English Vocabulary · Grade 10 Live Review Preview

10th Grade Vocabulary Words

Tenth-grade reading asks learners to move confidently among literary analysis, argument, source evaluation, laboratory science, mathematics, computing, history, economics, psychology, philosophy, and the arts. This level emphasizes precise academic language, disciplinary meanings, connotation, word relationships, and the ability to interpret unfamiliar vocabulary in demanding context.

This independently authored 800-word beta curriculum is arranged in twenty-three pages of up to thirty-five words. Pages containing words 1–500 include five cloze questions drawn only from that enhanced range; words 501–800 remain fully visible and editable as list pages while expanded practice is developed. Every row includes an editable subject-field label and a conservative word-study note about transparent affixes, compound structure, capitalization, or dictionary base forms. The cited sources calibrate range and difficulty only; all learner-facing definitions, examples, quizzes, and descriptions are original KSSR copy.

Please note: the vocabulary lists for grades 9~11 have been selected to ensure no overlap with the previous grade level. If the words are too specialized or difficult for you, please go back to grade levels 4~8 and review the words on those pages.

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Page 1: words 1–35

Vocabulary page 1
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
1	conceptual framework	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: conceptual + framework. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	quadro concettuale	The conceptual framework connects neighborhood design, travel choices, and air quality.
2	operational definition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: operational + definition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	definizione operativa	The operational definition treats regular exercise as at least 150 minutes of activity per week.
3	construct validity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: construct + validity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	validità di costrutto	Researchers questioned the survey's construct validity because its stress scale mostly measured tiredness.
4	internal validity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: internal + validity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	validità interna	Random assignment improved the experiment's internal validity.
5	external validity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: external + validity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	validità esterna	Testing only professional athletes limits the trial's external validity.
6	ecological validity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: ecological + validity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	validità ecologica	Observing shoppers in an actual market increased the study's ecological validity.
7	concurrent validity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: concurrent + validity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	validità concorrente	The new reading test showed concurrent validity by closely matching an established assessment.
8	predictive validity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: predictive + validity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	validità predittiva	Course performance provided evidence of the placement test's predictive validity.
9	content validity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: content + validity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	validità del contenuto	Including analysis, evidence, and conventions strengthened the exam's content validity.
10	interrater reliability	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: interrater + reliability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	affidabilità dell'intervalutatore	Training raised interrater reliability among the essay scorers.
11	test-retest reliability	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: test + retest + reliability. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	affidabilità test-retest	Stable scores two weeks apart supported the questionnaire's test-retest reliability.
12	sampling frame	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: sampling + frame. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	quadro di campionamento	The voter registry served as the sampling frame for the telephone survey.
13	random sampling	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: random + sampling. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	campionamento casuale	Random sampling reduced the risk that researchers would select only convenient participants.
14	stratified sampling	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: stratified + sampling. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	campionamento stratificato	Stratified sampling ensured that every grade level appeared in the school survey.
15	cluster sampling	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: cluster + sampling. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	campionamento a grappolo	The team used cluster sampling by choosing eight classrooms and surveying everyone in them.
16	systematic sampling	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: systematic + sampling. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	campionamento sistematico	With systematic sampling, the archivist inspected every twentieth file.
17	convenience sample	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: convenience + sample. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	campione di convenienza	Students leaving one cafeteria formed a convenience sample that could not represent the whole city.
18	oversampling	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: oversampling is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sovracampionamento	Oversampling provided enough rural respondents for a separate comparison.
19	response bias	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: response + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bias di risposta	A judgmental question introduced response bias into the health survey.
20	nonresponse bias	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: nonresponse + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bias di mancata risposta	Low participation by night-shift workers created nonresponse bias.
21	social desirability bias	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: social + desirability + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bias di desiderabilità sociale	Social desirability bias may cause respondents to underreport rude behavior.
22	measurement error	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: measurement + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	errore di misurazione	A poorly calibrated scale introduced measurement error into every mass reading.
23	confidence interval	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: confidence + interval. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. intervallo di confidenza 2. intervallo di fiducia	The confidence interval placed average growth between 4.2 and 5.1 centimeters.
24	confidence level	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: confidence + level. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	livello di fiducia	The researchers selected a 95 percent confidence level.
25	null hypothesis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: null + hypothesis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ipotesi nulla	The null hypothesis states that both fertilizers produce the same average growth.
26	alternative hypothesis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: alternative + hypothesis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ipotesi alternativa	The alternative hypothesis predicts that warmer water speeds the reaction.
27	independent samples	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: independent + samples. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	campioni indipendenti	The experiment used independent samples from two different schools.
28	paired samples	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: paired + samples. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	campioni accoppiati	Before-and-after blood pressure readings form paired samples.
29	control variable	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: control + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	variabile di controllo	Room temperature was a control variable in the battery test.
30	confounding variable	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: confounding + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	variabile confondente	Prior training was a confounding variable in the comparison of teaching methods.
31	moderating variable	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: moderating + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	variabile moderatrice	Age acted as a moderating variable because the treatment benefited younger patients more strongly.
32	mediating variable	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: mediating + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	variabile mediatrice	Improved sleep was a mediating variable between reduced screen time and better concentration.
33	latent variable	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: latent + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	variabile latente	The model treats motivation as a latent variable reflected in effort and persistence.
34	extraneous variable	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: extraneous + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	variabile estranea	Background noise was an extraneous variable during the memory task.
35	placebo effect	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: placebo + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	effetto placebo	Some participants reported less pain because of the placebo effect.

Designing a Sampling Study

Reading practice for pages 1–3. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A conceptual framework connects neighborhood design, travel choices, and air quality. Researchers use stratified sampling so every district is represented, then apply random sampling within each district. They compare independent samples of commuters and remote workers. Their alternative hypothesis predicts a difference in average exposure, while the null hypothesis predicts none.

Italian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Why use stratified sampling?

It ensures that every district is represented.

2. Where is random sampling applied?

It is applied within each district.

3. What does the alternative hypothesis predict?

It predicts a difference in average exposure.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. ___ reduced the risk that researchers would select only convenient participants.

Answer: random sampling

2. The ___ predicts that warmer water speeds the reaction.

Answer: alternative hypothesis

3. The ___ connects neighborhood design, travel choices, and air quality.

Answer: conceptual framework

4. ___ ensured that every grade level appeared in the school survey.

Answer: stratified sampling

5. The experiment used ___ from two different schools.

Answer: independent samples

Page 2: words 36–70

Vocabulary page 2
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
36	observer effect	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: observer + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	effetto osservatore	Workers followed every procedure carefully while the inspector was present, demonstrating an observer effect.
37	Hawthorne effect	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: Hawthorne + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Effetto Biancospino	The temporary rise in productivity may reflect the Hawthorne effect.
38	double-blind study	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: double + blind + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	studio in doppio cieco	A double-blind study reduced expectation effects during the drug trial.
39	longitudinal study	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: longitudinal + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	studio longitudinale	The longitudinal study tracked language development from childhood through adolescence.
40	cross-sectional study	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: cross + sectional + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	studio trasversale	The cross-sectional study compared sleep habits across four age groups.
41	cohort study	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: cohort + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	studio di coorte	A cohort study monitored nurses who began work in the same decade.
42	case-control study	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: case + control + study. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	studio caso-controllo	The case-control study examined earlier chemical exposure among patients with a rare illness.
43	meta-analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: meta + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	meta-analisi	The meta-analysis estimated the treatment's overall effect across twenty trials.
44	effect size	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: effect + size. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dimensione dell'effetto	Although the result was statistically significant, its effect size was small.
45	statistical power	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: statistical + power. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	potere statistico	A larger sample increased the study's statistical power.
46	Type I error	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: Type + I + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Errore di tipo I	A Type I error would falsely identify the harmless additive as dangerous.
47	Type II error	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: Type + II + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Errore di tipo II	A very small sample made a Type II error more likely.
48	falsifiability	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	falsificabilità	A scientific claim needs falsifiability so observations could count against it.
49	parsimony	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: parsimony is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	parsimonia	The simpler model was favored for its parsimony.
50	explanatory model	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: explanatory + model. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	modello esplicativo	The explanatory model links warmer oceans with stronger evaporation and rainfall.
51	causal mechanism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: causal + mechanism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	meccanismo causale	Cell damage provides a possible causal mechanism linking the toxin to illness.
52	causal inference	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: causal + inference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	inferenza causale	Randomized evidence supports stronger causal inference than a simple correlation.
53	counterfactual	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: counterfactual is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	controfattuale	The historian considers the counterfactual of the treaty never being signed.
54	necessary condition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: necessary + condition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	condizione necessaria	Liquid water is a necessary condition for the reaction in this experiment.
55	sufficient condition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: sufficient + condition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	condizione sufficiente	Divisibility by four is a sufficient condition for a whole number ending in two zeros to be even.
56	validity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	validità	The missing control group weakened the validity of the causal conclusion.
57	reliability	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ability forms a noun for the capacity to have a quality or perform an action.	1. affidabilità 2. attendibilità 3. esattezza	Repeated measurements within one millimeter demonstrated the instrument's reliability.
58	calibration	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	calibrazione	The laboratory performs calibration of each sensor before fieldwork.
59	data integrity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + integrity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	integrità dei dati	Access controls and checksums help protect data integrity.
60	data normalization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + normalization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	normalizzazione dei dati	Data normalization placed every temperature reading on the same unit scale.
61	data cleaning	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: data + cleaning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pulizia dei dati	Data cleaning removed duplicate survey responses.
62	outlier detection	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: outlier + detection. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	rilevamento di valori anomali	Outlier detection revealed a misplaced decimal point.
63	missing data	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: missing + data. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dati mancanti	The report explains how missing data from unanswered questions were handled.
64	imputation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. imputazione 2. accusa	The analyst used imputation rather than treating every blank response as zero.
65	coding scheme	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: coding + scheme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	schema di codifica	The coding scheme distinguishes supportive, neutral, and critical comments.
66	codebook	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: codebook is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	codice	The codebook explains that a value of nine means “response unavailable.”
67	thematic analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: thematic + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	analisi tematica	Thematic analysis revealed repeated concerns about safety and cost.
68	content analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: content + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	analisi dei contenuti	The content analysis compared how often newspapers quoted scientists.
69	discourse analysis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: discourse + analysis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	analisi del discorso	Discourse analysis examined how official statements described protesters.
70	grounded theory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: grounded + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	teoria fondata	Through grounded theory, researchers built a model from repeated interview patterns.

Page 2 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 2.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A ___ reduced expectation effects during the drug trial.

Answer: double-blind study

2. Cell damage provides a possible ___ linking the toxin to illness.

Answer: causal mechanism

3. The analyst used ___ rather than treating every blank response as zero.

Answer: imputation

4. The ___ tracked language development from childhood through adolescence.

Answer: longitudinal study

5. Randomized evidence supports stronger ___ than a simple correlation.

Answer: causal inference

Page 3: words 71–105

Vocabulary page 3
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
71	ethnography	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	etnografia	The ethnography describes daily cooperation in a coastal fishing village.
72	participant observation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: participant + observation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	osservazione partecipante	Participant observation helped the researcher understand unwritten workshop routines.
73	field note	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: field + note. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	nota di campo	Her field note describes who entered the meeting and where each person sat.
74	interview protocol	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: interview + protocol. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	protocollo di intervista	The interview protocol begins with consent and neutral background questions.
75	informed consent	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: informed + consent. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	consenso informato	Each volunteer signed an informed consent form before the first session.
76	anonymity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	anonimato	The anonymous ballot preserved voter anonymity.
77	confidentiality	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	confidenzialità	The counselor maintained confidentiality by storing records in an encrypted system.
78	debriefing	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: debriefing is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	interrogatorio	During debriefing, participants learned why the task had concealed its true aim.
79	institutional review board	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: institutional + review + board. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	comitato di revisione istituzionale	The institutional review board required clearer language about withdrawal rights.
80	preregistration	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	preregistrazione	Preregistration made it harder to hide an unsuccessful primary test.
81	open data	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: open + data. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dati aperti	The city released traffic counts as open data.
82	open science	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: open + science. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	scienza aperta	Open science encouraged the team to share its materials and analysis code.
83	reproducible workflow	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: reproducible + workflow. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	flusso di lavoro riproducibile	The notebook created a reproducible workflow from raw measurements to final graph.
84	audit trail	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: audit + trail. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pista di controllo	The audit trail revealed when the invoice total was edited.
85	chain of custody	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: chain + of + custody. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	catena di custodia	A sealed container and signed log preserved the sample's chain of custody.
86	tertiary source	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: tertiary + source. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	fonte terziaria	An encyclopedia is a tertiary source useful for initial orientation.
87	source triangulation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: source + triangulation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	triangolazione delle sorgenti	Source triangulation connected the photograph, weather log, and witness testimony.
88	lateral reading	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: lateral + reading. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lettura laterale	Lateral reading showed that the impressive website belonged to a lobbying organization.
89	reverse image search	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: reverse + image + search. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ricerca inversa delle immagini	A reverse image search found that the supposed storm photograph was ten years old.
90	domain authority	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: domain + authority. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	autorità di dominio	A government health agency has stronger domain authority on vaccination statistics than an anonymous meme page.
91	editorial oversight	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: editorial + oversight. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	controllo editoriale	Visible correction policies are evidence of editorial oversight.
92	financial disclosure	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: financial + disclosure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	informativa finanziaria	The article's financial disclosure notes that the study was funded by the manufacturer.
93	retraction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	retrazione	The journal issued a retraction after discovering fabricated data.
94	erratum	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Base-form focus: erratum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	errore	The erratum changes the mislabeled unit from meters to centimeters.
95	literature gap	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: literature + gap. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lacuna letteraria	The review identifies a literature gap concerning rural teenagers.
96	methodological limitation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: methodological + limitation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	limite metodologico	The small volunteer sample was a methodological limitation because it did not represent the whole population.
97	researcher degrees of freedom	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: researcher + degrees + of + freedom. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	gradi di libertà del ricercatore	Preregistration limits researcher degrees of freedom that might otherwise favor a desired result.
98	peer-review bias	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: peer + review + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pregiudizio della revisione tra pari	Anonymous manuscript review can reduce some forms of peer-review bias.
99	selective reporting bias	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: selective + reporting + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bias di segnalazione selettiva	The registry exposed selective reporting bias because several measured outcomes were missing from the article.
100	replication crisis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 research, argument, and source-literacy term Word study: Term structure: replication + crisis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	crisi di replicazione	The replication crisis led several journals to require clearer methods and shared data.
101	dramaturgy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: dramaturgy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	drammaturgia	The director studied dramaturgy to understand how the play's scenes build political tension.
102	tragic flaw	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: tragic + flaw. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tragico difetto	The ruler's pride becomes the tragic flaw that prevents compromise.
103	deus ex machina	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: deus + ex + machina. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	deus ex machina	A sudden inheritance functions as a deus ex machina rather than a prepared solution.
104	fourth wall	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: fourth + wall. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	quarta parete	The actor breaks the fourth wall by asking viewers to judge the trial.
105	peripeteia	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: peripeteia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	peripezia	The messenger's news creates peripeteia by turning victory into danger.

