English Vocabulary · Grade 11 Live Review Preview

11th Grade Vocabulary Words

Eleventh-grade readers work across complex arguments, literary forms, scientific models, quantitative reasoning, civic institutions, social analysis, and precise academic prose. This level emphasizes disciplinary meanings, source evaluation, rhetorical and linguistic analysis, transparent morphology, and the careful use of context and reference tools when a word has several possible senses.

This independently authored 800-word beta curriculum is arranged in twenty-three pages of up to thirty-five words. Pages containing words 1–500 include five cloze questions drawn only from that enhanced range; words 501–800 remain fully visible and editable as list pages while expanded practice is developed. Every row includes an editable subject-field label and a conservative word-study note about transparent affixes, compound structure, capitalization, or dictionary base forms. The cited sources calibrate range and difficulty only; all learner-facing definitions, examples, quizzes, and descriptions are original KSSR copy.

Please note: the vocabulary lists for grades 9~11 have been selected to ensure no overlap with the previous grade level. If the words are too specialized or difficult for you, please go back to grade levels 4~8 and review the words on those pages.

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Complete text list

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Page 1: words 1–35

Vocabulary page 1
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1	replicability	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	powtarzalność	The second laboratory tested the finding's replicability with new participants.
2	research synthesis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: research + synthesis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	synteza badań	The research synthesis revealed agreement across twelve climate surveys.
3	literature review	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: literature + review. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	przegląd literatury	Her literature review identified a gap in studies of rural transit.
4	scoping review	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: scoping + review. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	przegląd zakresu	The scoping review catalogued research on adolescent sleep without estimating one combined effect.
5	attrition bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: attrition + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	stronniczość ścierania	Attrition bias may exaggerate improvement if struggling patients leave the trial.
6	recall bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: recall + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	przypominam sobie stronniczość	Recall bias affected interviews about meals eaten several months earlier.
7	survivorship bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: survivorship + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	błąd przeżywalności	Survivorship bias made risky start-ups appear more reliable than they were.
8	observer bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: observer + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	stronniczość obserwatora	Blinded scoring reduced observer bias in the behavior study.
9	detection bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: detection + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	stronniczość wykrywania	More frequent scans created detection bias in the comparison.
10	reporting bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: reporting + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	stronniczość raportowania	Reporting bias hid several measurements that did not support the claim.
11	p-hacking	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: p + hacking. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	p-hakowanie	The audit found p-hacking after researchers tried dozens of unplanned comparisons.
12	data dredging	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + dredging. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pogłębianie danych	Data dredging produced a striking correlation that vanished in a new sample.
13	cherry-picking	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: cherry + picking. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cherry picking	Cherry-picking two unusually warm days cannot establish a yearly trend.
14	operationalization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	operacjonalizacja	The study's operationalization of loneliness combined survey responses and contact frequency.
15	abductive	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	uprowadzający	The detective used abductive reasoning to explain several clues with one hypothesis.
16	Bayesian	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: Bayesian is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	bayesowski	A Bayesian model revised the forecast after each new measurement.
17	frequentist	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: frequentist is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	bywalca	The frequentist analysis estimated how often the procedure would err over many samples.
18	posterior probability	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: posterior + probability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	prawdopodobieństwo późniejsze	The positive test raised the posterior probability of infection.
19	prior probability	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: prior + probability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	prawdopodobieństwo wcześniejsze	Local prevalence informed the prior probability used in the diagnosis model.
20	likelihood	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: likelihood is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	wiarygodność	The model chose the estimate with the greatest likelihood.
21	credible interval	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: credible + interval. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	wiarygodny odstęp	The credible interval placed the treatment effect between two and six points.
22	model specification	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: model + specification. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	specyfikacja modelu	Poor model specification omitted the seasonal factor driving sales.
23	overfitting	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: overfitting is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	nadmierne dopasowanie	Overfitting made the complex forecast accurate only for past years.
24	underfitting	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: underfitting is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	niedopasowanie	Underfitting occurred when a straight line represented a curved trend.
25	cross-validation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: cross + validation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	weryfikacja krzyżowa	Cross-validation showed that the simpler classifier generalized better.
26	sensitivity analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: sensitivity + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	analiza wrażliwości	The sensitivity analysis repeated the estimate under three definitions of poverty.
27	robustness check	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: robustness + check. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	kontrola wytrzymałości	A robustness check confirmed the pattern after extreme values were removed.
28	proxy variable	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: proxy + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	zmienna proxy	Nighttime light served as a proxy variable for local economic activity.
29	instrumental variable	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: instrumental + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	zmienna instrumentalna	Rainfall acted as an instrumental variable in the irrigation study.
30	natural experiment	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: natural + experiment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	naturalny eksperyment	The sudden policy boundary created a natural experiment in school funding.
31	quasi-experiment	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: quasi + experiment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	quasi-eksperyment	The district comparison was a quasi-experiment because families chose their schools.
32	field experiment	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: field + experiment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	eksperyment terenowy	The field experiment changed store signs and measured actual purchases.
33	laboratory experiment	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: laboratory + experiment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	eksperyment laboratoryjny	The laboratory experiment isolated the effect of noise on memory.
34	mixed methods	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: mixed + methods. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	metody mieszane	The mixed methods study paired survey statistics with detailed interviews.
35	narrative inquiry	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: narrative + inquiry. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	zapytanie narracyjne	Narrative inquiry examined how refugees described rebuilding a sense of home.

Making a Result Reproducible

Reading practice for pages 1–3. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A second laboratory tests a finding’s replicability with new participants. Clear operationalization lets both teams measure attention in the same way. A robustness check asks whether reasonable analytical changes alter the result, while sensitivity analysis examines which assumptions matter most. Reporting all outcomes prevents cherry-picking only the evidence that supports the preferred conclusion.

Polish translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What supports replicability between laboratories?

Clear operationalization supports replicability.

2. What does sensitivity analysis examine?

It examines which assumptions affect the result.

3. Why report all outcomes?

Reporting all outcomes prevents cherry-picking.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ two unusually warm days cannot establish a yearly trend.

Answer: cherry-picking

2. The ___ repeated the estimate under three definitions of poverty.

Answer: sensitivity analysis

3. The second laboratory tested the finding's ___ with new participants.

Answer: replicability

4. The study's ___ of loneliness combined survey responses and contact frequency.

Answer: operationalization

5. A ___ confirmed the pattern after extreme values were removed.

Answer: robustness check

Page 2: words 36–70

Vocabulary page 2
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
36	purposive sampling	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: purposive + sampling. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	celowe pobieranie próbek	Purposive sampling recruited nurses who had worked during the outbreak.
37	snowball sampling	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: snowball + sampling. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pobieranie próbek w postaci kuli śnieżnej	Snowball sampling helped researchers contact undocumented workers.
38	saturation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. saturacja 2. nasycenie	Interviews continued until saturation, when no new concerns appeared.
39	reflexivity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	zwrotność	The ethnographer used reflexivity to question her interpretation of silence.
40	positionality	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	pozycjonowanie	The author explained how her positionality influenced access to the community.
41	transferability	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	możliwość przenoszenia	Detailed setting descriptions help readers judge a study's transferability.
42	intersubjectivity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	intersubiektywność	Independent coders discussed disagreements to strengthen intersubjectivity.
43	methodological pluralism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: methodological + pluralism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pluralizm metodologiczny	Methodological pluralism allowed the team to combine experiments, archives, and interviews.
44	registered report	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: registered + report. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	zarejestrowany raport	The journal approved the registered report before data collection began.
45	preprint	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: preprint is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	preprint	The authors labeled the preprint clearly so readers knew review was incomplete.
46	corrigendum	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: corrigendum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. korekta 2. błąd druku	The journal issued a corrigendum replacing the mislabeled figure.
47	editorial review	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: editorial + review. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	recenzja redakcyjna	Editorial review rejected the article because it fell outside the journal's scope.
48	peer reviewer	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: peer + reviewer. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	recenzent	The peer reviewer requested clearer evidence for the causal claim.
49	deidentification	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	deidentyfikacja	Deidentification replaced patient names and exact addresses before analysis.
50	anonymization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	anonimizacja	Strong anonymization made the public dataset unsuitable for tracking one respondent.
51	pseudonymization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	pseudonimizacja	Pseudonymization let authorized staff reconnect records when follow-up was necessary.
52	data minimization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + minimization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	minimalizacja danych	Data minimization kept the survey from requesting irrelevant birth dates.
53	primary evidence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: primary + evidence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dowód pierwotny	The original ship log provided primary evidence of the voyage.
54	secondary evidence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: secondary + evidence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dowód wtórny	The historian compared secondary evidence from three scholarly books.
55	provenance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. pochodzenie 2. proweniencja	The museum verified the painting's provenance before accepting it.
56	contextualization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	kontekstualizacja	Contextualization showed that the speech responded to a recent strike.
57	historiography	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	historiografia	Her historiography traces changing explanations of the revolution.
58	archival record	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: archival + record. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	zapis archiwalny	An archival record confirmed the council's vote in 1912.
59	textual evidence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: textual + evidence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dowody tekstowe	The essay cites textual evidence for the narrator's growing distrust.
60	quantitative literacy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: quantitative + literacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	umiejętności ilościowe	Quantitative literacy helped readers notice that the graph lacked a zero baseline.
61	qualitative evidence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: qualitative + evidence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dowód jakościowy	Interview excerpts supplied qualitative evidence about workplace stress.
62	claim-evidence-reasoning	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: claim + evidence + reasoning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	twierdzenie-dowód-rozumowanie	Her claim-evidence-reasoning paragraph explains why the measurements support the model.
63	null result	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: null + result. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	wynik zerowy	The null result suggested that the supplement did not improve memory.
64	confidence distribution	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: confidence + distribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	rozkład zaufania	The confidence distribution displayed uncertainty around the estimated rate.
65	data repository	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + repository. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	repozytorium danych	The team deposited its cleaned files in a public data repository.
66	open access	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: open + access. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	otwarty dostęp	Open access allowed community organizers to read the health study.
67	predatory journal	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: predatory + journal. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dziennik drapieżny	The researcher avoided a predatory journal that promised acceptance within one day.
68	citation network	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: citation + network. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sieć cytowań	The citation network revealed two largely separate research communities.
69	bibliometrics	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: bibliometrics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	bibliometria	Bibliometrics showed rapid growth in battery-recycling research.
70	altmetrics	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: altmetrics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	altmetryka	Altmetrics indicated public interest but did not prove research quality.

Page 2 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 2.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Interviews continued until ___, when no new concerns appeared.

Answer: saturation

2. ___ let authorized staff reconnect records when follow-up was necessary.

Answer: pseudonymization

3. The ___ displayed uncertainty around the estimated rate.

Answer: confidence distribution

4. The ethnographer used ___ to question her interpretation of silence.

Answer: reflexivity

5. ___ kept the survey from requesting irrelevant birth dates.

Answer: data minimization

Page 3: words 71–105

Vocabulary page 3
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
71	impact factor	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: impact + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	współczynnik wpływu	The committee refused to treat impact factor as a score for each researcher.
72	h-index	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: h + index. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	indeks h	Her h-index rose after several older papers received new attention.
73	scholarly consensus	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: scholarly + consensus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	konsensus naukowy	Scholarly consensus formed after many independent studies reached similar conclusions.
74	academic integrity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: academic + integrity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	integralność akademicka	Academic integrity requires acknowledging both quoted and paraphrased sources.
75	self-plagiarism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: self + plagiarism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	autoplagiat	The policy treats undisclosed duplication of a published paragraph as self-plagiarism.
76	vertical reading	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: vertical + reading. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	odczyt pionowy	Vertical reading found that the article provided no evidence for its headline.
77	coverage error	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: coverage + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	błąd zasięgu	An outdated address list created coverage error in the household survey.
78	attrition rate	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: attrition + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	współczynnik ścierania	The yearlong trial reported an attrition rate of eighteen percent.
79	preregistered analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: preregistered + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	wcześniej zarejestrowana analiza	The preregistered analysis limited opportunities to change outcomes after seeing the data.
80	exploratory analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: exploratory + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	analiza eksploracyjna	Exploratory analysis suggested a possible link requiring a new study.
81	confirmatory analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: confirmatory + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	analiza potwierdzająca	The confirmatory analysis used the outcome named before enrollment.
82	data visualization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + visualization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	wizualizacja danych	The data visualization made the regional trend visible without hiding uncertainty.
83	model fit	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: model + fit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dopasowanie modelu	Residual plots exposed poor model fit at high temperatures.
84	practical significance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: practical + significance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	znaczenie praktyczne	A one-second improvement lacked practical significance for emergency response.
85	confidence coefficient	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: confidence + coefficient. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	współczynnik ufności	A 0.95 confidence coefficient describes the procedure, not one interval's probability.
86	data dictionary	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + dictionary. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	słownik danych	The data dictionary explains that 999 represents a missing measurement.
87	variable coding	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: variable + coding. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	kodowanie zmienne	Variable coding represented yes as one and no as zero.
88	measurement invariance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: measurement + invariance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	niezmienność pomiaru	Measurement invariance was checked before comparing the two language groups.
89	intercoder reliability	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: intercoder + reliability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	niezawodność interkodera	Training improved intercoder reliability for the interview themes.
90	citation bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: citation + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	stronniczość cytowań	Citation bias made positive trials appear more common in later reviews.
91	file-drawer effect	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: file + drawer + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	efekt szuflady na pliki	The file-drawer effect may inflate the apparent success of an intervention.
92	protocol deviation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: protocol + deviation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	odstępstwo od protokołu	A missed follow-up visit was recorded as a protocol deviation.
93	research protocol	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: research + protocol. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	protokół badań	The ethics board reviewed the research protocol before recruitment.
94	analysis plan	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: analysis + plan. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	planu analizy	The analysis plan named the primary outcome and planned comparisons.
95	data management plan	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + management + plan. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	plan zarządzania danymi	The grant required a data management plan with backup and access rules.
96	code availability	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: code + availability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dostępność kodu	Code availability allowed another team to reproduce every figure.
97	materials availability	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: materials + availability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dostępność materiałów	Materials availability made the classroom experiment easier to replicate.
98	selective reporting	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: selective + reporting. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	selektywne raportowanie	Selective reporting made the treatment appear more consistent than the full results showed.
99	multisite study	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: multisite + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	badanie wieloośrodkowe	A multisite study tested whether the therapy worked in urban and rural clinics.
100	blind analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 research, evidence, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: blind + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ślepa analiza	Blind analysis prevented the physicists from tuning cuts toward an expected signal.
101	metanarrative	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: metanarrative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	metanarracja	The novel questions the metanarrative that technological progress always improves society.
102	ekphrasis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: ekphrasis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ekfraza	The poet uses ekphrasis to imagine the lives beyond the painted doorway.
103	gothic	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: gothic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	gotycki	The gothic setting turns the abandoned house into a source of fear.
104	transcendentalism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	transcendentalizm	Transcendentalism shaped the essay's call for independent thought in nature.
105	spondee	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: spondee is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	spondej	The phrase “heartbreak” can sound like a spondee when both beats receive stress.

