows through useful relationships. Intersectionality examines how multiple identities and institutions combine, preventing a one-factor explanation of inequality.

Cantonese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What does meritocracy claim?

It claims that achievement follows talent and effort.

2. What is social capital?

Social capital consists of resources available through relationships.

3. Why use intersectionality?

It examines how multiple identities and institutions combine.

Page 20: words 666–700

Vocabulary page 20
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
666	impression management	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: impression + management. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The company used selective photographs for impression management.
667	total institution	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: total + institution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A prison is a total institution with tightly scheduled routines.
668	resocialization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Military training uses resocialization to establish new expectations.
669	anticipatory socialization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: anticipatory + socialization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The internship provided anticipatory socialization for future engineers.
670	hidden curriculum	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: hidden + curriculum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Waiting silently for permission was part of the school's hidden curriculum.
671	credentialism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Credentialism excluded experienced workers who lacked a degree.
672	tracking	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: tracking is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Early tracking limited access to advanced mathematics.
673	social reproduction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + reproduction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Unequal school funding contributed to social reproduction.
674	medicalization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Medicalization changed shyness from a personality description into a possible diagnosis.
675	secularization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Secularization moved some schools from church control to public administration.
676	rational choice theory	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: rational + choice + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Rational choice theory predicts voting when expected benefits outweigh effort.
677	exchange theory	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: exchange + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Exchange theory examines how unequal dependence shifts power.
678	network theory	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: network + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Network theory showed how one central account spread the message.
679	social network	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + network. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Her social network connected job seekers with local employers.
680	weak ties	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: weak + ties. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Weak ties introduced the graduate to opportunities outside her close friends.
681	strong ties	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: strong + ties. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Strong ties supplied daily care during recovery.
682	group polarization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: group + polarization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Group polarization made the online forum's opinions more severe.
683	deindividuation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Masks and darkness increased deindividuation in the crowd.
684	social facilitation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + facilitation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Social facilitation helped the runner maintain pace before spectators.
685	social loafing	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + loafing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Assigning visible responsibilities reduced social loafing.
686	normative influence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: normative + influence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Normative influence led him to applaud a joke he disliked.
687	informational influence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: informational + influence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	During the emergency, informational influence made travelers follow local residents.
688	reciprocity norm	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: reciprocity + norm. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The reciprocity norm encouraged neighbors to repay earlier help.
689	door-in-the-face technique	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: door + in + the + face + technique. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The fundraiser used the door-in-the-face technique by requesting a huge donation first.
690	foot-in-the-door technique	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: foot + in + the + door + technique. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The foot-in-the-door technique began with signing a petition and ended with volunteering.
691	elaboration likelihood model	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: elaboration + likelihood + model. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The elaboration likelihood model predicts deeper change when listeners examine evidence closely.
692	central route	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: central + route. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The detailed policy comparison appealed through the central route.
693	peripheral route	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: peripheral + route. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The celebrity endorsement relied on the peripheral route.
694	attribution theory	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: attribution + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Attribution theory examines whether observers blame personality or circumstances.
695	dispositional attribution	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: dispositional + attribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Calling the late employee careless is a dispositional attribution.
696	situational attribution	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: situational + attribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Blaming the transit breakdown is a situational attribution.
697	overconfidence bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: overconfidence + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Overconfidence bias made forecasters report narrower ranges than their record justified.
698	sunk cost fallacy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: sunk + cost + fallacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The sunk cost fallacy kept the company funding an ineffective project.
699	halo effect	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: halo + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The candidate's confident speech created a halo effect around her technical answers.
700	availability cascade	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: availability + cascade. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	An availability cascade made the rare danger seem common.

