English Vocabulary · Grade 10 Live Review Preview
10th Grade Vocabulary Words
Tenth-grade reading asks learners to move confidently among literary analysis, argument, source evaluation, laboratory science, mathematics, computing, history, economics, psychology, philosophy, and the arts. This level emphasizes precise academic language, disciplinary meanings, connotation, word relationships, and the ability to interpret unfamiliar vocabulary in demanding context.
This independently authored 800-word beta curriculum is arranged in twenty-three pages of up to thirty-five words. Pages containing words 1–500 include five cloze questions drawn only from that enhanced range; words 501–800 remain fully visible and editable as list pages while expanded practice is developed. Every row includes an editable subject-field label and a conservative word-study note about transparent affixes, compound structure, capitalization, or dictionary base forms. The cited sources calibrate range and difficulty only; all learner-facing definitions, examples, quizzes, and descriptions are original KSSR copy.
Please note: the vocabulary lists for grades 9~11 have been selected to ensure no overlap with the previous grade level. If the words are too specialized or difficult for you, please go back to grade levels 4~8 and review the words on those pages.
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| # | Word | Details | Meaning | Sample sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 281 | sensory neuron | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: sensory + neuron. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 感覚ニューロン | A sensory neuron reported pressure from the skin. |
| 282 | motor neuron | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: motor + neuron. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 運動ニューロン | The motor neuron stimulated the hand muscle to contract. |
| 283 | interneuron | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: interneuron is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 介在ニューロン | An interneuron connected the sensory input to a rapid motor response. |
| 284 | central nervous system | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: central + nervous + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 中枢神経系 | The central nervous system integrates information from the body. |
| 285 | peripheral nervous system | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: peripheral + nervous + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 末梢神経系 | The peripheral nervous system carries signals between limbs and spinal cord. |
| 286 | sympathetic nervous system | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: sympathetic + nervous + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 交感神経系 | The sympathetic nervous system raised heart rate before the race. |
| 287 | parasympathetic nervous system | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: parasympathetic + nervous + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 副交感神経系 | The parasympathetic nervous system slowed the heart after the danger passed. |
| 288 | reflex arc | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: reflex + arc. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 反射弧 | The reflex arc pulled her hand from the hot pan before conscious thought. |
| 289 | brain stem | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: brain + stem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 脳幹 | The brain stem helps regulate breathing. |
| 290 | cerebellum | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: cerebellum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 小脳 | The cerebellum helps adjust movements while a person learns to skate. |
| 291 | cerebral cortex | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: cerebral + cortex. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 大脳皮質 | The cerebral cortex processes the meaning of spoken words. |
| 292 | frontal lobe | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: frontal + lobe. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 前頭葉 | The frontal lobe helps organize a multistep task. |
| 293 | temporal lobe | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: temporal + lobe. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 側頭葉 | The temporal lobe processes patterns in speech. |
| 294 | parietal lobe | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: parietal + lobe. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 頭頂葉 | The parietal lobe combines touch information with awareness of hand position. |
| 295 | occipital lobe | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: occipital + lobe. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 後頭葉 | The occipital lobe analyzes color, shape, and motion from the eyes. |
| 296 | allosteric regulation | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: allosteric + regulation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | アロステリック調節 | Allosteric regulation slowed the enzyme after the end product accumulated. |
| 297 | competitive inhibition | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: competitive + inhibition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 競合阻害 | Competitive inhibition weakened when the researchers increased the substrate concentration. |
| 298 | noncompetitive inhibition | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: noncompetitive + inhibition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 非競合阻害 | Noncompetitive inhibition lowered the reaction's maximum rate even with abundant substrate. |
| 299 | substrate-level phosphorylation | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: substrate + level + phosphorylation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 基質レベルのリン酸化 | Glycolysis produces some ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. |