Page 3 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 3.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ found that the article provided no evidence for its headline.

Answer: vertical reading

2. Training improved ___ for the interview themes.

Answer: intercoder reliability

3. The poet uses ___ to imagine the lives beyond the painted doorway.

Answer: ekphrasis

4. An outdated address list created ___ in the household survey.

Answer: coverage error

5. ___ made positive trials appear more common in later reviews.

Answer: citation bias

Page 4: words 106–140

Vocabulary page 4
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
106	polemic	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: polemic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	polemika	Her polemic condemns censorship but gives little space to opposing arguments.
107	eulogy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: eulogy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	laudacja	The eulogy remembered the doctor through stories of quiet generosity.
108	jeremiad	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: jeremiad is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	jeremiada	The editorial becomes a jeremiad about the supposed loss of public manners.
109	epigram	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: epigram is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	epigramat	The chapter ends with an epigram contrasting wealth with freedom.
110	juxtaposition	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	zestawienie	The film's juxtaposition of celebration and ruin creates unease.
111	ambiguity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	wieloznaczność	The final image preserves ambiguity about whether the traveler returns.
112	diglossia	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: diglossia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	dyglosja	In a diglossia, one variety may dominate formal writing while another guides conversation.
113	prosody	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: prosody is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	prozodia	The actor's prosody makes the same sentence sound sincere rather than sarcastic.
114	pragmatics	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: pragmatics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pragmatyka	Pragmatics explains why “Can you open the window?” usually functions as a request.
115	diegesis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: diegesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	diegeza	Music from a character's radio belongs to the film's diegesis.
116	mimesis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: mimesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	mimesis	The critic studies how the play's mimesis creates a believable courtroom.
117	sjuzhet	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: sjuzhet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sjuzhet	The sjuzhet reveals the ending first and then returns to the cause.
118	homodiegetic narrator	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: homodiegetic + narrator. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	homodiegetyczny narrator	The homodiegetic narrator admits that he misunderstood the argument he witnessed.
119	heterodiegetic narrator	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: heterodiegetic + narrator. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	heterodiegetyczny narrator	A heterodiegetic narrator describes the family from outside its world.
120	extradiegetic narrator	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: extradiegetic + narrator. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	narrator pozadiegetyczny	The extradiegetic narrator introduces the traveler who will tell the inner tale.
121	intradiegetic narrator	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: intradiegetic + narrator. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	narrator wewnątrzdiegetyczny	At the inn, an intradiegetic narrator recounts the shipwreck.
122	narratee	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: narratee is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	narrator	Repeated appeals to “my dear sister” identify the letter's narratee.
123	implied author	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: implied + author. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	domniemany autor	The implied author seems more skeptical than the confident narrator.
124	implied reader	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: implied + reader. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	domniemany czytelnik	Unexplained legal terms suggest an implied reader familiar with court procedure.
125	narrative duration	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: narrative + duration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	czas trwania narracji	A whole decade occupies one sentence, creating compressed narrative duration.
126	narrative frequency	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: narrative + frequency. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	częstotliwość narracji	The repeated account of one accident alters the novel's narrative frequency.
127	embedded narrative	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: embedded + narrative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	osadzona narracja	The sailor's journal forms an embedded narrative inside the detective plot.
128	historiographic metafiction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: historiographic + metafiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	metafikcja historiograficzna	The novel uses historiographic metafiction to expose gaps in the official archive.
129	psychological realism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: psychological + realism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	realizm psychologiczny	Psychological realism makes the protagonist's changing loyalties feel credible.
130	regionalism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	regionalizm	The story's regionalism preserves coastal vocabulary and fishing traditions.
131	local color	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: local + color. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lokalny koloryt	Descriptions of market calls and monsoon streets provide local color.
132	Southern Gothic	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: Southern + Gothic. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Gotyk południowy	The decaying estate in the Southern Gothic story conceals a history of exploitation.
133	climate fiction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: climate + fiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	klimatyczna fikcja	The climate fiction novel follows families displaced by rising seas.
134	creative nonfiction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: creative + nonfiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	twórcza literatura faktu	Her creative nonfiction combines verified interviews with vivid scene construction.
135	lyric essay	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: lyric + essay. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	esej liryczny	The lyric essay links fragments of memory through recurring images of water.
136	flash fiction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: flash + fiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	fikcja flashowa	The flash fiction story implies an entire separation through one unopened letter.
137	microfiction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	mikrofikcja	The microfiction creates a turning point in only three sentences.
138	hagiography	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	hagiografia	The biography becomes hagiography when it ignores every documented failure.
139	Künstlerroman	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: Künstlerroman is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Künstlerroman	The Künstlerroman follows a violinist from imitation toward an original style.
140	roman à clef	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: roman + à + clef. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Roman z kluczem	Readers treated the roman à clef as a disguised account of the campaign.

Narrative Distance and Identity

Reading practice for pages 4–6. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A Künstlerroman traces an artist’s development, while a roman à clef disguises recognizable real people as fictional characters. Within the diegesis, an embedded narrative can challenge the main storyteller’s account. Pragmatics helps readers interpret what characters imply through context, social relationship, and tone rather than through literal wording alone.

Polish translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What does a Künstlerroman trace?

It traces an artist's development.

2. What can an embedded narrative do?

It can challenge the main storyteller's account.

3. What does pragmatics help readers interpret?

It helps readers interpret implied meaning in context.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ follows a violinist from imitation toward an original style.

Answer: Künstlerroman

2. ___ explains why “Can you open the window?” usually functions as a request.

Answer: pragmatics

3. The sailor's journal forms an ___ inside the detective plot.

Answer: embedded narrative

4. Readers treated the ___ as a disguised account of the campaign.

Answer: roman à clef

5. Music from a character's radio belongs to the film's ___.

Answer: diegesis

Page 5: words 141–175

Vocabulary page 5
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
141	closet drama	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: closet + drama. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dramat w szafie	The closet drama uses scenes too vast for an ordinary stage.
142	comedy of manners	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: comedy + of + manners. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	komedia obyczajowa	The comedy of manners exposes hypocrisy through elegant dinner conversation.
143	revenge tragedy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: revenge + tragedy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tragedia zemsty	In the revenge tragedy, each act of vengeance creates another victim.
144	tragicomedy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: tragicomedy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tragikomedia	The tragicomedy moves from a threatened execution to an awkward reunion.
145	melodrama	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: melodrama is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	melodramat	The rescue scene becomes melodrama when the villain announces every cruel intention.
146	addressee	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: addressee is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. adresat 2. adresatka 3. odbiorca	The poem's addressee is an absent friend who never answers.
147	masculine rhyme	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: masculine + rhyme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	męski rym	“Defend” and “amend” create a masculine rhyme.
148	feminine rhyme	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: feminine + rhyme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	rym kobiecy	“Duty” and “beauty” form a feminine rhyme.
149	metrical foot	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: metrical + foot. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	stopa	The line's metrical foot alternates an unstressed syllable with a stressed one.
150	tetrameter	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: tetrameter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tetrametr	The ballad's tetrameter gives each long line four strong beats.
151	trimeter	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: trimeter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	trymetr	The shorter trimeter line quickens the stanza.
152	hexameter	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: hexameter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	heksametr	The epic's hexameter gives the narration a broad, formal rhythm.
153	alexandrine	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: alexandrine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	aleksandryn	The closing alexandrine slows the poem with a central pause.
154	accentual verse	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: accentual + verse. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	akcentowany wiersz	The accentual verse keeps four beats even when line length changes.
155	syllabic verse	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: syllabic + verse. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	werset sylabiczny	Each line of the syllabic verse contains exactly seven syllables.
156	accentual-syllabic verse	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: accentual + syllabic + verse. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	werset akcentowo-sylabiczny	The sonnet's accentual-syllabic verse follows a regular sequence of ten syllables.
157	nonce form	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: nonce + form. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	forma jednorazowa	The poet created a nonce form with nine lines and an original rhyme pattern.
158	prosopopoeia	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: prosopopoeia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. animizacja 2. ożywienie	Through prosopopoeia, the ruined city addresses its former residents.
159	aposiopesis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: aposiopesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. aposjopeza 2. apozjopeza	The dash marks aposiopesis when the witness cannot finish the threat.
160	polyptoton	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: polyptoton is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	poliptoton	“The judge must judge justly” uses polyptoton.
161	isocolon	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: isocolon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	izokolon	The slogan's isocolon balances “we came to learn” with “we stayed to serve.”
162	parataxis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: parataxis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	parataksa	Parataxis gives the passage a blunt rhythm: “Rain fell. Roads closed. We waited.”
163	hypotaxis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: hypotaxis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hipotaksa	Hypotaxis lets the sentence distinguish causes, conditions, and consequences.
164	appositive	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: appositive is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pozytywne	In “Mae Jemison, an engineer and astronaut, spoke,” the appositive adds information.
165	syntactic inversion	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: syntactic + inversion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	inwersja syntaktyczna	“Into the harbor sailed the ship” uses syntactic inversion.
166	paralipsis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: paralipsis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	paralipsa	“I will not discuss his three missed deadlines” is paralipsis.
167	discourse community	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: discourse + community. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	wspólnota dyskursywna	Medical researchers form a discourse community with established genres and terms.
168	presupposition	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	antycypacja	“She stopped commuting” carries the presupposition that she once commuted.
169	implicature	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: implicature is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	implikatura	“Some essays were clear” may carry the implicature that others were not.
170	corpus linguistics	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: corpus + linguistics. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lingwistyka korpusowa	Corpus linguistics showed that the phrase became common after 1990.
171	lingua franca	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: lingua + franca. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lingua franca	Swahili serves as a lingua franca across several East African communities.
172	pidgin	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: pidgin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pidgin 2. pidżin 3. pidżyn	A trade pidgin emerged among sailors who lacked a common language.
173	creole	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: creole is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	język kreolski	Children acquired the creole as a complete first language.
174	etymon	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: etymon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	etymon	The Latin etymon helps explain the English word's spelling.
175	loanword	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: loanword is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	zapożyczenie	“Piano” entered English as a loanword from Italian.

Page 5 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 5.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The epic's ___ gives the narration a broad, formal rhythm.

Answer: hexameter

2. “Into the harbor sailed the ship” uses ___.

Answer: syntactic inversion

3. The closing ___ slows the poem with a central pause.

Answer: alexandrine

4. “I will not discuss his three missed deadlines” is ___.