Page 21: words 701–735

Vocabulary page 21
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
701	abeyance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The disputed permit remained in abeyance until the court ruled.
702	abjure	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: abjure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The witness agreed to abjure violence and support peaceful negotiation.
703	abscond	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: abscond is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The treasurer tried to abscond with the missing funds.
704	acerbity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The review's acerbity turned criticism into personal attack.
705	adumbrate	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: adumbrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Writers often adumbrate a later conflict through an opening image.
706	aggrandize	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The ruler used monuments to aggrandize his dynasty.
707	approbatory	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: approbatory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The committee's approbatory report recommended immediate renewal.
708	asceticism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Her asceticism included simple food and few possessions.
709	asperity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	He answered with asperity after the repeated accusation.
710	atavistic	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: atavistic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The novel depicts the feud as an atavistic return to clan violence.
711	baleful	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: baleful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The guard cast a baleful glance toward the intruder.
712	beatific	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: beatific is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A beatific smile spread across her face as the choir began.
713	bilious	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The bilious columnist attacked every proposal without offering an alternative.
714	blandishment	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	No blandishment could persuade the auditor to ignore the missing records.
715	bovine	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: bovine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The audience's bovine stare suggested boredom rather than calm attention.
716	carping	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: carping is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The carping review complains about punctuation but ignores the argument.
717	chronicity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The condition's chronicity requires long-term management.
718	circumstantial	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: circumstantial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The case was circumstantial, relying on timing and location rather than an eyewitness.
719	complaisant	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: complaisant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The complaisant aide approved every request without examining its cost.
720	compunction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	She felt compunction after taking credit for her colleague's idea.
721	concomitant	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: concomitant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Temporary noise was an unavoidable concomitant of the renovation.
722	consanguineous	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The archive traces consanguineous ties among the region's ruling families.
723	contravene	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: contravene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The secret search would contravene the agency's privacy policy.
724	contumacious	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The judge sanctioned the contumacious witness for refusing every lawful order.
725	corpulent	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: corpulent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The portrait shows a corpulent merchant seated beside a lavish meal.
726	diffidence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Her diffidence disappeared when the discussion turned to her research.
727	eclecticism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The building's eclecticism combines classical columns with modern glass.
728	elegiac	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: elegiac is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The memoir's elegiac final chapter remembers a vanished neighborhood.
729	emollient	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: emollient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The pharmacist recommended an emollient for the dry, irritated skin.
730	encomiastic	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: encomiastic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The encomiastic biography overlooks the leader's documented failures.
731	ennui	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: ennui is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Months of identical routine left him in deep ennui.
732	epigrammatic	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: epigrammatic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Her epigrammatic conclusion compresses the essay into one sharp sentence.
733	ersatz	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: ersatz is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The set used ersatz marble made from painted plastic.
734	execrable	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The restaurant closed after an inspection found execrable hygiene.
735	extirpate	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: extirpate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The conservation team worked to extirpate the invasive weed from the island.

Page 22: words 736–770

Vocabulary page 22
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
736	feign	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: feign is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The spy chose to feign illness to avoid the meeting.
737	fulsome	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: fulsome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The advertisement's fulsome praise made the ordinary device sound miraculous.
738	iconoclasm	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: iconoclasm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The artist's iconoclasm challenged the museum's definition of fine art.
739	idiosyncratic	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: idiosyncratic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The director's idiosyncratic style uses long silences and abrupt music.
740	insouciant	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: insouciant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	His insouciant response ignored the seriousness of the safety warning.
741	lugubrious	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The actor delivered the comic complaint in a lugubrious voice.
742	mendacious	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The mendacious report concealed both the cost and the delay.
743	meretricious	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The proposal's meretricious graphics could not hide its weak evidence.
744	munificent	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: munificent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	A munificent donor funded the clinic for ten years.
745	palatable	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The compromise made the reform more palatable to cautious voters.
746	pejorative	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The editor removed a pejorative label from the neutral report.
747	portentous	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The narrator's portentous warning prepares readers for the collapse.
748	rarefy	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: rarefy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	High altitude can rarefy the air enough to impair breathing.
749	refractory	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: refractory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The refractory infection did not respond to standard antibiotics.
750	seminal	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: seminal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The scientist's seminal paper established a new research field.
751	truculent	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: truculent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The minister's truculent reply threatened the fragile truce.
752	whimsical	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: whimsical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The illustrator filled the map with whimsical sea creatures.
753	quiescent	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: quiescent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The volcano has remained quiescent for decades.
754	redoubtable	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	She became a redoubtable opponent of censorship.
755	remiss	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: remiss is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The agency was remiss in failing to inspect the bridge.
756	risible	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: risible is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The spokesperson's risible excuse convinced no one.
757	sardonic	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: sardonic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The narrator offers a sardonic comment on every ceremony.
758	solipsistic	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: solipsistic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The memoir becomes solipsistic when it ignores every other perspective.
759	stultify	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Rigid rules can stultify creative teaching.
760	supplant	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: supplant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Digital photography began to supplant film.
761	transmute	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: transmute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The poet can transmute grief into art.
762	trenchant	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: trenchant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Her trenchant critique exposed the policy's contradiction.
763	unassailable	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The conclusion seemed unassailable until new data appeared.
764	unfettered	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: unfettered is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The law does not permit unfettered surveillance.
765	vaunted	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: vaunted is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The company's vaunted efficiency failed during the emergency.
766	veritable	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The archive is a veritable treasure of firsthand accounts.
767	wan	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: wan is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	After the long illness, he looked wan.
768	zealot	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: zealot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The novel distinguishes a committed activist from a violent zealot.
769	abstemious	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Her abstemious habits contrasted with the banquet's excess.
770	arrant	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: arrant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The forged quotation was arrant dishonesty.

