English Vocabulary · Grade 10 Live Review Preview
10th Grade Vocabulary Words
Tenth-grade reading asks learners to move confidently among literary analysis, argument, source evaluation, laboratory science, mathematics, computing, history, economics, psychology, philosophy, and the arts. This level emphasizes precise academic language, disciplinary meanings, connotation, word relationships, and the ability to interpret unfamiliar vocabulary in demanding context.
This independently authored 800-word beta curriculum is arranged in twenty-three pages of up to thirty-five words. Pages containing words 1–500 include five cloze questions drawn only from that enhanced range; words 501–800 remain fully visible and editable as list pages while expanded practice is developed. Every row includes an editable subject-field label and a conservative word-study note about transparent affixes, compound structure, capitalization, or dictionary base forms. The cited sources calibrate range and difficulty only; all learner-facing definitions, examples, quizzes, and descriptions are original KSSR copy.
Please note: the vocabulary lists for grades 9~11 have been selected to ensure no overlap with the previous grade level. If the words are too specialized or difficult for you, please go back to grade levels 4~8 and review the words on those pages.
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| # | Word | Details | Meaning | Sample sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 246 | DNA sequencing | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: DNA + sequencing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | DNA配列決定 | DNA sequencing identified a change in the patient's gene. |
| 247 | genome | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: genome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | ゲノム | The bacterial genome contains one main chromosome and several plasmids. |
| 248 | proteome | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: proteome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | プロテオーム | The liver proteome changes in response to fasting. |
| 249 | transcriptome | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: transcriptome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | トランスクリプトーム | The transcriptome revealed which genes became active after infection. |
| 250 | bioinformatics | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: bioinformatics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. バイオインフォマティクス 2. 情報生命科学 3. 生命情報科学 | Bioinformatics helped compare thousands of DNA sequences. |
| 251 | genetic marker | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: genetic + marker. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 遺伝マーカー | The researchers used a genetic marker to follow the disease-associated region. |
| 252 | single nucleotide polymorphism | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: single + nucleotide + polymorphism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 一塩基多型 | A single nucleotide polymorphism was associated with slower drug breakdown. |
| 253 | karyotype | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: karyotype is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 核型 | The karyotype showed an extra copy of chromosome twenty-one. |
| 254 | nondisjunction | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 不分離 | Nondisjunction produced a gamete with an extra chromosome. |
| 255 | deletion mutation | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: deletion + mutation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 欠失変異 | The deletion mutation removed three bases from the coding sequence. |
| 256 | insertion mutation | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: insertion + mutation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 挿入変異 | The insertion mutation added a repeated segment to the gene. |
| 257 | frameshift mutation | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: frameshift + mutation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | フレームシフト突然変異 | A one-base deletion caused a frameshift mutation throughout the remaining code. |
| 258 | point mutation | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: point + mutation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 点突然変異 | The point mutation replaced one base in the hemoglobin gene. |
| 259 | innate immunity | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: innate + immunity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 自然免疫 | Skin and inflammation are parts of innate immunity. |
| 260 | adaptive immunity | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: adaptive + immunity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 適応免疫 | Adaptive immunity responds more quickly after a second encounter with the same virus. |
| 261 | antigen | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: antigen is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 抗原 | A protein on the virus acts as an antigen. |
| 262 | B cell | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: B + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | B細胞 | A B cell multiplied after recognizing its matching antigen. |
| 263 | T cell | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: T + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | T細胞 | A cytotoxic T cell recognized and killed the infected cell. |
| 264 | memory cell | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: memory + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | メモリセル | A memory cell remained after the infection ended. |
| 265 | antigen-presenting cell | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: antigen + presenting + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 抗原提示細胞 | A dendritic antigen-presenting cell carried viral fragments to a lymph node. |
| 266 | cytokine | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: cytokine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | サイトカイン | The activated immune cell released a cytokine that recruited other cells. |
| 267 | inflammation | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 炎症 | Inflammation made the injured ankle warm and swollen. |
| 268 | virulence | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state. | 毒性 | The new strain had lower virulence and produced milder illness. |
| 269 | infectious disease | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: infectious + disease. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 1. 感染症 2. 伝染病 3. 感染性疾患 | Measles is an infectious disease caused by a virus. |
| 270 | vaccination | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. 予防接種 2. 接種 3. ワクチン接種 | Vaccination reduced the child's risk of severe infection. |
| 271 | herd immunity | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: herd + immunity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 集団免疫 | High vaccination coverage strengthened herd immunity in the community. |
| 272 | autoimmune disease | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: autoimmune + disease. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 自己免疫疾患 | In an autoimmune disease, immune recognition fails to protect healthy tissue. |
| 273 | immunodeficiency | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: immunodeficiency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 免疫不全 | The immunodeficiency left the patient vulnerable to ordinarily mild infections. |
| 274 | antibiotic resistance | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: antibiotic + resistance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 抗生物質耐性 | Incomplete treatment can favor bacteria with antibiotic resistance. |
| 275 | microbiome | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: microbiome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | マイクロバイオーム | Diet can alter the intestinal microbiome. |
| 276 | neuron | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: neuron is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 神経細胞 | The neuron carried a signal from the fingertip toward the spinal cord. |
| 277 | action potential | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: action + potential. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 活動電位 | The action potential moved down the axon without gradually fading. |
| 278 | resting potential | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: resting + potential. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 安静時の可能性 | Ion pumps help maintain the neuron's resting potential. |
| 279 | synapse | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: synapse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | シナプス | A neurotransmitter crossed the synapse between the two neurons. |
| 280 | neurotransmitter | noun StudyField: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: neurotransmitter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 神経伝達物質 | The neurotransmitter bound to receptors on the next neuron. |
Vocabulary reading and practice
Page 8 vocabulary review
Review five selected words from page 8.
English reading
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Japanese translation
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Vocabulary quiz
Choose the dictionary equivalent for each of 5 selected words.
Vocabulary chart page
This page focuses on the word chart. Reading passages appear once in each three-page group, while cloze quizzes remain in the established enhanced range for this level.
Sources and curriculum references
These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.
- Common Core: Language Standards for Grades 9–10
- OpenStax: Biology 2e
- OpenStax: Chemistry 2e
- OpenStax: Algebra and Trigonometry 2e
- OpenStax: World History, Volume 2
- OpenStax: Psychology 2e
- OpenStax: Introduction to Philosophy
- WikDict downloadable bilingual dictionaries
- Kaikki.org / Wiktextract machine-readable Wiktionary data
- Language-Learning-decks public flashcard datasets
- SBBIC English-to-Khmer Dictionary
- English–Khmer Dictionary Dataset (machine-generated Khmer fallback; human review required)
- PanLex meanings snapshot (direct CC0 gap candidates; human review required)
- Cambridge bilingual dictionaries (individual editorial sense checks)
- Collins English–Hindi Dictionary (individual editorial checks)
- Hindwi and Rekhta dictionaries (individual Hindi/Urdu checks)
- National Institute of Korean Language: Basic Korean Dictionary
- JMdict/EDRDG Japanese dictionary project
- CC-CEDICT Chinese dictionary project
- VDict Vietnamese Dictionary (individual editorial check)
- Google Translate (machine-assisted lesson-reading draft; fluent review required)
- Kuperman et al.: Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words
- The Princeton Review, Word Smart: Building an Educated Vocabulary (Privately Owned KSSR Materials; bibliographic calibration only).