Answer: paralipsis

5. The ___ uses scenes too vast for an ordinary stage.

Answer: closet drama

Page 6: words 176–210

Vocabulary page 6
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
176	calque	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: calque is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kalka	“Flea market” has produced a calque in several languages.
177	bathos	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: bathos is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	batos	The heroic speech ends in bathos when the warrior complains about his lunch.
178	heteroglossia	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: heteroglossia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	heteroglosja	The novel's heteroglossia brings official, regional, and rebellious speech into conflict.
179	dialogism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	dialogizm	Dialogism prevents the novel from granting one character final authority.
180	carnivalesque	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: carnivalesque is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	karnawałowy	The carnivalesque festival lets servants mock their masters.
181	liminality	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	liminalność	The journey creates liminality as the initiate leaves childhood but has not entered adulthood.
182	paratext	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: paratext is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	paratekst	The title and cover form a paratext that frames the novel as a mystery.
183	peritext	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: peritext is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	perytekst	The preface and footnotes belong to the book's peritext.
184	epitext	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: epitext is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	epitekst	An author's interview can function as epitext for readers of the novel.
185	textual apparatus	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: textual + apparatus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	aparat tekstowy	The textual apparatus explains why the editor chose one manuscript reading.
186	variorum	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: variorum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	variorum	The variorum lists alternate lines from every surviving draft.
187	emendation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	sprostowanie	The emendation restores a word blurred in the earliest printing.
188	recension	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. opracowanie krytyczny 2. opracowanie krytyczne	The northern recension includes a chapter absent from other manuscripts.
189	metalepsis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: metalepsis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	metalepsja	Metalepsis occurs when the author suddenly argues with her own character.
190	chronotope	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: chronotope is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	chronotop	The road chronotope makes travel the setting for meetings and change.
191	polyphony	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: polyphony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	polifonia	The novel's polyphony allows each sibling to challenge the family history.
192	monoglossia	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: monoglossia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	monoglosja	The decree's monoglossia permits no alternative account of the event.
193	intermediality	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	pośredniość	The production's intermediality combines live theater, film, and projected text.
194	ecocriticism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	ekokrytyka	Ecocriticism reveals how the poem treats the river as more than scenery.
195	postcolonialism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	postkolonializm	Postcolonialism guides the essay's analysis of imposed place names.
196	reader-response criticism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: reader + response + criticism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	krytyka reakcji czytelnika	Reader-response criticism compares how two communities interpret the ending.
197	new historicism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: new + historicism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nowy historyzm	New historicism places the play beside court records and travel accounts.
198	poststructuralism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	poststrukturalizm	Poststructuralism draws attention to contradictions within the category of “civilized.”
199	semiotics	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: semiotics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. semiotyka 2. semiologia	Semiotics examines how color and clothing signal authority in the film.
200	signifier	noun Study Field: Grade 11 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: signifier is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	znaczący	The red light is a signifier whose meaning depends on the traffic system.
201	anatomical position	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: anatomical + position. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pozycja anatomiczna	In anatomical position, the palms face forward and the feet point ahead.
202	sagittal plane	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: sagittal + plane. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	płaszczyzna strzałkowa	A sagittal plane passes from the front of the body to the back.
203	coronal plane	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: coronal + plane. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	płaszczyzna koronalna	The coronal plane separates anterior structures from posterior ones.
204	transverse plane	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: transverse + plane. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	płaszczyzna poprzeczna	The scan shows a transverse plane through the abdomen.
205	proximal	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: proximal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	proksymalny	The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
206	distal	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: distal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	dystalny	The fingers are distal to the shoulder.
207	medial	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: medial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	przyśrodkowy	The sternum is medial to the ribs.
208	lateral	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: lateral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. boczny 2. lateralny	The lungs are lateral to the heart.
209	ventral	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: ventral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	brzuszny	The ventral surface of the human body includes the chest.
210	dorsal	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: dorsal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. grzbietowy 2. dorsalny	The spinal cord lies within the dorsal body cavity.

Page 6 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 6.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The heroic speech ends in ___ when the warrior complains about his lunch.

Answer: bathos

2. The road ___ makes travel the setting for meetings and change.

Answer: chronotope

3. The ___ separates anterior structures from posterior ones.

Answer: coronal plane

4. The novel's ___ brings official, regional, and rebellious speech into conflict.

Answer: heteroglossia

5. The novel's ___ allows each sibling to challenge the family history.

Answer: polyphony

Page 7: words 211–245

Vocabulary page 7
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
211	cranial	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: cranial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	czaszkowy	The chest is cranial to the abdomen.
212	caudal	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: caudal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ogonowy 2. tylny	The pelvis is caudal to the stomach.
213	endocytosis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: endocytosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	endocytoza	A white blood cell uses endocytosis to engulf a bacterium.
214	exocytosis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: exocytosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	egzocytoza	The neuron releases transmitter molecules through exocytosis.
215	membrane potential	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: membrane + potential. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	potencjał błonowy	Ion movement changes the neuron's membrane potential.
216	depolarization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	depolaryzacja	Sodium entry causes rapid depolarization of the neuron.
217	repolarization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	repolaryzacja	Potassium leaving the cell contributes to repolarization.
218	receptor	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: receptor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	receptor	Insulin binds to a receptor on the target cell.
219	agonist	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -ist often names a person associated with a field, belief, or practice.	agonista	The drug acts as an agonist at the pain-control receptor.
220	thalamus	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: thalamus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	wzgórze	The thalamus directs visual signals toward the occipital cortex.
221	hippocampus	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: hippocampus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	hipokamp	Damage to the hippocampus can impair new long-term memories.
222	amygdala	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: amygdala is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ciało migdałowate	The amygdala responds strongly to a suddenly fearful face.
223	corpus callosum	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: corpus + callosum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ciało modzelowate	The corpus callosum carries information between left and right cortical areas.
224	myelin	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: myelin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	mielina	Myelin helps electrical signals travel rapidly along an axon.
225	endocrine system	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: endocrine + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. układ dokrewny 2. układ endokrynny 3. układ hormonalny	The endocrine system helps coordinate growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
226	feedback loop	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: feedback + loop. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pętla sprzężenia zwrotnego	A feedback loop adjusts hormone release when blood levels change.
227	epidemiology	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	epidemiologia	Epidemiology linked contaminated water to the neighborhood outbreak.
228	prevalence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	chorobowość	The survey estimated diabetes prevalence among adults in the region.
229	morbidity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	choroba	Vaccination reduced severe morbidity during the outbreak.
230	mortality	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. śmiertelność 2. umieralność	Improved trauma care lowered mortality after road accidents.
231	epidemic	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: epidemic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	epidemia	The city declared an epidemic after measles cases rose sharply.
232	pandemic	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: pandemic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pandemiczny 2. pandemia	International surveillance tracked the pandemic across several regions.
233	reservoir	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: reservoir is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. rezerwuar 2. zbiornik 3. akwen	Wild birds can serve as a reservoir for some influenza viruses.
234	zoonosis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: zoonosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	zoonoza	Rabies is a zoonosis that can spread through an infected bite.
235	risk factor	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: risk + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	czynnik ryzyka	Smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer.
236	protective factor	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: protective + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	czynnik ochronny	Reliable adult support can be a protective factor during adolescence.
237	public health surveillance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: public + health + surveillance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nadzór nad zdrowiem publicznym	Public health surveillance detected an unusual cluster of foodborne illness.
238	randomized controlled trial	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: randomized + controlled + trial. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	randomizowane badanie kontrolowane	The randomized controlled trial compared the new therapy with standard care.
239	clinical trial	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: clinical + trial. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	eksperyment kliniczny	The clinical trial monitored both benefits and harmful effects.
240	prognosis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: prognosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. prognoza 2. rokowanie	Early treatment improved the patient's prognosis.
241	etiology	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: etiology is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	etiologia	Testing established a viral etiology for the fever.
242	pathology	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	patologia	The biopsy revealed pathology consistent with chronic inflammation.
243	syndrome	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: syndrome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. zespół 2. syndrom	The syndrome includes fatigue, fever, and a distinctive rash.
244	comorbidity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	współchorobowość	Hypertension is a common comorbidity in patients with diabetes.
245	contraindication	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	przeciwwskazanie	A severe allergy is a contraindication for that medication.

Reading a Clinical Report

Reading practice for pages 7–9. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A clinical report separates prevalence, the proportion of a population with a condition, from etiology, the condition’s causes. Prognosis concerns the likely course or outcome. In a different section, researchers describe how depolarization changes a neuron’s membrane potential, allowing an electrical signal to travel along the cell.

Polish translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What does prevalence describe?

Prevalence describes how common a condition is.

2. What does etiology address?

Etiology addresses the causes of a condition.

3. What changes during depolarization?

A neuron's membrane potential changes.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Early treatment improved the patient's ___.

Answer: prognosis

2. Ion movement changes the neuron's ___.

Answer: membrane potential

3. The survey estimated diabetes ___ among adults in the region.

Answer: prevalence

4. Testing established a viral ___ for the fever.

Answer: etiology

5. Sodium entry causes rapid ___ of the neuron.

Answer: depolarization

Page 8: words 246–280

Vocabulary page 8
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
246	dosage	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: dosage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	dawka	The physician adjusted the dosage according to the child's weight.
247	adverse effect	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: adverse + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	skutek uboczny	Dizziness was the most common adverse effect of the drug.
248	placebo	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: placebo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	placebo	The control group received a placebo without the active ingredient.
249	nocebo	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: nocebo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	nocebo	Warnings alone can sometimes contribute to a nocebo response.
250	afferent neuron	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: afferent + neuron. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	neuron doprowadzający	An afferent neuron carries the pain signal from the finger toward the spinal cord.
251	efferent neuron	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: efferent + neuron. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	neuron odprowadzający	An efferent neuron activates the muscle that withdraws the hand.
252	somatic nervous system	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: somatic + nervous + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	somatyczny układ nerwowy	The somatic nervous system allows a pianist to move each finger deliberately.
253	autonomic nervous system	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: autonomic + nervous + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. autonomiczny układ nerwowy 2. wegetatywny układ nerwowy	The autonomic nervous system changes heart rate during stress.
254	glial cell	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: glial + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	komórka glejowa	A glial cell can nourish neurons and stabilize their environment.
255	astrocyte	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: astrocyte is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	astrocyt	An astrocyte helps maintain chemical balance near a synapse.
256	microglia	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: microglia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	mikroglej	Microglia remove damaged material after a brain injury.
257	oligodendrocyte	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: oligodendrocyte is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	oligodendrocyt	One oligodendrocyte can insulate portions of several axons.
258	Schwann cell	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: Schwann + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	komórka Schwanna	A Schwann cell wraps one segment of a peripheral nerve fiber.
259	axon	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: axon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. akson 2. neuryt	The impulse traveled down the axon toward the muscle.
260	dendrite	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: dendrite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	dendryt	Each dendrite collects messages from nearby neurons.
261	refractory period	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: refractory + period. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	refrakcja	The refractory period helps keep an action potential moving in one direction.
262	saltatory conduction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: saltatory + conduction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	przewodnictwo solne	Saltatory conduction speeds impulses along myelinated nerves.
263	acetylcholine	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: acetylcholine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	acetylocholina	Motor neurons release acetylcholine at skeletal muscles.
264	dopamine	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: dopamine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	dopamina	Dopamine signaling helps the brain update expectations after a reward.
265	serotonin	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: serotonin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	serotonina	Serotonin pathways influence sleep and emotional regulation.
266	norepinephrine	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: norepinephrine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	noradrenalina	Norepinephrine increases arousal during an emergency.
267	GABA	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Capitalization focus: GABA is an abbreviation or initialism; preserve its capital letters.	GABA	GABA reduces the likelihood that a nearby neuron will fire.
268	glutamate	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: glutamate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	glutaminian	Glutamate activates receptors important for learning.
269	blood-brain barrier	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: blood + brain + barrier. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bariera krew-mózg	The blood-brain barrier blocks many toxins but also some medicines.
270	basal ganglia	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: basal + ganglia. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	zwoje podstawne	The basal ganglia help initiate a practiced movement.
271	medulla oblongata	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: medulla + oblongata. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	rdzeń przedłużony	The medulla oblongata helps maintain breathing during sleep.
272	pons	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: pons is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	most	The pons relays information between the cerebellum and the cortex.
273	midbrain	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: midbrain is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	śródmózgowie	The midbrain helps turn the eyes toward a sudden flash.
274	reticular formation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: reticular + formation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. twór siatkowaty 2. układ siatkowaty	The reticular formation helps maintain wakefulness.
275	Broca's area	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: Broca's + area. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	obszar Broki	Damage to Broca's area can make speech slow and effortful.
276	Wernicke's area	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: Wernicke's + area. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	obszar Wernickego	Damage to Wernicke's area can impair comprehension of spoken words.
277	lateralization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	lateralizacja	Language shows partial lateralization toward the left hemisphere in many people.
278	sensory adaptation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: sensory + adaptation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	adaptacja sensoryczna	Sensory adaptation makes a room's odor less noticeable after several minutes.
279	proprioception	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	propriocepcja	Proprioception lets a dancer place a foot without looking down.
280	nociception	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	nocycepcja	Nociception begins when heat activates receptors in the skin.

Page 8 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 8.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ makes a room's odor less noticeable after several minutes.

Answer: sensory adaptation

2. The ___ changes heart rate during stress.

Answer: autonomic nervous system

3. ___ increases arousal during an emergency.

Answer: norepinephrine

4. ___ lets a dancer place a foot without looking down.