Page 3 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 3.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The anonymous ballot preserved voter ___.

Answer: anonymity

2. A ___ found that the supposed storm photograph was ten years old.

Answer: reverse image search

3. The ruler's pride becomes the ___ that prevents compromise.

Answer: tragic flaw

4. The counselor maintained ___ by storing records in an encrypted system.

Answer: confidentiality

5. A government health agency has stronger ___ on vaccination statistics than an anonymous meme page.

Answer: domain authority

Page 4: words 106–140

Vocabulary page 4
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
106	dramatic tension	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: dramatic + tension. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tensione drammatica	The hidden key maintains dramatic tension while the police search the room.
107	subtext	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: subtext is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sottotesto	The polite invitation carries a subtext of warning.
108	epistolary novel	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: epistolary + novel. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	romanzo epistolare	The epistolary novel lets readers compare three conflicting accounts of the disappearance.
109	frame narrative	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: frame + narrative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	narrativa a cornice	A trial transcript forms the frame narrative around the witness's memories.
110	archetypal criticism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: archetypal + criticism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	critica archetipica	Archetypal criticism connects the descent into the cave with stories of symbolic rebirth.
111	feminist criticism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: feminist + criticism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	critica femminista	Feminist criticism asks why the women in the novel cannot inherit property.
112	Marxist criticism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: Marxist + criticism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Critica marxista	Marxist criticism focuses on who owns the factory and who bears its risks.
113	postcolonial criticism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: postcolonial + criticism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	critica postcoloniale	Postcolonial criticism explores why the map uses the colonizer's place names.
114	psychoanalytic criticism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: psychoanalytic + criticism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	critica psicoanalitica	Psychoanalytic criticism reads the locked room as a sign of repressed memory.
115	formalism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	formalismo	Formalism draws attention to the poem's repeated circles and interrupted meter.
116	structuralism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	strutturalismo	Structuralism examines the tale's repeated opposition between wilderness and home.
117	deconstruction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	decostruzione	Deconstruction shows how the essay's definition of freedom depends on forms of control.
118	metafiction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	metanarrativa	The metafiction pauses so the narrator can debate how to end the chapter.
119	dystopian fiction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: dystopian + fiction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	narrativa distopica	The dystopian fiction depicts a state that ranks citizens by every conversation.
120	zeugma	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: zeugma is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	zeugma	“She opened the door and her mind” uses zeugma.
121	antanaclasis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: antanaclasis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	antanaclasi	“If we do not hang together, we shall hang separately” uses antanaclasis.
122	hypophora	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: hypophora is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ipofora	The speech uses hypophora: “What must change? Our priorities must change.”
123	tricolon	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: tricolon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tricolone	“We listened, we learned, we acted” forms a tricolon.
124	ellipsis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: ellipsis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ellissi	“Mara chose tea; Luis, coffee” uses ellipsis by omitting chose in the second clause.
125	parenthesis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: parenthesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	parentesi	The parenthesis “if the records are accurate” limits the historian's claim.
126	amplification	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	amplificazione	The orator uses amplification by moving from one damaged home to an entire displaced city.
127	exigence	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	esigenza	A contaminated water supply creates the speech's exigence.
128	kairos	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: kairos is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. kairos 2. momento opportuno	Releasing the proposal before the budget vote demonstrates kairos.
129	ethos	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: ethos is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ethos	The engineer builds ethos by acknowledging limitations in her own design.
130	pathos	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: pathos is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	patetico	The survivor's testimony supplies pathos without replacing factual evidence.
131	logos	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: logos is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	loghi	Cost data and causal analysis strengthen the report's logos.
132	audience positioning	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: audience + positioning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	posizionamento del pubblico	The phrase “as responsible neighbors” uses audience positioning.
133	rhetorical purpose	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: rhetorical + purpose. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	scopo retorico	The article's rhetorical purpose is to persuade residents to attend the hearing.
134	rhetorical strategy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: rhetorical + strategy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	strategia retorica	Defining technical terms is a rhetorical strategy for reaching nonspecialists.
135	rhetorical choice	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: rhetorical + choice. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	scelta retorica	Opening with a personal story is a rhetorical choice that humanizes the statistics.
136	rhetorical effect	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: rhetorical + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	effetto retorico	The repeated short clauses create a rhetorical effect of urgency.
137	line of reasoning	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: line + of + reasoning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	linea di ragionamento	The second paragraph breaks the line of reasoning by introducing an unrelated example.
138	syllogism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	sillogismo	The syllogism concludes that iron expands when heated because iron is a metal and heated metals expand.
139	enthymeme	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: enthymeme is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	entimema	“She is a citizen, so she may vote” is an enthymeme that assumes eligible citizens may vote.
140	major premise	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: major + premise. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	premessa maggiore	“All mammals breathe air” is the major premise of the argument.

Reading an Argument Closely

Reading practice for pages 4–6. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

An editorial’s exigence is the urgent school-board vote that prompted it. Its central argument is an enthymeme because the writer leaves the major premise unstated, assuming readers share it. A formalism reading examines structure and diction, while psychoanalytic criticism asks how fear and desire shape the speaker’s reasoning.

Italian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What is the editorial's exigence?

An urgent school-board vote is its exigence.

2. Why is the argument an enthymeme?

Its major premise is left unstated.

3. What does psychoanalytic criticism examine?

It examines how fear and desire shape reasoning.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. “She is a citizen, so she may vote” is an ___ that assumes eligible citizens may vote.

Answer: enthymeme

2. ___ reads the locked room as a sign of repressed memory.

Answer: psychoanalytic criticism

3. A contaminated water supply creates the speech's ___.

Answer: exigence

4. “All mammals breathe air” is the ___ of the argument.

Answer: major premise

5. ___ draws attention to the poem's repeated circles and interrupted meter.

Answer: formalism

Page 5: words 141–175

Vocabulary page 5
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
141	minor premise	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: minor + premise. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	premessa minore	“A dolphin is a mammal” serves as the minor premise.
142	logical fallacy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: logical + fallacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. errore logico 2. falso ragionamento 3. sofisma	Treating popularity as proof of truth is a logical fallacy.
143	ad hominem	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: ad + hominem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. argomento ad hominem 2. attacco alla persona	Calling the scientist arrogant is an ad hominem response to her evidence.
144	straw man	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: straw + man. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	spaventapasseri	The speaker creates a straw man by claiming that any safety rule would ban all travel.
145	slippery slope	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: slippery + slope. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pendio scivoloso	The slippery slope predicts that one revised deadline will eliminate all standards.
146	circular reasoning	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: circular + reasoning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ragionamento circolare	“The rule is fair because it is a fair rule” is circular reasoning.
147	post hoc fallacy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: post + hoc + fallacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	errore post hoc	Blaming a new logo for falling sales commits the post hoc fallacy.
148	appeal to authority	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: appeal + to + authority. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	fare appello all'autorità	A celebrity's opinion about bridge safety is an appeal to authority.
149	bandwagon fallacy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: bandwagon + fallacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	errore del carrozzone	The advertisement's bandwagon fallacy says the product must work because millions bought it.
150	red herring	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: red + herring. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. falsa pista 2. specchietto per le allodole	The candidate's joke about uniforms is a red herring in a debate about school funding.
151	equivocation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ambiguità	The argument uses equivocation by moving from a free sample to political freedom.
152	standard English	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: standard + English. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	inglese standard	The final report follows standard English while preserving quoted dialect.
153	semantic shift	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: semantic + shift. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. slittamento di significato 2. mutamento semantico	The movement from “meat” meaning food generally to animal flesh is a semantic shift.
154	polysemy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: polysemy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	polisemia	The word branch shows polysemy in a tree branch, a bank branch, and a branch of science.
155	free morpheme	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: free + morpheme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	morfema libero	Book is a free morpheme in the word notebook.
156	bound morpheme	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: bound + morpheme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	morfema legato	The prefix re is a bound morpheme in rewrite.
157	derivational morphology	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: derivational + morphology. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	morfologia derivazionale	Derivational morphology changes teach into teacher.
158	inflectional morphology	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: inflectional + morphology. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	morfologia flessiva	Inflectional morphology adds ed to walk to mark past time.
159	anagnorisis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: anagnorisis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. agnizione 2. riconoscimento decisivo	Oedipus reaches anagnorisis when he understands the truth about his birth.
160	stance marker	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: stance + marker. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	indicatore di posizione	The phrase in my view is a stance marker that openly identifies the writer's perspective.
161	hamartia	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: hamartia is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	equivoco	The king's refusal to listen becomes his hamartia.
162	dramatic structure	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: dramatic + structure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	struttura drammatica	The playwright's dramatic structure delays the confrontation until the final act.
163	metadiscourse	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: metadiscourse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	metadiscorso	The phrase as the next section demonstrates is metadiscourse that previews the argument's organization.
164	interdiscursivity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	interdiscorsività	A campaign video shows interdiscursivity by combining news reporting, personal testimony, and advertising.
165	genre convention	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: genre + convention. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	convenzione di genere	The detective novel follows a genre convention by withholding one crucial clue until the final chapter.
166	fragmented narrative	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: fragmented + narrative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	narrativa frammentata	The fragmented narrative moves among memories, interviews, and newspaper clippings.
167	authorial intrusion	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: authorial + intrusion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	intrusione autoriale	The narrator's warning to judge no character too quickly is an authorial intrusion.
168	zero focalization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: zero + focalization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	focalizzazione nulla	Zero focalization allows the novel to reveal both armies' secret plans.
169	internal focalization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: internal + focalization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	focalizzazione interna	Internal focalization limits the scene to what Amara sees and understands.
170	external focalization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: external + focalization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	focalizzazione esterna	External focalization makes the stranger's motives remain uncertain.
171	prolepsis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: prolepsis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	prolessi	A brief prolepsis shows the abandoned house twenty years after the family leaves.
172	analepsis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: analepsis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	analessi	The survivor's childhood memory appears through analepsis.
173	fabula	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: fabula is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. fabula 2. ordine cronologico degli eventi	Readers reconstruct the fabula by placing the novel's scattered scenes in time order.
174	syuzhet	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: syuzhet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. intreccio 2. sjuzet	The syuzhet begins with the verdict and reveals the crime afterward.
175	defamiliarization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	defamiliarizzazione	Describing a clock as a machine that slices time creates defamiliarization.

Page 5 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 5.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The final report follows ___ while preserving quoted dialect.

Answer: standard English

2. The detective novel follows a ___ by withholding one crucial clue until the final chapter.

Answer: genre convention

3. The movement from “meat” meaning food generally to animal flesh is a ___.

Answer: semantic shift

4. The ___ moves among memories, interviews, and newspaper clippings.

Answer: fragmented narrative

5. “A dolphin is a mammal” serves as the ___.

