English Vocabulary · Grade 10 Live Review Preview

10th Grade Vocabulary Words

Tenth-grade reading asks learners to move confidently among literary analysis, argument, source evaluation, laboratory science, mathematics, computing, history, economics, psychology, philosophy, and the arts. This level emphasizes precise academic language, disciplinary meanings, connotation, word relationships, and the ability to interpret unfamiliar vocabulary in demanding context.

This independently authored 800-word beta curriculum is arranged in twenty-three pages of up to thirty-five words. Pages containing words 1–500 include five cloze questions drawn only from that enhanced range; words 501–800 remain fully visible and editable as list pages while expanded practice is developed. Every row includes an editable subject-field label and a conservative word-study note about transparent affixes, compound structure, capitalization, or dictionary base forms. The cited sources calibrate range and difficulty only; all learner-facing definitions, examples, quizzes, and descriptions are original KSSR copy.

Please note: the vocabulary lists for grades 9~11 have been selected to ensure no overlap with the previous grade level. If the words are too specialized or difficult for you, please go back to grade levels 4~8 and review the words on those pages.

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Complete text list

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Page 1: words 1–35

Vocabulary page 1
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1	conceptual framework	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: conceptual + framework. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	概念的な枠組み	The conceptual framework connects neighborhood design, travel choices, and air quality.
2	operational definition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: operational + definition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	運用上の定義	The operational definition treats regular exercise as at least 150 minutes of activity per week.
3	construct validity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: construct + validity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	構成の妥当性	Researchers questioned the survey's construct validity because its stress scale mostly measured tiredness.
4	internal validity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: internal + validity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	内部妥当性	Random assignment improved the experiment's internal validity.
5	external validity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: external + validity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	外部有効性	Testing only professional athletes limits the trial's external validity.
6	ecological validity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: ecological + validity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	生態学的妥当性	Observing shoppers in an actual market increased the study's ecological validity.
7	concurrent validity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: concurrent + validity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	同時有効性	The new reading test showed concurrent validity by closely matching an established assessment.
8	predictive validity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: predictive + validity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	予測の妥当性	Course performance provided evidence of the placement test's predictive validity.
9	content validity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: content + validity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	コンテンツの有効性	Including analysis, evidence, and conventions strengthened the exam's content validity.
10	interrater reliability	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: interrater + reliability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	評価者間信頼性	Training raised interrater reliability among the essay scorers.
11	test-retest reliability	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: test + retest + reliability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	テストと再テストの信頼性	Stable scores two weeks apart supported the questionnaire's test-retest reliability.
12	sampling frame	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: sampling + frame. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	サンプリングフレーム	The voter registry served as the sampling frame for the telephone survey.
13	random sampling	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: random + sampling. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ランダムサンプリング	Random sampling reduced the risk that researchers would select only convenient participants.
14	stratified sampling	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: stratified + sampling. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	層化サンプリング	Stratified sampling ensured that every grade level appeared in the school survey.
15	cluster sampling	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: cluster + sampling. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	クラスターサンプリング	The team used cluster sampling by choosing eight classrooms and surveying everyone in them.
16	systematic sampling	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: systematic + sampling. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	体系的なサンプリング	With systematic sampling, the archivist inspected every twentieth file.
17	convenience sample	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: convenience + sample. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	便利なサンプル	Students leaving one cafeteria formed a convenience sample that could not represent the whole city.
18	oversampling	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: oversampling is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	オーバーサンプリング	Oversampling provided enough rural respondents for a separate comparison.
19	response bias	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: response + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	応答バイアス	A judgmental question introduced response bias into the health survey.
20	nonresponse bias	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: nonresponse + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	無回答バイアス	Low participation by night-shift workers created nonresponse bias.
21	social desirability bias	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: social + desirability + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	社会的望ましさのバイアス	Social desirability bias may cause respondents to underreport rude behavior.
22	measurement error	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: measurement + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	測定誤差	A poorly calibrated scale introduced measurement error into every mass reading.
23	confidence interval	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: confidence + interval. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	信頼区間	The confidence interval placed average growth between 4.2 and 5.1 centimeters.
24	confidence level	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: confidence + level. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	信頼レベル	The researchers selected a 95 percent confidence level.
25	null hypothesis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: null + hypothesis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	帰無仮説	The null hypothesis states that both fertilizers produce the same average growth.
26	alternative hypothesis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: alternative + hypothesis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	対立仮説	The alternative hypothesis predicts that warmer water speeds the reaction.
27	independent samples	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: independent + samples. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	独立したサンプル	The experiment used independent samples from two different schools.
28	paired samples	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: paired + samples. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ペアになったサンプル	Before-and-after blood pressure readings form paired samples.
29	control variable	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: control + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	制御変数	Room temperature was a control variable in the battery test.
30	confounding variable	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: confounding + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	交絡変数	Prior training was a confounding variable in the comparison of teaching methods.
31	moderating variable	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: moderating + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	調整変数	Age acted as a moderating variable because the treatment benefited younger patients more strongly.
32	mediating variable	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: mediating + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	媒介変数	Improved sleep was a mediating variable between reduced screen time and better concentration.
33	latent variable	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: latent + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	潜在変数	The model treats motivation as a latent variable reflected in effort and persistence.
34	extraneous variable	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: extraneous + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	無関係な変数	Background noise was an extraneous variable during the memory task.
35	placebo effect	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: placebo + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	プラシーボ効果	Some participants reported less pain because of the placebo effect.

Designing a Sampling Study

Reading practice for pages 1–3. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A conceptual framework connects neighborhood design, travel choices, and air quality. Researchers use stratified sampling so every district is represented, then apply random sampling within each district. They compare independent samples of commuters and remote workers. Their alternative hypothesis predicts a difference in average exposure, while the null hypothesis predicts none.

Japanese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Why use stratified sampling?

It ensures that every district is represented.

2. Where is random sampling applied?

It is applied within each district.

3. What does the alternative hypothesis predict?

It predicts a difference in average exposure.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ reduced the risk that researchers would select only convenient participants.

Answer: random sampling

2. The ___ predicts that warmer water speeds the reaction.

Answer: alternative hypothesis

3. The ___ connects neighborhood design, travel choices, and air quality.

Answer: conceptual framework

4. ___ ensured that every grade level appeared in the school survey.

Answer: stratified sampling

5. The experiment used ___ from two different schools.

Answer: independent samples

Page 2: words 36–70

Vocabulary page 2
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
36	observer effect	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: observer + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	観察者効果	Workers followed every procedure carefully while the inspector was present, demonstrating an observer effect.
37	Hawthorne effect	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: Hawthorne + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ホーソン効果	The temporary rise in productivity may reflect the Hawthorne effect.
38	double-blind study	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: double + blind + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	二重盲検試験	A double-blind study reduced expectation effects during the drug trial.
39	longitudinal study	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: longitudinal + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	縦断的研究	The longitudinal study tracked language development from childhood through adolescence.
40	cross-sectional study	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: cross + sectional + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	横断的研究	The cross-sectional study compared sleep habits across four age groups.
41	cohort study	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: cohort + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	コホート研究	A cohort study monitored nurses who began work in the same decade.
42	case-control study	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: case + control + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	症例対照研究	The case-control study examined earlier chemical exposure among patients with a rare illness.
43	meta-analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: meta + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. メタアナリシス 2. メタ分析 3. メタ解析	The meta-analysis estimated the treatment's overall effect across twenty trials.
44	effect size	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: effect + size. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	効果の大きさ	Although the result was statistically significant, its effect size was small.
45	statistical power	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: statistical + power. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	統計的検出力	A larger sample increased the study's statistical power.
46	Type I error	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: Type + I + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	タイプ I エラー	A Type I error would falsely identify the harmless additive as dangerous.
47	Type II error	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: Type + II + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. β過誤 2. 第二種過誤	A very small sample made a Type II error more likely.
48	falsifiability	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	反証可能性	A scientific claim needs falsifiability so observations could count against it.
49	parsimony	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: parsimony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 出し惜しみ 2. 吝嗇	The simpler model was favored for its parsimony.
50	explanatory model	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: explanatory + model. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	説明モデル	The explanatory model links warmer oceans with stronger evaporation and rainfall.
51	causal mechanism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: causal + mechanism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	因果メカニズム	Cell damage provides a possible causal mechanism linking the toxin to illness.
52	causal inference	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: causal + inference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	因果推論	Randomized evidence supports stronger causal inference than a simple correlation.
53	counterfactual	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: counterfactual is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	反事実的	The historian considers the counterfactual of the treaty never being signed.
54	necessary condition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: necessary + condition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	必要条件	Liquid water is a necessary condition for the reaction in this experiment.
55	sufficient condition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: sufficient + condition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	十分条件	Divisibility by four is a sufficient condition for a whole number ending in two zeros to be even.
56	validity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	効力	The missing control group weakened the validity of the causal conclusion.
57	reliability	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	信頼性	Repeated measurements within one millimeter demonstrated the instrument's reliability.
58	calibration	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. キャリブレーション 2. 校正 3. 較正	The laboratory performs calibration of each sensor before fieldwork.
59	data integrity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + integrity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	データの整合性	Access controls and checksums help protect data integrity.
60	data normalization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + normalization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	データの正規化	Data normalization placed every temperature reading on the same unit scale.
61	data cleaning	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + cleaning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	データクリーニング	Data cleaning removed duplicate survey responses.
62	outlier detection	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: outlier + detection. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	外れ値の検出	Outlier detection revealed a misplaced decimal point.
63	missing data	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: missing + data. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	データが欠落している	The report explains how missing data from unanswered questions were handled.
64	imputation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	代入	The analyst used imputation rather than treating every blank response as zero.
65	coding scheme	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: coding + scheme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	コーディングスキーム	The coding scheme distinguishes supportive, neutral, and critical comments.
66	codebook	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: codebook is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	コードブック	The codebook explains that a value of nine means “response unavailable.”
67	thematic analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: thematic + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	テーマ分析	Thematic analysis revealed repeated concerns about safety and cost.
68	content analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: content + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	コンテンツ分析	The content analysis compared how often newspapers quoted scientists.
69	discourse analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: discourse + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	談話分析	Discourse analysis examined how official statements described protesters.
70	grounded theory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: grounded + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	根拠のある理論	Through grounded theory, researchers built a model from repeated interview patterns.

Page 2 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 2.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A ___ reduced expectation effects during the drug trial.

Answer: double-blind study

2. Cell damage provides a possible ___ linking the toxin to illness.

Answer: causal mechanism

3. The analyst used ___ rather than treating every blank response as zero.

Answer: imputation

4. The ___ tracked language development from childhood through adolescence.

Answer: longitudinal study

5. Randomized evidence supports stronger ___ than a simple correlation.

Answer: causal inference

Page 3: words 71–105

Vocabulary page 3
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
71	ethnography	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	1. 民俗誌 2. 民俗誌学	The ethnography describes daily cooperation in a coastal fishing village.
72	participant observation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: participant + observation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	参加者観察	Participant observation helped the researcher understand unwritten workshop routines.
73	field note	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: field + note. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	フィールドノート	Her field note describes who entered the meeting and where each person sat.
74	interview protocol	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: interview + protocol. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	インタビュープロトコル	The interview protocol begins with consent and neutral background questions.
75	informed consent	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: informed + consent. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	インフォームドコンセント	Each volunteer signed an informed consent form before the first session.
76	anonymity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	匿名の	The anonymous ballot preserved voter anonymity.
77	confidentiality	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	機密保持	The counselor maintained confidentiality by storing records in an encrypted system.
78	debriefing	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: debriefing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	報告会	During debriefing, participants learned why the task had concealed its true aim.
79	institutional review board	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: institutional + review + board. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	治験審査委員会	The institutional review board required clearer language about withdrawal rights.
80	preregistration	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	事前登録	Preregistration made it harder to hide an unsuccessful primary test.
81	open data	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: open + data. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	オープンデータ	The city released traffic counts as open data.
82	open science	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: open + science. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	オープンサイエンス	Open science encouraged the team to share its materials and analysis code.
83	reproducible workflow	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: reproducible + workflow. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	再現可能なワークフロー	The notebook created a reproducible workflow from raw measurements to final graph.
84	audit trail	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: audit + trail. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	監査証跡	The audit trail revealed when the invoice total was edited.
85	chain of custody	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: chain + of + custody. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	証拠保全	A sealed container and signed log preserved the sample's chain of custody.
86	tertiary source	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: tertiary + source. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	三次情報源	An encyclopedia is a tertiary source useful for initial orientation.
87	source triangulation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: source + triangulation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ソース三角測量	Source triangulation connected the photograph, weather log, and witness testimony.
88	lateral reading	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: lateral + reading. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	横読み	Lateral reading showed that the impressive website belonged to a lobbying organization.
89	reverse image search	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: reverse + image + search. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	逆画像検索	A reverse image search found that the supposed storm photograph was ten years old.
90	domain authority	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: domain + authority. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ドメイン権限	A government health agency has stronger domain authority on vaccination statistics than an anonymous meme page.
91	editorial oversight	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: editorial + oversight. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	編集上の監視	Visible correction policies are evidence of editorial oversight.
92	financial disclosure	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: financial + disclosure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	財務情報開示	The article's financial disclosure notes that the study was funded by the manufacturer.
93	retraction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	撤回	The journal issued a retraction after discovering fabricated data.
94	erratum	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: erratum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	エラッタ	The erratum changes the mislabeled unit from meters to centimeters.
95	literature gap	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: literature + gap. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	文学的ギャップ	The review identifies a literature gap concerning rural teenagers.
96	methodological limitation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: methodological + limitation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	方法論的な限界	The small volunteer sample was a methodological limitation because it did not represent the whole population.
97	researcher degrees of freedom	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: researcher + degrees + of + freedom. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	研究者の自由度	Preregistration limits researcher degrees of freedom that might otherwise favor a desired result.
98	peer-review bias	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: peer + review + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	査読バイアス	Anonymous manuscript review can reduce some forms of peer-review bias.
99	selective reporting bias	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: selective + reporting + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	選択的報道バイアス	The registry exposed selective reporting bias because several measured outcomes were missing from the article.
100	replication crisis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: replication + crisis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	レプリケーションの危機	The replication crisis led several journals to require clearer methods and shared data.
101	dramaturgy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: dramaturgy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	作劇術	The director studied dramaturgy to understand how the play's scenes build political tension.
102	tragic flaw	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: tragic + flaw. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	悲劇的な欠陥	The ruler's pride becomes the tragic flaw that prevents compromise.
103	deus ex machina	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: deus + ex + machina. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. どんでん返し 2. デウスエクスマキナ	A sudden inheritance functions as a deus ex machina rather than a prepared solution.
104	fourth wall	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: fourth + wall. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	第四の壁	The actor breaks the fourth wall by asking viewers to judge the trial.
105	peripeteia	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: peripeteia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ペリペティア	The messenger's news creates peripeteia by turning victory into danger.