Answer: proprioception

5. A ___ can nourish neurons and stabilize their environment.

Answer: glial cell

Page 9: words 281–315

Vocabulary page 9
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
281	vestibular system	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: vestibular + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	układ przedsionkowy	The vestibular system helps stabilize vision while the head turns.
282	endocrine axis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: endocrine + axis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	oś endokrynologiczna	The endocrine axis coordinates signals between the brain and thyroid gland.
283	hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: hypothalamic + pituitary + adrenal + axis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	oś podwzgórze-przysadka-nadnercza	Prolonged stress can repeatedly activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
284	cortisol	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: cortisol is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kortyzol	Cortisol levels normally follow a daily rhythm.
285	melatonin	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: melatonin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	melatonina	Darkness stimulates melatonin release in the evening.
286	thyroxine	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: thyroxine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tyroksyna	Low thyroxine levels can slow metabolic activity.
287	humoral immunity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: humoral + immunity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	odporność humoralna	Humoral immunity produces antibodies that bind a specific virus.
288	cell-mediated immunity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: cell + mediated + immunity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	odporność komórkowa	Cell-mediated immunity can destroy cells infected by a virus.
289	lymphocyte	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: lymphocyte is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	limfocyt	Each lymphocyte recognizes particular molecular targets.
290	macrophage	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Base-form focus: macrophage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	makrofag	The macrophage swallowed bacteria at the wound.
291	complement system	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: complement + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	układ uzupełniający	The complement system marked the bacterium for destruction.
292	antimicrobial resistance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: antimicrobial + resistance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	oporność na środki przeciwdrobnoustrojowe	Unnecessary antibiotic use accelerates antimicrobial resistance.
293	nosocomial infection	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: nosocomial + infection. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	infekcja szpitalna	Strict hand hygiene reduced nosocomial infection in the ward.
294	case fatality rate	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: case + fatality + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	współczynnik śmiertelności przypadków	Early treatment lowered the disease's case fatality rate.
295	attack rate	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: attack + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	współczynnik ataku	Investigators calculated the attack rate among guests who ate the salad.
296	prevalence ratio	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: prevalence + ratio. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	współczynnik rozpowszechnienia	The prevalence ratio showed asthma was twice as common in the exposed group.
297	incidence rate	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: incidence + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	współczynnik zapadalności	The study reported an incidence rate of five cases per thousand person-years.
298	relative risk	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: relative + risk. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ryzyko względne	A relative risk above one indicated greater illness among exposed workers.
299	odds ratio	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: odds + ratio. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	iloraz szans	The case-control study used an odds ratio to assess the association.
300	outbreak investigation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 anatomy, neuroscience, and public-health term Word study: Term structure: outbreak + investigation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dochodzenie w sprawie epidemii	The outbreak investigation traced infections to one cooling tower.
301	kinematics	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: kinematics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kinematyka	Kinematics relates the car's position, velocity, and acceleration over time.
302	dynamics	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: dynamics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	dynamika	Dynamics explains how the applied force changes the cart's motion.
303	rotational kinetic energy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: rotational + kinetic + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	energia kinetyczna obrotu	The spinning flywheel stores rotational kinetic energy.
304	simple harmonic motion	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: simple + harmonic + motion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	prosty ruch harmoniczny	A small mass on an ideal spring approximates simple harmonic motion.
305	Hooke's law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: Hooke's + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Prawo Hooke’a	Hooke's law predicts twice the force for twice the stretch.
306	spring constant	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: spring + constant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	stała sprężystości	The stiffer spring has the larger spring constant.
307	damping	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: damping is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tłumienie	Air resistance provides damping that reduces the pendulum's swing.
308	driven oscillation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: driven + oscillation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	napędzane oscylacje	The motor creates a driven oscillation in the platform.
309	node	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: node is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	węzeł	The string stays still at each node.
310	antinode	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: antinode is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	brzuch	The string moves most widely at the antinode.
311	fundamental frequency	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: fundamental + frequency. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	częstotliwość podstawowa	The long pipe has a lower fundamental frequency than the short pipe.
312	harmonic	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: harmonic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	harmoniczna	The second harmonic vibrates at twice the fundamental frequency.
313	beat frequency	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: beat + frequency. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	częstotliwość uderzeń	Two tones at 440 and 443 hertz create a beat frequency of three hertz.
314	sound intensity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: sound + intensity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	intensywność dźwięku	Sound intensity decreases as the wave spreads outward.
315	index of refraction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: index + of + refraction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	współczynnik załamania światła	Diamond has a high index of refraction.

Page 9 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 9.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ marked the bacterium for destruction.

Answer: complement system

2. A small mass on an ideal spring approximates ___.

Answer: simple harmonic motion

3. Unnecessary antibiotic use accelerates ___.

Answer: antimicrobial resistance

4. ___ predicts twice the force for twice the stretch.

Answer: Hooke's law

5. Strict hand hygiene reduced ___ in the ward.

Answer: nosocomial infection

Page 10: words 316–350

Vocabulary page 10
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
316	total internal reflection	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: total + internal + reflection. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	całkowite wewnętrzne odbicie	Optical fibers guide light through total internal reflection.
317	focal length	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: focal + length. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ogniskowa	A short focal length gives the camera a wider field of view.
318	real image	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: real + image. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	prawdziwy obraz	The projector lens forms a real image on the screen.
319	virtual image	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: virtual + image. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	wirtualny obraz	A flat mirror produces a virtual image behind its surface.
320	convex lens	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: convex + lens. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	soczewka wypukła	A convex lens focuses sunlight to a small point.
321	concave lens	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: concave + lens. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	soczewka wklęsła	A concave lens spreads the incoming beam.
322	diffraction grating	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: diffraction + grating. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	siatka dyfrakcyjna	The diffraction grating spreads white light into distinct colors.
323	electric potential	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: electric + potential. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	potencjał elektryczny	The battery establishes a difference in electric potential.
324	electric current	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: electric + current. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. prąd 2. prąd elektryczny	Closing the switch allows electric current through the lamp.
325	Coulomb's law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: Coulomb's + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	prawo Coulomba	Coulomb's law predicts weaker force when the charges move farther apart.
326	electric flux	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: electric + flux. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	strumień elektryczny	Electric flux through the sphere depends on the enclosed charge.
327	Gauss's law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: Gauss's + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Prawo Gaussa	Gauss's law simplifies the field calculation for a charged sphere.
328	magnetic flux	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: magnetic + flux. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	strumień magnetyczny	Rotating the coil changes its magnetic flux.
329	Faraday's law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: Faraday's + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Prawo Faradaya	Faraday's law explains the voltage produced by the generator.
330	Lenz's law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: Lenz's + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Prawo Lenza	Lenz's law predicts the induced field's direction.
331	Kirchhoff's rules	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: Kirchhoff's + rules. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Reguły Kirchhoffa	Kirchhoff's rules determine the currents in the branching circuit.
332	Ohm's law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: Ohm's + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	prawo Ohma	Ohm's law gives a current of two amperes through the resistor.
333	resistivity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	rezystywność	Copper's low resistivity makes it useful for wires.
334	dielectric	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: dielectric is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. dielektryczny 2. dielektryk	The dielectric between capacitor plates increases stored charge.
335	transformer	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: transformer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	transformator	The transformer lowers transmission voltage for household use.
336	inductor	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: inductor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. cewka 2. induktor	The inductor resists a rapid change in current.
337	reactance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	reaktancja	The inductor's reactance increases with frequency.
338	rms voltage	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: rms + voltage. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	napięcie skuteczne	The meter reports the outlet's rms voltage.
339	photoelectric effect	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: photoelectric + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. efekt fotoelektryczny 2. fotoefekt	The photoelectric effect showed that light transfers energy in discrete amounts.
340	de Broglie wavelength	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: de + Broglie + wavelength. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. długość fala 2. długość fali de Brogliego	A faster electron has a shorter de Broglie wavelength.
341	wave-particle duality	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: wave + particle + duality. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dualizm korpuskularno-falowy	Electron diffraction demonstrates wave-particle duality.
342	uncertainty principle	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: uncertainty + principle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. zasada nieokreśloności 2. zasada nieoznaczoności	The uncertainty principle prevents exact knowledge of both electron position and momentum.
343	atomic spectrum	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: atomic + spectrum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	widmo atomowe	Hydrogen's atomic spectrum contains a distinct set of lines.
344	ground state	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: ground + state. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	stan podstawowy	The electron returns to the ground state by emitting a photon.
345	excited state	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: excited + state. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	stan podekscytowany	Absorbed light raises the atom to an excited state.
346	binding energy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: binding + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	energia wiązania	Nuclear binding energy holds protons and neutrons together.
347	mass defect	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: mass + defect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	defekt masy	The mass defect corresponds to nuclear binding energy.
348	nuclear force	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: nuclear + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	siła jądrowa	The nuclear force overcomes electric repulsion at very short distances.
349	chain reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: chain + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	reakcja łańcuchowa	Released neutrons sustain the fission chain reaction.
350	critical mass	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: critical + mass. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	masa krytyczna	Below critical mass, too many neutrons escape to maintain fission.

Light, Fields, and Measurement

Reading practice for pages 10–12. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Wave-particle duality explains why light and matter display different behaviors in different experiments. In optics, total internal reflection keeps light inside a medium when conditions are right, while focal length describes how a lens focuses rays. Faraday’s law connects changing magnetic flux to induced voltage. The uncertainty principle sets a fundamental limit on simultaneously knowing certain paired quantities.

Polish translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What keeps light inside a medium?

Total internal reflection can keep light inside a medium.

2. What does focal length describe?

It describes how a lens focuses rays.

3. What limit does the uncertainty principle set?

It limits simultaneous knowledge of certain paired quantities.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Electron diffraction demonstrates ___.

Answer: wave-particle duality

2. Optical fibers guide light through ___.

Answer: total internal reflection

3. ___ explains the voltage produced by the generator.

Answer: Faraday's law

4. The ___ prevents exact knowledge of both electron position and momentum.

Answer: uncertainty principle

5. A short ___ gives the camera a wider field of view.

Answer: focal length

Page 11: words 351–385

Vocabulary page 11
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
351	fusion reactor	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: fusion + reactor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	reaktor termojądrowy	The experimental fusion reactor confines hot plasma with magnetic fields.
352	luminosity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	jasność	A blue giant has far greater luminosity than the Sun.
353	apparent magnitude	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: apparent + magnitude. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	wielkość pozorna	Distance affects a star's apparent magnitude.
354	absolute magnitude	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: absolute + magnitude. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	wielkość absolutna	Absolute magnitude allows fair comparison of stars' intrinsic brightness.
355	spectral class	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: spectral + class. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	klasa spektralna	The Sun belongs to spectral class G.
356	Hertzsprung-Russell diagram	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: Hertzsprung + Russell + diagram. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	diagram Hertzsprunga-Russella	The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram places main-sequence stars along a diagonal band.
357	supernova	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: supernova is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	supernowa	The supernova briefly outshone its host galaxy.
358	pulsar	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: pulsar is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pulsar	The pulsar sends a radio pulse past Earth every second.
359	event horizon	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: event + horizon. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	horyzont zdarzeń	Light crossing the event horizon cannot return to a distant observer.
360	escape velocity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: escape + velocity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	prędkość ucieczki	A rocket must reach Earth's escape velocity to depart permanently.
361	spacetime	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: spacetime is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	czasoprzestrzeń	Mass curves spacetime around a star.
362	gravitational lensing	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: gravitational + lensing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	soczewkowanie grawitacyjne	Gravitational lensing produced multiple images of the distant galaxy.
363	dark matter	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: dark + matter. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ciemna materia	Galaxy rotation suggests the presence of dark matter.
364	dark energy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: dark + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ciemna energia	Measurements of distant supernovae support the existence of dark energy.
365	cosmic inflation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: cosmic + inflation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	kosmiczna inflacja	Cosmic inflation helps explain the universe's large-scale uniformity.
366	blueshift	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: blueshift is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	blueshift	The galaxy's blueshift shows that it is moving toward us.
367	transiting exoplanet	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: transiting + exoplanet. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tranzytująca egzoplaneta	The transiting exoplanet causes a small periodic dip in starlight.
368	spectroscopy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: spectroscopy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	spektroskopia	Spectroscopy revealed sodium in the star's atmosphere.
369	climate sensitivity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: climate + sensitivity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	wrażliwość klimatyczna	Climate sensitivity estimates how strongly warming follows doubled carbon dioxide.
370	carbon sequestration	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: carbon + sequestration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sekwestracja węgla	Forest restoration can contribute to carbon sequestration.
371	renewable energy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: renewable + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	energia odnawialna	Wind and sunlight provide renewable energy without burning fuel.
372	grid storage	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: grid + storage. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	magazynowanie siatki	Battery grid storage saves midday solar power for evening use.
373	photovoltaic cell	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: photovoltaic + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ogniwo fotowoltaiczne	Each photovoltaic cell produces current when sunlight frees charge carriers.
374	wind turbine	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: wind + turbine. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	turbina wiatrowa	The wind turbine generates more power during steady coastal winds.
375	geothermal energy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: geothermal + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	energia geotermalna	The town uses geothermal energy for district heating.
376	energy density	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: energy + density. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. gęstość energia 2. gęstość energii	Jet fuel has greater energy density by mass than a typical battery.
377	load-bearing	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: load + bearing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nośny	Engineers reinforced the load-bearing column.
378	yield strength	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: yield + strength. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	granica plastyczności	The beam must remain below the steel's yield strength.
379	fatigue	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Base-form focus: fatigue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	zmęczenie	Microscopic cracks revealed metal fatigue in the wing.
380	ductility	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	ciągliwość	Copper's ductility allows it to be drawn into thin wire.
381	brittleness	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	kruchość	Cold temperatures increased the alloy's brittleness.
382	stress concentration	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: stress + concentration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	koncentracja stresu	A rounded corner reduces stress concentration in the bracket.
383	finite element analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: finite + element + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	analiza elementów skończonych	Finite element analysis predicted where the bridge deck would bend most.
384	reference frame	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: reference + frame. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ramka odniesienia	The ball's velocity differs between the train's reference frame and the platform's.
385	inertial frame	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: inertial + frame. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	rama inercyjna	Newton's first law holds directly in an inertial frame.