Answer: minor premise

Page 6: words 176–210

Vocabulary page 6
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
176	objective correlative	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: objective + correlative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	correlativo oggettivo	The empty crib and unopened letter form an objective correlative for grief.
177	pathetic fallacy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: pathetic + fallacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	patetico errore	Calling the storm clouds angry is a pathetic fallacy.
178	blazon	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: blazon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. blasone 2. blasonatura	The sonnet's blazon compares the beloved's eyes, hair, and hands with precious objects.
179	sestet	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: sestet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sestina	The sestet answers the problem introduced in the octave.
180	octave	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: octave is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ottava	The octave presents the speaker's conflict before the poem turns.
181	tercet	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: tercet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	terzina	Each tercet in the poem develops one image of winter.
182	pastoral	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: pastoral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pastorale	The pastoral contrasts the quiet countryside with the pressures of court life.
183	mock epic	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: mock + epic. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	finta epica	The mock epic describes a household argument as if it were a legendary battle.
184	quantitative meter	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: quantitative + meter. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	misuratore quantitativo	Classical Greek verse often uses quantitative meter.
185	accentual-syllabic meter	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: accentual + syllabic + meter. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	metro accentuale-sillabico	An English sonnet commonly uses accentual-syllabic meter with five stressed beats per line.
186	colligation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	collimazione	The verb depend shows colligation with the preposition on.
187	deixis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: deixis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	deissi	Words such as here and tomorrow illustrate deixis.
188	anaphoric reference	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: anaphoric + reference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	riferimento anaforico	In Maya found the key and she smiled, she creates anaphoric reference to Maya.
189	cataphoric reference	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: cataphoric + reference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	riferimento cataforico	In When he arrived, Luis apologized, he creates cataphoric reference.
190	speech act	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: speech + act. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	atto linguistico	The sentence I promise to return is a speech act that creates a commitment.
191	cohesive device	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: cohesive + device. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dispositivo coesivo	The transition however is a cohesive device that signals contrast.
192	discourse marker	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: discourse + marker. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	marcatore del discorso	The discourse marker in conclusion tells readers that the argument is ending.
193	hedging language	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: hedging + language. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	linguaggio di copertura	The phrase the results may suggest is hedging language.
194	booster	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Base-form focus: booster is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	rinforzo	The phrase clearly demonstrates functions as a booster in the conclusion.
195	passivization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	passivizzazione	Passivization changes Researchers measured the samples into The samples were measured.
196	transitivity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	transitività	The essay examines transitivity by asking who acts and who is acted upon in each sentence.
197	modality	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	modalità	The modal verb might expresses uncertain modality.
198	epistemic modality	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: epistemic + modality. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	modalità epistemica	The phrase must have left uses epistemic modality to signal a strong inference.
199	deontic modality	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: deontic + modality. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	modalità deontica	The sentence Students must cite sources uses deontic modality.
200	evaluative language	noun Study Field: Grade 10 literature, rhetoric, and language term Word study: Term structure: evaluative + language. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	linguaggio valutativo	Calling the policy shortsighted is evaluative language rather than neutral description.
201	receptor protein	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: receptor + protein. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	proteina recettore	Insulin attaches to a receptor protein on the cell surface.
202	signal transduction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: signal + transduction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	trasduzione del segnale	Signal transduction carries the hormone's message from the membrane to the nucleus.
203	second messenger	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: second + messenger. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	secondo messaggero	Cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger after adrenaline binds to a cell.
204	endocrine gland	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: endocrine + gland. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ghiandola endocrina	The thyroid is an endocrine gland that affects metabolic rate.
205	hormone receptor	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: hormone + receptor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	recettore ormonale	Only cells with the matching hormone receptor respond directly to insulin.
206	hypothalamus	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: hypothalamus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ipotalamo	The hypothalamus detects changes in blood temperature.
207	pituitary gland	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: pituitary + gland. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. ipofisi 2. ghiandola pituitaria	The pituitary gland secretes a hormone that stimulates the thyroid.
208	thyroid gland	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: thyroid + gland. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tiroide	The thyroid gland requires iodine to make its main hormones.
209	adrenal gland	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: adrenal + gland. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	surrene	The adrenal gland releases adrenaline during an emergency.
210	pancreas	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: pancreas is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	pancreas	The pancreas releases insulin after a meal.

Page 6 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 6.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Calling the storm clouds angry is a ___.

Answer: pathetic fallacy

2. The sentence I promise to return is a ___ that creates a commitment.

Answer: speech act

3. Cyclic AMP acts as a ___ after adrenaline binds to a cell.

Answer: second messenger

4. The sonnet's ___ compares the beloved's eyes, hair, and hands with precious objects.

Answer: blazon

5. The transition however is a ___ that signals contrast.

Answer: cohesive device

Page 7: words 211–245

Vocabulary page 7
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
211	insulin	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: insulin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	insulina	Insulin signals muscle cells to absorb glucose.
212	glucagon	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: glucagon is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	glucagone	Glucagon stimulates the liver to release glucose between meals.
213	feedback inhibition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: feedback + inhibition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	inibizione del feedback	Feedback inhibition prevents a cell from making more amino acid than it needs.
214	circadian rhythm	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: circadian + rhythm. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ritmo circadiano	Morning light helps reset a person's circadian rhythm.
215	thermoregulation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	termoregolazione	A lizard uses behavioral thermoregulation by moving between sun and shade.
216	osmoregulation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	osmoregolazione	Freshwater fish perform osmoregulation by removing excess water.
217	blood glucose regulation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: blood + glucose + regulation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	regolazione della glicemia	Insulin and glucagon work together in blood glucose regulation.
218	homeostatic imbalance	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: homeostatic + imbalance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	squilibrio omeostatico	Severe dehydration creates a homeostatic imbalance in water and electrolyte levels.
219	organ system	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: organ + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sistema di organi	The digestive organ system breaks food into absorbable nutrients.
220	epithelial tissue	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: epithelial + tissue. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tessuto epiteliale	Epithelial tissue protects the outer surface of the skin.
221	connective tissue	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: connective + tissue. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tessuto connettivo	Blood is a connective tissue that transports gases and nutrients.
222	muscle tissue	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: muscle + tissue. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tessuto muscolare	Cardiac muscle tissue pumps blood through the heart.
223	nervous tissue	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: nervous + tissue. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tessuto nervoso	Nervous tissue carries information from the eye to the brain.
224	extracellular matrix	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: extracellular + matrix. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	matrice extracellulare	Collagen is a major component of the extracellular matrix in tendons.
225	stem-cell differentiation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: stem + cell + differentiation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	differenziazione delle cellule staminali	Stem-cell differentiation can produce a mature blood cell.
226	apoptosis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: apoptosis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	apoptosi	Apoptosis removes damaged cells without releasing their contents into nearby tissue.
227	cell cycle checkpoint	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: cell + cycle + checkpoint. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	punto di controllo del ciclo cellulare	A cell cycle checkpoint can halt division when DNA is damaged.
228	tumor suppressor gene	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: tumor + suppressor + gene. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	gene soppressore del tumore	Loss of a tumor suppressor gene may allow abnormal cells to multiply.
229	oncogene	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: oncogene is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	oncogene	A mutation converted the growth-regulating gene into an oncogene.
230	metastasis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: metastasis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	metastasi	Imaging showed metastasis from the lung to the bone.
231	angiogenesis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: angiogenesis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	angiogenesi	The tumor promoted angiogenesis to obtain oxygen and nutrients.
232	carcinogen	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: carcinogen is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. agente cancerogeno 2. prodotto cancerogeno	Ultraviolet radiation is a carcinogen that can damage DNA in skin cells.
233	mutation rate	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: mutation + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tasso di mutazione	Radiation exposure increased the mutation rate in the laboratory cells.
234	DNA repair	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: DNA + repair. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Riparazione del DNA	DNA repair enzymes replaced the incorrectly paired base.
235	transcription factor	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: transcription + factor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	fattore di trascrizione	The transcription factor activates genes needed during heat stress.
236	gene silencing	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: gene + silencing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	silenziamento genico	A small RNA molecule caused gene silencing by blocking the message.
237	epigenetics	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: epigenetics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	epigenetica	Epigenetics examines how chemical tags influence gene expression.
238	DNA methylation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: DNA + methylation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Metilazione del DNA	Increased DNA methylation near the promoter reduced transcription.
239	histone modification	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: histone + modification. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	modificazione degli istoni	Histone modification opened the chromosome region for transcription.
240	recombinant DNA	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: recombinant + DNA. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	DNA ricombinante	The plasmid contained recombinant DNA with a human insulin gene.
241	plasmid	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: plasmid is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. plasmidio 2. plasmide	Scientists inserted the gene into a plasmid.
242	restriction enzyme	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: restriction + enzyme. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	enzima di restrizione	The restriction enzyme opened the plasmid at one specific site.
243	DNA ligase	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: DNA + ligase. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	DNA ligasi	DNA ligase sealed the inserted gene into the plasmid.
244	gel electrophoresis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: gel + electrophoresis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	elettroforesi su gel	Gel electrophoresis separated the DNA fragments by size.
245	polymerase chain reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: polymerase + chain + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	reazione a catena della polimerasi	Polymerase chain reaction amplified the trace DNA from the sample.

Engineering a Living System

Reading practice for pages 7–9. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

In a controlled laboratory model, a plasmid carries recombinant DNA into bacteria. The lesson distinguishes this technique from functions within a complex organism. A tumor suppressor gene helps regulate cell division, thermoregulation maintains a stable temperature, and osmoregulation balances water and dissolved substances.

Italian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What carries recombinant DNA into bacteria?

A plasmid carries the recombinant DNA.

2. What does a tumor suppressor gene regulate?

It helps regulate cell division.

3. What balance does osmoregulation maintain?

It balances water and dissolved substances.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The plasmid contained ___ with a human insulin gene.

Answer: recombinant DNA

2. A lizard uses behavioral ___ by moving between sun and shade.

Answer: thermoregulation

3. Loss of a ___ may allow abnormal cells to multiply.

Answer: tumor suppressor gene

4. Scientists inserted the gene into a ___.

Answer: plasmid

5. Freshwater fish perform ___ by removing excess water.

Answer: osmoregulation

Page 8: words 246–280

Vocabulary page 8
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
246	DNA sequencing	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: DNA + sequencing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Sequenziamento del DNA	DNA sequencing identified a change in the patient's gene.
247	genome	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: genome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	genoma	The bacterial genome contains one main chromosome and several plasmids.
248	proteome	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: proteome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	proteoma	The liver proteome changes in response to fasting.
249	transcriptome	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: transcriptome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	trascrittoma	The transcriptome revealed which genes became active after infection.
250	bioinformatics	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: bioinformatics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	bioinformatica	Bioinformatics helped compare thousands of DNA sequences.
251	genetic marker	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: genetic + marker. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	marcatore genetico	The researchers used a genetic marker to follow the disease-associated region.
252	single nucleotide polymorphism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: single + nucleotide + polymorphism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	polimorfismo a singolo nucleotide	A single nucleotide polymorphism was associated with slower drug breakdown.
253	karyotype	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: karyotype is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	cariotipo	The karyotype showed an extra copy of chromosome twenty-one.
254	nondisjunction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	nondisgiunzione	Nondisjunction produced a gamete with an extra chromosome.
255	deletion mutation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: deletion + mutation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mutazione di cancellazione	The deletion mutation removed three bases from the coding sequence.
256	insertion mutation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: insertion + mutation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mutazione di inserzione	The insertion mutation added a repeated segment to the gene.
257	frameshift mutation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: frameshift + mutation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mutazione frame-shift	A one-base deletion caused a frameshift mutation throughout the remaining code.
258	point mutation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: point + mutation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mutazione puntiforme	The point mutation replaced one base in the hemoglobin gene.
259	innate immunity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: innate + immunity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	immunità innata	Skin and inflammation are parts of innate immunity.
260	adaptive immunity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: adaptive + immunity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	immunità adattativa	Adaptive immunity responds more quickly after a second encounter with the same virus.
261	antigen	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: antigen is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	antigene	A protein on the virus acts as an antigen.
262	B cell	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: B + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cellula B	A B cell multiplied after recognizing its matching antigen.
263	T cell	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: T + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cellula T	A cytotoxic T cell recognized and killed the infected cell.
264	memory cell	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: memory + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cella di memoria	A memory cell remained after the infection ended.
265	antigen-presenting cell	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: antigen + presenting + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cellula presentante l'antigene	A dendritic antigen-presenting cell carried viral fragments to a lymph node.
266	cytokine	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: cytokine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	citochina	The activated immune cell released a cytokine that recruited other cells.
267	inflammation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	infiammazione	Inflammation made the injured ankle warm and swollen.
268	virulence	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	virulenza	The new strain had lower virulence and produced milder illness.
269	infectious disease	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: infectious + disease. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	malattia infettiva	Measles is an infectious disease caused by a virus.
270	vaccination	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	vaccinazione	Vaccination reduced the child's risk of severe infection.
271	herd immunity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: herd + immunity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	immunità di gregge	High vaccination coverage strengthened herd immunity in the community.
272	autoimmune disease	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: autoimmune + disease. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	malattia autoimmune	In an autoimmune disease, immune recognition fails to protect healthy tissue.
273	immunodeficiency	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: immunodeficiency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	immunodeficienza	The immunodeficiency left the patient vulnerable to ordinarily mild infections.
274	antibiotic resistance	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: antibiotic + resistance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	resistenza agli antibiotici	Incomplete treatment can favor bacteria with antibiotic resistance.
275	microbiome	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: microbiome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	microbioma	Diet can alter the intestinal microbiome.
276	neuron	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: neuron is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. neurocito 2. neurone	The neuron carried a signal from the fingertip toward the spinal cord.
277	action potential	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: action + potential. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	potenziale di azione	The action potential moved down the axon without gradually fading.
278	resting potential	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: resting + potential. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	potenziale di riposo	Ion pumps help maintain the neuron's resting potential.
279	synapse	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: synapse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sinapsi	A neurotransmitter crossed the synapse between the two neurons.
280	neurotransmitter	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: neurotransmitter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	neurotrasmettitore	The neurotransmitter bound to receptors on the next neuron.

Page 8 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 8.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. Ion pumps help maintain the neuron's ___.

Answer: resting potential

2. The ___ showed an extra copy of chromosome twenty-one.

Answer: karyotype

3. The activated immune cell released a ___ that recruited other cells.

Answer: cytokine

4. A neurotransmitter crossed the ___ between the two neurons.

Answer: synapse

5. ___ produced a gamete with an extra chromosome.