Page 3 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 3.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The anonymous ballot preserved voter ___.

Answer: anonymity

2. A ___ found that the supposed storm photograph was ten years old.

Answer: reverse image search

3. The ruler's pride becomes the ___ that prevents compromise.

Answer: tragic flaw

4. The counselor maintained ___ by storing records in an encrypted system.

Answer: confidentiality

5. A government health agency has stronger ___ on vaccination statistics than an anonymous meme page.

Answer: domain authority

Page 4: words 106–140

Vocabulary page 4
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
106	dramatic tension	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: dramatic + tension. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	劇的な緊張感	The hidden key maintains dramatic tension while the police search the room.
107	subtext	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: subtext is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	サブテキスト	The polite invitation carries a subtext of warning.
108	epistolary novel	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: epistolary + novel. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	書簡体小説	The epistolary novel lets readers compare three conflicting accounts of the disappearance.
109	frame narrative	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: frame + narrative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	フレームナラティブ	A trial transcript forms the frame narrative around the witness's memories.
110	archetypal criticism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: archetypal + criticism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	典型的な批判	Archetypal criticism connects the descent into the cave with stories of symbolic rebirth.
111	feminist criticism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: feminist + criticism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	フェミニスト批判	Feminist criticism asks why the women in the novel cannot inherit property.
112	Marxist criticism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: Marxist + criticism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	マルクス主義批判	Marxist criticism focuses on who owns the factory and who bears its risks.
113	postcolonial criticism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: postcolonial + criticism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ポストコロニアル批判	Postcolonial criticism explores why the map uses the colonizer's place names.
114	psychoanalytic criticism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: psychoanalytic + criticism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	精神分析批判	Psychoanalytic criticism reads the locked room as a sign of repressed memory.
115	formalism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	形式主義	Formalism draws attention to the poem's repeated circles and interrupted meter.
116	structuralism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	構造主義	Structuralism examines the tale's repeated opposition between wilderness and home.
117	deconstruction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	解体	Deconstruction shows how the essay's definition of freedom depends on forms of control.
118	metafiction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	メタフィクション	The metafiction pauses so the narrator can debate how to end the chapter.
119	dystopian fiction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: dystopian + fiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ディストピアフィクション	The dystopian fiction depicts a state that ranks citizens by every conversation.
120	zeugma	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: zeugma is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	軛語法	“She opened the door and her mind” uses zeugma.
121	antanaclasis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: antanaclasis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	アンタナクラシス	“If we do not hang together, we shall hang separately” uses antanaclasis.
122	hypophora	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: hypophora is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	催眠術	The speech uses hypophora: “What must change? Our priorities must change.”
123	tricolon	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: tricolon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	トリコロン	“We listened, we learned, we acted” forms a tricolon.
124	ellipsis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: ellipsis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	省略	“Mara chose tea; Luis, coffee” uses ellipsis by omitting chose in the second clause.
125	parenthesis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: parenthesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	括弧	The parenthesis “if the records are accurate” limits the historian's claim.
126	amplification	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	増幅	The orator uses amplification by moving from one damaged home to an entire displaced city.
127	exigence	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	緊急性	A contaminated water supply creates the speech's exigence.
128	kairos	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: kairos is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	カイロス	Releasing the proposal before the budget vote demonstrates kairos.
129	ethos	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: ethos is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	志向	The engineer builds ethos by acknowledging limitations in her own design.
130	pathos	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: pathos is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. パトス 2. 悲愴	The survivor's testimony supplies pathos without replacing factual evidence.
131	logos	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: logos is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	言	Cost data and causal analysis strengthen the report's logos.
132	audience positioning	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: audience + positioning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	視聴者の位置決め	The phrase “as responsible neighbors” uses audience positioning.
133	rhetorical purpose	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: rhetorical + purpose. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	修辞的な目的	The article's rhetorical purpose is to persuade residents to attend the hearing.
134	rhetorical strategy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: rhetorical + strategy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	レトリック戦略	Defining technical terms is a rhetorical strategy for reaching nonspecialists.
135	rhetorical choice	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: rhetorical + choice. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	修辞的な選択	Opening with a personal story is a rhetorical choice that humanizes the statistics.
136	rhetorical effect	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: rhetorical + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	修辞効果	The repeated short clauses create a rhetorical effect of urgency.
137	line of reasoning	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: line + of + reasoning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	推論の筋道	The second paragraph breaks the line of reasoning by introducing an unrelated example.
138	syllogism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	三段論法	The syllogism concludes that iron expands when heated because iron is a metal and heated metals expand.
139	enthymeme	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: enthymeme is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	エンタイム	“She is a citizen, so she may vote” is an enthymeme that assumes eligible citizens may vote.
140	major premise	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: major + premise. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	大前提	“All mammals breathe air” is the major premise of the argument.

Reading an Argument Closely

Reading practice for pages 4–6. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

An editorial’s exigence is the urgent school-board vote that prompted it. Its central argument is an enthymeme because the writer leaves the major premise unstated, assuming readers share it. A formalism reading examines structure and diction, while psychoanalytic criticism asks how fear and desire shape the speaker’s reasoning.

Japanese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What is the editorial's exigence?

An urgent school-board vote is its exigence.

2. Why is the argument an enthymeme?

Its major premise is left unstated.

3. What does psychoanalytic criticism examine?

It examines how fear and desire shape reasoning.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. “She is a citizen, so she may vote” is an ___ that assumes eligible citizens may vote.

Answer: enthymeme

2. ___ reads the locked room as a sign of repressed memory.

Answer: psychoanalytic criticism

3. A contaminated water supply creates the speech's ___.

Answer: exigence

4. “All mammals breathe air” is the ___ of the argument.

Answer: major premise

5. ___ draws attention to the poem's repeated circles and interrupted meter.

Answer: formalism

Page 5: words 141–175

Vocabulary page 5
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
141	minor premise	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: minor + premise. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	小前提	“A dolphin is a mammal” serves as the minor premise.
142	logical fallacy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: logical + fallacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	論理的誤り	Treating popularity as proof of truth is a logical fallacy.
143	ad hominem	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: ad + hominem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	人身攻撃	Calling the scientist arrogant is an ad hominem response to her evidence.
144	straw man	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: straw + man. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	オレンジ	The speaker creates a straw man by claiming that any safety rule would ban all travel.
145	slippery slope	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: slippery + slope. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	滑りやすい坂道	The slippery slope predicts that one revised deadline will eliminate all standards.
146	circular reasoning	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: circular + reasoning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	循環論法	“The rule is fair because it is a fair rule” is circular reasoning.
147	post hoc fallacy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: post + hoc + fallacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	事後の誤謬	Blaming a new logo for falling sales commits the post hoc fallacy.
148	appeal to authority	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: appeal + to + authority. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	権威に訴える	A celebrity's opinion about bridge safety is an appeal to authority.
149	bandwagon fallacy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: bandwagon + fallacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	時流の誤謬	The advertisement's bandwagon fallacy says the product must work because millions bought it.
150	red herring	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: red + herring. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	レッドニシン	The candidate's joke about uniforms is a red herring in a debate about school funding.
151	equivocation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	二枚舌	The argument uses equivocation by moving from a free sample to political freedom.
152	standard English	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: standard + English. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	標準英語	The final report follows standard English while preserving quoted dialect.
153	semantic shift	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: semantic + shift. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	セマンティックシフト	The movement from “meat” meaning food generally to animal flesh is a semantic shift.
154	polysemy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: polysemy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 多義性 2. 多義語	The word branch shows polysemy in a tree branch, a bank branch, and a branch of science.
155	free morpheme	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: free + morpheme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	自由形態素	Book is a free morpheme in the word notebook.
156	bound morpheme	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: bound + morpheme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. 拘束形態素 2. 束縛形態素	The prefix re is a bound morpheme in rewrite.
157	derivational morphology	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: derivational + morphology. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	導出形態学	Derivational morphology changes teach into teacher.
158	inflectional morphology	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: inflectional + morphology. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	屈折形態学	Inflectional morphology adds ed to walk to mark past time.
159	anagnorisis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: anagnorisis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	アナノシス	Oedipus reaches anagnorisis when he understands the truth about his birth.
160	stance marker	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: stance + marker. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	スタンスマーカー	The phrase in my view is a stance marker that openly identifies the writer's perspective.
161	hamartia	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: hamartia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ハマルティア	The king's refusal to listen becomes his hamartia.
162	dramatic structure	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: dramatic + structure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	劇的な構造	The playwright's dramatic structure delays the confrontation until the final act.
163	metadiscourse	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: metadiscourse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	メタ談話	The phrase as the next section demonstrates is metadiscourse that previews the argument's organization.
164	interdiscursivity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	相互対話性	A campaign video shows interdiscursivity by combining news reporting, personal testimony, and advertising.
165	genre convention	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: genre + convention. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ジャンル規約	The detective novel follows a genre convention by withholding one crucial clue until the final chapter.
166	fragmented narrative	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: fragmented + narrative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	断片的な物語	The fragmented narrative moves among memories, interviews, and newspaper clippings.
167	authorial intrusion	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: authorial + intrusion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	著作権侵害	The narrator's warning to judge no character too quickly is an authorial intrusion.
168	zero focalization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: zero + focalization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ゼロフォーカライゼーション	Zero focalization allows the novel to reveal both armies' secret plans.
169	internal focalization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: internal + focalization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	内部焦点化	Internal focalization limits the scene to what Amara sees and understands.
170	external focalization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: external + focalization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	外部焦点化	External focalization makes the stranger's motives remain uncertain.
171	prolepsis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: prolepsis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	てんかん	A brief prolepsis shows the abandoned house twenty years after the family leaves.
172	analepsis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: analepsis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	アナレプシス	The survivor's childhood memory appears through analepsis.
173	fabula	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: fabula is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ファブラ	Readers reconstruct the fabula by placing the novel's scattered scenes in time order.
174	syuzhet	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: syuzhet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	シュゼット	The syuzhet begins with the verdict and reveals the crime afterward.
175	defamiliarization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	親密でないこと	Describing a clock as a machine that slices time creates defamiliarization.

Page 5 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 5.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The final report follows ___ while preserving quoted dialect.

Answer: standard English

2. The detective novel follows a ___ by withholding one crucial clue until the final chapter.

Answer: genre convention

3. The movement from “meat” meaning food generally to animal flesh is a ___.

Answer: semantic shift

4. The ___ moves among memories, interviews, and newspaper clippings.

Answer: fragmented narrative

5. “A dolphin is a mammal” serves as the ___.