Page 11 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 11.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Microscopic cracks revealed metal ___ in the wing.

Answer: fatigue

2. ___ allows fair comparison of stars' intrinsic brightness.

Answer: absolute magnitude

3. The ___ causes a small periodic dip in starlight.

Answer: transiting exoplanet

4. Copper's ___ allows it to be drawn into thin wire.

Answer: ductility

5. The Sun belongs to ___ G.

Answer: spectral class

Page 12: words 386–420

Vocabulary page 12
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
386	noninertial frame	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: noninertial + frame. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	układ nieinercyjny	The turning car is a noninertial frame.
387	static equilibrium	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: static + equilibrium. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	równowaga statyczna	The hanging sign stays in static equilibrium.
388	center of mass	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: center + of + mass. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	środek masy	The gymnast shifts her center of mass above the beam.
389	center of gravity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: center + of + gravity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	środek ciężkości	A low center of gravity makes the vehicle harder to tip.
390	conservation of angular momentum	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: conservation + of + angular + momentum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	zasada zachowania momentu pędu	Conservation of angular momentum makes the skater spin faster when her arms move inward.
391	moment of inertia	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: moment + of + inertia. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	moment bezwładności	Moving mass away from the axis increases moment of inertia.
392	damped oscillation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: damped + oscillation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tłumione oscylacje	The door closer produces a damped oscillation rather than endless swinging.
393	mechanical wave	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: mechanical + wave. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	fala mechaniczna	Sound is a mechanical wave traveling through air.
394	superposition principle	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: superposition + principle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	zasada superpozycji	The superposition principle explains the interference pattern.
395	coherent source	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: coherent + source. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	spójne źródło	A laser provides a coherent source for the interference experiment.
396	electromotive force	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: electromotive + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	siła elektromotoryczna	The battery's electromotive force drives charge around the circuit.
397	terminal voltage	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: terminal + voltage. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	napięcie końcowe	Internal resistance makes terminal voltage fall under heavy load.
398	internal resistance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: internal + resistance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	opór wewnętrzny	The old cell's high internal resistance limits its current.
399	electric power	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: electric + power. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	elektryczność	The heater's electric power equals voltage multiplied by current.
400	magnetic force	noun Study Field: Grade 11 physics, astronomy, climate, and engineering term Word study: Term structure: magnetic + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	siła magnetyczna	The magnetic force bends the electron beam into a curve.
401	differentiation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	różniczkowanie	Differentiation gives the velocity function from the position function.
402	antiderivative	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: antiderivative is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. całka nieoznaczona 2. funkcja pierwotna 3. antypochodna	The function x squared is an antiderivative of 2x.
403	fundamental theorem of calculus	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: fundamental + theorem + of + calculus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	podstawowe twierdzenie rachunku różniczkowego	The fundamental theorem of calculus lets us evaluate the integral using an antiderivative.
404	tangent line	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: tangent + line. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tangens	The tangent line approximates the graph near x equals two.
405	secant line	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: secant + line. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sieczna linia	The slope of the secant line gives average change over the interval.
406	instantaneous rate	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: instantaneous + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chwilowa szybkość	The derivative gives the car's instantaneous rate of change in position.
407	average rate	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: average + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	średnia stawka	The average rate was sixty kilometers per hour over the full trip.
408	related rates	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: related + rates. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	powiązane stawki	Related rates determine how fast the shadow lengthens as the person walks.
409	chain rule	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: chain + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	reguła łańcuchowa	The chain rule differentiates the square of a sine function.
410	product rule	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: product + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	reguła produktu	The product rule includes a derivative term for each factor.
411	quotient rule	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: quotient + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	reguła ilorazowa	The quotient rule differentiates the rational expression.
412	power rule	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: power + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	reguła władzy	The power rule changes x cubed into 3x squared.
413	implicit differentiation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: implicit + differentiation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ukryte różnicowanie	Implicit differentiation finds the slope of the circle.
414	definite integral	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: definite + integral. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	całka oznaczona	The definite integral gives net change from time zero to time five.
415	indefinite integral	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: indefinite + integral. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	całka nieoznaczona	The indefinite integral includes an arbitrary constant.
416	Riemann sum	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: Riemann + sum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	suma Riemanna	The Riemann sum becomes more accurate as the partition narrows.
417	area under the curve	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: area + under + the + curve. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	obszar pod krzywą	The area under the curve represents total distance when velocity stays positive.
418	differential equation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: differential + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	równanie różniczkowe	The differential equation models population change over time.
419	initial condition	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: initial + condition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	stan początkowy	The initial condition states that the tank holds fifty liters at noon.
420	slope field	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: slope + field. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pole nachylenia	The slope field reveals how solutions bend without solving the equation explicitly.

Page 12 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 12.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ represents total distance when velocity stays positive.

Answer: area under the curve

2. The door closer produces a ___ rather than endless swinging.

Answer: damped oscillation

3. The slope of the ___ gives average change over the interval.

Answer: secant line

4. The ___ models population change over time.

Answer: differential equation

5. Sound is a ___ traveling through air.

Answer: mechanical wave

Page 13: words 421–455

Vocabulary page 13
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
421	inverse function	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: inverse + function. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	funkcja odwrotna	The logarithm is an inverse function of the exponential.
422	composite function	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: composite + function. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	funkcja złożona	The composite function first squares a number and then takes its sine.
423	piecewise function	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: piecewise + function. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	funkcja zdefiniować	The tax model is a piecewise function with separate income brackets.
424	convergence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	zbieżność	The sequence's convergence is clear as its terms approach zero.
425	divergence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. odchylenie 2. rozbieżność	The partial sums grow without bound, showing divergence.
426	series	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: series is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. szereg 2. seria	The geometric series adds successively smaller powers.
427	infinite series	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: infinite + series. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nieskończona seria	The infinite series can still converge to a finite number.
428	interval of convergence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: interval + of + convergence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	przedział zbieżności	The ratio test helps locate the interval of convergence.
429	covariance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	kowariancja	Positive covariance indicates that the two measurements tend to rise together.
430	kurtosis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: kurtosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kurtoza	High kurtosis makes extreme observations more common than in a normal distribution.
431	packet	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: packet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pakiet	The router forwards each packet toward its destination.
432	latency	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: latency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. latencja 2. opóźnienie	High latency made the video call feel unresponsive.
433	machine learning	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: machine + learning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	uczenie maszynowe	Machine learning classified the images after training on labeled examples.
434	neural network	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: neural + network. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sieć neuronowa	The neural network learned to recognize handwritten digits.
435	training data	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: training + data. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dane treningowe	Biased training data produced unequal error rates.
436	validation data	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: validation + data. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dane walidacyjne	The team selected the model with the best validation data performance.
437	test data	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: test + data. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dane testowe	Test data were opened only after every design choice was fixed.
438	epsilon-delta definition	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: epsilon + delta + definition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Definicja epsilon-delta	The epsilon-delta definition proves that the function approaches three.
439	left-hand limit	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: left + hand + limit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lewe ograniczenie	The left-hand limit equals zero at the jump.
440	right-hand limit	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: right + hand + limit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	granica prawa	The right-hand limit equals two at the same jump.
441	infinite limit	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: infinite + limit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nieskończony limit	The vertical asymptote corresponds to an infinite limit.
442	limit at infinity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: limit + at + infinity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	granica w nieskończoności	The limit at infinity is the horizontal asymptote.
443	removable discontinuity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: removable + discontinuity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	usuwalna nieciągłość	The canceled factor leaves a removable discontinuity at x equals four.
444	jump discontinuity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: jump + discontinuity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nieciągłość skoku	The step function has a jump discontinuity at the boundary.
445	infinite discontinuity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: infinite + discontinuity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nieskończona nieciągłość	The reciprocal function has an infinite discontinuity at zero.
446	mean value theorem	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: mean + value + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	twierdzenie o wartości średniej	The mean value theorem guarantees one moment when instantaneous speed equaled average speed.
447	Rolle's theorem	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: Rolle's + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Twierdzenie Rolle'a	Rolle's theorem ensures a horizontal tangent between the matching endpoints.
448	local maximum	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: local + maximum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	maksimum lokalne	The graph reaches a local maximum before descending.
449	local minimum	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: local + minimum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	minimum lokalne	The cost curve has a local minimum at the efficient output.
450	critical point	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: critical + point. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	punkt krytyczny	Each interior maximum occurs at a critical point.
451	inflection point	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: inflection + point. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	punkt przegięcia	The curve switches from bending downward to upward at the inflection point.
452	concavity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	wklęsłość	A positive second derivative indicates upward concavity.
453	second derivative	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: second + derivative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	druga pochodna	The second derivative gives acceleration from the position function.
454	derivative test	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: derivative + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	test pochodny	The first derivative test confirms a local minimum.
455	L'Hôpital's rule	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: L'Hôpital's + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	reguła de l'Hospitala	L'Hôpital's rule evaluates the zero-over-zero limit.

Interpreting a Difficult Graph

Reading practice for pages 13–15. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A calculus packet asks students to identify a removable discontinuity before evaluating a limit at infinity. For an indeterminate quotient, L’Hôpital’s rule may apply if its conditions are satisfied. A statistics extension then introduces kurtosis as a description of distribution shape, reminding students not to confuse it with the graph’s discontinuity.

Polish translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What appears in the calculus packet?

A removable discontinuity and a limit at infinity appear.

2. When may L'Hôpital's rule apply?

It may apply to an indeterminate quotient when its conditions hold.

3. What does kurtosis describe?

Kurtosis describes an aspect of distribution shape.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ is the horizontal asymptote.

Answer: limit at infinity

2. ___ evaluates the zero-over-zero limit.

Answer: L'Hôpital's rule

3. High ___ makes extreme observations more common than in a normal distribution.

Answer: kurtosis

4. The canceled factor leaves a ___ at x equals four.

Answer: removable discontinuity

5. The router forwards each ___ toward its destination.

Answer: packet

Page 14: words 456–490

Vocabulary page 14
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
456	u-substitution	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: u + substitution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	całkowanie przez podstawienie	U-substitution turns the integral into a simple power.
457	integration by parts	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: integration + by + parts. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	całkowanie przez części	Integration by parts handles the product of x and an exponential.
458	improper integral	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: improper + integral. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	całka niewłaściwa	The improper integral converges even though its interval is infinite.
459	disk method	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: disk + method. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	metoda dyskowa	The disk method finds the solid formed by rotating the region around the axis.
460	washer method	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: washer + method. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	metoda myjki	The washer method subtracts the inner radius from the outer disk.
461	shell method	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: shell + method. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	metoda powłoki	The shell method uses vertical strips around the y-axis.
462	arc length	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: arc + length. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	długość łuku	The arc length formula gives the cable's curved length.
463	surface area of revolution	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: surface + area + of + revolution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pole powierzchni obrotowej	The surface area of revolution models the outside of the vase.
464	separable equation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: separable + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	równanie rozłączne	The growth model is a separable equation.
465	logistic growth model	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: logistic + growth + model. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	logistyczny model wzrostu	The logistic growth model levels off near the lake's capacity.
466	Euler's method	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: Euler's + method. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Metoda Eulera	Euler's method estimates the next value from the current slope.
467	Taylor polynomial	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: Taylor + polynomial. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Wielomian Taylora	A Taylor polynomial approximates cosine near zero.
468	Maclaurin series	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: Maclaurin + series. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	szereg Maclaurina	The Maclaurin series represents the exponential as an infinite sum.
469	power series	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: power + series. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	szereg potęgowy	Within its radius, the power series defines a function.
470	radius of convergence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: radius + of + convergence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	promień zbieżności	The ratio test gives a radius of convergence of two.
471	absolute convergence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: absolute + convergence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	absolutna zbieżność	Absolute convergence guarantees convergence of the original series.
472	conditional convergence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: conditional + convergence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	zbieżność warunkowa	The alternating harmonic series has conditional convergence.
473	divergence test	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: divergence + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	test rozbieżności	The divergence test rejects the series because its terms approach one.
474	ratio test	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: ratio + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	próba proporcji	The ratio test quickly handles the factorial series.
475	root test	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: root + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	próba korzeniowa	The root test is useful when each term is raised to the nth power.
476	integral test	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: integral + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	test integralny	The integral test proves that the p-series converges for p greater than one.
477	comparison test	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: comparison + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	test porównawczy	The comparison test bounds the series by a convergent geometric series.
478	alternating series	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: alternating + series. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	serie naprzemienne	The alternating series converges because its term sizes decrease to zero.
479	merge sort	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: merge + sort. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sortowanie przez scalanie	Merge sort combines two ordered halves into one ordered list.
480	quicksort	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: quicksort is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	szybkie sortowanie	Quicksort places smaller values before the pivot and larger ones after it.
481	greedy algorithm	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: greedy + algorithm. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	zachłanny algorytm	The greedy algorithm selects the cheapest available edge without reconsidering earlier choices.
482	inheritance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	spadek	Inheritance lets the bicycle class reuse methods from the vehicle class.
483	encapsulation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	enkapsulacja	Encapsulation protects the account balance behind controlled operations.
484	polymorphism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	polimorfizm	Polymorphism lets the same draw command work for circles and rectangles.
485	API	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Capitalization focus: API is an abbreviation or initialism; preserve its capital letters.	API	The weather app uses an API to request forecast data.
486	runtime	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: runtime is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	czas wykonania	The error appeared only at runtime after the user submitted an empty field.
487	operating system	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: operating + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	system operacyjny	The operating system schedules processes and controls file access.
488	virtualization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	wirtualizacja	Virtualization lets one server host several isolated machines.
489	containerization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	konteneryzacja	Containerization kept the application consistent across development and production.
490	version control	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: version + control. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	kontrola wersji	Version control preserved the earlier draft and identified who changed each line.