Answer: nondisjunction

Page 9: words 281–315

Vocabulary page 9
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
281	sensory neuron	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: sensory + neuron. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	neurone sensoriale	A sensory neuron reported pressure from the skin.
282	motor neuron	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: motor + neuron. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	motoneurone	The motor neuron stimulated the hand muscle to contract.
283	interneuron	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: interneuron is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	interneurone	An interneuron connected the sensory input to a rapid motor response.
284	central nervous system	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: central + nervous + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sistema nervoso centrale	The central nervous system integrates information from the body.
285	peripheral nervous system	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: peripheral + nervous + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sistema nervoso periferico	The peripheral nervous system carries signals between limbs and spinal cord.
286	sympathetic nervous system	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: sympathetic + nervous + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sistema nervoso simpatico	The sympathetic nervous system raised heart rate before the race.
287	parasympathetic nervous system	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: parasympathetic + nervous + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sistema nervoso parasimpatico	The parasympathetic nervous system slowed the heart after the danger passed.
288	reflex arc	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: reflex + arc. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	arco riflesso	The reflex arc pulled her hand from the hot pan before conscious thought.
289	brain stem	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: brain + stem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tronco encefalico	The brain stem helps regulate breathing.
290	cerebellum	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Base-form focus: cerebellum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	cervelletto	The cerebellum helps adjust movements while a person learns to skate.
291	cerebral cortex	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: cerebral + cortex. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	corteccia cerebrale	The cerebral cortex processes the meaning of spoken words.
292	frontal lobe	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: frontal + lobe. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lobo frontale	The frontal lobe helps organize a multistep task.
293	temporal lobe	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: temporal + lobe. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lobo temporale	The temporal lobe processes patterns in speech.
294	parietal lobe	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: parietal + lobe. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lobo parietale	The parietal lobe combines touch information with awareness of hand position.
295	occipital lobe	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: occipital + lobe. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lobo occipitale	The occipital lobe analyzes color, shape, and motion from the eyes.
296	allosteric regulation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: allosteric + regulation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	regolazione allosterica	Allosteric regulation slowed the enzyme after the end product accumulated.
297	competitive inhibition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: competitive + inhibition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	inibizione competitiva	Competitive inhibition weakened when the researchers increased the substrate concentration.
298	noncompetitive inhibition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: noncompetitive + inhibition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	inibizione non competitiva	Noncompetitive inhibition lowered the reaction's maximum rate even with abundant substrate.
299	substrate-level phosphorylation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: substrate + level + phosphorylation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	fosforilazione a livello del substrato	Glycolysis produces some ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
300	oxidative phosphorylation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 biology, biochemistry, and health-science term Word study: Term structure: oxidative + phosphorylation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	fosforilazione ossidativa	Most aerobic ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.
301	quantum number	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: quantum + number. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	numero quantico	Each quantum number identifies part of an electron's energy state or orbital behavior.
302	principal energy level	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: principal + energy + level. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	livello energetico principale	An electron in the third principal energy level is generally farther from the nucleus than one in the first.
303	electron configuration	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: electron + configuration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	configurazione elettronica	The electron configuration of sodium ends with one electron in the third energy level.
304	Aufbau principle	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Aufbau + principle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Principio dell'Aufbau	The Aufbau principle places electrons in the 1s orbital before the 2s orbital.
305	Pauli exclusion principle	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Pauli + exclusion + principle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	principio di esclusione di Pauli	The Pauli exclusion principle allows two oppositely spinning electrons in one orbital.
306	Hund's rule	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Hund's + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	La regola di Hund	Hund's rule places three electrons separately across the three p orbitals.
307	valence electron	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: valence + electron. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	elettrone di valenza	Sodium has one valence electron.
308	electron shielding	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: electron + shielding. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	schermatura elettronica	Electron shielding makes an outer electron easier to remove.
309	effective nuclear charge	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: effective + nuclear + charge. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	carica nucleare efficace	Across a period, increasing effective nuclear charge pulls valence electrons closer.
310	atomic radius	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: atomic + radius. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	raggio atomico	Atomic radius generally decreases from left to right across a period.
311	ionization energy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: ionization + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	energia di ionizzazione	Helium has a high ionization energy because its electrons are held tightly.
312	electron affinity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: electron + affinity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	affinità elettronica	Chlorine's electron affinity reflects its strong tendency to gain an electron.
313	electronegativity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	elettronegatività	Oxygen has greater electronegativity than hydrogen.
314	periodic trend	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: periodic + trend. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	andamento periodico	The increase in ionization energy across a row is a periodic trend.
315	ionic bond	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: ionic + bond. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	legame ionico	An ionic bond holds sodium and chloride ions together in salt.

Page 9 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 9.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ processes the meaning of spoken words.

Answer: cerebral cortex

2. The ___ places electrons in the 1s orbital before the 2s orbital.

Answer: Aufbau principle

3. The ___ helps organize a multistep task.

Answer: frontal lobe

4. The ___ allows two oppositely spinning electrons in one orbital.

Answer: Pauli exclusion principle

5. The ___ processes patterns in speech.

Answer: temporal lobe

Page 10: words 316–350

Vocabulary page 10
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
316	covalent bond	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: covalent + bond. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	legame covalente	A covalent bond joins the two hydrogen atoms in H2.
317	metallic bond	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: metallic + bond. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	legame metallico	A metallic bond helps copper conduct electricity.
318	polar covalent bond	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: polar + covalent + bond. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	legame covalente polare	The oxygen-hydrogen bond in water is a polar covalent bond.
319	nonpolar covalent bond	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: nonpolar + covalent + bond. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	legame covalente non polare	Two identical chlorine atoms form a nonpolar covalent bond.
320	dipole	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Base-form focus: dipole is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	dipolo	The bent water molecule has a net dipole.
321	molecular geometry	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: molecular + geometry. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	geometria molecolare	Water has a bent molecular geometry.
322	VSEPR theory	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: VSEPR + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Teoria VSEPR	VSEPR theory predicts a tetrahedral arrangement around carbon in methane.
323	intermolecular force	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: intermolecular + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	forza intermolecolare	A stronger intermolecular force can raise a liquid's boiling point.
324	London dispersion force	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: London + dispersion + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Forza di dispersione di Londra	A London dispersion force acts even between nonpolar atoms.
325	dipole-dipole force	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: dipole + dipole + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	forza dipolo-dipolo	A dipole-dipole force aligns the positive end of one molecule with the negative end of another.
326	hydrogen bond	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: hydrogen + bond. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	legame a idrogeno	A hydrogen bond connects neighboring water molecules.
327	vapor pressure	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: vapor + pressure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pressione di vapore	Warm water has a higher vapor pressure than cold water.
328	boiling point elevation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: boiling + point + elevation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	innalzamento del punto di ebollizione	Salt causes a small boiling point elevation in water.
329	freezing point depression	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: freezing + point + depression. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	depressione del punto di congelamento	Road salt produces freezing point depression that helps melt ice.
330	colligative property	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: colligative + property. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	proprietà colligativa	Freezing point change is a colligative property.
331	heat capacity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: heat + capacity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	capacità termica	A large lake has a high heat capacity.
332	specific heat	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: specific + heat. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	calore specifico	Water's high specific heat moderates coastal temperatures.
333	enthalpy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Base-form focus: enthalpy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	entalpia	The negative change in enthalpy indicates that the reaction releases heat.
334	exothermic reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: exothermic + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	reazione esotermica	Combustion is an exothermic reaction.
335	endothermic reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: endothermic + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	reazione endotermica	The cold pack relies on an endothermic reaction.
336	entropy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Base-form focus: entropy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	entropia	Gas expansion usually increases entropy.
337	Gibbs free energy	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Gibbs + free + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Energia libera di Gibbs	A negative change in Gibbs free energy indicates a thermodynamically favorable process.
338	equilibrium constant	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: equilibrium + constant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	costante di equilibrio	A large equilibrium constant favors products.
339	Le Chatelier's principle	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Le + Chatelier's + principle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	principio di Le Châtelier	Le Chatelier's principle predicts a shift toward products when a reactant is added.
340	reaction rate	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: reaction + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	velocità di reazione	Increasing temperature raised the reaction rate.
341	rate law	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: rate + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	legge tariffaria	The rate law shows that doubling one reactant quadruples the rate.
342	reaction order	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: reaction + order. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ordine di reazione	The reaction is second reaction order with respect to substance A.
343	collision theory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: collision + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	teoria delle collisioni	Collision theory explains why higher temperature often speeds a reaction.
344	activation complex	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: activation + complex. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	complesso di attivazione	The activation complex can either form products or return to reactants.
345	reversible reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: reversible + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	reazione reversibile	The double arrow marks a reversible reaction.
346	dynamic equilibrium	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: dynamic + equilibrium. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	equilibrio dinamico	At dynamic equilibrium, evaporation and condensation still occur.
347	buffer solution	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: buffer + solution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	soluzione tampone	The buffer solution kept the enzyme mixture near pH seven.
348	titration	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	titolazione	The student used titration to find the acid concentration.
349	equivalence point	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: equivalence + point. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	punto di equivalenza	The indicator changed color near the equivalence point.
350	scalar quantity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: scalar + quantity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	quantità scalare	Temperature is a scalar quantity.

Explaining Reaction Behavior

Reading practice for pages 10–12. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A rate law relates reaction speed to reactant concentration, and reaction order describes how strongly each concentration affects that speed. These kinetic ideas differ from bonding: a covalent bond shares electrons, whereas a metallic bond forms within a lattice of metal atoms. Freezing point depression is another distinct effect caused when dissolved particles lower a liquid’s freezing temperature.

Italian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What does a rate law relate?

It relates reaction speed to reactant concentration.

2. How does a covalent bond form?

It forms through shared electrons.

3. What causes freezing point depression?

Dissolved particles lower a liquid's freezing temperature.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ shows that doubling one reactant quadruples the rate.

Answer: rate law

2. A ___ joins the two hydrogen atoms in H2.

Answer: covalent bond

3. Road salt produces ___ that helps melt ice.

Answer: freezing point depression

4. The reaction is second ___ with respect to substance A.

Answer: reaction order

5. A ___ helps copper conduct electricity.

Answer: metallic bond

Page 11: words 351–385

Vocabulary page 11
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
351	vector quantity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: vector + quantity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	quantità di vettore	Velocity is a vector quantity because direction matters.
352	free-fall acceleration	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: free + fall + acceleration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	accelerazione di caduta libera	Near Earth's surface, free-fall acceleration is about 9.8 meters per second squared.
353	projectile motion	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: projectile + motion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	movimento del proiettile	The ball's projectile motion combines horizontal travel with vertical acceleration.
354	uniform circular motion	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: uniform + circular + motion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	moto circolare uniforme	A satellite in uniform circular motion continually changes direction.
355	centripetal acceleration	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: centripetal + acceleration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	accelerazione centripeta	Centripetal acceleration turns the velocity vector inward.
356	centripetal force	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: centripetal + force. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	forza centripeta	Friction supplies the centripetal force for a turning car.
357	rotational equilibrium	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: rotational + equilibrium. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	equilibrio rotazionale	The balanced beam is in rotational equilibrium.
358	angular velocity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: angular + velocity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	velocità angolare	The wheel's angular velocity doubled.
359	angular momentum	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: angular + momentum. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. momento angolare 2. momento della quantità di moto	The skater's angular momentum remains constant as she pulls in her arms.
360	subduction zone	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: subduction + zone. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	zona di subduzione	Earthquakes and volcanoes occur along the subduction zone.
361	paleomagnetism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	paleomagnetismo	Paleomagnetism revealed symmetrical magnetic stripes on both sides of the ridge.
362	mantle convection	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: mantle + convection. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	convezione del mantello	Mantle convection transfers heat and contributes to plate motion.
363	fault plane	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: fault + plane. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	piano di faglia	The rupture spread across the fault plane.
364	elastic rebound	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: elastic + rebound. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	rimbalzo elastico	Elastic rebound released stored strain energy during the earthquake.
365	radioactive dating	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: radioactive + dating. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. datazione radiometrica 2. radiodatazione	Radioactive dating placed the volcanic ash at two million years old.
366	half-life	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: half + life. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. emivita 2. semivita	Carbon-14 has a half-life of about 5,730 years.
367	index fossil	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: index + fossil. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	indice fossile	The same index fossil linked two distant rock layers.
368	geologic correlation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: geologic + correlation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	correlazione geologica	Geologic correlation connected the ash layer on opposite sides of the valley.
369	climate forcing	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: climate + forcing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	forzante climatica	A rise in greenhouse gases creates positive climate forcing.
370	radiative balance	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: radiative + balance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	equilibrio radiativo	A change in radiative balance can alter global temperature.
371	albedo effect	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: albedo + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	effetto albedo	Melting sea ice strengthens warming through the albedo effect.
372	carbon source	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: carbon + source. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	fonte di carbonio	Burning fossil fuel is a major carbon source.
373	rate constant	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: rate + constant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	costante di tasso	The rate constant increased when the reaction mixture was heated.
374	transition state	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: transition + state. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	stato di transizione	The catalyst lowered the energy needed to reach the transition state.
375	reaction quotient	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: reaction + quotient. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	quoziente di reazione	The reaction quotient showed that the system would shift toward products.
376	Le Châtelier's principle	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Le + Châtelier's + principle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Principio di Le Châtelier	Le Châtelier's principle predicts that removing a product can drive the reaction forward.
377	solubility product	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: solubility + product. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	prodotto di solubilità	The small solubility product indicates that very little silver chloride dissolves.
378	common-ion effect	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: common + ion + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	effetto dello ione comune	Adding chloride produced a common-ion effect that decreased silver chloride solubility.
379	buffer capacity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: buffer + capacity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	capacità tampone	A concentrated buffer has greater buffer capacity than a dilute buffer with the same component ratio.
380	Henderson–Hasselbalch equation	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Henderson–Hasselbalch + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Equazione di Henderson-Hasselbalch	The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation estimated the buffer pH from the conjugate pair concentrations.
381	galvanic cell	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: galvanic + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cella galvanica	Electrons flowed through the wire of the galvanic cell from zinc to copper.
382	electrolytic cell	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: electrolytic + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cella elettrolitica	The electrolytic cell deposited a thin layer of copper on the metal key.
383	standard reduction potential	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: standard + reduction + potential. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	potenziale di riduzione standard	A more positive standard reduction potential indicates a stronger tendency to be reduced.
384	Faraday constant	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Faraday + constant. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Costante di Faraday	The calculation used the Faraday constant to convert electron moles into coulombs.
385	electrochemical cell	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: electrochemical + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cella elettrochimica	The electrochemical cell separates the two half-reactions so their electrons travel through a wire.

Page 11 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 11.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. A concentrated buffer has greater ___ than a dilute buffer with the same component ratio.

Answer: buffer capacity

2. A satellite in ___ continually changes direction.

Answer: uniform circular motion

3. The same ___ linked two distant rock layers.

Answer: index fossil

4. The ___ estimated the buffer pH from the conjugate pair concentrations.

Answer: Henderson–Hasselbalch equation

5. ___ turns the velocity vector inward.