Answer: minor premise

Page 6: words 176–210

Vocabulary page 6
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
176	objective correlative	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: objective + correlative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	客観的な相関関係	The empty crib and unopened letter form an objective correlative for grief.
177	pathetic fallacy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: pathetic + fallacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	情けない誤謬	Calling the storm clouds angry is a pathetic fallacy.
178	blazon	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: blazon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	紋章	The sonnet's blazon compares the beloved's eyes, hair, and hands with precious objects.
179	sestet	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: sestet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	セステト	The sestet answers the problem introduced in the octave.
180	octave	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: octave is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. オクターブ 2. 八度	The octave presents the speaker's conflict before the poem turns.
181	tercet	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: tercet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	テルセット	Each tercet in the poem develops one image of winter.
182	pastoral	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: pastoral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	パストラル	The pastoral contrasts the quiet countryside with the pressures of court life.
183	mock epic	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: mock + epic. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	模擬叙事詩	The mock epic describes a household argument as if it were a legendary battle.
184	quantitative meter	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: quantitative + meter. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	定量計	Classical Greek verse often uses quantitative meter.
185	accentual-syllabic meter	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: accentual + syllabic + meter. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	アクセント音節拍子	An English sonnet commonly uses accentual-syllabic meter with five stressed beats per line.
186	colligation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	結集	The verb depend shows colligation with the preposition on.
187	deixis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: deixis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	直示	Words such as here and tomorrow illustrate deixis.
188	anaphoric reference	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: anaphoric + reference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	照応参照	In Maya found the key and she smiled, she creates anaphoric reference to Maya.
189	cataphoric reference	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: cataphoric + reference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	カタフォリック参照	In When he arrived, Luis apologized, he creates cataphoric reference.
190	speech act	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: speech + act. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	言論行為	The sentence I promise to return is a speech act that creates a commitment.
191	cohesive device	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: cohesive + device. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	凝集装置	The transition however is a cohesive device that signals contrast.
192	discourse marker	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: discourse + marker. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	談話マーカー	The discourse marker in conclusion tells readers that the argument is ending.
193	hedging language	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: hedging + language. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ヘッジ言語	The phrase the results may suggest is hedging language.
194	booster	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: booster is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ブースター	The phrase clearly demonstrates functions as a booster in the conclusion.
195	passivization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	不動態化	Passivization changes Researchers measured the samples into The samples were measured.
196	transitivity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	推移性	The essay examines transitivity by asking who acts and who is acted upon in each sentence.
197	modality	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	モダリティ	The modal verb might expresses uncertain modality.
198	epistemic modality	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: epistemic + modality. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	認識論的様相	The phrase must have left uses epistemic modality to signal a strong inference.
199	deontic modality	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: deontic + modality. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	義務的モダリティ	The sentence Students must cite sources uses deontic modality.
200	evaluative language	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: evaluative + language. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	評価言語	Calling the policy shortsighted is evaluative language rather than neutral description.
201	receptor protein	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: receptor + protein. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	受容体タンパク質	Insulin attaches to a receptor protein on the cell surface.
202	signal transduction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: signal + transduction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	シグナル伝達	Signal transduction carries the hormone's message from the membrane to the nucleus.
203	second messenger	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: second + messenger. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	セカンドメッセンジャー	Cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger after adrenaline binds to a cell.
204	endocrine gland	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: endocrine + gland. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	内分泌腺	The thyroid is an endocrine gland that affects metabolic rate.
205	hormone receptor	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: hormone + receptor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ホルモン受容体	Only cells with the matching hormone receptor respond directly to insulin.
206	hypothalamus	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: hypothalamus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	視床下部	The hypothalamus detects changes in blood temperature.
207	pituitary gland	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: pituitary + gland. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. 下垂体 2. 脳下垂体	The pituitary gland secretes a hormone that stimulates the thyroid.
208	thyroid gland	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: thyroid + gland. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	甲状腺	The thyroid gland requires iodine to make its main hormones.
209	adrenal gland	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: adrenal + gland. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	副腎	The adrenal gland releases adrenaline during an emergency.
210	pancreas	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: pancreas is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	膵臓	The pancreas releases insulin after a meal.

Page 6 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 6.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Calling the storm clouds angry is a ___.

Answer: pathetic fallacy

2. The sentence I promise to return is a ___ that creates a commitment.

Answer: speech act

3. Cyclic AMP acts as a ___ after adrenaline binds to a cell.

Answer: second messenger

4. The sonnet's ___ compares the beloved's eyes, hair, and hands with precious objects.

Answer: blazon

5. The transition however is a ___ that signals contrast.

Answer: cohesive device

Page 7: words 211–245

Vocabulary page 7
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
211	insulin	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: insulin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. インスリン 2. インシュリン	Insulin signals muscle cells to absorb glucose.
212	glucagon	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: glucagon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	グルカゴン	Glucagon stimulates the liver to release glucose between meals.
213	feedback inhibition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: feedback + inhibition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	フィードバック抑制	Feedback inhibition prevents a cell from making more amino acid than it needs.
214	circadian rhythm	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: circadian + rhythm. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	概日リゾム	Morning light helps reset a person's circadian rhythm.
215	thermoregulation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	体温調節	A lizard uses behavioral thermoregulation by moving between sun and shade.
216	osmoregulation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	浸透圧調節	Freshwater fish perform osmoregulation by removing excess water.
217	blood glucose regulation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: blood + glucose + regulation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	血糖調節	Insulin and glucagon work together in blood glucose regulation.
218	homeostatic imbalance	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: homeostatic + imbalance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	恒常性のアンバランス	Severe dehydration creates a homeostatic imbalance in water and electrolyte levels.
219	organ system	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: organ + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	臓器系	The digestive organ system breaks food into absorbable nutrients.
220	epithelial tissue	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: epithelial + tissue. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	上皮組織	Epithelial tissue protects the outer surface of the skin.
221	connective tissue	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: connective + tissue. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	結合組織	Blood is a connective tissue that transports gases and nutrients.
222	muscle tissue	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: muscle + tissue. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	筋肉組織	Cardiac muscle tissue pumps blood through the heart.
223	nervous tissue	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: nervous + tissue. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	神経組織	Nervous tissue carries information from the eye to the brain.
224	extracellular matrix	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: extracellular + matrix. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	細胞外マトリックス	Collagen is a major component of the extracellular matrix in tendons.
225	stem-cell differentiation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: stem + cell + differentiation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	幹細胞の分化	Stem-cell differentiation can produce a mature blood cell.
226	apoptosis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: apoptosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	アポトーシス	Apoptosis removes damaged cells without releasing their contents into nearby tissue.
227	cell cycle checkpoint	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: cell + cycle + checkpoint. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	細胞周期チェックポイント	A cell cycle checkpoint can halt division when DNA is damaged.
228	tumor suppressor gene	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: tumor + suppressor + gene. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	腫瘍抑制遺伝子	Loss of a tumor suppressor gene may allow abnormal cells to multiply.
229	oncogene	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: oncogene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	癌遺伝子	A mutation converted the growth-regulating gene into an oncogene.
230	metastasis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: metastasis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	転移	Imaging showed metastasis from the lung to the bone.
231	angiogenesis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: angiogenesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	血管新生	The tumor promoted angiogenesis to obtain oxygen and nutrients.
232	carcinogen	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: carcinogen is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	発癌物質	Ultraviolet radiation is a carcinogen that can damage DNA in skin cells.
233	mutation rate	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: mutation + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	突然変異率	Radiation exposure increased the mutation rate in the laboratory cells.
234	DNA repair	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: DNA + repair. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	DNA修復	DNA repair enzymes replaced the incorrectly paired base.
235	transcription factor	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: transcription + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	転写因子	The transcription factor activates genes needed during heat stress.
236	gene silencing	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: gene + silencing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	遺伝子サイレンシング	A small RNA molecule caused gene silencing by blocking the message.
237	epigenetics	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: epigenetics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. エピジェネティクス 2. 後生学	Epigenetics examines how chemical tags influence gene expression.
238	DNA methylation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: DNA + methylation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	DNAメチル化	Increased DNA methylation near the promoter reduced transcription.
239	histone modification	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: histone + modification. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ヒストン修飾	Histone modification opened the chromosome region for transcription.
240	recombinant DNA	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: recombinant + DNA. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	組換えDNA	The plasmid contained recombinant DNA with a human insulin gene.
241	plasmid	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: plasmid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	プラスミド	Scientists inserted the gene into a plasmid.
242	restriction enzyme	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: restriction + enzyme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	制限酵素	The restriction enzyme opened the plasmid at one specific site.
243	DNA ligase	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: DNA + ligase. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	DNAリガーゼ	DNA ligase sealed the inserted gene into the plasmid.
244	gel electrophoresis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: gel + electrophoresis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ゲル電気泳動	Gel electrophoresis separated the DNA fragments by size.
245	polymerase chain reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: polymerase + chain + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応	Polymerase chain reaction amplified the trace DNA from the sample.

Engineering a Living System

Reading practice for pages 7–9. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

In a controlled laboratory model, a plasmid carries recombinant DNA into bacteria. The lesson distinguishes this technique from functions within a complex organism. A tumor suppressor gene helps regulate cell division, thermoregulation maintains a stable temperature, and osmoregulation balances water and dissolved substances.

Japanese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What carries recombinant DNA into bacteria?

A plasmid carries the recombinant DNA.

2. What does a tumor suppressor gene regulate?

It helps regulate cell division.

3. What balance does osmoregulation maintain?

It balances water and dissolved substances.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The plasmid contained ___ with a human insulin gene.

Answer: recombinant DNA

2. A lizard uses behavioral ___ by moving between sun and shade.

Answer: thermoregulation

3. Loss of a ___ may allow abnormal cells to multiply.

Answer: tumor suppressor gene

4. Scientists inserted the gene into a ___.

Answer: plasmid

5. Freshwater fish perform ___ by removing excess water.

Answer: osmoregulation

Page 8: words 246–280

Vocabulary page 8
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
246	DNA sequencing	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: DNA + sequencing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	DNA配列決定	DNA sequencing identified a change in the patient's gene.
247	genome	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: genome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ゲノム	The bacterial genome contains one main chromosome and several plasmids.
248	proteome	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: proteome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	プロテオーム	The liver proteome changes in response to fasting.
249	transcriptome	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: transcriptome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	トランスクリプトーム	The transcriptome revealed which genes became active after infection.
250	bioinformatics	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: bioinformatics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. バイオインフォマティクス 2. 情報生命科学 3. 生命情報科学	Bioinformatics helped compare thousands of DNA sequences.
251	genetic marker	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: genetic + marker. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	遺伝マーカー	The researchers used a genetic marker to follow the disease-associated region.
252	single nucleotide polymorphism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: single + nucleotide + polymorphism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	一塩基多型	A single nucleotide polymorphism was associated with slower drug breakdown.
253	karyotype	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: karyotype is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	核型	The karyotype showed an extra copy of chromosome twenty-one.
254	nondisjunction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	不分離	Nondisjunction produced a gamete with an extra chromosome.
255	deletion mutation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: deletion + mutation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	欠失変異	The deletion mutation removed three bases from the coding sequence.
256	insertion mutation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: insertion + mutation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	挿入変異	The insertion mutation added a repeated segment to the gene.
257	frameshift mutation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: frameshift + mutation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	フレームシフト突然変異	A one-base deletion caused a frameshift mutation throughout the remaining code.
258	point mutation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: point + mutation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	点突然変異	The point mutation replaced one base in the hemoglobin gene.
259	innate immunity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: innate + immunity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	自然免疫	Skin and inflammation are parts of innate immunity.
260	adaptive immunity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: adaptive + immunity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	適応免疫	Adaptive immunity responds more quickly after a second encounter with the same virus.
261	antigen	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: antigen is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	抗原	A protein on the virus acts as an antigen.
262	B cell	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: B + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	B細胞	A B cell multiplied after recognizing its matching antigen.
263	T cell	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: T + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	T細胞	A cytotoxic T cell recognized and killed the infected cell.
264	memory cell	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: memory + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	メモリセル	A memory cell remained after the infection ended.
265	antigen-presenting cell	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: antigen + presenting + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	抗原提示細胞	A dendritic antigen-presenting cell carried viral fragments to a lymph node.
266	cytokine	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: cytokine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	サイトカイン	The activated immune cell released a cytokine that recruited other cells.
267	inflammation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	炎症	Inflammation made the injured ankle warm and swollen.
268	virulence	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	毒性	The new strain had lower virulence and produced milder illness.
269	infectious disease	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: infectious + disease. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. 感染症 2. 伝染病 3. 感染性疾患	Measles is an infectious disease caused by a virus.
270	vaccination	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 予防接種 2. 接種 3. ワクチン接種	Vaccination reduced the child's risk of severe infection.
271	herd immunity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: herd + immunity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	集団免疫	High vaccination coverage strengthened herd immunity in the community.
272	autoimmune disease	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: autoimmune + disease. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	自己免疫疾患	In an autoimmune disease, immune recognition fails to protect healthy tissue.
273	immunodeficiency	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: immunodeficiency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	免疫不全	The immunodeficiency left the patient vulnerable to ordinarily mild infections.
274	antibiotic resistance	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: antibiotic + resistance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	抗生物質耐性	Incomplete treatment can favor bacteria with antibiotic resistance.
275	microbiome	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: microbiome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	マイクロバイオーム	Diet can alter the intestinal microbiome.
276	neuron	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: neuron is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	神経細胞	The neuron carried a signal from the fingertip toward the spinal cord.
277	action potential	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: action + potential. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	活動電位	The action potential moved down the axon without gradually fading.
278	resting potential	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: resting + potential. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	安静時の可能性	Ion pumps help maintain the neuron's resting potential.
279	synapse	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: synapse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	シナプス	A neurotransmitter crossed the synapse between the two neurons.
280	neurotransmitter	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: neurotransmitter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	神経伝達物質	The neurotransmitter bound to receptors on the next neuron.

Page 8 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 8.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Ion pumps help maintain the neuron's ___.

Answer: resting potential

2. The ___ showed an extra copy of chromosome twenty-one.

Answer: karyotype

3. The activated immune cell released a ___ that recruited other cells.

Answer: cytokine

4. A neurotransmitter crossed the ___ between the two neurons.

Answer: synapse

5. ___ produced a gamete with an extra chromosome.