Page 14 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 14.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ places smaller values before the pivot and larger ones after it.

Answer: quicksort

2. The ___ represents the exponential as an infinite sum.

Answer: Maclaurin series

3. The ___ selects the cheapest available edge without reconsidering earlier choices.

Answer: greedy algorithm

4. ___ turns the integral into a simple power.

Answer: u-substitution

5. Within its radius, the ___ defines a function.

Answer: power series

Page 15: words 491–525

Vocabulary page 15
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
491	repository	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: repository is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. repozytorium 2. magazyn 3. przechowalnia	The team reviewed the patch in the shared repository.
492	merge conflict	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: merge + conflict. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	konflikt scalania	Both developers edited the same line, creating a merge conflict.
493	unit test	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: unit + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	test jednostkowy	The unit test verifies that the tax function handles zero income.
494	integration test	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: integration + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	test integracyjny	The integration test follows a payment from the form to the database.
495	firewall	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: firewall is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ściana ogniowa	The firewall blocked unsolicited connections from the public internet.
496	distributed system	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: distributed + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	system rozproszony	The distributed system stores copies of data in several regions.
497	concurrency	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: concurrency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	współbieżność	Concurrency allows the server to handle many requests without waiting for each to finish.
498	algorithmic efficiency	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: algorithmic + efficiency. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	efektywność algorytmiczna	Algorithmic efficiency matters when the dataset expands to millions of records.
499	gradient descent	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: gradient + descent. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	gradient prosty	Gradient descent adjusted the model weights after each batch.
500	supervised learning	noun Study Field: Grade 11 calculus, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: supervised + learning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nauka nadzorowana	Supervised learning trained the classifier on images labeled by species.
501	incorporation doctrine	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: incorporation + doctrine. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	doktryna inkorporacyjna	The incorporation doctrine made the speech protection enforceable against the state.
502	strict scrutiny	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: strict + scrutiny. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ścisła kontrola	The court applied strict scrutiny to the law's racial classification.
503	intermediate scrutiny	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: intermediate + scrutiny. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	kontrola pośrednia	The policy had to survive intermediate scrutiny.
504	rational basis review	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: rational + basis + review. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	racjonalny przegląd podstaw	The economic regulation passed rational basis review.
505	stare decisis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: stare + decisis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	stare decisis	Stare decisis gave earlier rulings substantial weight.
506	judicial activism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: judicial + activism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	aktywizm sądowy	Critics called the broad ruling judicial activism.
507	judicial restraint	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: judicial + restraint. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	powściągliwość sądowa	Judicial restraint led the court to avoid deciding the wider issue.
508	originalism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	oryginalność	The justice used originalism to examine eighteenth-century usage.
509	textualism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	tekstalizm	Textualism directed the judge to the statute's ordinary wording.
510	living Constitution	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: living + Constitution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	żywa Konstytucja	The living Constitution approach treated privacy doctrine as adaptable to new technology.
511	federal mandate	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: federal + mandate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mandat federalny	The federal mandate required every state to meet the emissions standard.
512	unfunded mandate	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: unfunded + mandate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mandat bez środków	The county objected that the reporting rule was an unfunded mandate.
513	block grant	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: block + grant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dotacja blokowa	The block grant let states choose among several housing programs.
514	categorical grant	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: categorical + grant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dotacja kategoryczna	The categorical grant paid only for bridge safety inspections.
515	concurrent powers	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: concurrent + powers. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	równoczesne uprawnienia	Taxation belongs among the system's concurrent powers.
516	reserved powers	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: reserved + powers. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	zastrzeżone uprawnienia	Local licensing is often treated as one of the states' reserved powers.
517	enumerated powers	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: enumerated + powers. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	wyliczone uprawnienia	The power to coin money is among Congress's enumerated powers.
518	implied powers	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: implied + powers. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	domniemane uprawnienia	Creating a national bank was defended through implied powers.
519	necessary and proper clause	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: necessary + and + proper + clause. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	klauzula konieczna i właściwa	Congress invoked the necessary and proper clause to implement its taxing power.
520	commerce clause	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: commerce + clause. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	klauzula handlowa	The court considered whether the commerce clause covered the local activity.
521	supremacy clause	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: supremacy + clause. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	klauzula supremacji	The supremacy clause invalidated the contradictory state requirement.
522	establishment clause	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: establishment + clause. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	klauzula zakładowa	The establishment clause prevents the city from declaring an official faith.
523	free exercise clause	proper noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: free + exercise + clause. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	klauzula bezpłatnego wykonywania	The claimant argued that the rule burdened the free exercise clause.
524	writ of habeas corpus	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: writ + of + habeas + corpus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nakaz habeas corpus	The prisoner sought a writ of habeas corpus challenging his confinement.
525	ex post facto law	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: ex + post + facto + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	prawo ex post facto	The constitution prohibits an ex post facto law.

Page 15 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 15.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ verifies that the tax function handles zero income.

Answer: unit test

2. The ___ follows a payment from the form to the database.

Answer: integration test

3. The ___ blocked unsolicited connections from the public internet.

Answer: firewall

4. The ___ stores copies of data in several regions.

Answer: distributed system

5. ___ allows the server to handle many requests without waiting for each to finish.

Answer: concurrency

Page 16: words 526–560

Vocabulary page 16
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
526	bill of attainder	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: bill + of + attainder. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	rachunek zysków i strat	The measure was challenged as a bill of attainder.
527	eminent domain	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: eminent + domain. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. wywłaszczenie 2. ekspropriacja	The city used eminent domain to acquire land for the rail line.
528	probable cause	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: probable + cause. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	prawdopodobny motyw	The affidavit supplied probable cause for the search.
529	search warrant	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: search + warrant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nakaz rewizji	Officers obtained a search warrant for the warehouse.
530	exclusionary rule	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: exclusionary + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	reguła wykluczająca	The exclusionary rule kept the unlawfully seized records out of trial.
531	grand jury	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: grand + jury. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	wielka ława przysięgłych	The prosecutor presented witnesses to the grand jury.
532	indictment	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. akt oskarżenia 2. oskarżenie	The indictment listed three counts of fraud.
533	arraignment	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	oskarżenie	At the arraignment, the defendant pleaded not guilty.
534	plea bargain	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: plea + bargain. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	targować się	The defendant accepted a plea bargain that dismissed one count.
535	tort	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: tort is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. delikt cywilny 2. czyn niedozwolony	The unauthorized disclosure could constitute a privacy tort.
536	negligence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	niedbalstwo	The jury found negligence because the company ignored the damaged railing.
537	malpractice	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: malpractice is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	błąd w sztuce	The lawsuit alleged medical malpractice during surgery.
538	contract law	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: contract + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	prawo kontraktowe	Contract law determines whether the unsigned promise can be enforced.
539	breach of contract	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: breach + of + contract. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. naruszenie umowa 2. naruszenie umowy	Late delivery constituted a breach of contract.
540	trademark	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: trademark is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	znak towarowy	The company registered its name as a trademark.
541	antitrust	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: antitrust is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	antymonopolowy	Antitrust regulators challenged the merger.
542	oligopoly	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: oligopoly is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	oligopol	The airline route operates as an oligopoly with three major carriers.
543	perfect competition	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: perfect + competition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	doskonała konkurencja	In perfect competition, each small firm accepts the market price.
544	monopolistic competition	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: monopolistic + competition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	konkurencja monopolistyczna	Restaurants often operate under monopolistic competition.
545	market failure	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: market + failure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	zawodność rynku	Pollution creates market failure when its social cost is not priced.
546	public good	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: public + good. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dobro publiczne	A warning siren is a public good for everyone nearby.
547	common resource	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: common + resource. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	wspólny zasób	An unregulated fishery is a common resource vulnerable to depletion.
548	asymmetric information	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: asymmetric + information. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	informacje asymetryczne	Used-car sales may involve asymmetric information about hidden defects.
549	adverse selection	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: adverse + selection. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	selekcja negatywna	Adverse selection raised insurance costs when healthier customers left.
550	moral hazard	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: moral + hazard. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pokusa nadużycia	Full reimbursement may create moral hazard if firms ignore prevention.
551	price ceiling	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: price + ceiling. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pułap cenowy	The price ceiling created shortages when set below equilibrium.
552	price floor	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: price + floor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cena minimalna	The agricultural price floor kept the market price above equilibrium.
553	minimum wage	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: minimum + wage. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. najniższa krajowa 2. płaca minimalna	The legislature raised the minimum wage.
554	price elasticity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: price + elasticity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	elastyczność cenowa	High price elasticity caused sales to fall sharply after the increase.
555	income elasticity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: income + elasticity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	elastyczność dochodowa	Positive income elasticity indicates that demand rises with income.
556	cross-price elasticity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: cross + price + elasticity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	krzyżowa elastyczność cenowa	Positive cross-price elasticity suggested the two drinks were substitutes.
557	consumer surplus	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: consumer + surplus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nadwyżka konsumenta	The discount increased consumer surplus for early purchasers.
558	producer surplus	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: producer + surplus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nadwyżka producenta	Higher market prices expanded producer surplus.
559	deadweight loss	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: deadweight + loss. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	zbędna strata społeczna	The tax created deadweight loss by preventing mutually beneficial trades.
560	marginal cost	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: marginal + cost. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	koszt krańcowy	The factory expanded output while price exceeded marginal cost.

Limits on Government Power

Reading practice for pages 16–18. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A bill of attainder punishes a named person without a judicial trial, so constitutional systems prohibit it. Eminent domain is different: government may acquire property for public use under legal conditions. In criminal procedure, probable cause can support a search warrant, while the exclusionary rule may prevent unlawfully obtained evidence from being used in court.

Polish translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Why is a bill of attainder prohibited?

It imposes punishment without a judicial trial.

2. What does eminent domain concern?

It concerns government acquisition of property for public use.

3. What can probable cause support?

Probable cause can support a search warrant.

Page 17: words 561–595

Vocabulary page 17
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
561	marginal benefit	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: marginal + benefit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	marginalna korzyść	The marginal benefit of another study hour eventually declined.
562	absolute advantage	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: absolute + advantage. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	absolutna zaleta	The sunny region has an absolute advantage in solar generation.
563	appreciation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	aprecjacja	Currency appreciation made imported machinery cheaper.
564	labor force participation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: labor + force + participation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	udział w sile roboczej	Labor force participation fell as more workers stopped searching.
565	real GDP	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: real + GDP. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	realny PKB	Real GDP rose, showing growth beyond inflation.
566	nominal GDP	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: nominal + GDP. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nominalny PKB	Nominal GDP increased partly because prices rose.
567	reserve requirement	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: reserve + requirement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	wymóg rezerwy	A higher reserve requirement can limit deposit-based lending.
568	open market operations	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: open + market + operations. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	operacji otwartego rynku	The central bank used open market operations to add liquidity.
569	progressive tax	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: progressive + tax. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	podatek progresywny	The progressive tax applies higher rates to higher brackets.
570	regressive tax	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: regressive + tax. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	podatek regresywny	A uniform sales tax can be regressive tax policy.
571	proportional tax	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: proportional + tax. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	podatek proporcjonalny	Under a proportional tax, every household pays ten percent of taxable income.
572	budget deficit	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: budget + deficit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	deficyt budżetowy	Emergency spending widened the annual budget deficit.
573	national debt	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: national + debt. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. dług publiczny 2. dług państwowy	Repeated deficits added to the national debt.
574	constitutional convention	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: constitutional + convention. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	konwencja konstytucyjna	Delegates debated representation at the constitutional convention.
575	amendment process	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: amendment + process. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	proces nowelizacji	The amendment process requires more agreement than ordinary legislation.
576	amicus curiae	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: amicus + curiae. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	amicus curiae	A medical association filed an amicus curiae brief.
577	appellate jurisdiction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: appellate + jurisdiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	jurysdykcja apelacyjna	The supreme court exercised appellate jurisdiction over the dispute.
578	original jurisdiction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: original + jurisdiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pierwotna jurysdykcja	The trial court has original jurisdiction in the lawsuit.
579	judicial standing	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: judicial + standing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	stanowisko sędziowskie	The court dismissed the case for lack of judicial standing.
580	mootness	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	bezprzedmiotowość	The student's graduation raised a question of mootness.
581	ripeness	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ness forms a noun naming a quality or state.	dojrzałość	The challenge lacked ripeness because the rule had not taken effect.
582	class-action lawsuit	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: class + action + lawsuit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pozew zbiorowy	Consumers joined a class-action lawsuit over the defective product.
583	injunction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	napomnienie	The judge issued an injunction stopping demolition.
584	discovery	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: discovery is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	odkrycie	During discovery, each side produced relevant emails.
585	reasonable doubt	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: reasonable + doubt. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	uzasadnione wątpliwości	The unexplained timeline created reasonable doubt.
586	preponderance of evidence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: preponderance + of + evidence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	przewaga dowodów	The plaintiff proved negligence by a preponderance of evidence.
587	strict liability	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: strict + liability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ścisła odpowiedzialność	The statute applies strict liability to sellers of the prohibited chemical.
588	mens rea	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: mens + rea. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	męska rea	The prosecution had to prove mens rea as well as the act.
589	actus reus	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: actus + reus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	akt reusowy	The court identified the unauthorized transfer as the actus reus.
590	felony	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: felony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ciężkie przestępstwo 2. zbrodnia	The charge was classified as a felony.
591	misdemeanor	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: misdemeanor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. wykroczenie 2. występek	The first offense was treated as a misdemeanor.
592	sentencing guideline	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: sentencing + guideline. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	wytyczne dotyczące wyroku	The judge considered the sentencing guideline and the defendant's circumstances.
593	parole	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: parole is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	zwolnienie warunkowe	The board granted parole after evidence of rehabilitation.
594	probation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. okres próbny 2. staż	Probation required regular reporting and treatment.
595	recidivism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	recydywa	Education programs were associated with lower recidivism.