The Fulsome Tribute

Reading practice for pages 22–23. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A critic refuses to feign admiration for an idiosyncratic new sculpture. Its playful iconoclasm challenges familiar public monuments, yet the artist appears insouciant about public anger. At the opening, a sponsor offers fulsome praise so excessive that listeners question whether it is sincere.

Cantonese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What does the critic refuse to feign?

The critic refuses to feign admiration.

2. How does the artist respond to anger?

The artist appears insouciant.

3. Why does the praise seem doubtful?

The fulsome praise is so excessive that it seems insincere.

Page 23: words 771–800

Vocabulary page 23
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
771	aver	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: aver is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The witness continued to aver that the signature was genuine.
772	bellicose	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: bellicose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The leader's bellicose speech alarmed neighboring states.
773	beneficent	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: beneficent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The beneficent foundation supplied clean water to remote villages.
774	cavil	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: cavil is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Reviewers may cavil at the font, but the data remain convincing.
775	chauvinism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	National chauvinism led the speaker to dismiss every foreign achievement.
776	circumspection	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The unresolved evidence required circumspection from investigators.
777	commensurability	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Different grading scales complicated the scores' commensurability.
778	contrition	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	His contrition was evident in the apology and restitution.
779	declivity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Loose stones made the steep declivity dangerous.
780	desiccated	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: desiccated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The desiccated specimen crumbled when exposed to air.
781	dispositive	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The newly dated letter was dispositive evidence of ownership.
782	effulgent	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: effulgent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The moon appeared effulgent above the dark lake.
783	enjoin	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: enjoin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The court will enjoin the company from dumping waste.
784	enmity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: enmity is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Years of enmity made cooperation difficult.
785	equable	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: equable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Her equable temperament helped during the crisis.
786	extemporize	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	When the notes disappeared, the lecturer had to extemporize.
787	factitious	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The advertisement manufactured a factitious sense of urgency.
788	fecundity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The writer's fecundity yielded three novels in two years.
789	hector	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: hector is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The supervisor tried to hector employees into unpaid overtime.
790	imprecation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The angry character ends his speech with an imprecation.
791	indigence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The relief program provides legal aid to people facing indigence.
792	inefficacious	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The diluted treatment proved inefficacious against the infection.
793	interdict	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: interdict is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The treaty will interdict the sale of the banned weapon.
794	lassitude	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: lassitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The fever left her with several days of lassitude.
795	mendacity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	Repeated contradictions exposed the official's mendacity.
796	pecuniary	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: pecuniary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The court awarded pecuniary damages for lost wages.
797	perspicuity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The manual's perspicuity helped beginners complete the repair.
798	quotidian	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: quotidian is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The novel finds meaning in quotidian routines such as cooking and commuting.
799	recalcitrance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The agency's recalcitrance delayed release of the records.
800	sanguinary	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: sanguinary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Reviewed Cantonese equivalent not yet available.	The historian rejects the general's sanguinary plan as needless slaughter.

Sources and curriculum references

These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.