Answer: nondisjunction

Page 9: words 281–315

Vocabulary page 9
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
281	sensory neuron	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: sensory + neuron. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	感覚ニューロン	A sensory neuron reported pressure from the skin.
282	motor neuron	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: motor + neuron. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	運動ニューロン	The motor neuron stimulated the hand muscle to contract.
283	interneuron	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: interneuron is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	介在ニューロン	An interneuron connected the sensory input to a rapid motor response.
284	central nervous system	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: central + nervous + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	中枢神経系	The central nervous system integrates information from the body.
285	peripheral nervous system	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: peripheral + nervous + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	末梢神経系	The peripheral nervous system carries signals between limbs and spinal cord.
286	sympathetic nervous system	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: sympathetic + nervous + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	交感神経系	The sympathetic nervous system raised heart rate before the race.
287	parasympathetic nervous system	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: parasympathetic + nervous + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	副交感神経系	The parasympathetic nervous system slowed the heart after the danger passed.
288	reflex arc	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: reflex + arc. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	反射弧	The reflex arc pulled her hand from the hot pan before conscious thought.
289	brain stem	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: brain + stem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	脳幹	The brain stem helps regulate breathing.
290	cerebellum	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: cerebellum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	小脳	The cerebellum helps adjust movements while a person learns to skate.
291	cerebral cortex	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: cerebral + cortex. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	大脳皮質	The cerebral cortex processes the meaning of spoken words.
292	frontal lobe	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: frontal + lobe. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	前頭葉	The frontal lobe helps organize a multistep task.
293	temporal lobe	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: temporal + lobe. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	側頭葉	The temporal lobe processes patterns in speech.
294	parietal lobe	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: parietal + lobe. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	頭頂葉	The parietal lobe combines touch information with awareness of hand position.
295	occipital lobe	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: occipital + lobe. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	後頭葉	The occipital lobe analyzes color, shape, and motion from the eyes.
296	allosteric regulation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: allosteric + regulation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	アロステリック調節	Allosteric regulation slowed the enzyme after the end product accumulated.
297	competitive inhibition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: competitive + inhibition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	競合阻害	Competitive inhibition weakened when the researchers increased the substrate concentration.
298	noncompetitive inhibition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: noncompetitive + inhibition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	非競合阻害	Noncompetitive inhibition lowered the reaction's maximum rate even with abundant substrate.
299	substrate-level phosphorylation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: substrate + level + phosphorylation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	基質レベルのリン酸化	Glycolysis produces some ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
300	oxidative phosphorylation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: oxidative + phosphorylation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	酸化的リン酸化	Most aerobic ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.
301	quantum number	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: quantum + number. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	量子数	Each quantum number identifies part of an electron's energy state or orbital behavior.
302	principal energy level	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: principal + energy + level. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	主エネルギー準位	An electron in the third principal energy level is generally farther from the nucleus than one in the first.
303	electron configuration	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: electron + configuration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	電子配置	The electron configuration of sodium ends with one electron in the third energy level.
304	Aufbau principle	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Aufbau + principle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	アウフバウの原理	The Aufbau principle places electrons in the 1s orbital before the 2s orbital.
305	Pauli exclusion principle	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Pauli + exclusion + principle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. パウリの排他原理 2. パウリの定理	The Pauli exclusion principle allows two oppositely spinning electrons in one orbital.
306	Hund's rule	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Hund's + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	フントの法則	Hund's rule places three electrons separately across the three p orbitals.
307	valence electron	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: valence + electron. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	価電子	Sodium has one valence electron.
308	electron shielding	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: electron + shielding. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	電子シールド	Electron shielding makes an outer electron easier to remove.
309	effective nuclear charge	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: effective + nuclear + charge. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	有効核電荷	Across a period, increasing effective nuclear charge pulls valence electrons closer.
310	atomic radius	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: atomic + radius. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	原子半径	Atomic radius generally decreases from left to right across a period.
311	ionization energy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: ionization + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	イオン化エネルギー	Helium has a high ionization energy because its electrons are held tightly.
312	electron affinity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: electron + affinity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	電子親和力	Chlorine's electron affinity reflects its strong tendency to gain an electron.
313	electronegativity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	電気陰性度	Oxygen has greater electronegativity than hydrogen.
314	periodic trend	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: periodic + trend. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	周期的な傾向	The increase in ionization energy across a row is a periodic trend.
315	ionic bond	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: ionic + bond. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	イオン結合	An ionic bond holds sodium and chloride ions together in salt.

Page 9 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 9.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ processes the meaning of spoken words.

Answer: cerebral cortex

2. The ___ places electrons in the 1s orbital before the 2s orbital.

Answer: Aufbau principle

3. The ___ helps organize a multistep task.

Answer: frontal lobe

4. The ___ allows two oppositely spinning electrons in one orbital.

Answer: Pauli exclusion principle

5. The ___ processes patterns in speech.

Answer: temporal lobe

Page 10: words 316–350

Vocabulary page 10
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
316	covalent bond	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: covalent + bond. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	共有結合	A covalent bond joins the two hydrogen atoms in H2.
317	metallic bond	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: metallic + bond. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	金属結合	A metallic bond helps copper conduct electricity.
318	polar covalent bond	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: polar + covalent + bond. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	極性共有結合	The oxygen-hydrogen bond in water is a polar covalent bond.
319	nonpolar covalent bond	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: nonpolar + covalent + bond. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	非極性共有結合	Two identical chlorine atoms form a nonpolar covalent bond.
320	dipole	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Base-form focus: dipole is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	双極子	The bent water molecule has a net dipole.
321	molecular geometry	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: molecular + geometry. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	分子幾何学	Water has a bent molecular geometry.
322	VSEPR theory	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: VSEPR + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	VSEPR理論	VSEPR theory predicts a tetrahedral arrangement around carbon in methane.
323	intermolecular force	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: intermolecular + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	分子間力	A stronger intermolecular force can raise a liquid's boiling point.
324	London dispersion force	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: London + dispersion + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ロンドン分散軍	A London dispersion force acts even between nonpolar atoms.
325	dipole-dipole force	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: dipole + dipole + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	双極子間力	A dipole-dipole force aligns the positive end of one molecule with the negative end of another.
326	hydrogen bond	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: hydrogen + bond. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	水素結合	A hydrogen bond connects neighboring water molecules.
327	vapor pressure	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: vapor + pressure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	蒸気圧	Warm water has a higher vapor pressure than cold water.
328	boiling point elevation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: boiling + point + elevation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	沸点上昇	Salt causes a small boiling point elevation in water.
329	freezing point depression	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: freezing + point + depression. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	凝固点降下	Road salt produces freezing point depression that helps melt ice.
330	colligative property	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: colligative + property. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	連帯財産	Freezing point change is a colligative property.
331	heat capacity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: heat + capacity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	熱容量	A large lake has a high heat capacity.
332	specific heat	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: specific + heat. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	比熱	Water's high specific heat moderates coastal temperatures.
333	enthalpy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Base-form focus: enthalpy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	エンタルピー	The negative change in enthalpy indicates that the reaction releases heat.
334	exothermic reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: exothermic + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	発熱反応	Combustion is an exothermic reaction.
335	endothermic reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: endothermic + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	吸熱反応	The cold pack relies on an endothermic reaction.
336	entropy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Base-form focus: entropy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	エントロピー	Gas expansion usually increases entropy.
337	Gibbs free energy	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Gibbs + free + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ギブスの自由エネルギー	A negative change in Gibbs free energy indicates a thermodynamically favorable process.
338	equilibrium constant	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: equilibrium + constant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	平衡定数	A large equilibrium constant favors products.
339	Le Chatelier's principle	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Le + Chatelier's + principle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ル・シャトリエの原理	Le Chatelier's principle predicts a shift toward products when a reactant is added.
340	reaction rate	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: reaction + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	反応速度	Increasing temperature raised the reaction rate.
341	rate law	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: rate + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	レート法	The rate law shows that doubling one reactant quadruples the rate.
342	reaction order	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: reaction + order. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	反応順序	The reaction is second reaction order with respect to substance A.
343	collision theory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: collision + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	衝突理論	Collision theory explains why higher temperature often speeds a reaction.
344	activation complex	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: activation + complex. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	活性化複合体	The activation complex can either form products or return to reactants.
345	reversible reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: reversible + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	可逆反応	The double arrow marks a reversible reaction.
346	dynamic equilibrium	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: dynamic + equilibrium. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	動的平衡	At dynamic equilibrium, evaporation and condensation still occur.
347	buffer solution	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: buffer + solution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	緩衝液	The buffer solution kept the enzyme mixture near pH seven.
348	titration	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	滴定	The student used titration to find the acid concentration.
349	equivalence point	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: equivalence + point. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	当量点	The indicator changed color near the equivalence point.
350	scalar quantity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: scalar + quantity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	スカラー量	Temperature is a scalar quantity.

Explaining Reaction Behavior

Reading practice for pages 10–12. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A rate law relates reaction speed to reactant concentration, and reaction order describes how strongly each concentration affects that speed. These kinetic ideas differ from bonding: a covalent bond shares electrons, whereas a metallic bond forms within a lattice of metal atoms. Freezing point depression is another distinct effect caused when dissolved particles lower a liquid’s freezing temperature.

Japanese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What does a rate law relate?

It relates reaction speed to reactant concentration.

2. How does a covalent bond form?

It forms through shared electrons.

3. What causes freezing point depression?

Dissolved particles lower a liquid's freezing temperature.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ shows that doubling one reactant quadruples the rate.

Answer: rate law

2. A ___ joins the two hydrogen atoms in H2.

Answer: covalent bond

3. Road salt produces ___ that helps melt ice.

Answer: freezing point depression

4. The reaction is second ___ with respect to substance A.

Answer: reaction order

5. A ___ helps copper conduct electricity.

Answer: metallic bond

Page 11: words 351–385

Vocabulary page 11
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
351	vector quantity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: vector + quantity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ベクトル量	Velocity is a vector quantity because direction matters.
352	free-fall acceleration	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: free + fall + acceleration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	自由落下加速	Near Earth's surface, free-fall acceleration is about 9.8 meters per second squared.
353	projectile motion	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: projectile + motion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	発射体の動き	The ball's projectile motion combines horizontal travel with vertical acceleration.
354	uniform circular motion	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: uniform + circular + motion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	等速円運動	A satellite in uniform circular motion continually changes direction.
355	centripetal acceleration	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: centripetal + acceleration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	向心加速度	Centripetal acceleration turns the velocity vector inward.
356	centripetal force	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: centripetal + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. 求心力 2. 向心力	Friction supplies the centripetal force for a turning car.
357	rotational equilibrium	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: rotational + equilibrium. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	回転平衡	The balanced beam is in rotational equilibrium.
358	angular velocity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: angular + velocity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	角速度	The wheel's angular velocity doubled.
359	angular momentum	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: angular + momentum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	角運動量	The skater's angular momentum remains constant as she pulls in her arms.
360	subduction zone	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: subduction + zone. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	沈み込み帯	Earthquakes and volcanoes occur along the subduction zone.
361	paleomagnetism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	古地磁気	Paleomagnetism revealed symmetrical magnetic stripes on both sides of the ridge.
362	mantle convection	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: mantle + convection. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	マントル対流	Mantle convection transfers heat and contributes to plate motion.
363	fault plane	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: fault + plane. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	断層面	The rupture spread across the fault plane.
364	elastic rebound	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: elastic + rebound. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	弾性反発	Elastic rebound released stored strain energy during the earthquake.
365	radioactive dating	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: radioactive + dating. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	放射性年代測定	Radioactive dating placed the volcanic ash at two million years old.
366	half-life	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: half + life. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	半減期	Carbon-14 has a half-life of about 5,730 years.
367	index fossil	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: index + fossil. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	示準化石	The same index fossil linked two distant rock layers.
368	geologic correlation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: geologic + correlation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	地質学的相関	Geologic correlation connected the ash layer on opposite sides of the valley.
369	climate forcing	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: climate + forcing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	気候強制	A rise in greenhouse gases creates positive climate forcing.
370	radiative balance	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: radiative + balance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	放射バランス	A change in radiative balance can alter global temperature.
371	albedo effect	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: albedo + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	アルベド効果	Melting sea ice strengthens warming through the albedo effect.
372	carbon source	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: carbon + source. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	炭素源	Burning fossil fuel is a major carbon source.
373	rate constant	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: rate + constant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	速度定数	The rate constant increased when the reaction mixture was heated.
374	transition state	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: transition + state. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	遷移状態	The catalyst lowered the energy needed to reach the transition state.
375	reaction quotient	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: reaction + quotient. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	反応指数	The reaction quotient showed that the system would shift toward products.
376	Le Châtelier's principle	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Le + Châtelier's + principle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ル・シャトリエの原理	Le Châtelier's principle predicts that removing a product can drive the reaction forward.
377	solubility product	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: solubility + product. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	溶解度積	The small solubility product indicates that very little silver chloride dissolves.
378	common-ion effect	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: common + ion + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	コモンイオン効果	Adding chloride produced a common-ion effect that decreased silver chloride solubility.
379	buffer capacity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: buffer + capacity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	バッファ容量	A concentrated buffer has greater buffer capacity than a dilute buffer with the same component ratio.
380	Henderson–Hasselbalch equation	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Henderson–Hasselbalch + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ヘンダーソン・ハッセルバルヒ方程式	The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation estimated the buffer pH from the conjugate pair concentrations.
381	galvanic cell	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: galvanic + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ガルバニ電池	Electrons flowed through the wire of the galvanic cell from zinc to copper.
382	electrolytic cell	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: electrolytic + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	電解槽	The electrolytic cell deposited a thin layer of copper on the metal key.
383	standard reduction potential	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: standard + reduction + potential. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	標準的な削減可能性	A more positive standard reduction potential indicates a stronger tendency to be reduced.
384	Faraday constant	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Faraday + constant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ファラデー定数	The calculation used the Faraday constant to convert electron moles into coulombs.
385	electrochemical cell	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: electrochemical + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	電気化学セル	The electrochemical cell separates the two half-reactions so their electrons travel through a wire.