Page 18: words 596–630

Vocabulary page 18
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
596	restorative justice	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: restorative + justice. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sprawiedliwość naprawcza	The restorative justice meeting produced restitution and a safety plan.
597	retributive justice	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: retributive + justice. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sprawiedliwość retrybucyjna	Retributive justice focuses on what penalty the offense deserves.
598	lobbying	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: lobbying is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	lobbing	Environmental groups used lobbying to support the conservation bill.
599	political action committee	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: political + action + committee. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	komitet działań politycznych	The political action committee contributed to several candidates.
600	super PAC	noun Study Field: Grade 11 government, law, and economics term Word study: Term structure: super + PAC. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	super PAK	The super PAC purchased advertisements but could not direct the campaign.
601	sociological imagination	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: sociological + imagination. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	wyobraźnię socjologiczną	Sociological imagination links one worker's layoff to changes in the regional economy.
602	social structure	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + structure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	struktura społeczna	The social structure shapes who controls land and education.
603	social institution	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + institution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	instytucja społeczna	The family is a social institution that varies across cultures.
604	ascribed status	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: ascribed + status. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. status nadać 2. status nadany	Age can function as an ascribed status.
605	achieved status	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: achieved + status. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. status osiągnąć 2. status osiągnięty	Licensed physician is an achieved status requiring extensive training.
606	role conflict	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: role + conflict. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	konflikt ról	Role conflict arose when the manager had to evaluate a close friend.
607	role strain	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: role + strain. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	napięcie roli	The teacher experienced role strain while supporting students and enforcing deadlines.
608	reference group	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: reference + group. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	grupa odniesienia	The young musician treated the orchestra as a reference group.
609	in-group	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: in + group. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	w grupie	Team rituals strengthened loyalty to the in-group.
610	out-group	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: out + group. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	grupa obca	The campaign unfairly blamed an out-group for complex problems.
611	primary group	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: primary + group. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	grupa podstawowa	Her family formed a primary group providing daily emotional support.
612	secondary group	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: secondary + group. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	grupa wtórna	The professional association is a secondary group.
613	rationalization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	racjonalizacja	Rationalization turned the informal workshop into a timed production system.
614	alienation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	alienacja	Repetitive tasks created alienation from the finished product.
615	anomie	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: anomie is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	anomia	Rapid economic collapse produced anomie as old rules lost authority.
616	deviance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	dewiacja	What counts as deviance differs across communities and eras.
617	social control	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + control. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	kontrola społeczna	Praise, ridicule, school rules, and laws all exercise social control.
618	mores	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: mores is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	obyczaj	The community's mores condemn deliberate betrayal.
619	folkways	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: folkways is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ludowe	Greeting practices are folkways that vary by region.
620	taboo	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: taboo is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tabu	The novel breaks a taboo by discussing the hidden illness openly.
621	cultural diffusion	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: cultural + diffusion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dyfuzja kulturowa	Trade accelerated cultural diffusion of foods and musical instruments.
622	cultural lag	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: cultural + lag. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	opóźnienie kulturowe	Privacy law showed cultural lag after facial recognition spread.
623	subculture	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: subculture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	subkultura	Skateboarders formed a subculture with their own vocabulary and style.
624	counterculture	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: counterculture is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	kontrkultura	The counterculture challenged conventional ideas about work and consumption.
625	pluralism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	pluralizm	Religious pluralism permits different communities to practice openly.
626	multiculturalism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. wielokulturowość 2. multikulturalizm 3. multikulti	The curriculum's multiculturalism includes histories from several communities.
627	stratification	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	stratyfikacja	Property ownership contributed to long-term stratification.
628	social mobility	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + mobility. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. ruchliwość społeczna 2. mobilność społeczna	Expanded schooling increased some students' social mobility.
629	intergenerational mobility	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: intergenerational + mobility. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mobilność międzypokoleniowa	The survey measured intergenerational mobility by comparing parents' and children's incomes.
630	intragenerational mobility	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: intragenerational + mobility. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mobilność wewnątrzpokoleniowa	Her move from apprentice to company director shows intragenerational mobility.

Page 19: words 631–665

Vocabulary page 19
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
631	meritocracy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -cracy relates to rule or a system of government.	merytokracja	A true meritocracy would require fair access to preparation.
632	socioeconomic status	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: socioeconomic + status. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	status społeczno-ekonomiczny	Socioeconomic status influenced access to stable housing.
633	cultural capital	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: cultural + capital. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	kapitał kulturowy	Familiarity with academic conventions served as cultural capital.
634	social capital	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + capital. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	kapitał społeczny	Neighbors used social capital to organize childcare after the storm.
635	intersectionality	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	intersekcjonalność	Intersectionality explains why one policy affects women differently across class and race.
636	institutional discrimination	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: institutional + discrimination. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dyskryminacja instytucjonalna	The inaccessible application process created institutional discrimination against disabled applicants.
637	implicit bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: implicit + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ukryta stronniczość	Blind review reduced implicit bias linked to applicants' names.
638	stereotype threat	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: stereotype + threat. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	zagrożenie stereotypem	Stereotype threat reduced scores when identity was emphasized before the test.
639	self-fulfilling prophecy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: self + fulfilling + prophecy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. samospełniający 2. samospełniająca się przepowiednia	Low expectations became a self-fulfilling prophecy when students received fewer opportunities.
640	labeling theory	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: labeling + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	teoria etykietowania	Labeling theory examines how being called delinquent changes later treatment.
641	conflict theory	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: conflict + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	teoria konfliktu	Conflict theory asks who benefits from the housing policy.
642	functionalism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	funkcjonalizm	Functionalism studies how schools transmit shared norms.
643	symbolic interactionism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: symbolic + interactionism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	symboliczny interakcjonizm	Symbolic interactionism examines how a uniform signals authority.
644	feminist theory	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: feminist + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	teoria feministyczna	Feminist theory revealed unpaid care work missing from the economic model.
645	critical race theory	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: critical + race + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	krytyczna teoria rasy	Critical race theory analyzes the long-term effects of housing rules.
646	social construction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + construction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	budownictwo społeczne	The meaning of childhood is partly a social construction that changes over time.
647	collective behavior	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: collective + behavior. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	zachowanie zbiorowe	The sudden crowd response was a form of collective behavior.
648	social movement	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + movement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ruch społeczny	The social movement built support for disability access.
649	resource mobilization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: resource + mobilization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mobilizacja zasobów	Resource mobilization allowed the campaign to open regional offices.
650	framing process	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: framing + process. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	proces kadrowania	The framing process presented clean water as a public-health right.
651	diffusion of responsibility	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: diffusion + of + responsibility. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	rozproszenie odpowiedzialności	Diffusion of responsibility made each witness wait for someone else to call.
652	bystander effect	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: bystander + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	efekt świadka	The bystander effect weakened when one person directly requested assistance.
653	groupthink	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: groupthink is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. myślenie grupowy 2. myślenie grupowe	Groupthink prevented the committee from testing its favored plan.
654	persuasion	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	perswazja	The campaign's persuasion relied on credible evidence and trusted messengers.
655	moral reasoning	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: moral + reasoning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	rozumowanie moralne	Her moral reasoning weighed fairness against the risk of harm.
656	moral relativism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: moral + relativism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	relatywizm moralny	Moral relativism questions whether one society's customs provide a universal standard.
657	moral absolutism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: moral + absolutism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	absolutyzm moralny	Moral absolutism led him to reject lying even to prevent embarrassment.
658	beneficence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	dobroczynność	Beneficence supported offering treatment after the trial.
659	nonmaleficence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	niezłośliwość	Nonmaleficence required stopping the procedure when risk increased.
660	cultivation theory	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: cultivation + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	teoria uprawy	Cultivation theory predicts that constant crime dramas may exaggerate perceived danger.
661	spiral of silence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: spiral + of + silence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	spirala ciszy	A spiral of silence formed when dissenters feared public ridicule.
662	algorithmic bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: algorithmic + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	błąd algorytmiczny	Algorithmic bias caused the screening tool to reject qualified applicants unevenly.
663	surveillance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. inwigilacja 2. obserwacja 3. nadzór	Workplace surveillance recorded every keyboard pause.
664	dramaturgical analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: dramaturgical + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	analiza dramaturgiczna	Dramaturgical analysis compares the employee's formal meeting behavior with backstage conversation.
665	presentation of self	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: presentation + of + self. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	prezentacja siebie	Her careful presentation of self emphasized competence during the interview.

Opportunity and Social Resources

Reading practice for pages 19–21. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A meritocracy claims that achievement follows talent and effort, but access to opportunity is uneven. Socioeconomic status shapes material resources; cultural capital includes valued knowledge and habits; and social capital grows through useful relationships. Intersectionality examines how multiple identities and institutions combine, preventing a one-factor explanation of inequality.

Polish translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What does meritocracy claim?

It claims that achievement follows talent and effort.

2. What is social capital?

Social capital consists of resources available through relationships.

3. Why use intersectionality?

It examines how multiple identities and institutions combine.

Page 20: words 666–700

Vocabulary page 20
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
666	impression management	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: impression + management. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	zarządzanie wrażeniami	The company used selective photographs for impression management.
667	total institution	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: total + institution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	instytucja totalna	A prison is a total institution with tightly scheduled routines.
668	resocialization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	resocjalizacja	Military training uses resocialization to establish new expectations.
669	anticipatory socialization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: anticipatory + socialization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	socjalizacja antycypacyjna	The internship provided anticipatory socialization for future engineers.
670	hidden curriculum	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: hidden + curriculum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ukryty program nauczania	Waiting silently for permission was part of the school's hidden curriculum.
671	credentialism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	wiarygodności	Credentialism excluded experienced workers who lacked a degree.
672	tracking	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: tracking is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	śledzenie	Early tracking limited access to advanced mathematics.
673	social reproduction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + reproduction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	reprodukcja społeczna	Unequal school funding contributed to social reproduction.
674	medicalization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	medykalizacja	Medicalization changed shyness from a personality description into a possible diagnosis.
675	secularization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	1. laicyzacja 2. sekularyzacja	Secularization moved some schools from church control to public administration.
676	rational choice theory	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: rational + choice + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	teoria racjonalnego wyboru	Rational choice theory predicts voting when expected benefits outweigh effort.
677	exchange theory	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: exchange + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	teoria wymiany	Exchange theory examines how unequal dependence shifts power.
678	network theory	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: network + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	teoria sieci	Network theory showed how one central account spread the message.
679	social network	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + network. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sieć społeczna	Her social network connected job seekers with local employers.
680	weak ties	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: weak + ties. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	słabe więzi	Weak ties introduced the graduate to opportunities outside her close friends.
681	strong ties	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: strong + ties. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	silne więzi	Strong ties supplied daily care during recovery.
682	group polarization	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: group + polarization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	polaryzacja grupowa	Group polarization made the online forum's opinions more severe.
683	deindividuation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	deindywiduacja	Masks and darkness increased deindividuation in the crowd.
684	social facilitation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + facilitation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ułatwienia społeczne	Social facilitation helped the runner maintain pace before spectators.
685	social loafing	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: social + loafing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	próżniactwo społeczne	Assigning visible responsibilities reduced social loafing.
686	normative influence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: normative + influence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	wpływ normatywny	Normative influence led him to applaud a joke he disliked.
687	informational influence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: informational + influence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	wpływ informacyjny	During the emergency, informational influence made travelers follow local residents.
688	reciprocity norm	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: reciprocity + norm. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	norma wzajemności	The reciprocity norm encouraged neighbors to repay earlier help.
689	door-in-the-face technique	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: door + in + the + face + technique. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	technika „drzwiami w twarz”.	The fundraiser used the door-in-the-face technique by requesting a huge donation first.
690	foot-in-the-door technique	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: foot + in + the + door + technique. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	technika „stopa w drzwiach”.	The foot-in-the-door technique began with signing a petition and ended with volunteering.
691	elaboration likelihood model	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: elaboration + likelihood + model. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	opracowanie modelu prawdopodobieństwa	The elaboration likelihood model predicts deeper change when listeners examine evidence closely.
692	central route	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: central + route. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	trasa centralna	The detailed policy comparison appealed through the central route.
693	peripheral route	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: peripheral + route. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	trasa peryferyjna	The celebrity endorsement relied on the peripheral route.
694	attribution theory	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: attribution + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	teoria atrybucji	Attribution theory examines whether observers blame personality or circumstances.
695	dispositional attribution	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: dispositional + attribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	przypisanie dyspozycyjne	Calling the late employee careless is a dispositional attribution.
696	situational attribution	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: situational + attribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	atrybucja sytuacyjna	Blaming the transit breakdown is a situational attribution.
697	overconfidence bias	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: overconfidence + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tendencja do nadmiernej pewności siebie	Overconfidence bias made forecasters report narrower ranges than their record justified.
698	sunk cost fallacy	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: sunk + cost + fallacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	błąd utopionych kosztów	The sunk cost fallacy kept the company funding an ineffective project.
699	halo effect	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: halo + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	efekt aureoli	The candidate's confident speech created a halo effect around her technical answers.
700	availability cascade	noun Study Field: Grade 11 sociology, psychology, ethics, and media term Word study: Term structure: availability + cascade. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	kaskada dostępności	An availability cascade made the rare danger seem common.

