English Vocabulary · Grade 10 Live Review Preview
10th Grade Vocabulary Words
Tenth-grade reading asks learners to move confidently among literary analysis, argument, source evaluation, laboratory science, mathematics, computing, history, economics, psychology, philosophy, and the arts. This level emphasizes precise academic language, disciplinary meanings, connotation, word relationships, and the ability to interpret unfamiliar vocabulary in demanding context.
This independently authored 800-word beta curriculum is arranged in twenty-three pages of up to thirty-five words. Pages containing words 1–500 include five cloze questions drawn only from that enhanced range; words 501–800 remain fully visible and editable as list pages while expanded practice is developed. Every row includes an editable subject-field label and a conservative word-study note about transparent affixes, compound structure, capitalization, or dictionary base forms. The cited sources calibrate range and difficulty only; all learner-facing definitions, examples, quizzes, and descriptions are original KSSR copy.
Please note: the vocabulary lists for grades 9~11 have been selected to ensure no overlap with the previous grade level. If the words are too specialized or difficult for you, please go back to grade levels 4~8 and review the words on those pages.
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| # | Word | Details | Meaning | Sample sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 36 | observer effect | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: observer + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 観察者効果 | Workers followed every procedure carefully while the inspector was present, demonstrating an observer effect. |
| 37 | Hawthorne effect | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: Hawthorne + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | ホーソン効果 | The temporary rise in productivity may reflect the Hawthorne effect. |
| 38 | double-blind study | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: double + blind + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 二重盲検試験 | A double-blind study reduced expectation effects during the drug trial. |
| 39 | longitudinal study | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: longitudinal + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 縦断的研究 | The longitudinal study tracked language development from childhood through adolescence. |
| 40 | cross-sectional study | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: cross + sectional + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 横断的研究 | The cross-sectional study compared sleep habits across four age groups. |
| 41 | cohort study | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: cohort + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | コホート研究 | A cohort study monitored nurses who began work in the same decade. |
| 42 | case-control study | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: case + control + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 症例対照研究 | The case-control study examined earlier chemical exposure among patients with a rare illness. |
| 43 | meta-analysis | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: meta + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 1. メタアナリシス 2. メタ分析 3. メタ解析 | The meta-analysis estimated the treatment's overall effect across twenty trials. |
| 44 | effect size | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: effect + size. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 効果の大きさ | Although the result was statistically significant, its effect size was small. |
| 45 | statistical power | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: statistical + power. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 統計的検出力 | A larger sample increased the study's statistical power. |
| 46 | Type I error | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: Type + I + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | タイプ I エラー | A Type I error would falsely identify the harmless additive as dangerous. |
| 47 | Type II error | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: Type + II + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 1. β過誤 2. 第二種過誤 | A very small sample made a Type II error more likely. |
| 48 | falsifiability | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action. | 反証可能性 | A scientific claim needs falsifiability so observations could count against it. |
| 49 | parsimony | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: parsimony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 1. 出し惜しみ 2. 吝嗇 | The simpler model was favored for its parsimony. |
| 50 | explanatory model | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: explanatory + model. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 説明モデル | The explanatory model links warmer oceans with stronger evaporation and rainfall. |
| 51 | causal mechanism | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: causal + mechanism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 因果メカニズム | Cell damage provides a possible causal mechanism linking the toxin to illness. |
| 52 | causal inference | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: causal + inference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 因果推論 | Randomized evidence supports stronger causal inference than a simple correlation. |
| 53 | counterfactual | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: counterfactual is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | 反事実的 | The historian considers the counterfactual of the treaty never being signed. |
| 54 | necessary condition | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: necessary + condition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 必要条件 | Liquid water is a necessary condition for the reaction in this experiment. |
| 55 | sufficient condition | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: sufficient + condition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 十分条件 | Divisibility by four is a sufficient condition for a whole number ending in two zeros to be even. |
| 56 | validity | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition. | 効力 | The missing control group weakened the validity of the causal conclusion. |
| 57 | reliability | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action. | 信頼性 | Repeated measurements within one millimeter demonstrated the instrument's reliability. |
| 58 | calibration | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 1. キャリブレーション 2. 校正 3. 較正 | The laboratory performs calibration of each sensor before fieldwork. |
| 59 | data integrity | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + integrity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | データの整合性 | Access controls and checksums help protect data integrity. |
| 60 | data normalization | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + normalization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | データの正規化 | Data normalization placed every temperature reading on the same unit scale. |
| 61 | data cleaning | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + cleaning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | データクリーニング | Data cleaning removed duplicate survey responses. |
| 62 | outlier detection | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: outlier + detection. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 外れ値の検出 | Outlier detection revealed a misplaced decimal point. |
| 63 | missing data | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: missing + data. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | データが欠落している | The report explains how missing data from unanswered questions were handled. |
| 64 | imputation | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result. | 代入 | The analyst used imputation rather than treating every blank response as zero. |
| 65 | coding scheme | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: coding + scheme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | コーディングスキーム | The coding scheme distinguishes supportive, neutral, and critical comments. |
| 66 | codebook | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: codebook is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context. | コードブック | The codebook explains that a value of nine means “response unavailable.” |
| 67 | thematic analysis | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: thematic + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | テーマ分析 | Thematic analysis revealed repeated concerns about safety and cost. |
| 68 | content analysis | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: content + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | コンテンツ分析 | The content analysis compared how often newspapers quoted scientists. |
| 69 | discourse analysis | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: discourse + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 談話分析 | Discourse analysis examined how official statements described protesters. |
| 70 | grounded theory | noun StudyField: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: grounded + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit. | 根拠のある理論 | Through grounded theory, researchers built a model from repeated interview patterns. |
Vocabulary reading and practice
Page 2 vocabulary review
Review five selected words from page 2.
English reading
Reading passage is being prepared.
Japanese translation
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Vocabulary quiz
Choose the dictionary equivalent for each of 5 selected words.
Vocabulary chart page
This page focuses on the word chart. Reading passages appear once in each three-page group, while cloze quizzes remain in the established enhanced range for this level.
Sources and curriculum references
These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.
- Common Core: Language Standards for Grades 9–10
- OpenStax: Biology 2e
- OpenStax: Chemistry 2e
- OpenStax: Algebra and Trigonometry 2e
- OpenStax: World History, Volume 2
- OpenStax: Psychology 2e
- OpenStax: Introduction to Philosophy
- WikDict downloadable bilingual dictionaries
- Kaikki.org / Wiktextract machine-readable Wiktionary data
- Language-Learning-decks public flashcard datasets
- SBBIC English-to-Khmer Dictionary
- English–Khmer Dictionary Dataset (machine-generated Khmer fallback; human review required)
- PanLex meanings snapshot (direct CC0 gap candidates; human review required)
- Cambridge bilingual dictionaries (individual editorial sense checks)
- Collins English–Hindi Dictionary (individual editorial checks)
- Hindwi and Rekhta dictionaries (individual Hindi/Urdu checks)
- National Institute of Korean Language: Basic Korean Dictionary
- JMdict/EDRDG Japanese dictionary project
- CC-CEDICT Chinese dictionary project
- VDict Vietnamese Dictionary (individual editorial check)
- Google Translate (machine-assisted lesson-reading draft; fluent review required)
- Kuperman et al.: Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words
- The Princeton Review, Word Smart: Building an Educated Vocabulary (Privately Owned KSSR Materials; bibliographic calibration only).