Page 11 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 11.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A concentrated buffer has greater ___ than a dilute buffer with the same component ratio.

Answer: buffer capacity

2. A satellite in ___ continually changes direction.

Answer: uniform circular motion

3. The same ___ linked two distant rock layers.

Answer: index fossil

4. The ___ estimated the buffer pH from the conjugate pair concentrations.

Answer: Henderson–Hasselbalch equation

5. ___ turns the velocity vector inward.

Answer: centripetal acceleration

Page 12: words 386–420

Vocabulary page 12
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
386	salt bridge	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: salt + bridge. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	塩橋	Nitrate ions crossed the salt bridge as the galvanic cell operated.
387	half-cell	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: half + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	半電池	The zinc half-cell lost mass as zinc atoms became ions.
388	anode	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Base-form focus: anode is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 陽極 2. アノード	Zinc served as the anode and released electrons.
389	cathode	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Base-form focus: cathode is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 陰極 2. カソード	Copper ions gained electrons at the cathode.
390	electrolysis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Base-form focus: electrolysis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	電気分解	Electrolysis split molten sodium chloride into its elements.
391	electrode potential	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: electrode + potential. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	電極電位	The measured electrode potential changed when the ion concentration changed.
392	spontaneous reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: spontaneous + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	自発的な反応	The positive cell voltage indicated a spontaneous reaction.
393	nonspontaneous reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: nonspontaneous + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	非自発的な反応	Charging the battery drives a nonspontaneous reaction.
394	entropy change	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: entropy + change. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	エントロピー変化	Melting ice has a positive entropy change because the liquid permits more molecular arrangements.
395	enthalpy change	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: enthalpy + change. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	エンタルピー変化	The negative enthalpy change showed that combustion released heat.
396	calorimetry	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -metry relates to measuring.	熱量測定	Calorimetry determined the energy released when the fuel burned.
397	specific heat capacity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: specific + heat + capacity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	比熱容量	Water's high specific heat capacity helps moderate coastal temperatures.
398	Hess's law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Hess's + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ヘスの法則	Hess's law allowed the chemist to combine known reactions and calculate an unknown heat change.
399	bond enthalpy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: bond + enthalpy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	結合エンタルピー	The strong nitrogen triple bond has a large bond enthalpy.
400	lattice energy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: lattice + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	格子エネルギー	Small highly charged ions generally produce a large lattice energy.
401	complex number	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: complex + number. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	複素数	Three plus two i is a complex number.
402	imaginary unit	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: imaginary + unit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	虚数単位	The imaginary unit makes it possible to express square roots of negative numbers.
403	real part	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: real + part. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. 実部 2. 実数部	The real part of five minus three i is five.
404	imaginary part	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: imaginary + part. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. 虚部 2. 虚数部	The imaginary part of five minus three i is negative three.
405	complex conjugate	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: complex + conjugate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	共役複素数	The complex conjugate of two plus seven i is two minus seven i.
406	polynomial function	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: polynomial + function. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	多項式関数	The graph of a third-degree polynomial function may have two turning points.
407	degree of polynomial	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: degree + of + polynomial. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	多項式の次数	The degree of polynomial x cubed minus x is three.
408	leading term	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: leading + term. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	主要用語	The leading term of four x cubed minus x is four x cubed.
409	polynomial long division	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: polynomial + long + division. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	多項式の長い除算	Polynomial long division produced a quadratic quotient and a constant remainder.
410	synthetic division	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: synthetic + division. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	合成除算	Synthetic division quickly evaluated the quotient for division by x minus two.
411	remainder theorem	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: remainder + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	剰余定理	The remainder theorem shows that division by x minus three leaves a remainder of f of three.
412	factor theorem	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: factor + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	因数定理	The factor theorem confirms that x plus one is a factor because f of negative one is zero.
413	rational root theorem	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: rational + root + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	有理根定理	The rational root theorem narrowed the possible zeros to factors of the constant over factors of the leading coefficient.
414	multiplicity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	数	A zero with even multiplicity makes the graph touch the axis and turn back.
415	end behavior	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: end + behavior. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	終了動作	The leading term determines the polynomial's end behavior.
416	zero of function	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: zero + of + function. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	関数のゼロ	The graph crosses the x-axis at each real zero of function f.
417	asymptote	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: asymptote is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	漸近線	The hyperbola gets closer to its asymptote without meeting it.
418	horizontal asymptote	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: horizontal + asymptote. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	水平漸近線	The function has y equals two as a horizontal asymptote.
419	vertical asymptote	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: vertical + asymptote. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	垂直漸近線	The denominator becomes zero at the vertical asymptote x equals three.
420	oblique asymptote	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: oblique + asymptote. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	斜めの漸近線	Polynomial division revealed the oblique asymptote y equals x plus one.

Page 12 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 12.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The hyperbola gets closer to its ___ without meeting it.

Answer: asymptote

2. The positive cell voltage indicated a ___.

Answer: spontaneous reaction

3. The ___ of two plus seven i is two minus seven i.

Answer: complex conjugate

4. The function has y equals two as a ___.

Answer: horizontal asymptote

5. Charging the battery drives a ___.

Answer: nonspontaneous reaction

Page 13: words 421–455

Vocabulary page 13
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
421	exponential equation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: exponential + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	指数方程式	Taking logarithms helped solve the exponential equation.
422	logarithm	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: logarithm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	対数	The base-ten logarithm of one thousand is three.
423	logarithmic function	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: logarithmic + function. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	対数関数	The logarithmic function increases slowly as its input grows.
424	common logarithm	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: common + logarithm. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	常用対数	The common logarithm of one hundred is two.
425	natural logarithm	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: natural + logarithm. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	自然対数	The natural logarithm appears in continuous growth models.
426	logarithmic property	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: logarithmic + property. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	対数特性	A logarithmic property changes the logarithm of a product into a sum.
427	change-of-base formula	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: change + of + base + formula. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	塩基交換式	The change-of-base formula lets the calculator evaluate a base-seven logarithm.
428	exponential model	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: exponential + model. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	指数モデル	The exponential model predicts bacterial growth under stable conditions.
429	angle measure	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: angle + measure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	角度測定	The angle measure can be expressed in degrees or radians.
430	degree measure	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: degree + measure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	程度の尺度	A right angle has a degree measure of ninety.
431	radian measure	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: radian + measure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ラジアン単位	A half rotation has a radian measure of pi.
432	unit circle	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: unit + circle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	単位円	Coordinates on the unit circle give cosine and sine values.
433	reference angle	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: reference + angle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	基準角度	The reference angle helps determine the trigonometric values in any quadrant.
434	terminal side	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: terminal + side. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	端子側	The terminal side of 120 degrees lies in the second quadrant.
435	coterminal angle	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: coterminal + angle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	共端子角	Thirty degrees and 390 degrees are a coterminal angle pair.
436	sine	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: sine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. サイン 2. 正弦	The sine of thirty degrees is one half.
437	cosine	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: cosine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. コサイン 2. 余弦	The cosine of sixty degrees is one half.
438	tangent	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: tangent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	接線	The tangent of forty-five degrees equals one.
439	cosecant	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: cosecant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 余割 2. コセカント	The cosecant is undefined when sine equals zero.
440	secant	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: secant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	割線	The secant of sixty degrees equals two.
441	cotangent	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: cotangent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. コタンジェント 2. 余接	The cotangent of forty-five degrees equals one.
442	trigonometric identity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: trigonometric + identity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	三角恒等式	The equation sine squared x plus cosine squared x equals one is a trigonometric identity.
443	Pythagorean identity	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: Pythagorean + identity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ピタゴラス的アイデンティティ	The basic Pythagorean identity relates sine squared and cosine squared.
444	law of sines	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: law + of + sines. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	正弦の法則	The law of sines found the missing side from two angles and one side.
445	law of cosines	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: law + of + cosines. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	余弦の法則	The law of cosines found the third side when two sides and the included angle were known.
446	periodic function	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: periodic + function. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	周期関数	Sine is a periodic function with period two pi.
447	phase shift	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: phase + shift. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	位相シフト	The cosine graph has a phase shift of pi over two to the right.
448	random variable	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: random + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	確率変数	The number of rainy days this week is a random variable.
449	discrete random variable	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: discrete + random + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	離散確率変数	The number rolled on a die is a discrete random variable.
450	continuous random variable	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: continuous + random + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	連続確率変数	Exact rainfall depth is a continuous random variable.
451	probability distribution	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: probability + distribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	確率分布	The probability distribution shows that seven is the most likely sum of two dice.
452	expected value	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: expected + value. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	希望	The game's expected value is negative for the player.
453	binomial distribution	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: binomial + distribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	二項分布	The binomial distribution models heads in twenty fair coin tosses.
454	geometric distribution	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: geometric + distribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	幾何分布	The geometric distribution models how many rolls occur before the first six.
455	sampling distribution	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: sampling + distribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	サンプリング分布	The sampling distribution of the mean becomes narrower as sample size increases.

Angles, Samples, and Limits

Reading practice for pages 13–15. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A trigonometric identity is true for every angle in its domain; the Pythagorean identity is a familiar example. An angle may be expressed with degree measure or radian measure without changing its physical size. In statistics, a sampling distribution is different: it describes how a statistic varies across many possible samples.

Japanese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What is a Pythagorean identity?

It is a kind of trigonometric identity.

2. Do degree and radian measure change an angle's size?

No, they are different units for the same angle.

3. What does a sampling distribution describe?

It describes variation in a statistic across samples.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The equation sine squared x plus cosine squared x equals one is a ___.

Answer: trigonometric identity

2. The ___ of the mean becomes narrower as sample size increases.

Answer: sampling distribution

3. A right angle has a ___ of ninety.

Answer: degree measure

4. The basic ___ relates sine squared and cosine squared.

Answer: Pythagorean identity

5. A half rotation has a ___ of pi.

Answer: radian measure

Page 14: words 456–490

Vocabulary page 14
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
456	central limit theorem	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: central + limit + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	中心極限定理	The central limit theorem supports normal approximations for large random samples.
457	standard error	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: standard + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	標準誤差	A larger sample usually reduces the standard error of the mean.
458	hypothesis test	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: hypothesis + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	仮説検定	The hypothesis test compared the observed difference with variation expected by chance.
459	p-value	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: p + value. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	p値	A small p-value indicates that the data would be unusual under the null hypothesis.
460	significance level	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: significance + level. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	有意水準	The researchers set the significance level at 0.05 before analysis.
461	test statistic	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: test + statistic. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	検定統計量	The test statistic compares the observed difference with its expected sampling variation.
462	one-tailed test	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: one + tailed + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	片側検定	The one-tailed test examined whether the new process reduced defects.
463	two-tailed test	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: two + tailed + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	両側検定	The two-tailed test examined whether the treatment changed blood pressure upward or downward.
464	regression line	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: regression + line. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	回帰直線	The regression line predicts fuel use from vehicle mass.
465	coefficient of determination	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: coefficient + of + determination. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	決定係数	A coefficient of determination of 0.81 means the model explains 81 percent of the observed variation.
466	extrapolation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	外挿	Estimating rainfall fifty years ahead is risky extrapolation.
467	influential point	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: influential + point. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	影響力のあるポイント	Removing the distant influential point changed the slope noticeably.
468	abstraction layer	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: abstraction + layer. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	抽象化層	The file system is an abstraction layer above physical storage sectors.
469	computational thinking	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: computational + thinking. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	計算的思考	Computational thinking helped the team turn the scheduling problem into clear steps.
470	decomposition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	分解	Decomposition separated the app into login, search, and reporting tasks.
471	pattern recognition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: pattern + recognition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	パターン認識	Pattern recognition showed that every failed request lacked the same field.
472	algorithmic complexity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: algorithmic + complexity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	アルゴリズムの複雑さ	Algorithmic complexity explains why one sorting method slows sharply on huge lists.
473	time complexity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: time + complexity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	時間計算量	Binary search has logarithmic time complexity on a sorted list.
474	space complexity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: space + complexity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	空間計算量	The recursive solution had greater space complexity because it stored many calls.
475	Big O notation	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: Big + O + notation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ビッグオー表記	Big O notation classifies linear search as O of n.
476	linear search	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: linear + search. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	線形探索	Linear search found the name near the end of the unsorted list.
477	binary search	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: binary + search. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	二分探索	Binary search located the value in only a few comparisons.
478	sorting algorithm	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: sorting + algorithm. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ソートアルゴリズム	The sorting algorithm ordered the records by date.
479	recursion	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	再帰	Recursion computes the directory size by visiting each nested folder.
480	base case	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: base + case. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	基本的なケース	The base case returns one when the countdown reaches zero.
481	call stack	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: call + stack. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	コールスタック	Deep recursion filled the call stack.
482	data structure	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: data + structure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	データ構造	A data structure should match the operations a program performs most often.
483	array	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: array is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	配列	The array stores twelve monthly temperatures.
484	linked list	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: linked + list. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	リスト	A linked list allows insertion without shifting every later element.
485	queue	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: queue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 列 2. 行列 3. 待ち行列	Print jobs enter a queue and leave in arrival order.
486	tree structure	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: tree + structure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ツリー構造	The folder system forms a tree structure.
487	graph structure	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: graph + structure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	グラフ構造	A subway map can be represented as a graph structure.
488	hash table	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: hash + table. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ハッシュテーブル	The hash table retrieves a username quickly.
489	database schema	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: database + schema. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	データベーススキーマ	The database schema links students with courses through an enrollment table.
490	primary key	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: primary + key. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	主キー	The student ID is the primary key of the student table.