Answer: centripetal acceleration

Page 12: words 386–420

Vocabulary page 12
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
386	salt bridge	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: salt + bridge. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ponte salino	Nitrate ions crossed the salt bridge as the galvanic cell operated.
387	half-cell	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: half + cell. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	semicella	The zinc half-cell lost mass as zinc atoms became ions.
388	anode	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Base-form focus: anode is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	anodo	Zinc served as the anode and released electrons.
389	cathode	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Base-form focus: cathode is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	catodo	Copper ions gained electrons at the cathode.
390	electrolysis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Base-form focus: electrolysis is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	elettrolisi	Electrolysis split molten sodium chloride into its elements.
391	electrode potential	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: electrode + potential. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	potenziale dell'elettrodo	The measured electrode potential changed when the ion concentration changed.
392	spontaneous reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: spontaneous + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	reazione spontanea	The positive cell voltage indicated a spontaneous reaction.
393	nonspontaneous reaction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: nonspontaneous + reaction. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	reazione non spontanea	Charging the battery drives a nonspontaneous reaction.
394	entropy change	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: entropy + change. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	variazione di entropia	Melting ice has a positive entropy change because the liquid permits more molecular arrangements.
395	enthalpy change	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: enthalpy + change. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	variazione di entalpia	The negative enthalpy change showed that combustion released heat.
396	calorimetry	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -metry relates to measuring.	calorimetria	Calorimetry determined the energy released when the fuel burned.
397	specific heat capacity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: specific + heat + capacity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	capacità termica specifica	Water's high specific heat capacity helps moderate coastal temperatures.
398	Hess's law	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: Hess's + law. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	La legge di Hess	Hess's law allowed the chemist to combine known reactions and calculate an unknown heat change.
399	bond enthalpy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: bond + enthalpy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	entalpia di legame	The strong nitrogen triple bond has a large bond enthalpy.
400	lattice energy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 chemistry, physics, and Earth-systems term Word study: Term structure: lattice + energy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	energia reticolare	Small highly charged ions generally produce a large lattice energy.
401	complex number	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: complex + number. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	numero complesso	Three plus two i is a complex number.
402	imaginary unit	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: imaginary + unit. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	unità immaginaria	The imaginary unit makes it possible to express square roots of negative numbers.
403	real part	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: real + part. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	parte reale	The real part of five minus three i is five.
404	imaginary part	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: imaginary + part. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	parte immaginaria	The imaginary part of five minus three i is negative three.
405	complex conjugate	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: complex + conjugate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	coniugato complesso	The complex conjugate of two plus seven i is two minus seven i.
406	polynomial function	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: polynomial + function. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	funzione polinomiale	The graph of a third-degree polynomial function may have two turning points.
407	degree of polynomial	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: degree + of + polynomial. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	grado del polinomio	The degree of polynomial x cubed minus x is three.
408	leading term	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: leading + term. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	termine principale	The leading term of four x cubed minus x is four x cubed.
409	polynomial long division	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: polynomial + long + division. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	divisione lunga polinomiale	Polynomial long division produced a quadratic quotient and a constant remainder.
410	synthetic division	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: synthetic + division. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	divisione sintetica	Synthetic division quickly evaluated the quotient for division by x minus two.
411	remainder theorem	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: remainder + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	teorema del resto	The remainder theorem shows that division by x minus three leaves a remainder of f of three.
412	factor theorem	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: factor + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	teorema dei fattori	The factor theorem confirms that x plus one is a factor because f of negative one is zero.
413	rational root theorem	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: rational + root + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	teorema delle radici razionali	The rational root theorem narrowed the possible zeros to factors of the constant over factors of the leading coefficient.
414	multiplicity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	molteplicità	A zero with even multiplicity makes the graph touch the axis and turn back.
415	end behavior	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: end + behavior. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	comportamento finale	The leading term determines the polynomial's end behavior.
416	zero of function	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: zero + of + function. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	zero di funzione	The graph crosses the x-axis at each real zero of function f.
417	asymptote	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: asymptote is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	asintoto	The hyperbola gets closer to its asymptote without meeting it.
418	horizontal asymptote	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: horizontal + asymptote. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	asintoto orizzontale	The function has y equals two as a horizontal asymptote.
419	vertical asymptote	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: vertical + asymptote. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	asintoto verticale	The denominator becomes zero at the vertical asymptote x equals three.
420	oblique asymptote	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: oblique + asymptote. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	asintoto obliquo	Polynomial division revealed the oblique asymptote y equals x plus one.

Page 12 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 12.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The hyperbola gets closer to its ___ without meeting it.

Answer: asymptote

2. The positive cell voltage indicated a ___.

Answer: spontaneous reaction

3. The ___ of two plus seven i is two minus seven i.

Answer: complex conjugate

4. The function has y equals two as a ___.

Answer: horizontal asymptote

5. Charging the battery drives a ___.

Answer: nonspontaneous reaction

Page 13: words 421–455

Vocabulary page 13
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
421	exponential equation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: exponential + equation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	equazione esponenziale	Taking logarithms helped solve the exponential equation.
422	logarithm	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: logarithm is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	logaritmo	The base-ten logarithm of one thousand is three.
423	logarithmic function	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: logarithmic + function. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	funzione logaritmica	The logarithmic function increases slowly as its input grows.
424	common logarithm	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: common + logarithm. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	logaritmo comune	The common logarithm of one hundred is two.
425	natural logarithm	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: natural + logarithm. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	logaritmo naturale	The natural logarithm appears in continuous growth models.
426	logarithmic property	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: logarithmic + property. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	proprietà logaritmica	A logarithmic property changes the logarithm of a product into a sum.
427	change-of-base formula	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: change + of + base + formula. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	formula del cambio di base	The change-of-base formula lets the calculator evaluate a base-seven logarithm.
428	exponential model	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: exponential + model. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	modello esponenziale	The exponential model predicts bacterial growth under stable conditions.
429	angle measure	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: angle + measure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	misura dell'angolo	The angle measure can be expressed in degrees or radians.
430	degree measure	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: degree + measure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	misura di laurea	A right angle has a degree measure of ninety.
431	radian measure	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: radian + measure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	misura in radianti	A half rotation has a radian measure of pi.
432	unit circle	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: unit + circle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	circonferenza unitaria	Coordinates on the unit circle give cosine and sine values.
433	reference angle	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: reference + angle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	angolo di riferimento	The reference angle helps determine the trigonometric values in any quadrant.
434	terminal side	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: terminal + side. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lato terminale	The terminal side of 120 degrees lies in the second quadrant.
435	coterminal angle	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: coterminal + angle. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	angolo coterminale	Thirty degrees and 390 degrees are a coterminal angle pair.
436	sine	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: sine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	seno	The sine of thirty degrees is one half.
437	cosine	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: cosine is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	coseno	The cosine of sixty degrees is one half.
438	tangent	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: tangent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tangente	The tangent of forty-five degrees equals one.
439	cosecant	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: cosecant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	cosecante	The cosecant is undefined when sine equals zero.
440	secant	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: secant is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	secante	The secant of sixty degrees equals two.
441	cotangent	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: cotangent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	cotangente	The cotangent of forty-five degrees equals one.
442	trigonometric identity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: trigonometric + identity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	identità trigonometrica	The equation sine squared x plus cosine squared x equals one is a trigonometric identity.
443	Pythagorean identity	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: Pythagorean + identity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Identità pitagorica	The basic Pythagorean identity relates sine squared and cosine squared.
444	law of sines	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: law + of + sines. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	legge dei seni	The law of sines found the missing side from two angles and one side.
445	law of cosines	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: law + of + cosines. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	teorema del coseno	The law of cosines found the third side when two sides and the included angle were known.
446	periodic function	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: periodic + function. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	funzione periodica	Sine is a periodic function with period two pi.
447	phase shift	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: phase + shift. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	spostamento di fase	The cosine graph has a phase shift of pi over two to the right.
448	random variable	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: random + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	variabile casuale	The number of rainy days this week is a random variable.
449	discrete random variable	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: discrete + random + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	variabile casuale discreta	The number rolled on a die is a discrete random variable.
450	continuous random variable	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: continuous + random + variable. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	variabile casuale continua	Exact rainfall depth is a continuous random variable.
451	probability distribution	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: probability + distribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	distribuzione di probabilità	The probability distribution shows that seven is the most likely sum of two dice.
452	expected value	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: expected + value. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	valore atteso	The game's expected value is negative for the player.
453	binomial distribution	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: binomial + distribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	distribuzione binomiale	The binomial distribution models heads in twenty fair coin tosses.
454	geometric distribution	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: geometric + distribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	distribuzione geometrica	The geometric distribution models how many rolls occur before the first six.
455	sampling distribution	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: sampling + distribution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	distribuzione del campionamento	The sampling distribution of the mean becomes narrower as sample size increases.

Angles, Samples, and Limits

Reading practice for pages 13–15. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A trigonometric identity is true for every angle in its domain; the Pythagorean identity is a familiar example. An angle may be expressed with degree measure or radian measure without changing its physical size. In statistics, a sampling distribution is different: it describes how a statistic varies across many possible samples.

Italian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What is a Pythagorean identity?

It is a kind of trigonometric identity.

2. Do degree and radian measure change an angle's size?

No, they are different units for the same angle.

3. What does a sampling distribution describe?

It describes variation in a statistic across samples.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The equation sine squared x plus cosine squared x equals one is a ___.

Answer: trigonometric identity

2. The ___ of the mean becomes narrower as sample size increases.

Answer: sampling distribution

3. A right angle has a ___ of ninety.

Answer: degree measure

4. The basic ___ relates sine squared and cosine squared.

Answer: Pythagorean identity

5. A half rotation has a ___ of pi.

Answer: radian measure

Page 14: words 456–490

Vocabulary page 14
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
456	central limit theorem	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: central + limit + theorem. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	teorema del limite centrale	The central limit theorem supports normal approximations for large random samples.
457	standard error	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: standard + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	errore standard	A larger sample usually reduces the standard error of the mean.
458	hypothesis test	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: hypothesis + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	prova di ipotesi	The hypothesis test compared the observed difference with variation expected by chance.
459	p-value	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: p + value. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	valore p	A small p-value indicates that the data would be unusual under the null hypothesis.
460	significance level	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: significance + level. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	livello di significatività	The researchers set the significance level at 0.05 before analysis.
461	test statistic	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: test + statistic. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	statistica di prova	The test statistic compares the observed difference with its expected sampling variation.
462	one-tailed test	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: one + tailed + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	test a una coda	The one-tailed test examined whether the new process reduced defects.
463	two-tailed test	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: two + tailed + test. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	test a due code	The two-tailed test examined whether the treatment changed blood pressure upward or downward.
464	regression line	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: regression + line. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	retta di regressione	The regression line predicts fuel use from vehicle mass.
465	coefficient of determination	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: coefficient + of + determination. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	coefficiente di determinazione	A coefficient of determination of 0.81 means the model explains 81 percent of the observed variation.
466	extrapolation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	estrapolazione	Estimating rainfall fifty years ahead is risky extrapolation.
467	influential point	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: influential + point. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	punto influente	Removing the distant influential point changed the slope noticeably.
468	abstraction layer	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: abstraction + layer. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	strato di astrazione	The file system is an abstraction layer above physical storage sectors.
469	computational thinking	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: computational + thinking. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pensiero computazionale	Computational thinking helped the team turn the scheduling problem into clear steps.
470	decomposition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	decomposizione	Decomposition separated the app into login, search, and reporting tasks.
471	pattern recognition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: pattern + recognition. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	riconoscimento di modelli	Pattern recognition showed that every failed request lacked the same field.
472	algorithmic complexity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: algorithmic + complexity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	complessità algoritmica	Algorithmic complexity explains why one sorting method slows sharply on huge lists.
473	time complexity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: time + complexity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	complessità temporale	Binary search has logarithmic time complexity on a sorted list.
474	space complexity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: space + complexity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	complessità spaziale	The recursive solution had greater space complexity because it stored many calls.
475	Big O notation	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: Big + O + notation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Notazione O grande	Big O notation classifies linear search as O of n.
476	linear search	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: linear + search. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ricerca lineare	Linear search found the name near the end of the unsorted list.
477	binary search	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: binary + search. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ricerca binaria	Binary search located the value in only a few comparisons.
478	sorting algorithm	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: sorting + algorithm. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	algoritmo di ordinamento	The sorting algorithm ordered the records by date.
479	recursion	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	ricorsività	Recursion computes the directory size by visiting each nested folder.
480	base case	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: base + case. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	caso base	The base case returns one when the countdown reaches zero.
481	call stack	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: call + stack. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	stack di chiamate	Deep recursion filled the call stack.
482	data structure	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: data + structure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	struttura dei dati	A data structure should match the operations a program performs most often.
483	array	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: array is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. schieramento 2. combinato	The array stores twelve monthly temperatures.
484	linked list	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: linked + list. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lista	A linked list allows insertion without shifting every later element.
485	queue	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: queue is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	coda	Print jobs enter a queue and leave in arrival order.
486	tree structure	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: tree + structure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	struttura ad albero	The folder system forms a tree structure.
487	graph structure	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: graph + structure. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	struttura del grafico	A subway map can be represented as a graph structure.
488	hash table	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: hash + table. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	tabella hash	The hash table retrieves a username quickly.
489	database schema	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: database + schema. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	schema della banca dati	The database schema links students with courses through an enrollment table.
490	primary key	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: primary + key. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chiave primaria	The student ID is the primary key of the student table.

Page 14 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 14.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The ___ returns one when the countdown reaches zero.

Answer: base case

2. The file system is an ___ above physical storage sectors.

Answer: abstraction layer

3. Deep recursion filled the ___.

Answer: call stack

4. The ___ supports normal approximations for large random samples.

Answer: central limit theorem

5. ___ helped the team turn the scheduling problem into clear steps.