| 300 | oxidative phosphorylation | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: oxidative + phosphorylation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 酸化的リン酸化 | Most aerobic ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. |
| 301 | quantum number | noun StudyField: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: quantum + number. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 量子数 | Each quantum number identifies part of an electron's energy state or orbital behavior. |
| 302 | principal energy level | noun StudyField: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: principal + energy + level. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 主エネルギー準位 | An electron in the third principal energy level is generally farther from the nucleus than one in the first. |
| 303 | electron configuration | noun StudyField: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: electron + configuration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 電子配置 | The electron configuration of sodium ends with one electron in the third energy level. |
| 304 | Aufbau principle | proper noun StudyField: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Aufbau + principle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | アウフバウの原理 | The Aufbau principle places electrons in the 1s orbital before the 2s orbital. |
| 305 | Pauli exclusion principle | proper noun StudyField: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Pauli + exclusion + principle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 1. パウリの排他原理 2. パウリの定理 | The Pauli exclusion principle allows two oppositely spinning electrons in one orbital. |
| 306 | Hund's rule | proper noun StudyField: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Hund's + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | フントの法則 | Hund's rule places three electrons separately across the three p orbitals. |
| 307 | valence electron | noun StudyField: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: valence + electron. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 価電子 | Sodium has one valence electron. |
| 308 | electron shielding | noun StudyField: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: electron + shielding. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 電子シールド | Electron shielding makes an outer electron easier to remove. |
| 309 | effective nuclear charge | noun StudyField: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: effective + nuclear + charge. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 有効核電荷 | Across a period, increasing effective nuclear charge pulls valence electrons closer. |
| 310 | atomic radius | noun StudyField: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: atomic + radius. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 原子半径 | Atomic radius generally decreases from left to right across a period. |
| 311 | ionization energy | noun StudyField: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: ionization + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | イオン化エネルギー | Helium has a high ionization energy because its electrons are held tightly. |
| 312 | electron affinity | noun StudyField: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: electron + affinity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 電子親和力 | Chlorine's electron affinity reflects its strong tendency to gain an electron. |
| 313 | electronegativity | noun StudyField: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition. | 電気陰性度 | Oxygen has greater electronegativity than hydrogen. |
| 314 | periodic trend | noun StudyField: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: periodic + trend. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 周期的な傾向 | The increase in ionization energy across a row is a periodic trend. |
| 315 | ionic bond | noun StudyField: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: ionic + bond. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | イオン結合 | An ionic bond holds sodium and chloride ions together in salt. |
Vocabulary reading and practice
Page 9 vocabulary review
Review five selected words from page 9.
English reading
Reading passage is being prepared.
Japanese translation
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Vocabulary quiz
Choose the dictionary equivalent for each of 5 selected words.
Vocabulary chart page
This page focuses on the word chart. Reading passages appear once in each three-page group, while cloze quizzes remain in the established enhanced range for this level.
Sources and curriculum references
These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.
- Common Core: Language Standards for Grades 9–10
- OpenStax: Biology 2e
- OpenStax: Chemistry 2e
- OpenStax: Algebra and Trigonometry 2e
- OpenStax: World History, Volume 2
- OpenStax: Psychology 2e
- OpenStax: Introduction to Philosophy
- WikDict downloadable bilingual dictionaries
- Kaikki.org / Wiktextract machine-readable Wiktionary data
- Language-Learning-decks public flashcard datasets
- SBBIC English-to-Khmer Dictionary
- English–Khmer Dictionary Dataset (machine-generated Khmer fallback; human review required)
- PanLex meanings snapshot (direct CC0 gap candidates; human review required)
- Cambridge bilingual dictionaries (individual editorial sense checks)
- Collins English–Hindi Dictionary (individual editorial checks)
- Hindwi and Rekhta dictionaries (individual Hindi/Urdu checks)
- National Institute of Korean Language: Basic Korean Dictionary
- JMdict/EDRDG Japanese dictionary project
- CC-CEDICT Chinese dictionary project
- VDict Vietnamese Dictionary (individual editorial check)
- Google Translate (machine-assisted lesson-reading draft; fluent review required)
- Kuperman et al.: Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words
- The Princeton Review, Word Smart: Building an Educated Vocabulary (Privately Owned KSSR Materials; bibliographic calibration only).