Page 14 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 14.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ returns one when the countdown reaches zero.

Answer: base case

2. The file system is an ___ above physical storage sectors.

Answer: abstraction layer

3. Deep recursion filled the ___.

Answer: call stack

4. The ___ supports normal approximations for large random samples.

Answer: central limit theorem

5. ___ helped the team turn the scheduling problem into clear steps.

Answer: computational thinking

Page 15: words 491–525

Vocabulary page 15
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
491	foreign key	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: foreign + key. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	外部キー	The order record uses customer ID as a foreign key.
492	database normalization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: database + normalization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	データベースの正規化	Database normalization moved repeated addresses into a separate table.
493	SQL	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Capitalization focus: SQL is an abbreviation or initialism; preserve its capital letters.	SQL	The analyst used SQL to select orders from the previous month.
494	application programming interface	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: application + programming + interface. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. API 2. アプリケーションプログラミングインタフェース	The weather application programming interface returns forecast data in JSON.
495	object-oriented programming	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: object + oriented + programming. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	オブジェクト指向プログラミング	Object-oriented programming groups each account's fields with methods that act on them.
496	object	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: object is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. オブジェクト 2. 物	The red bicycle is one object created from the Vehicle class.
497	memoization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	メモ化	Memoization reduced the recursive program's running time by reusing earlier answers.
498	dynamic programming	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: dynamic + programming. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	動的プログラミング	Dynamic programming found the cheapest route without recalculating every partial route.
499	referential integrity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: referential + integrity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	参照整合性	Referential integrity prevented an order from naming a customer who did not exist.
500	parameterized query	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: parameterized + query. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	パラメータ化されたクエリ	A parameterized query protected the login form from SQL injection.
501	humanism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 人文主義 2. ヒューマニズム	Renaissance humanism encouraged the close study of history, rhetoric, and moral philosophy.
502	secularism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	世俗主義	Secularism influenced debates about whether civil law should depend on one faith.
503	patronage	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: patronage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	メセナ	Medici patronage funded major works of Renaissance art.
504	indulgence	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	趣味	Criticism of the sale of an indulgence helped ignite reform debates.
505	Council of Trent	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Council + of + Trent. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	トレント評議会	The Council of Trent condemned abuses while reaffirming major teachings.
506	religious pluralism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: religious + pluralism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	宗教多元主義	Religious pluralism required states to negotiate differences among confessional communities.
507	empiricism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 経験論 2. 経験主義	Empiricism encouraged investigators to test claims against measured results.
508	rationalism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	合理主義	Rationalism led some philosophers to begin with principles they considered self-evident.
509	absolute monarchy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: absolute + monarchy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	絶対君主制	Louis XIV became a symbol of absolute monarchy.
510	parliamentary government	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: parliamentary + government. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	議院内閣制	The prime minister leads the parliamentary government while retaining legislative support.
511	English Bill of Rights	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: English + Bill + of + Rights. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	英語の権利章典	The English Bill of Rights prohibited the monarch from suspending laws alone.
512	plantation economy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: plantation + economy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	プランテーション経済	The sugar plantation economy depended heavily on enslaved workers.
513	enclosure movement	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: enclosure + movement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	エンクロージャの動き	The enclosure movement displaced some rural families while increasing commercial farming.
514	cottage industry	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: cottage + industry. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	家内工業	Before large factories, the cottage industry employed families who spun and wove cloth.
515	division of labor	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: division + of + labor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	分業	Division of labor increased output but made many factory jobs repetitive.
516	labor union	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: labor + union. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	労働組合	The labor union organized a strike for safer equipment.
517	protectorate	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: protectorate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	保護者による政府	The treaty turned the kingdom into a protectorate with limited sovereignty.
518	sphere of influence	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: sphere + of + influence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	勢力圏	Foreign states divided port regions into a sphere of influence.
519	settler colonialism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: settler + colonialism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	入植者の植民地主義	Settler colonialism transformed land ownership and governance.
520	extractive economy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: extractive + economy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	採掘経済	The extractive economy exported minerals while investing little in local manufacturing.
521	Berlin Conference	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Berlin + Conference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ベルリン会議	No African representatives participated in the Berlin Conference.
522	Social Darwinism	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Social + Darwinism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	社会ダーウィニズム	Social Darwinism provided false scientific language for imperial domination.
523	French Revolution	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: French + Revolution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	フランス革命	The French Revolution abolished feudal privileges and declared civic equality.
524	Estates-General	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Estates + General. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	エステート全般	The king summoned the Estates-General to address the financial crisis.
525	National Assembly	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: National + Assembly. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	国会	The National Assembly pledged to write a constitution.

Page 15 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 15.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The analyst used ___ to select orders from the previous month.

Answer: SQL

2. The weather ___ returns forecast data in JSON.

Answer: application programming interface

3. ___ groups each account's fields with methods that act on them.

Answer: object-oriented programming

4. The red bicycle is one ___ created from the Vehicle class.

Answer: object

5. ___ reduced the recursive program's running time by reusing earlier answers.

Answer: memoization

Page 16: words 526–560

Vocabulary page 16
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
526	Reign of Terror	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Reign + of + Terror. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	恐怖の統治	Thousands were executed during the Reign of Terror.
527	Napoleonic Code	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Napoleonic + Code. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ナポレオン法典	The Napoleonic Code protected property rights while limiting women's legal independence.
528	Congress of Vienna	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Congress + of + Vienna. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ウィーン議会	The Congress of Vienna restored several monarchies and balanced major powers.
529	conservatism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	保守主義	Postwar conservatism supported restored monarchies.
530	liberalism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	自由主義	Nineteenth-century liberalism often supported constitutions and representative institutions.
531	World War I	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: World + War + I. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. 第一次世界大戦 2. 第１次世界大戦	World War I mobilized armies and civilian economies on an unprecedented scale.
532	war reparations	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: war + reparations. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	戦争賠償	German war reparations became a source of political conflict.
533	mandate system	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: mandate + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	委任制度	The mandate system continued imperial control under international supervision.
534	Russian Revolution	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Russian + Revolution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ロシア革命	The Russian Revolution withdrew Russia from World War I.
535	Bolshevik	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: Bolshevik is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ボリシェヴィキ	A Bolshevik government seized key institutions in Petrograd.
536	collectivization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	集団化	Soviet collectivization caused resistance, disruption, and famine.
537	appeasement	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	宥和政策	The Munich Agreement became a major example of appeasement.
538	World War II	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: World + War + II. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	第二次世界大戦	World War II caused enormous military and civilian deaths.
539	Nuremberg trials	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Nuremberg + trials. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ニュルンベルク裁判	The Nuremberg trials established an important record of Nazi crimes.
540	containment	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	封じ込め政策	The United States used alliances and aid as instruments of containment.
541	nonalignment	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	不整列	India promoted nonalignment during the Cold War.
542	deflation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. デフレーション 2. 通貨収縮 3. 収縮	Deflation can increase the real burden of debt.
543	unemployment rate	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: unemployment + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	失業率	The unemployment rate fell as firms hired more workers.
544	comparative advantage	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: comparative + advantage. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	比較優位	Comparative advantage can make specialization beneficial even when one country is more productive in everything.
545	trade barrier	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: trade + barrier. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	貿易障壁	A tariff is a trade barrier that raises the cost of imported goods.
546	Peace of Westphalia	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Peace + of + Westphalia. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ウェストファリアの平和	The Peace of Westphalia allowed each participating ruler greater authority over affairs within the ruler's territory.
547	Glorious Revolution	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Glorious + Revolution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	名誉革命	The Glorious Revolution helped establish that the English monarch governed under law and with Parliament.
548	habeas corpus	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: habeas + corpus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	人身保護令状	A petition for habeas corpus challenges imprisonment without lawful cause.
549	ancien régime	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: ancien + régime. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	アンシャン・レジーム	Under the ancien régime, legal privileges differed among the three estates.
550	cahier de doléances	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: cahier + de + doléances. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	カイエ・ド・ドレアンス	One cahier de doléances demanded fairer taxation and regular meetings of representatives.
551	Tennis Court Oath	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Tennis + Court + Oath. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	テニスコートの宣誓	The Tennis Court Oath turned a meeting dispute into a public commitment to constitutional change.
552	sans-culottes	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: sans + culottes. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	サンキュロット	The sans-culottes pressed the revolutionary government to control food prices.
553	Jacobin	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: Jacobin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ジャコバン派	The Jacobin supported a republic and stronger measures against perceived enemies of the revolution.
554	Directory	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Capitalization focus: this is a proper name, so its standard written form begins with a capital letter.	1. フォルダ 2. ディレクトリ	The Directory struggled with corruption, financial instability, and military dependence.
555	Continental System	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Continental + System. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	コンチネンタルシステム	Smuggling undermined the Continental System along much of Europe's coastline.
556	Concert of Europe	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Concert + of + Europe. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ヨーロッパのコンサート	The Concert of Europe used periodic congresses to address international crises.
557	Metternich system	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Metternich + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	メッテルニヒ系	The Metternich system sought to contain nationalism and revolutionary liberalism.
558	revolutions of 1848	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: revolutions + of + 1848. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1848 年の革命	The revolutions of 1848 briefly forced several rulers to promise constitutions.
559	Risorgimento	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Capitalization focus: this is a proper name, so its standard written form begins with a capital letter.	リソルジメント	The Risorgimento joined diplomacy, popular activism, and warfare in the creation of Italy.
560	Realpolitik	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: Realpolitik is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. レアルポリティーク 2. 現実政治	Bismarck used Realpolitik to pursue German unification through calculated alliances and wars.

Revolution and Restoration

Reading practice for pages 16–18. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

The Reign of Terror exposed the French Revolution’s violent struggle over authority and citizenship. Napoleon later consolidated legal reforms in the Napoleonic Code while also centralizing power. After his defeat, the Congress of Vienna restored dynasties and borders. Nineteenth-century debates then placed conservatism, which valued order and tradition, against liberalism, which emphasized rights and constitutional reform.

Japanese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What did the Napoleonic Code consolidate?

It consolidated legal reforms.

2. What did the Congress of Vienna restore?

It restored dynasties and borders.

3. How did liberalism differ from conservatism?

Liberalism emphasized rights and reform, while conservatism emphasized order and tradition.

Page 17: words 561–595

Vocabulary page 17
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
561	Zollverein	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Capitalization focus: this is a proper name, so its standard written form begins with a capital letter.	ツォルフェアライン	The Zollverein encouraged economic ties while excluding Austria.
562	Kulturkampf	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Capitalization focus: this is a proper name, so its standard written form begins with a capital letter.	文化カンプ	Resistance from Catholic voters eventually weakened the Kulturkampf.
563	scramble for Africa	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: scramble + for + Africa. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	アフリカを争う	The scramble for Africa imposed borders with little regard for existing African societies.
564	indirect rule	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: indirect + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	間接規則	British administrators used indirect rule by assigning duties to recognized chiefs.
565	direct rule	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: direct + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	直接法則	Direct rule replaced many local institutions with a European administrative hierarchy.
566	assimilation policy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: assimilation + policy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	同化政策	The assimilation policy offered limited citizenship to colonial subjects who adopted prescribed French institutions.
567	extraterritoriality	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	治外法権	Unequal treaties granted some foreign merchants extraterritoriality in Chinese ports.
568	Open Door Policy	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Open + Door + Policy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	オープンドアポリシー	The Open Door Policy opposed exclusive trading zones controlled by a single foreign power.
569	Boxer Rebellion	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Boxer + Rebellion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	義和団の反乱	After the Boxer Rebellion, the Qing government was required to pay a large indemnity.
570	Meiji Restoration	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Meiji + Restoration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	明治維新	The Meiji Restoration led to national institutions, industrial reforms, and a conscript army.
571	Russo-Japanese War	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Russo + Japanese + War. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	日露戦争	The Russo-Japanese War altered international perceptions of power in Asia.
572	Sepoy Rebellion	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Sepoy + Rebellion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	セポイの反乱	After the Sepoy Rebellion, the British Crown took direct control of India.
573	Indian National Congress	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Indian + National + Congress. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	インド国民会議	The Indian National Congress gradually expanded its demands from greater participation to self-government.
574	Tanzimat reforms	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Tanzimat + reforms. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	タンジマトの改革	The Tanzimat reforms proclaimed greater legal equality while strengthening central government.
575	Young Turks	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Young + Turks. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	若いトルコ人	The Young Turks forced Sultan Abdulhamid II to restore parliamentary government.
576	Balkan nationalism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Balkan + nationalism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	バルカン半島のナショナリズム	Balkan nationalism weakened Ottoman authority and intensified rivalry among neighboring states.
577	Schlieffen Plan	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Schlieffen + Plan. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	シュリーフェン・プラン	Unexpected resistance and logistical problems disrupted the Schlieffen Plan in 1914.
578	unrestricted submarine warfare	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: unrestricted + submarine + warfare. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	無制限潜水艦戦	Germany's return to unrestricted submarine warfare helped bring the United States into World War I.
579	Fourteen Points	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Fourteen + Points. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	14 ポイント	The Fourteen Points called for open diplomacy and an association of nations.
580	war guilt clause	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: war + guilt + clause. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	戦争罪条項	Many Germans viewed the war guilt clause as a humiliating accusation.
581	Weimar Republic	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Weimar + Republic. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. ワイマル共和国 2. ヴァイマル共和政	The Weimar Republic faced political violence, economic crises, and fragile coalition governments.
582	Dawes Plan	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Dawes + Plan. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ドーズ・プラン	The Dawes Plan temporarily eased financial pressure on Germany.
583	hyperinflation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ハイパーインフレーション	During hyperinflation, German workers rushed to spend wages before prices rose again.
584	Nuremberg Laws	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Nuremberg + Laws. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ニュルンベルク法	The Nuremberg Laws transformed racist ideology into state-enforced legal discrimination.
585	Final Solution	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Final + Solution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	最終的な解決策	The Final Solution was implemented through deportations, mass shootings, ghettos, forced labor, and killing centers.
586	Kristallnacht	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Capitalization focus: this is a proper name, so its standard written form begins with a capital letter.	水晶の夜	Kristallnacht marked a severe escalation from legal persecution to open mass violence.
587	Lebensraum	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: Lebensraum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	レーベンスラウム	The pursuit of Lebensraum helped drive Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union.
588	blitzkrieg	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: blitzkrieg is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	電撃戦	Germany used blitzkrieg tactics to overwhelm Poland's defenses in 1939.
589	Operation Barbarossa	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Operation + Barbarossa. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	バルバロッサ作戦	Operation Barbarossa opened an enormous eastern front but failed to secure a rapid victory.
590	island hopping	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: island + hopping. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	アイランドホッピング	Island hopping brought airfields and naval bases progressively closer to Japan.
591	D-Day	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: D + Day. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Dデイ	D-Day required coordination among airborne troops, naval forces, aircraft, and landing units.
592	Manhattan Project	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Manhattan + Project. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	マンハッタンプロジェクト	The Manhattan Project combined secret laboratories, industrial facilities, and international scientific expertise.
593	Yalta Conference	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Yalta + Conference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ヤルタ会談	At the Yalta Conference, the leaders debated occupation zones and Poland's future government.
594	Potsdam Conference	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Potsdam + Conference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ポツダム会談	The Potsdam Conference exposed growing disagreements between the Soviet Union and Western Allies.
595	Iron Curtain	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Iron + Curtain. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	鉄のカーテン	Churchill's Iron Curtain speech described an emerging division across Europe.