Answer: computational thinking

Page 15: words 491–525

Vocabulary page 15
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
491	foreign key	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: foreign + key. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	chiave esterna	The order record uses customer ID as a foreign key.
492	database normalization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: database + normalization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	normalizzazione del database	Database normalization moved repeated addresses into a separate table.
493	SQL	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Capitalization focus: SQL is an abbreviation or initialism; preserve its capital letters.	SQL	The analyst used SQL to select orders from the previous month.
494	application programming interface	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: application + programming + interface. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	AFI	The weather application programming interface returns forecast data in JSON.
495	object-oriented programming	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: object + oriented + programming. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	programmazione orientata agli oggetti	Object-oriented programming groups each account's fields with methods that act on them.
496	object	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Base-form focus: object is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	oggetto	The red bicycle is one object created from the Vehicle class.
497	memoization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	memoizzazione	Memoization reduced the recursive program's running time by reusing earlier answers.
498	dynamic programming	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: dynamic + programming. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	programmazione dinamica	Dynamic programming found the cheapest route without recalculating every partial route.
499	referential integrity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: referential + integrity. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	integrità referenziale	Referential integrity prevented an order from naming a customer who did not exist.
500	parameterized query	noun Study Field: Grade 10 mathematics, statistics, and computing term Word study: Term structure: parameterized + query. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	query parametrizzata	A parameterized query protected the login form from SQL injection.
501	humanism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	umanesimo	Renaissance humanism encouraged the close study of history, rhetoric, and moral philosophy.
502	secularism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	1. laicità 2. secolarismo	Secularism influenced debates about whether civil law should depend on one faith.
503	patronage	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: patronage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	patrocinio	Medici patronage funded major works of Renaissance art.
504	indulgence	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	indulgenza	Criticism of the sale of an indulgence helped ignite reform debates.
505	Council of Trent	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Council + of + Trent. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Concilio di Trento	The Council of Trent condemned abuses while reaffirming major teachings.
506	religious pluralism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: religious + pluralism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pluralismo religioso	Religious pluralism required states to negotiate differences among confessional communities.
507	empiricism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	empirismo	Empiricism encouraged investigators to test claims against measured results.
508	rationalism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	razionalismo	Rationalism led some philosophers to begin with principles they considered self-evident.
509	absolute monarchy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: absolute + monarchy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	monarchia assoluta	Louis XIV became a symbol of absolute monarchy.
510	parliamentary government	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: parliamentary + government. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	governo parlamentare	The prime minister leads the parliamentary government while retaining legislative support.
511	English Bill of Rights	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: English + Bill + of + Rights. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Carta dei diritti inglese	The English Bill of Rights prohibited the monarch from suspending laws alone.
512	plantation economy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: plantation + economy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	economia delle piantagioni	The sugar plantation economy depended heavily on enslaved workers.
513	enclosure movement	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: enclosure + movement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	movimento del recinto	The enclosure movement displaced some rural families while increasing commercial farming.
514	cottage industry	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: cottage + industry. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	lavoro a domicilio	Before large factories, the cottage industry employed families who spun and wove cloth.
515	division of labor	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: division + of + labor. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	divisione del lavoro	Division of labor increased output but made many factory jobs repetitive.
516	labor union	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: labor + union. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sindacale	The labor union organized a strike for safer equipment.
517	protectorate	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: protectorate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	protettorato	The treaty turned the kingdom into a protectorate with limited sovereignty.
518	sphere of influence	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: sphere + of + influence. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sfera di influenza	Foreign states divided port regions into a sphere of influence.
519	settler colonialism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: settler + colonialism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	colonialismo dei coloni	Settler colonialism transformed land ownership and governance.
520	extractive economy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: extractive + economy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	economia estrattiva	The extractive economy exported minerals while investing little in local manufacturing.
521	Berlin Conference	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Berlin + Conference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Conferenza di Berlino	No African representatives participated in the Berlin Conference.
522	Social Darwinism	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Social + Darwinism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	darwinismo sociale	Social Darwinism provided false scientific language for imperial domination.
523	French Revolution	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: French + Revolution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	rivoluzione francese	The French Revolution abolished feudal privileges and declared civic equality.
524	Estates-General	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Estates + General. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Stati Generali	The king summoned the Estates-General to address the financial crisis.
525	National Assembly	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: National + Assembly. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Assemblea nazionale	The National Assembly pledged to write a constitution.

Page 15 vocabulary review

Review five selected words from page 15.

Cloze vocabulary quiz

1. The analyst used ___ to select orders from the previous month.

Answer: SQL

2. The weather ___ returns forecast data in JSON.

Answer: application programming interface

3. ___ groups each account's fields with methods that act on them.

Answer: object-oriented programming

4. The red bicycle is one ___ created from the Vehicle class.

Answer: object

5. ___ reduced the recursive program's running time by reusing earlier answers.

Answer: memoization

Page 16: words 526–560

Vocabulary page 16
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
526	Reign of Terror	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Reign + of + Terror. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	regime del terrore	Thousands were executed during the Reign of Terror.
527	Napoleonic Code	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Napoleonic + Code. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Codice napoleonico	The Napoleonic Code protected property rights while limiting women's legal independence.
528	Congress of Vienna	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Congress + of + Vienna. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Congresso di Vienna	The Congress of Vienna restored several monarchies and balanced major powers.
529	conservatism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	conservatorismo	Postwar conservatism supported restored monarchies.
530	liberalism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	liberalismo	Nineteenth-century liberalism often supported constitutions and representative institutions.
531	World War I	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: World + War + I. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Prima guerra mondiale 2. Grande Guerra	World War I mobilized armies and civilian economies on an unprecedented scale.
532	war reparations	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: war + reparations. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	riparazioni di guerra	German war reparations became a source of political conflict.
533	mandate system	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: mandate + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sistema di mandato	The mandate system continued imperial control under international supervision.
534	Russian Revolution	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Russian + Revolution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Rivoluzione russa	The Russian Revolution withdrew Russia from World War I.
535	Bolshevik	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: Bolshevik is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. bolscevico 2. bolscevica	A Bolshevik government seized key institutions in Petrograd.
536	collectivization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ization forms a noun for a process of making or becoming.	collettivizzazione	Soviet collectivization caused resistance, disruption, and famine.
537	appeasement	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. riappacificazione 2. accomodamento 3. accomodantismo	The Munich Agreement became a major example of appeasement.
538	World War II	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: World + War + II. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Seconda guerra mondiale	World War II caused enormous military and civilian deaths.
539	Nuremberg trials	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Nuremberg + trials. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Processo di Norimberga	The Nuremberg trials established an important record of Nazi crimes.
540	containment	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	contenimento	The United States used alliances and aid as instruments of containment.
541	nonalignment	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	non-allineamento	India promoted nonalignment during the Cold War.
542	deflation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	deflazione	Deflation can increase the real burden of debt.
543	unemployment rate	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: unemployment + rate. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	disoccupazione	The unemployment rate fell as firms hired more workers.
544	comparative advantage	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: comparative + advantage. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	vantaggio comparativo	Comparative advantage can make specialization beneficial even when one country is more productive in everything.
545	trade barrier	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: trade + barrier. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	barriera commerciale	A tariff is a trade barrier that raises the cost of imported goods.
546	Peace of Westphalia	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Peace + of + Westphalia. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Pace di Vestfalia	The Peace of Westphalia allowed each participating ruler greater authority over affairs within the ruler's territory.
547	Glorious Revolution	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Glorious + Revolution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Gloriosa Rivoluzione	The Glorious Revolution helped establish that the English monarch governed under law and with Parliament.
548	habeas corpus	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: habeas + corpus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. habeas corpus 2. tutela contro la detenzione illegale	A petition for habeas corpus challenges imprisonment without lawful cause.
549	ancien régime	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: ancien + régime. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	antico regime	Under the ancien régime, legal privileges differed among the three estates.
550	cahier de doléances	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: cahier + de + doléances. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. quaderno delle rimostranze 2. cahier de doléances	One cahier de doléances demanded fairer taxation and regular meetings of representatives.
551	Tennis Court Oath	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Tennis + Court + Oath. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Giuramento del campo da tennis	The Tennis Court Oath turned a meeting dispute into a public commitment to constitutional change.
552	sans-culottes	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: sans + culottes. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	sanculotti	The sans-culottes pressed the revolutionary government to control food prices.
553	Jacobin	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: Jacobin is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. colombo cappuccino 2. colombo cappuccio	The Jacobin supported a republic and stronger measures against perceived enemies of the revolution.
554	Directory	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Capitalization focus: this is a proper name, so its standard written form begins with a capital letter.	1. elenco 2. lista	The Directory struggled with corruption, financial instability, and military dependence.
555	Continental System	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Continental + System. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Sistema continentale	Smuggling undermined the Continental System along much of Europe's coastline.
556	Concert of Europe	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Concert + of + Europe. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Concerto d'Europa	The Concert of Europe used periodic congresses to address international crises.
557	Metternich system	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Metternich + system. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Sistema Metternich	The Metternich system sought to contain nationalism and revolutionary liberalism.
558	revolutions of 1848	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: revolutions + of + 1848. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	rivoluzioni del 1848	The revolutions of 1848 briefly forced several rulers to promise constitutions.
559	Risorgimento	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Capitalization focus: this is a proper name, so its standard written form begins with a capital letter.	Risorgimento	The Risorgimento joined diplomacy, popular activism, and warfare in the creation of Italy.
560	Realpolitik	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: Realpolitik is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	Realpolitik	Bismarck used Realpolitik to pursue German unification through calculated alliances and wars.

Revolution and Restoration

Reading practice for pages 16–18. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

The Reign of Terror exposed the French Revolution’s violent struggle over authority and citizenship. Napoleon later consolidated legal reforms in the Napoleonic Code while also centralizing power. After his defeat, the Congress of Vienna restored dynasties and borders. Nineteenth-century debates then placed conservatism, which valued order and tradition, against liberalism, which emphasized rights and constitutional reform.

Italian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What did the Napoleonic Code consolidate?

It consolidated legal reforms.

2. What did the Congress of Vienna restore?

It restored dynasties and borders.

3. How did liberalism differ from conservatism?

Liberalism emphasized rights and reform, while conservatism emphasized order and tradition.

Page 17: words 561–595

Vocabulary page 17
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
561	Zollverein	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Capitalization focus: this is a proper name, so its standard written form begins with a capital letter.	1. Zollverein 2. unione doganale tedesca	The Zollverein encouraged economic ties while excluding Austria.
562	Kulturkampf	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Capitalization focus: this is a proper name, so its standard written form begins with a capital letter.	1. Kulturkampf 2. lotta culturale di Bismarck	Resistance from Catholic voters eventually weakened the Kulturkampf.
563	scramble for Africa	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: scramble + for + Africa. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	corsa per l’Africa	The scramble for Africa imposed borders with little regard for existing African societies.
564	indirect rule	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: indirect + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	regola indiretta	British administrators used indirect rule by assigning duties to recognized chiefs.
565	direct rule	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: direct + rule. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	governo diretto	Direct rule replaced many local institutions with a European administrative hierarchy.
566	assimilation policy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: assimilation + policy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	politica di assimilazione	The assimilation policy offered limited citizenship to colonial subjects who adopted prescribed French institutions.
567	extraterritoriality	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	extraterritorialità	Unequal treaties granted some foreign merchants extraterritoriality in Chinese ports.
568	Open Door Policy	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Open + Door + Policy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Politica della porta aperta	The Open Door Policy opposed exclusive trading zones controlled by a single foreign power.
569	Boxer Rebellion	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Boxer + Rebellion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Ribellione dei Boxer	After the Boxer Rebellion, the Qing government was required to pay a large indemnity.
570	Meiji Restoration	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Meiji + Restoration. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Restauro Meiji	The Meiji Restoration led to national institutions, industrial reforms, and a conscript army.
571	Russo-Japanese War	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Russo + Japanese + War. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Guerra russo-giapponese	The Russo-Japanese War altered international perceptions of power in Asia.
572	Sepoy Rebellion	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Sepoy + Rebellion. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Ribellione dei Sepoy	After the Sepoy Rebellion, the British Crown took direct control of India.
573	Indian National Congress	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Indian + National + Congress. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Congresso nazionale indiano	The Indian National Congress gradually expanded its demands from greater participation to self-government.
574	Tanzimat reforms	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Tanzimat + reforms. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Riforme Tanzimat	The Tanzimat reforms proclaimed greater legal equality while strengthening central government.
575	Young Turks	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Young + Turks. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Giovani turchi	The Young Turks forced Sultan Abdulhamid II to restore parliamentary government.
576	Balkan nationalism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Balkan + nationalism. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Nazionalismo balcanico	Balkan nationalism weakened Ottoman authority and intensified rivalry among neighboring states.
577	Schlieffen Plan	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Schlieffen + Plan. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Piano Schlieffen	Unexpected resistance and logistical problems disrupted the Schlieffen Plan in 1914.
578	unrestricted submarine warfare	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: unrestricted + submarine + warfare. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	guerra sottomarina senza restrizioni	Germany's return to unrestricted submarine warfare helped bring the United States into World War I.
579	Fourteen Points	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Fourteen + Points. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Quattordici punti	The Fourteen Points called for open diplomacy and an association of nations.
580	war guilt clause	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: war + guilt + clause. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	clausola di colpevolezza di guerra	Many Germans viewed the war guilt clause as a humiliating accusation.
581	Weimar Republic	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Weimar + Republic. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Repubblica di Weimar	The Weimar Republic faced political violence, economic crises, and fragile coalition governments.
582	Dawes Plan	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Dawes + Plan. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Piano Dawes	The Dawes Plan temporarily eased financial pressure on Germany.
583	hyperinflation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	iperinflazione	During hyperinflation, German workers rushed to spend wages before prices rose again.
584	Nuremberg Laws	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Nuremberg + Laws. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Leggi di Norimberga	The Nuremberg Laws transformed racist ideology into state-enforced legal discrimination.
585	Final Solution	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Final + Solution. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	soluzione finale	The Final Solution was implemented through deportations, mass shootings, ghettos, forced labor, and killing centers.
586	Kristallnacht	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Capitalization focus: this is a proper name, so its standard written form begins with a capital letter.	notte dei cristalli	Kristallnacht marked a severe escalation from legal persecution to open mass violence.
587	Lebensraum	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: Lebensraum is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	spazio vitale	The pursuit of Lebensraum helped drive Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union.
588	blitzkrieg	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Base-form focus: blitzkrieg is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. guerra lampo 2. guerra celere	Germany used blitzkrieg tactics to overwhelm Poland's defenses in 1939.
589	Operation Barbarossa	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Operation + Barbarossa. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Operazione Barbarossa	Operation Barbarossa opened an enormous eastern front but failed to secure a rapid victory.
590	island hopping	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: island + hopping. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	da un'isola all'altra	Island hopping brought airfields and naval bases progressively closer to Japan.
591	D-Day	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: D + Day. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. sbarco in Normandia 2. D-Day	D-Day required coordination among airborne troops, naval forces, aircraft, and landing units.
592	Manhattan Project	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Manhattan + Project. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Progetto Manhattan	The Manhattan Project combined secret laboratories, industrial facilities, and international scientific expertise.
593	Yalta Conference	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Yalta + Conference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Conferenza di Yalta	At the Yalta Conference, the leaders debated occupation zones and Poland's future government.
594	Potsdam Conference	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Potsdam + Conference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Conferenza di Potsdam	The Potsdam Conference exposed growing disagreements between the Soviet Union and Western Allies.
595	Iron Curtain	noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Iron + Curtain. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	cortina di ferro	Churchill's Iron Curtain speech described an emerging division across Europe.