Page 21: words 701–735

Vocabulary page 21
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
701	abeyance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	kroczyć	The disputed permit remained in abeyance until the court ruled.
702	abjure	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: abjure is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. wyrzec się 2. wyrzekać się	The witness agreed to abjure violence and support peaceful negotiation.
703	abscond	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: abscond is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. zbiegać 2. zbiec 3. uciekać	The treasurer tried to abscond with the missing funds.
704	acerbity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. cierpkość 2. kwaśność 3. gorzkość	The review's acerbity turned criticism into personal attack.
705	adumbrate	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: adumbrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. szkicować 2. naszkicować	Writers often adumbrate a later conflict through an opening image.
706	aggrandize	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	powiększać	The ruler used monuments to aggrandize his dynasty.
707	approbatory	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: approbatory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	aprobujący	The committee's approbatory report recommended immediate renewal.
708	asceticism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. ascetyzm 2. asceza	Her asceticism included simple food and few possessions.
709	asperity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	cierpkość	He answered with asperity after the repeated accusation.
710	atavistic	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: atavistic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	atawistyczny	The novel depicts the feud as an atavistic return to clan violence.
711	baleful	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: baleful is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	złowieszczy	The guard cast a baleful glance toward the intruder.
712	beatific	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: beatific is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	uszczęśliwiający	A beatific smile spread across her face as the choir began.
713	bilious	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	żółciowy	The bilious columnist attacked every proposal without offering an alternative.
714	blandishment	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	pochlebstwo	No blandishment could persuade the auditor to ignore the missing records.
715	bovine	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: bovine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	bydlęcy	The audience's bovine stare suggested boredom rather than calm attention.
716	carping	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: carping is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	zrzędzący	The carping review complains about punctuation but ignores the argument.
717	chronicity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	przewlekłość	The condition's chronicity requires long-term management.
718	circumstantial	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: circumstantial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	szczegółowy	The case was circumstantial, relying on timing and location rather than an eyewitness.
719	complaisant	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: complaisant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	usłużny	The complaisant aide approved every request without examining its cost.
720	compunction	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	skrucha	She felt compunction after taking credit for her colleague's idea.
721	concomitant	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: concomitant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	współistniejący	Temporary noise was an unavoidable concomitant of the renovation.
722	consanguineous	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. pokrewny 2. spokrewniony	The archive traces consanguineous ties among the region's ruling families.
723	contravene	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: contravene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	zaprzeczać	The secret search would contravene the agency's privacy policy.
724	contumacious	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. oporny 2. nieposłuszny 3. krnąbrny	The judge sanctioned the contumacious witness for refusing every lawful order.
725	corpulent	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: corpulent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	korpulentny	The portrait shows a corpulent merchant seated beside a lavish meal.
726	diffidence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	skromność	Her diffidence disappeared when the discussion turned to her research.
727	eclecticism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	eklektyzm	The building's eclecticism combines classical columns with modern glass.
728	elegiac	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: elegiac is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. elegiacki 2. elegijny	The memoir's elegiac final chapter remembers a vanished neighborhood.
729	emollient	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: emollient is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	zmiękczający	The pharmacist recommended an emollient for the dry, irritated skin.
730	encomiastic	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: encomiastic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	enkomiastyczny	The encomiastic biography overlooks the leader's documented failures.
731	ennui	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: ennui is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	znużenie	Months of identical routine left him in deep ennui.
732	epigrammatic	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: epigrammatic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	epigramatyczny	Her epigrammatic conclusion compresses the essay into one sharp sentence.
733	ersatz	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: ersatz is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	erzac	The set used ersatz marble made from painted plastic.
734	execrable	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	okropny	The restaurant closed after an inspection found execrable hygiene.
735	extirpate	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: extirpate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. wypleniać 2. wyplenić	The conservation team worked to extirpate the invasive weed from the island.

Page 22: words 736–770

Vocabulary page 22
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
736	feign	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: feign is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. udawać 2. grać 3. kreować się	The spy chose to feign illness to avoid the meeting.
737	fulsome	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: fulsome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	przesadny	The advertisement's fulsome praise made the ordinary device sound miraculous.
738	iconoclasm	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: iconoclasm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ikonoklazm 2. obrazoburstwo	The artist's iconoclasm challenged the museum's definition of fine art.
739	idiosyncratic	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: idiosyncratic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	specyficzny	The director's idiosyncratic style uses long silences and abrupt music.
740	insouciant	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: insouciant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	niefrasobliwy	His insouciant response ignored the seriousness of the safety warning.
741	lugubrious	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	posępny	The actor delivered the comic complaint in a lugubrious voice.
742	mendacious	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	iluzoryczny	The mendacious report concealed both the cost and the delay.
743	meretricious	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. bałamutny 2. krzykliwy 3. zwodniczy	The proposal's meretricious graphics could not hide its weak evidence.
744	munificent	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: munificent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. szczodry 2. hojny	A munificent donor funded the clinic for ten years.
745	palatable	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. dobry 2. smaczny	The compromise made the reform more palatable to cautious voters.
746	pejorative	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	pejoratywny	The editor removed a pejorative label from the neutral report.
747	portentous	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	złowieszczy	The narrator's portentous warning prepares readers for the collapse.
748	rarefy	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: rarefy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. rozcieńczać 2. rozcieńczyć 3. rozrzedzać	High altitude can rarefy the air enough to impair breathing.
749	refractory	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: refractory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	wytrzymały	The refractory infection did not respond to standard antibiotics.
750	seminal	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: seminal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	fundamentalny	The scientist's seminal paper established a new research field.
751	truculent	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: truculent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	awanturniczy	The minister's truculent reply threatened the fragile truce.
752	whimsical	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: whimsical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kapryśny 2. dziwaczny	The illustrator filled the map with whimsical sea creatures.
753	quiescent	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: quiescent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	cichy	The volcano has remained quiescent for decades.
754	redoubtable	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	wzbudzający respekt	She became a redoubtable opponent of censorship.
755	remiss	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: remiss is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	luźny	The agency was remiss in failing to inspect the bridge.
756	risible	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: risible is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	wesoły	The spokesperson's risible excuse convinced no one.
757	sardonic	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: sardonic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. sardoniczny 2. szyderczy 3. drwiący	The narrator offers a sardonic comment on every ceremony.
758	solipsistic	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: solipsistic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	egoistyczny	The memoir becomes solipsistic when it ignores every other perspective.
759	stultify	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ify commonly forms a verb meaning to make or become.	kompromitować	Rigid rules can stultify creative teaching.
760	supplant	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: supplant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	wypierać	Digital photography began to supplant film.
761	transmute	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: transmute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	przemieniać	The poet can transmute grief into art.
762	trenchant	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: trenchant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ostry	Her trenchant critique exposed the policy's contradiction.
763	unassailable	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	bezsporny	The conclusion seemed unassailable until new data appeared.
764	unfettered	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: unfettered is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	wolny	The law does not permit unfettered surveillance.
765	vaunted	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: vaunted is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	wychwalany	The company's vaunted efficiency failed during the emergency.
766	veritable	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	prawdziwy	The archive is a veritable treasure of firsthand accounts.
767	wan	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: wan is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	blady	After the long illness, he looked wan.
768	zealot	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: zealot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. zelant 2. zelota 3. fanatyk	The novel distinguishes a committed activist from a violent zealot.
769	abstemious	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	powściągliwy	Her abstemious habits contrasted with the banquet's excess.
770	arrant	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: arrant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	skończony	The forged quotation was arrant dishonesty.

The Fulsome Tribute

Reading practice for pages 22–23. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A critic refuses to feign admiration for an idiosyncratic new sculpture. Its playful iconoclasm challenges familiar public monuments, yet the artist appears insouciant about public anger. At the opening, a sponsor offers fulsome praise so excessive that listeners question whether it is sincere.

Polish translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What does the critic refuse to feign?

The critic refuses to feign admiration.

2. How does the artist respond to anger?

The artist appears insouciant.

3. Why does the praise seem doubtful?

The fulsome praise is so excessive that it seems insincere.

Page 23: words 771–800

Vocabulary page 23
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
771	aver	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: aver is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. zatwierdzać 2. zatwierdzić	The witness continued to aver that the signature was genuine.
772	bellicose	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: bellicose is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	wojowniczy	The leader's bellicose speech alarmed neighboring states.
773	beneficent	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: beneficent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	dobroczynny	The beneficent foundation supplied clean water to remote villages.
774	cavil	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: cavil is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. drobny 2. utyskiwać 3. zrzędzić	Reviewers may cavil at the font, but the data remain convincing.
775	chauvinism	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	szowinizm	National chauvinism led the speaker to dismiss every foreign achievement.
776	circumspection	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ostrożność	The unresolved evidence required circumspection from investigators.
777	commensurability	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	współmierność	Different grading scales complicated the scores' commensurability.
778	contrition	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	żal	His contrition was evident in the apology and restitution.
779	declivity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	faktura	Loose stones made the steep declivity dangerous.
780	desiccated	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: desiccated is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	wysuszony	The desiccated specimen crumbled when exposed to air.
781	dispositive	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	dyspozytywny	The newly dated letter was dispositive evidence of ownership.
782	effulgent	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: effulgent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. promienny 2. promienisty	The moon appeared effulgent above the dark lake.
783	enjoin	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: enjoin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	nakazywać	The court will enjoin the company from dumping waste.
784	enmity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: enmity is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. wrogość 2. nieprzyjaźń	Years of enmity made cooperation difficult.
785	equable	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: equable is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	umiarkowany	Her equable temperament helped during the crisis.
786	extemporize	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ize commonly forms a verb meaning to make, become, or apply.	1. improwizować 2. zaimprowizować	When the notes disappeared, the lecturer had to extemporize.
787	factitious	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	sztuczny	The advertisement manufactured a factitious sense of urgency.
788	fecundity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	płodność	The writer's fecundity yielded three novels in two years.
789	hector	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: hector is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	irytować	The supervisor tried to hector employees into unpaid overtime.
790	imprecation	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. klątwa 2. przekleństwo	The angry character ends his speech with an imprecation.
791	indigence	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	nędza	The relief program provides legal aid to people facing indigence.
792	inefficacious	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	nieskuteczny	The diluted treatment proved inefficacious against the infection.
793	interdict	verb Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: interdict is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. interdykt 2. zakazać 3. zakazywać	The treaty will interdict the sale of the banned weapon.
794	lassitude	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: lassitude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	zmęczenie	The fever left her with several days of lassitude.
795	mendacity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	kłamstwo	Repeated contradictions exposed the official's mendacity.
796	pecuniary	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: pecuniary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pieniężny 2. walutowy	The court awarded pecuniary damages for lost wages.
797	perspicuity	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	wyrazistość	The manual's perspicuity helped beginners complete the repair.
798	quotidian	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: quotidian is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. codzienny 2. potoczny 3. powszedni	The novel finds meaning in quotidian routines such as cooking and commuting.
799	recalcitrance	noun Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Suffix focus: -ance commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. krnąbrność 2. nieposłuszność	The agency's recalcitrance delayed release of the records.
800	sanguinary	adjective Study Field: Grade 11 precise interdisciplinary word Word study: Base-form focus: sanguinary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	krwiożerczy	The historian rejects the general's sanguinary plan as needless slaughter.

Sources and curriculum references

These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.