Page 18: words 596–630

Vocabulary page 18
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
596	Truman Doctrine	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Truman + Doctrine. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	トルーマン・ドクトリン	The Truman Doctrine framed aid to Greece and Turkey as part of a broader containment policy.
597	Marshall Plan	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Marshall + Plan. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	マーシャル・プラン	The Marshall Plan supplied grants and materials for rebuilding infrastructure and industry.
598	Berlin Airlift	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Berlin + Airlift. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ベルリン空輸	The Berlin Airlift delivered food and fuel for nearly a year.
599	NATO	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Capitalization focus: NATO is an abbreviation or initialism; preserve its capital letters.	NATO	Under NATO, members agreed that an attack on one could be treated as an attack on all.
600	Warsaw Pact	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Warsaw + Pact. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ワルシャワ条約	The Warsaw Pact formalized military cooperation within the Soviet bloc.
601	classical conditioning	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: classical + conditioning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	古典的条件付け	Classical conditioning explains why the dog began to salivate when it heard the food cart.
602	unconditioned stimulus	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: unconditioned + stimulus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	無条件の刺激	Food was the unconditioned stimulus that automatically caused the dog to salivate.
603	conditioned stimulus	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: conditioned + stimulus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	条件付き刺激	After several trials, the bell became a conditioned stimulus.
604	unconditioned response	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: unconditioned + response. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	無条件の反応	Salivating at food is an unconditioned response.
605	conditioned response	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: conditioned + response. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	条件反射	Salivating at the bell became the dog's conditioned response.
606	spontaneous recovery	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: spontaneous + recovery. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	自然回復	Spontaneous recovery occurred when the dog reacted to the bell again the next morning.
607	stimulus generalization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: stimulus + generalization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	刺激の一般化	Stimulus generalization caused the child to fear several dogs after one frightening encounter.
608	stimulus discrimination	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: stimulus + discrimination. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	刺激の弁別	Stimulus discrimination allowed the dog to react to the food bell but ignore the doorbell.
609	operant conditioning	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: operant + conditioning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	オペラント条件付け	Operant conditioning increased careful practice because completed sessions earned extra game time.
610	positive reinforcement	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: positive + reinforcement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	正の強化	Praise served as positive reinforcement for submitting work on time.
611	negative reinforcement	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: negative + reinforcement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	負の強化	Fastening the seat belt stops the warning sound, so the silence acts as negative reinforcement.
612	punishment	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. 罰 2. 処罰 3. 刑罰	Losing computer privileges was a punishment for repeatedly ignoring the rule.
613	shaping	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: shaping is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	整形	The trainer used shaping by rewarding the parrot first for approaching and later for touching the target.
614	observational learning	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: observational + learning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	観察学習	Observational learning helped the child tie a knot after watching an older sibling.
615	working memory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: working + memory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ワーキングメモリ	Working memory keeps the first numbers available while a student completes a calculation.
616	long-term memory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: long + term + memory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	長期記憶	Repeated retrieval helped the formulas enter long-term memory.
617	encoding	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: encoding is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. エンコーディング 2. 文字コード	Connecting a date with a vivid image improved encoding.
618	retrieval	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: retrieval is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	検索	A familiar song triggered retrieval of a childhood memory.
619	schema	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: schema is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	スキーマ	A restaurant schema helps diners predict that they will order before paying.
620	accommodation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	設備	Learning that whales are mammals required accommodation of the child's animal categories.
621	cognitive dissonance	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: cognitive + dissonance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	認知的不協和	Cognitive dissonance troubled Lena when her purchases conflicted with her concern about waste.
622	metacognition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	メタ認知	Metacognition helped Arun notice that rereading alone was not helping him remember.
623	availability heuristic	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: availability + heuristic. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	可用性ヒューリスティック	After watching several reports about plane crashes, the availability heuristic made flying seem unusually dangerous.
624	representativeness heuristic	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: representativeness + heuristic. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	代表性ヒューリスティック	The representativeness heuristic led voters to assume the quiet book lover must be a librarian.
625	anchoring bias	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: anchoring + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	アンカリングバイアス	An inflated starting price created anchoring bias during the negotiation.
626	framing effect	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: framing + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	フレーミング効果	The framing effect made ninety-percent survival sound more reassuring than ten-percent mortality.
627	hindsight bias	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: hindsight + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	後知恵バイアス	Hindsight bias made the upset victory seem obvious once the match was over.
628	fundamental attribution error	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: fundamental + attribution + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	基本的な帰属エラー	The fundamental attribution error led Theo to call the late driver careless without considering the road closure.
629	self-serving bias	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: self + serving + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	利己的な偏見	Self-serving bias appeared when the player praised skill after winning but blamed the weather after losing.
630	growth mindset	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: growth + mindset. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	成長マインドセット	A growth mindset encouraged Mina to treat corrections as information for improvement.

Page 19: words 631–665

Vocabulary page 19
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
631	intrinsic motivation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: intrinsic + motivation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	内発的動機づけ	Curiosity provided intrinsic motivation for Omar to keep studying the night sky.
632	extrinsic motivation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: extrinsic + motivation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	外発的動機付け	The scholarship offered extrinsic motivation to maintain strong grades.
633	self-efficacy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: self + efficacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	自己効力感	Completing smaller climbs increased Jia's self-efficacy before the difficult route.
634	locus of control	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: locus + of + control. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	制御の場所	An internal locus of control led Niko to focus on study choices he could change.
635	resilience	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	我慢	Community support strengthened residents' resilience after the flood.
636	epistemology	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	認識論	Epistemology asks what separates justified knowledge from a lucky guess.
637	metaphysics	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: metaphysics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	形而上学	Metaphysics includes questions about whether time exists independently of observers.
638	ontology	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: ontology is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 存在論 2. オントロジー 3. 本体論	The debate in ontology asks whether numbers exist as objects or only as concepts.
639	ethics	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: ethics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	倫理学	Ethics examines whether a beneficial outcome can justify a dishonest action.
640	aesthetics	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: aesthetics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	美学	Aesthetics asks why the same painting can move one viewer but leave another indifferent.
641	determinism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	決定論	Strict determinism raises questions about whether anyone could have acted differently.
642	free will	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: free + will. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	自由意志	The philosopher defended free will by distinguishing reasons from external coercion.
643	dualism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	二元論	Substance dualism treats mental experience as more than a physical brain process.
644	materialism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 唯物論 2. 唯物主義	Materialism explains memory through changes in the nervous system.
645	idealism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. 観念論 2. イデアリスム	Idealism challenges the claim that objects are known exactly as they exist independently of perception.
646	relativism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	相対主義	Moral relativism questions whether one ethical standard applies identically across every society.
647	utilitarianism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	功利主義	Utilitarianism might support the policy if it produces the greatest net benefit for everyone affected.
648	deontology	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	義務論	Deontology can forbid deception even when a lie might produce a useful result.
649	virtue ethics	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: virtue + ethics. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	美徳倫理	Virtue ethics asks what a courageous and honest person would choose.
650	categorical imperative	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: categorical + imperative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	定言命法	The categorical imperative challenges a person to reject an exception that could not be granted to everyone.
651	moral dilemma	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: moral + dilemma. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	道徳的ジレンマ	The rescue captain faced a moral dilemma when helping one vessel could delay aid to another.
652	thought experiment	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: thought + experiment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	思考実験	The philosopher used a thought experiment about an invisible observer to examine privacy.
653	phenomenology	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	現象学	Phenomenology examines how time feels while a person waits anxiously.
654	linear perspective	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: linear + perspective. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	直線的な遠近法	The tiled floor uses linear perspective to lead the viewer's eye into the room.
655	atmospheric perspective	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: atmospheric + perspective. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	大気の視点	The painter used atmospheric perspective so the far mountains faded into blue haze.
656	vanishing point	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: vanishing + point. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. 消点 2. 消失点	The road narrows toward a vanishing point on the horizon.
657	chiaroscuro	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: chiaroscuro is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. キアロスクーロ 2. 明暗法 3. 陰影法	Chiaroscuro makes the face emerge from the dark background.
658	sfumato	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: sfumato is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	スフマート	Sfumato softens the transition around the portrait's mouth and eyes.
659	impasto	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: impasto is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	厚塗り	The artist used impasto to give the waves a rough physical texture.
660	fresco	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: fresco is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	フレスコ	The restored fresco covered the chapel ceiling.
661	tempera	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: tempera is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	テンペラ	The medieval panel's tempera produced crisp lines and luminous color.
662	oil painting	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: oil + painting. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	油絵	The portrait's transparent glazes are characteristic of oil painting.
663	watercolor	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: watercolor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	水彩	The artist left areas of paper bare so the watercolor would retain bright highlights.
664	printmaking	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: printmaking is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	製版	Printmaking allowed the artist to produce a numbered edition from one carved block.
665	engraving	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: engraving is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	彫刻	Fine crosshatched lines in the engraving create gradual shadow.

Motivation After a Setback

Reading practice for pages 19–21. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A student who practices piano for enjoyment acts from intrinsic motivation; a prize can add extrinsic motivation. After a difficult recital, resilience helps the student continue. Growing self-efficacy supports the belief that practice can improve performance, while an internal locus of control directs attention toward choices the student can actually make.

Japanese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What motivates practice for enjoyment?

Intrinsic motivation drives practice for enjoyment.

2. What does self-efficacy support?

It supports belief in one's capacity to improve.

3. How does an internal locus of control help?

It focuses attention on choices the student can make.