Page 18: words 596–630

Vocabulary page 18
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
596	Truman Doctrine	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Truman + Doctrine. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Dottrina Truman	The Truman Doctrine framed aid to Greece and Turkey as part of a broader containment policy.
597	Marshall Plan	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Marshall + Plan. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Piano Marshall	The Marshall Plan supplied grants and materials for rebuilding infrastructure and industry.
598	Berlin Airlift	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Berlin + Airlift. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	Ponte aereo di Berlino	The Berlin Airlift delivered food and fuel for nearly a year.
599	NATO	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Capitalization focus: NATO is an abbreviation or initialism; preserve its capital letters.	1. NATO 2. N.A.T.O. 3. OTAN	Under NATO, members agreed that an attack on one could be treated as an attack on all.
600	Warsaw Pact	proper noun Study Field: Grade 10 world-history, civics, and economics term Word study: Term structure: Warsaw + Pact. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	1. Patto di Varsavia 2. Trattato di Varsavia	The Warsaw Pact formalized military cooperation within the Soviet bloc.
601	classical conditioning	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: classical + conditioning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	condizionamento classico	Classical conditioning explains why the dog began to salivate when it heard the food cart.
602	unconditioned stimulus	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: unconditioned + stimulus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	stimolo incondizionato	Food was the unconditioned stimulus that automatically caused the dog to salivate.
603	conditioned stimulus	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: conditioned + stimulus. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	stimolo condizionato	After several trials, the bell became a conditioned stimulus.
604	unconditioned response	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: unconditioned + response. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	risposta incondizionata	Salivating at food is an unconditioned response.
605	conditioned response	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: conditioned + response. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	risposta condizionata	Salivating at the bell became the dog's conditioned response.
606	spontaneous recovery	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: spontaneous + recovery. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	guarigione spontanea	Spontaneous recovery occurred when the dog reacted to the bell again the next morning.
607	stimulus generalization	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: stimulus + generalization. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	generalizzazione dello stimolo	Stimulus generalization caused the child to fear several dogs after one frightening encounter.
608	stimulus discrimination	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: stimulus + discrimination. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	discriminazione dello stimolo	Stimulus discrimination allowed the dog to react to the food bell but ignore the doorbell.
609	operant conditioning	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: operant + conditioning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	condizionamento operante	Operant conditioning increased careful practice because completed sessions earned extra game time.
610	positive reinforcement	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: positive + reinforcement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	rinforzo positivo	Praise served as positive reinforcement for submitting work on time.
611	negative reinforcement	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: negative + reinforcement. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	rinforzo negativo	Fastening the seat belt stops the warning sound, so the silence acts as negative reinforcement.
612	punishment	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ment commonly forms a noun for an action, process, state, or result.	1. punizione 2. pena 3. castigo	Losing computer privileges was a punishment for repeatedly ignoring the rule.
613	shaping	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: shaping is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	modellare	The trainer used shaping by rewarding the parrot first for approaching and later for touching the target.
614	observational learning	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: observational + learning. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	apprendimento osservativo	Observational learning helped the child tie a knot after watching an older sibling.
615	working memory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: working + memory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	memoria di lavoro	Working memory keeps the first numbers available while a student completes a calculation.
616	long-term memory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: long + term + memory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	memoria a lungo termine	Repeated retrieval helped the formulas enter long-term memory.
617	encoding	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: encoding is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	codifica	Connecting a date with a vivid image improved encoding.
618	retrieval	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: retrieval is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. recupero 2. salvataggio	A familiar song triggered retrieval of a childhood memory.
619	schema	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: schema is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	schema	A restaurant schema helps diners predict that they will order before paying.
620	accommodation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. sistemazione 2. alloggio	Learning that whales are mammals required accommodation of the child's animal categories.
621	cognitive dissonance	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: cognitive + dissonance. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dissonanza cognitiva	Cognitive dissonance troubled Lena when her purchases conflicted with her concern about waste.
622	metacognition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	metacognizione	Metacognition helped Arun notice that rereading alone was not helping him remember.
623	availability heuristic	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: availability + heuristic. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	euristica della disponibilità	After watching several reports about plane crashes, the availability heuristic made flying seem unusually dangerous.
624	representativeness heuristic	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: representativeness + heuristic. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	euristica della rappresentatività	The representativeness heuristic led voters to assume the quiet book lover must be a librarian.
625	anchoring bias	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: anchoring + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pregiudizio di ancoraggio	An inflated starting price created anchoring bias during the negotiation.
626	framing effect	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: framing + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	effetto di inquadratura	The framing effect made ninety-percent survival sound more reassuring than ten-percent mortality.
627	hindsight bias	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: hindsight + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pregiudizio del senno di poi	Hindsight bias made the upset victory seem obvious once the match was over.
628	fundamental attribution error	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: fundamental + attribution + error. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	errore fondamentale di attribuzione	The fundamental attribution error led Theo to call the late driver careless without considering the road closure.
629	self-serving bias	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: self + serving + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pregiudizi egoistici	Self-serving bias appeared when the player praised skill after winning but blamed the weather after losing.
630	growth mindset	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: growth + mindset. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	mentalità di crescita	A growth mindset encouraged Mina to treat corrections as information for improvement.

Page 19: words 631–665

Vocabulary page 19
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
631	intrinsic motivation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: intrinsic + motivation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	motivazione intrinseca	Curiosity provided intrinsic motivation for Omar to keep studying the night sky.
632	extrinsic motivation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: extrinsic + motivation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	motivazione estrinseca	The scholarship offered extrinsic motivation to maintain strong grades.
633	self-efficacy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: self + efficacy. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	autoefficacia	Completing smaller climbs increased Jia's self-efficacy before the difficult route.
634	locus of control	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: locus + of + control. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	luogo di controllo	An internal locus of control led Niko to focus on study choices he could change.
635	resilience	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	1. determinazione 2. tenacia	Community support strengthened residents' resilience after the flood.
636	epistemology	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	epistemologia	Epistemology asks what separates justified knowledge from a lucky guess.
637	metaphysics	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: metaphysics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	metafisica	Metaphysics includes questions about whether time exists independently of observers.
638	ontology	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: ontology is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ontologia	The debate in ontology asks whether numbers exist as objects or only as concepts.
639	ethics	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: ethics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	etica	Ethics examines whether a beneficial outcome can justify a dishonest action.
640	aesthetics	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: aesthetics is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	estetica	Aesthetics asks why the same painting can move one viewer but leave another indifferent.
641	determinism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	determinismo	Strict determinism raises questions about whether anyone could have acted differently.
642	free will	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: free + will. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	libero arbitrio	The philosopher defended free will by distinguishing reasons from external coercion.
643	dualism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	dualismo	Substance dualism treats mental experience as more than a physical brain process.
644	materialism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	materialismo	Materialism explains memory through changes in the nervous system.
645	idealism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	idealismo	Idealism challenges the claim that objects are known exactly as they exist independently of perception.
646	relativism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	relativismo	Moral relativism questions whether one ethical standard applies identically across every society.
647	utilitarianism	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ism often names a belief, system, movement, or practice.	utilitarismo	Utilitarianism might support the policy if it produces the greatest net benefit for everyone affected.
648	deontology	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	deontologia	Deontology can forbid deception even when a lie might produce a useful result.
649	virtue ethics	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: virtue + ethics. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	etica della virtù	Virtue ethics asks what a courageous and honest person would choose.
650	categorical imperative	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: categorical + imperative. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	imperativo categorico	The categorical imperative challenges a person to reject an exception that could not be granted to everyone.
651	moral dilemma	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: moral + dilemma. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	dilemma morale	The rescue captain faced a moral dilemma when helping one vessel could delay aid to another.
652	thought experiment	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: thought + experiment. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	esperimento mentale	The philosopher used a thought experiment about an invisible observer to examine privacy.
653	phenomenology	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -logy means the study of a subject.	fenomenologia	Phenomenology examines how time feels while a person waits anxiously.
654	linear perspective	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: linear + perspective. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	prospettiva lineare	The tiled floor uses linear perspective to lead the viewer's eye into the room.
655	atmospheric perspective	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: atmospheric + perspective. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	prospettiva atmosferica	The painter used atmospheric perspective so the far mountains faded into blue haze.
656	vanishing point	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: vanishing + point. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	punto di fuga	The road narrows toward a vanishing point on the horizon.
657	chiaroscuro	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: chiaroscuro is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	chiaroscuro	Chiaroscuro makes the face emerge from the dark background.
658	sfumato	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: sfumato is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sfumato	Sfumato softens the transition around the portrait's mouth and eyes.
659	impasto	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: impasto is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	impasto	The artist used impasto to give the waves a rough physical texture.
660	fresco	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: fresco is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	affresco	The restored fresco covered the chapel ceiling.
661	tempera	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: tempera is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	tempera	The medieval panel's tempera produced crisp lines and luminous color.
662	oil painting	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: oil + painting. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	pittura a olio	The portrait's transparent glazes are characteristic of oil painting.
663	watercolor	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: watercolor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	acquerello	The artist left areas of paper bare so the watercolor would retain bright highlights.
664	printmaking	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: printmaking is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	incisione	Printmaking allowed the artist to produce a numbered edition from one carved block.
665	engraving	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: engraving is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	incisione	Fine crosshatched lines in the engraving create gradual shadow.

Motivation After a Setback

Reading practice for pages 19–21. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

A student who practices piano for enjoyment acts from intrinsic motivation; a prize can add extrinsic motivation. After a difficult recital, resilience helps the student continue. Growing self-efficacy supports the belief that practice can improve performance, while an internal locus of control directs attention toward choices the student can actually make.

Italian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. What motivates practice for enjoyment?

Intrinsic motivation drives practice for enjoyment.

2. What does self-efficacy support?

It supports belief in one's capacity to improve.

3. How does an internal locus of control help?

It focuses attention on choices the student can make.

Page 20: words 666–700

Vocabulary page 20
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
666	etching	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: etching is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	acquaforte	The artist scratched through the wax ground before placing the plate in acid for etching.
667	lithography	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	litografia	Lithography allowed the artist to draw freely with a greasy crayon on stone.
668	sculpture in the round	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: sculpture + in + the + round. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	scultura a tutto tondo	Visitors can walk completely around the sculpture in the round.
669	relief sculpture	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: relief + sculpture. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	scultura in rilievo	The relief sculpture shows figures rising slightly from the bronze door.
670	negative space	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: negative + space. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	spazio negativo	The white negative space between the branches forms the outline of a bird.
671	color theory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: color + theory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	teoria dei colori	Color theory explains why complementary hues intensify each other when placed side by side.
672	media framing	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: media + framing. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	inquadratura multimediale	Media framing changed when reports described the demonstration as either a disruption or a civil-rights action.
673	agenda setting	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: agenda + setting. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	impostazione dell'ordine del giorno	Sustained coverage of water quality created agenda setting before the election.
674	gatekeeping	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: gatekeeping is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	guardiania	Editorial gatekeeping determined which local stories appeared on the front page.
675	deepfake	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: deepfake is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	deepfake	Investigators identified the campaign video as a deepfake by examining inconsistent lighting and audio.
676	algorithmic recommendation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: algorithmic + recommendation. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	raccomandazione algoritmica	An algorithmic recommendation placed another similar video at the top of the feed.
677	echo chamber	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: echo + chamber. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	camera dell'eco	The private forum became an echo chamber because members removed every dissenting source.
678	filter bubble	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: filter + bubble. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bolla di filtraggio	The search history contributed to a filter bubble that hid unfamiliar viewpoints.
679	media ownership	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: media + ownership. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	proprietà dei media	Researchers examined whether concentrated media ownership reduced the range of local reporting.
680	public service media	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: public + service + media. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	media di servizio pubblico	Public service media broadcast the emergency briefing without commercial interruption.
681	documentary	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: documentary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	documentario	The documentary combines archival footage with interviews from both communities.
682	montage	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: montage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	montaggio	A training montage shows months of practice in less than two minutes.
683	cinematography	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Root and suffix focus: -graphy relates to writing, recording, or describing.	1. cinematografia 2. filmologia	Low-key lighting and a handheld camera shape the scene's cinematography.
684	mise-en-scène	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: mise + en + scène. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	messinscena	The cramped furniture in the mise-en-scène makes the apartment feel oppressive.
685	leitmotif	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: leitmotif is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	leitmotiv	A brass leitmotif returns whenever the hidden kingdom is mentioned.
686	syncopation	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	sincope	The drummer's syncopation gives the melody an unsettled forward motion.
687	neuroplasticity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	neuroplasticità	Repeated practice can use neuroplasticity to strengthen a recovering skill.
688	sensory memory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: sensory + memory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	memoria sensoriale	Sensory memory lets a sparkler's moving light appear as a continuous trail.
689	episodic memory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: episodic + memory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	memoria episodica	Her episodic memory of graduation includes the rain and the sound of the orchestra.
690	semantic memory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: semantic + memory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	memoria semantica	Knowing that water freezes at zero degrees Celsius belongs to semantic memory.
691	procedural memory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: procedural + memory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	memoria procedurale	Riding a bicycle depends heavily on procedural memory.
692	implicit memory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: implicit + memory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	memoria implicita	Faster recognition of a repeated pattern demonstrated implicit memory.
693	explicit memory	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: explicit + memory. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	memoria esplicita	Recalling the names of all the planets uses explicit memory.
694	priming	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Base-form focus: priming is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	accendino	Seeing the word doctor created priming that made nurse easier to recognize.
695	recognition	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Suffix focus: -ition commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	riconoscimento	The multiple-choice format required recognition rather than unaided recall.
696	proactive interference	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: proactive + interference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	interferenza proattiva	The old password caused proactive interference when Mira tried to enter the new one.
697	retroactive interference	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: retroactive + interference. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	interferenza retroattiva	Learning the new locker combination produced retroactive interference with last year's number.
698	serial position effect	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: serial + position + effect. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	effetto della posizione seriale	The serial position effect appeared when participants recalled the first and last words most often.
699	actor-observer bias	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: actor + observer + bias. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	bias attore-osservatore	Actor-observer bias led Jin to blame traffic for his lateness but call a late coworker careless.
700	just-world hypothesis	noun Study Field: Grade 10 psychology, philosophy, arts, and media term Word study: Term structure: just + world + hypothesis. Study the complete expression as one field-specific unit.	ipotesi del mondo giusto	The just-world hypothesis can make observers ignore structural causes of poverty.