Page 20: words 666–700

Vocabulary page 20
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
666	etching	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: etching is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	エッチング	The artist scratched through the wax ground before placing the plate in acid for etching.
667	lithography	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	リトグラフ	Lithography allowed the artist to draw freely with a greasy crayon on stone.
668	sculpture in the round	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: sculpture + in + the + round. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	丸い彫刻	Visitors can walk completely around the sculpture in the round.
669	relief sculpture	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: relief + sculpture. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	レリーフ彫刻	The relief sculpture shows figures rising slightly from the bronze door.
670	negative space	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: negative + space. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ネガティブスペース	The white negative space between the branches forms the outline of a bird.
671	color theory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: color + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	色彩理論	Color theory explains why complementary hues intensify each other when placed side by side.
672	media framing	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: media + framing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	メディアフレーミング	Media framing changed when reports described the demonstration as either a disruption or a civil-rights action.
673	agenda setting	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: agenda + setting. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	議題設定	Sustained coverage of water quality created agenda setting before the election.
674	gatekeeping	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: gatekeeping is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	門番	Editorial gatekeeping determined which local stories appeared on the front page.
675	deepfake	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: deepfake is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ディープフェイク	Investigators identified the campaign video as a deepfake by examining inconsistent lighting and audio.
676	algorithmic recommendation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: algorithmic + recommendation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	アルゴリズムによる推奨	An algorithmic recommendation placed another similar video at the top of the feed.
677	echo chamber	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: echo + chamber. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	エコーチャンバー	The private forum became an echo chamber because members removed every dissenting source.
678	filter bubble	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: filter + bubble. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	フィルターバブル	The search history contributed to a filter bubble that hid unfamiliar viewpoints.
679	media ownership	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: media + ownership. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	メディアの所有権	Researchers examined whether concentrated media ownership reduced the range of local reporting.
680	public service media	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: public + service + media. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	公共サービスメディア	Public service media broadcast the emergency briefing without commercial interruption.
681	documentary	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: documentary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ドキュメンタリー 2. 記録映画	The documentary combines archival footage with interviews from both communities.
682	montage	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: montage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	モンタージュ	A training montage shows months of practice in less than two minutes.
683	cinematography	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	撮影	Low-key lighting and a handheld camera shape the scene's cinematography.
684	mise-en-scène	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: mise + en + scène. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ミザンセン	The cramped furniture in the mise-en-scène makes the apartment feel oppressive.
685	leitmotif	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: leitmotif is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ライトモチーフ	A brass leitmotif returns whenever the hidden kingdom is mentioned.
686	syncopation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	シンコペーション	The drummer's syncopation gives the melody an unsettled forward motion.
687	neuroplasticity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	神経可塑性	Repeated practice can use neuroplasticity to strengthen a recovering skill.
688	sensory memory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: sensory + memory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	感覚記憶	Sensory memory lets a sparkler's moving light appear as a continuous trail.
689	episodic memory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: episodic + memory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	エピソード記憶	Her episodic memory of graduation includes the rain and the sound of the orchestra.
690	semantic memory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: semantic + memory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	意味記憶	Knowing that water freezes at zero degrees Celsius belongs to semantic memory.
691	procedural memory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: procedural + memory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	手続き記憶	Riding a bicycle depends heavily on procedural memory.
692	implicit memory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: implicit + memory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	暗黙の記憶	Faster recognition of a repeated pattern demonstrated implicit memory.
693	explicit memory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: explicit + memory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	明示的な記憶	Recalling the names of all the planets uses explicit memory.
694	priming	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: priming is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	呼び水	Seeing the word doctor created priming that made nurse easier to recognize.
695	recognition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	承認	The multiple-choice format required recognition rather than unaided recall.
696	proactive interference	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: proactive + interference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	積極的な干渉	The old password caused proactive interference when Mira tried to enter the new one.
697	retroactive interference	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: retroactive + interference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	遡及干渉	Learning the new locker combination produced retroactive interference with last year's number.
698	serial position effect	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: serial + position + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	シリアルポジション効果	The serial position effect appeared when participants recalled the first and last words most often.
699	actor-observer bias	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: actor + observer + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	行為者と観察者のバイアス	Actor-observer bias led Jin to blame traffic for his lateness but call a late coworker careless.
700	just-world hypothesis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: just + world + hypothesis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	公正世界仮説	The just-world hypothesis can make observers ignore structural causes of poverty.

Page 21: words 701–735

Vocabulary page 21
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
701	abnegate	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: abnegate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	棄権する	The caretaker chose to abnegate personal comfort so the stranded hikers could use the only dry blankets.
702	abstinent	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: abstinent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	禁欲	The recovering patient remained abstinent from alcohol throughout treatment.
703	acrimonious	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	凸凹な	The contract talks became acrimonious after both sides accused the other of concealing costs.
704	avow	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: avow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 公言する 2. 公言	The candidate chose to avow her support for the unpopular reform.
705	axiom	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: axiom is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	公理	The proof begins with an axiom about equality.
706	bane	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: bane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	災い	Saltwater corrosion became the bane of the harbor's metal equipment.
707	bastion	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: bastion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	堡塁	The independent newspaper remained a bastion of investigative reporting.
708	belabor	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: belabor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ぐずぐずする	The editor asked the writer not to belabor an argument already supported by clear evidence.
709	beleaguer	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: beleaguer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	取り巻く	Repeated equipment failures continued to beleaguer the expedition.
710	belittle	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: belittle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 侮る 2. 矮小化 3. 軽視	A constructive critic should challenge the proposal without trying to belittle its author.
711	bemused	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: bemused is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	困惑した	The bemused visitor studied the map after realizing that two streets had the same name.
712	bequest	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: bequest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	遺書	The library used a former teacher's bequest to purchase accessible technology.
713	bereaved	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: bereaved is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	遺族	The hospital connected the bereaved family with a grief counselor.
714	beset	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: beset is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	悩まされる	Supply shortages continued to beset the remote clinic.
715	cajole	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: cajole is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 丸める 2. 丸め込む 3. 誑す	The director tried to cajole the nervous actor into attending one more rehearsal.
716	callow	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: callow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	碧い蒼い	The callow intern made confident promises before understanding the project's constraints.
717	candor	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: candor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 率直 2. 正直	Her candor about the failed trial helped the team correct its procedure.
718	caricature	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: caricature is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 風刺画 2. 戯画 3. 漫画	The article reduces the complex leader to a one-dimensional caricature.
719	cerebral	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: cerebral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	知的	The cerebral film builds suspense through philosophical puzzles instead of action.
720	charisma	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: charisma is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. カリスマ 2. シャルム 3. 魅力	The speaker's charisma energized the crowd, but voters still examined her policies.
721	chimera	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: chimera is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. キメラ 2. キマイラ	The promise of unlimited growth without any cost may be a chimera.
722	choleric	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: choleric is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	胆汁性の	The choleric supervisor responded to small delays with disproportionate fury.
723	circuitous	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	回りくどい	A landslide forced the bus to take a circuitous mountain road.
724	circumlocution	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	遠回しな言い方	The witness used circumlocution to avoid giving a clear yes-or-no answer.
725	circumscribe	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: circumscribe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	外接する	The constitution can circumscribe executive power by requiring legislative approval.
726	clemency	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: clemency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	慈悲	The governor granted clemency after new evidence showed that the sentence was excessive.
727	clique	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: clique is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 派閥 2. クリーク	A single clique controlled the club's decisions and discouraged new members.
728	cognitive	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	認知的	Sleep deprivation can reduce cognitive performance during complex tasks.
729	colloquial	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: colloquial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 口語 2. 口語体 3. 話し言葉の	The dialogue uses colloquial expressions that sound natural among close friends.
730	collusion	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	共謀	Investigators found evidence of collusion among companies that had agreed not to compete on price.
731	comprise	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: comprise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	含む	The anthology will comprise essays from twelve regions.
732	condescend	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: condescend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	見下す	An effective tutor explains difficult ideas without choosing to condescend.
733	conducive	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	助かる	Quiet lighting and clear routines created conditions conducive to concentration.
734	confluence	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	合流点	The city grew at the confluence of two navigable rivers.
735	congenital	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: congenital is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	先天的	Doctors detected the congenital heart defect shortly after delivery.

Page 22: words 736–770

Vocabulary page 22
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
736	congregate	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: congregate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	集う	Migrating birds congregate near the wetland before continuing south.
737	consecrate	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: consecrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	聖別する	Community leaders will consecrate the memorial ground during the ceremony.
738	contiguous	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	一緒に	The wildlife corridor connects three contiguous forest reserves.
739	contrived	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: contrived is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	態とらしい	The play's final coincidence felt contrived because nothing earlier prepared for it.
740	convivial	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: convivial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	陽気な	The shared meal created a convivial atmosphere after a tense day of negotiation.
741	corollary	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: corollary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	系	A corollary of the theorem gives the area formula for a special case.
742	countenance	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: countenance is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	面	The review board will not countenance experiments that lack informed consent.
743	coup	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: coup is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	クーデター	The military coup dissolved parliament and detained elected officials.
744	covert	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: covert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	秘密	The journalist uncovered a covert surveillance program.
745	culpable	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	犯人	The inquiry found the contractor culpable for ignoring repeated safety warnings.
746	curtail	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: curtail is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	押さえる	Water shortages forced the town to curtail nonessential irrigation.
747	cynic	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: cynic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	皮肉	The cynic dismissed every charitable act as a publicity strategy.
748	debacle	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: debacle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	大失敗	Poor planning turned the product launch into a public debacle.
749	decorous	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	いい	The chair requested a decorous debate without personal attacks.
750	defame	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: defame is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	中傷する	A critic may express an opinion but may not defame an artist with invented accusations.
751	deleterious	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	害する	Chronic sleep loss has deleterious effects on attention and health.
752	delude	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: delude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	いかさま	Selective evidence can delude investors into underestimating risk.
753	denizen	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: denizen is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 居住者 2. 住民	The octopus is a well-camouflaged denizen of the rocky reef.
754	derogatory	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: derogatory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	軽蔑的	The moderator removed a derogatory comment that attacked a participant's identity.
755	despot	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: despot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	暴君	The despot imprisoned critics and governed by decree.
756	destitute	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: destitute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	貧しい	The relief fund provided temporary housing for families left destitute by the fire.
757	dialectical	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: dialectical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	弁証法の	The seminar used a dialectical method to test each proposal against its strongest objection.
758	discreet	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: discreet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	慎重	The counselor was discreet when arranging support for the student.
759	disparage	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: disparage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 罵る 2. 貶す	The report can identify weaknesses without trying to disparage the researchers.
760	dissipate	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: dissipate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	外れる	Morning sunlight caused the fog to dissipate.
761	dissolution	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. 解体 2. 廃止 3. 解散	The legislature's dissolution triggered an early election.
762	duplicity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	1. 二心 2. 二枚舌	The official's public promise and secret agreement revealed duplicity.
763	edify	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: edify is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	教える	The museum designed the exhibit to edify visitors without oversimplifying the conflict.
764	effusion	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	滲出液	Her letter was an effusion of relief after the missing hikers returned safely.
765	enormity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	巨大さ	Survivor testimony helped the court confront the enormity of the crime.
766	epitome	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: epitome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	縮図	The carefully balanced bridge is the epitome of functional design.
767	equitable	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	公平な	An equitable funding plan gives additional support to schools with greater needs.
768	espouse	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: espouse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	mamoru	The organization chose to espouse transparent budgeting.
769	ethereal	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: ethereal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	軽い	The choir's ethereal harmony seemed to float through the dark hall.
770	exigency	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: exigency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	緊急性	The exigency of the wildfire justified opening the emergency shelter overnight.

A Convivial but Contrived Gathering

Reading practice for pages 22–23. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Neighbors congregate in three contiguous courtyards for a spring meal. The setting feels convivial because guests share food and music freely. A scripted argument in the opening performance seems contrived, but the final ceremony is sincere: community elders consecrate a newly planted memorial tree to public service.

Japanese translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Where do the neighbors congregate?

They gather in three contiguous courtyards.

2. Why is the meal convivial?

Guests freely share food and music.

3. What do elders consecrate?

They consecrate a memorial tree.

Page 23: words 771–800

Vocabulary page 23
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
771	existential	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: existential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 実存的な 2. 実存的	The drought created an existential danger for villages dependent on one reservoir.
772	expedite	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: expedite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	早める	Digital signatures can expedite approval without removing required review.
773	extricate	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: extricate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	出す	Rescuers worked carefully to extricate the driver from the damaged vehicle.
774	fabrication	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	偽造	The supposed eyewitness quotation was a fabrication.
775	facile	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: facile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	簡単な	Blaming one person for the recession is a facile explanation of a complicated event.
776	faction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: faction is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	派閥	A reform faction challenged the party's established leadership.
777	farcical	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: farcical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	グロテスクな	The hearing became farcical when no one could locate the central document.
778	fauna	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: fauna is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	動物相	Researchers recorded the island's native fauna before invasive rats arrived.
779	felicity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	幸福	The translator preserved both the accuracy and verbal felicity of the poem.
780	fervor	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: fervor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 熱情 2. 情熱 3. 気勢	Supporters campaigned with fervor during the final week.
781	fetter	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: fetter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	からます	Outdated licensing rules can fetter small businesses.
782	fidelity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	忠実度	The adaptation balances fidelity to the novel with the demands of film.
783	figurative	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. 比喩的な 2. 比喩	The phrase a mountain of paperwork is figurative rather than literal.
784	finesse	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: finesse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 技巧 2. 匙加減	The mediator used finesse to restate the accusation as a solvable concern.
785	flaunt	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: flaunt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	展示する	The advertisement encourages buyers to flaunt the brand's logo.
786	foible	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: foible is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	弱い	His habit of alphabetizing every shelf was a harmless foible.
787	forbear	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: forbear is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	断る	The judge asked spectators to forbear from reacting during testimony.
788	forego	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: forego is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	控える	The team decided to forego a celebration until the missing equipment was found.
789	forsake	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: forsake is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 放棄する 2. 見捨てる	The reformer refused to forsake her commitment to peaceful protest.
790	fortuitous	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	偶然	A fortuitous conversation introduced the scientist to a future collaborator.
791	fraternal	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: fraternal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	兄弟	The two organizations maintained fraternal ties despite political disagreements.
792	frenetic	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: frenetic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	熱狂的な	Frenetic trading caused the stock price to swing sharply.
793	frugal	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: frugal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. 倹約な 2. 質素な 3. 倹しい	The frugal laboratory repaired its equipment instead of replacing it.
794	garrulous	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	おしゃべり	The garrulous witness repeatedly wandered away from the question.
795	genteel	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: genteel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	上品	The hotel preserves a genteel atmosphere with quiet tea service and formal dress.
796	gesticulate	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: gesticulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	身振りで示す	Unable to hear across the station, Mira began to gesticulate toward the correct platform.
797	hapless	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: hapless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	不幸な	The hapless traveler arrived after the last train and then lost his phone.
798	hiatus	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: hiatus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	中断	The journal resumed publication after a two-year hiatus.
799	histrionic	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: histrionic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	劇的	The spokesperson's histrionic outrage distracted from the evidence.
800	ignominy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: ignominy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	恥	The official resigned in ignominy after the bribery scheme was proven.

Sources and curriculum references

These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.