Page 21: words 701–735

Vocabulary page 21
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
701	abnegate	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: abnegate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	abnegare	The caretaker chose to abnegate personal comfort so the stranded hikers could use the only dry blankets.
702	abstinent	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: abstinent is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	moderato	The recovering patient remained abstinent from alcohol throughout treatment.
703	acrimonious	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	acrimonioso	The contract talks became acrimonious after both sides accused the other of concealing costs.
704	avow	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: avow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	professare	The candidate chose to avow her support for the unpopular reform.
705	axiom	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: axiom is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	assioma	The proof begins with an axiom about equality.
706	bane	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: bane is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. disgrazia 2. flagello 3. piaga	Saltwater corrosion became the bane of the harbor's metal equipment.
707	bastion	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: bastion is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. bastione 2. baluardo 3. rocca	The independent newspaper remained a bastion of investigative reporting.
708	belabor	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: belabor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. dilungarsi eccessivamente 2. insistere troppo su un punto	The editor asked the writer not to belabor an argument already supported by clear evidence.
709	beleaguer	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: beleaguer is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	assediare	Repeated equipment failures continued to beleaguer the expedition.
710	belittle	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: belittle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sminuire	A constructive critic should challenge the proposal without trying to belittle its author.
711	bemused	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: bemused is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	confuso	The bemused visitor studied the map after realizing that two streets had the same name.
712	bequest	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: bequest is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. lascito 2. testamento 3. volontà	The library used a former teacher's bequest to purchase accessible technology.
713	bereaved	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: bereaved is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	in lutto	The hospital connected the bereaved family with a grief counselor.
714	beset	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: beset is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. circondare 2. incastonare	Supply shortages continued to beset the remote clinic.
715	cajole	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: cajole is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	persuadere	The director tried to cajole the nervous actor into attending one more rehearsal.
716	callow	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: callow is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	acerbo	The callow intern made confident promises before understanding the project's constraints.
717	candor	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: candor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	candore	Her candor about the failed trial helped the team correct its procedure.
718	caricature	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: caricature is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	caricaturizzare	The article reduces the complex leader to a one-dimensional caricature.
719	cerebral	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: cerebral is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	cerebrale	The cerebral film builds suspense through philosophical puzzles instead of action.
720	charisma	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: charisma is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	carisma	The speaker's charisma energized the crowd, but voters still examined her policies.
721	chimera	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: chimera is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	chimera	The promise of unlimited growth without any cost may be a chimera.
722	choleric	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: choleric is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	collerico	The choleric supervisor responded to small delays with disproportionate fury.
723	circuitous	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	tortuoso	A landslide forced the bus to take a circuitous mountain road.
724	circumlocution	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. giro di parole 2. perifrasi	The witness used circumlocution to avoid giving a clear yes-or-no answer.
725	circumscribe	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: circumscribe is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	circoscrivere	The constitution can circumscribe executive power by requiring legislative approval.
726	clemency	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: clemency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	clemenza	The governor granted clemency after new evidence showed that the sentence was excessive.
727	clique	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: clique is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. cricca 2. conventicola 3. congrega	A single clique controlled the club's decisions and discouraged new members.
728	cognitive	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	cognitivo	Sleep deprivation can reduce cognitive performance during complex tasks.
729	colloquial	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: colloquial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. colloquiale 2. familiare	The dialogue uses colloquial expressions that sound natural among close friends.
730	collusion	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	collusione	Investigators found evidence of collusion among companies that had agreed not to compete on price.
731	comprise	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: comprise is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. consistere 2. comprendere	The anthology will comprise essays from twelve regions.
732	condescend	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: condescend is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	concedere	An effective tutor explains difficult ideas without choosing to condescend.
733	conducive	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	favorabile	Quiet lighting and clear routines created conditions conducive to concentration.
734	confluence	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ence commonly forms a noun naming an action, quality, or state.	confluenza	The city grew at the confluence of two navigable rivers.
735	congenital	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: congenital is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	congenito	Doctors detected the congenital heart defect shortly after delivery.

Page 22: words 736–770

Vocabulary page 22
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
736	congregate	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: congregate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	congregare	Migrating birds congregate near the wetland before continuing south.
737	consecrate	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: consecrate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	consacrare	Community leaders will consecrate the memorial ground during the ceremony.
738	contiguous	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	contiguo	The wildlife corridor connects three contiguous forest reserves.
739	contrived	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: contrived is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	innaturale	The play's final coincidence felt contrived because nothing earlier prepared for it.
740	convivial	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: convivial is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	allegro	The shared meal created a convivial atmosphere after a tense day of negotiation.
741	corollary	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: corollary is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	corollario	A corollary of the theorem gives the area formula for a special case.
742	countenance	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: countenance is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. espressione 2. apparenza 3. sembianza	The review board will not countenance experiments that lack informed consent.
743	coup	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: coup is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	colpo	The military coup dissolved parliament and detained elected officials.
744	covert	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: covert is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	segreta	The journalist uncovered a covert surveillance program.
745	culpable	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	colpevole	The inquiry found the contractor culpable for ignoring repeated safety warnings.
746	curtail	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: curtail is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	accorciare	Water shortages forced the town to curtail nonessential irrigation.
747	cynic	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: cynic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	cinico	The cynic dismissed every charitable act as a publicity strategy.
748	debacle	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: debacle is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	fiasco	Poor planning turned the product launch into a public debacle.
749	decorous	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	1. decoroso 2. decente 3. dignitoso	The chair requested a decorous debate without personal attacks.
750	defame	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: defame is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	diffamare	A critic may express an opinion but may not defame an artist with invented accusations.
751	deleterious	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	deleterio	Chronic sleep loss has deleterious effects on attention and health.
752	delude	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: delude is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ingannare 2. illudere	Selective evidence can delude investors into underestimating risk.
753	denizen	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: denizen is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	abitante	The octopus is a well-camouflaged denizen of the rocky reef.
754	derogatory	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: derogatory is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. peggiorativo 2. dispregiativo 3. spregiativo	The moderator removed a derogatory comment that attacked a participant's identity.
755	despot	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: despot is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	despota	The despot imprisoned critics and governed by decree.
756	destitute	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: destitute is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	destituito	The relief fund provided temporary housing for families left destitute by the fire.
757	dialectical	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: dialectical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	dialettica	The seminar used a dialectical method to test each proposal against its strongest objection.
758	discreet	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: discreet is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	discreto	The counselor was discreet when arranging support for the student.
759	disparage	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: disparage is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	denigrare	The report can identify weaknesses without trying to disparage the researchers.
760	dissipate	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: dissipate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	dissipare	Morning sunlight caused the fog to dissipate.
761	dissolution	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -tion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	dissoluzione	The legislature's dissolution triggered an early election.
762	duplicity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	doppiezza	The official's public promise and secret agreement revealed duplicity.
763	edify	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: edify is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	edificare	The museum designed the exhibit to edify visitors without oversimplifying the conflict.
764	effusion	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -sion commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	1. effusione 2. effusioni	Her letter was an effusion of relief after the missing hikers returned safely.
765	enormity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	enormità	Survivor testimony helped the court confront the enormity of the crime.
766	epitome	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: epitome is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	apice	The carefully balanced bridge is the epitome of functional design.
767	equitable	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -able means capable of, suitable for, or worthy of an action.	1. equo 2. giusto 3. bilanciato	An equitable funding plan gives additional support to schools with greater needs.
768	espouse	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: espouse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	abbracciare	The organization chose to espouse transparent budgeting.
769	ethereal	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: ethereal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	etereo	The choir's ethereal harmony seemed to float through the dark hall.
770	exigency	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: exigency is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	emergenza	The exigency of the wildfire justified opening the emergency shelter overnight.

A Convivial but Contrived Gathering

Reading practice for pages 22–23. Five relevant words are highlighted.

English reading

Neighbors congregate in three contiguous courtyards for a spring meal. The setting feels convivial because guests share food and music freely. A scripted argument in the opening performance seems contrived, but the final ceremony is sincere: community elders consecrate a newly planted memorial tree to public service.

Italian translation

A reviewed translation is not available for this passage yet.

Reading comprehension

1. Where do the neighbors congregate?

They gather in three contiguous courtyards.

2. Why is the meal convivial?

Guests freely share food and music.

3. What do elders consecrate?

They consecrate a memorial tree.

Page 23: words 771–800

Vocabulary page 23
#	Word	Details	Meaning	Sample sentence
771	existential	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: existential is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	esistenziale	The drought created an existential danger for villages dependent on one reservoir.
772	expedite	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: expedite is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	accelerare	Digital signatures can expedite approval without removing required review.
773	extricate	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: extricate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	asportare	Rescuers worked carefully to extricate the driver from the damaged vehicle.
774	fabrication	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ation commonly forms a noun naming an action, process, or result.	falsità	The supposed eyewitness quotation was a fabrication.
775	facile	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: facile is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	facile	Blaming one person for the recession is a facile explanation of a complicated event.
776	faction	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: faction is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	fazione	A reform faction challenged the party's established leadership.
777	farcical	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: farcical is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ridicolo	The hearing became farcical when no one could locate the central document.
778	fauna	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: fauna is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	fauna	Researchers recorded the island's native fauna before invasive rats arrived.
779	felicity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	felicità	The translator preserved both the accuracy and verbal felicity of the poem.
780	fervor	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: fervor is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	entusiasmo	Supporters campaigned with fervor during the final week.
781	fetter	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: fetter is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	ostacolare	Outdated licensing rules can fetter small businesses.
782	fidelity	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ity commonly forms a noun naming a quality, state, or condition.	fedeltà	The adaptation balances fidelity to the novel with the demands of film.
783	figurative	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ive commonly forms an adjective meaning having a quality or tendency.	1. figurativo 2. figurato	The phrase a mountain of paperwork is figurative rather than literal.
784	finesse	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: finesse is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	finezza	The mediator used finesse to restate the accusation as a solvable concern.
785	flaunt	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: flaunt is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ostentare 2. esibire	The advertisement encourages buyers to flaunt the brand's logo.
786	foible	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: foible is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. difetto 2. debolezza	His habit of alphabetizing every shelf was a harmless foible.
787	forbear	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: forbear is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. aggiornare 2. trattenere 3. frenare	The judge asked spectators to forbear from reacting during testimony.
788	forego	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: forego is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	rinunciare	The team decided to forego a celebration until the missing equipment was found.
789	forsake	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: forsake is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. abbandonare 2. rinunciare	The reformer refused to forsake her commitment to peaceful protest.
790	fortuitous	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	fortuito	A fortuitous conversation introduced the scientist to a future collaborator.
791	fraternal	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: fraternal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. fraterno 2. fraternale	The two organizations maintained fraternal ties despite political disagreements.
792	frenetic	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: frenetic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	frenetico	Frenetic trading caused the stock price to swing sharply.
793	frugal	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: frugal is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	frugale	The frugal laboratory repaired its equipment instead of replacing it.
794	garrulous	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Suffix focus: -ous commonly forms an adjective meaning full of or characterized by.	garrulo	The garrulous witness repeatedly wandered away from the question.
795	genteel	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: genteel is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	distinto	The hotel preserves a genteel atmosphere with quiet tea service and formal dress.
796	gesticulate	verb Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: gesticulate is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. gesticolare 2. segnare	Unable to hear across the station, Mira began to gesticulate toward the correct platform.
797	hapless	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: hapless is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	sfortunato	The hapless traveler arrived after the last train and then lost his phone.
798	hiatus	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: hiatus is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. pausa 2. iato 3. interruzione	The journal resumed publication after a two-year hiatus.
799	histrionic	adjective Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: histrionic is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. istrionesco 2. istrionico	The spokesperson's histrionic outrage distracted from the evidence.
800	ignominy	noun Study Field: Grade 10 precise high-utility word Word study: Base-form focus: ignominy is the dictionary headword; compare its inflected or derived forms in context.	1. ignominia 2. infamia	The official resigned in ignominy after the bribery scheme was proven.

Sources and curriculum references

These references guide selection and calibration. Definitions, sample sentences, readings, questions, and teaching notes are independently written and reviewed.